Overview
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Another critical factor for realizing the dynamic potential of SEZs is supporting domestic investment in the zones. Evidence from successful SEZ programs shows a strong role for local investors in the medium term. The inversion from FDI to local firm dominance in SEZs has been seen in Malaysia, Korea, Mauritius, and, recently, in China. The process also appears to be under way in Bangladesh and Vietnam. But in Africa, although the share of locally owned firms is not exceptionally low, overall investment levels (including FDI) are weak. Promoting local investment in zones may involve eliminating policy restrictions and high-investmentlevel requirements in some zones. Again, such issues go beyond the confines of the zone program itself; they also affect policies dealing with such issues as access to finance and the culture of entrepreneurship. Addressing social infrastructure needs is critical to ensuring sustainability and realizing the potential for upgrading. By attracting large numbers of workers (usually unskilled) from rural areas, many zones place huge burdens on the social infrastructure of the communities in which they are based. Experience in East Asia shows that providing quality social infrastructure (especially education and health care) is critical to attract the skilled workers needed to support upgrading. This is another example of the policy needs of SEZs extending well beyond what is traditionally considered in most programs. Most African economic zones need to improve their approach to social and environmental compliance issues. At the national policy level, economic zones should be seen as an opportunity to experiment with policy innovations. Zones have made progress in meeting international norms for labor standards. In almost all the countries studied, wages for unskilled labor were higher inside the zones than outside, and (anecdotally, at least) working conditions were more favorable inside the zones. SEZs are an important source of human capital development and basic work skills acquisition in many low-income countries. However, a gap remains between the de jure and de facto environments in many zones—monitoring compliance with labor standards can be improved in most zones. And despite the large proportion of female workers in most zone programs, little effort has been made to address genderspecific issues in many zones under study. Enforcement of environmental standards in many zones is also weak. Despite this, zones offer an ideal environment for policy experimenting with innovations in both social and environmental policy.