Mainstreaming Building Energy Efficiency Codes in Developing Countries

Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... x Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xi Definitions ................................................................................................................................ xv Executive Summary................................................................................................................. xx Key Messages .................................................................................................................... xx Main Findings and Conclusions .................................................................................... xxi Recommendations and International Assistance Strategies.................................... xxvii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Energy Use in Residential, Commercial, and Public-Service Buildings ...................... 1 Energy-Savings Opportunities in Buildings .................................................................. 4 Market Barriers and Building Energy Efficiency Codes ................................................ 7 The Role of Incentives ...................................................................................................... 11 Key Challenges to Implementing BEECs in Developing Countries........................... 13 2. Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Elements of Compliance .............................. 16 The Nature of Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Compliance Approaches ................................................................................................................ 16 Development and Implementation of BEECs ............................................................... 19 Enforcement of BEECs ..................................................................................................... 26 Compliance Approaches and Enforcement Interactions ............................................. 27 Toward Low-Energy and Green Buildings ................................................................... 30 3. Global Status of Building Energy Efficiency Codes and Compliance ...................... 34 Status Quo of BEECs in Developing Countries and Economies in Transition ......... 34 Track Record of BEEC Compliance and Enforcement ................................................. 40 4. European and U.S. Experiences in Development and Implementation of BEECs ................................................................................................................................. 43 European Union: Early Efforts and Enforcement Approaches in Selected Countries .................................................................................................................... 43 Toward Regional Harmonization: the EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive...................................................................................................................... 50 United States: State-Level Adoption of BEECs ............................................................. 52 Compliance and Enforcement of BEECs in the United States .................................... 57 Lessons Learned from the Pioneers ................................................................................ 66 5. Experiences from Early Adopters of BEECs in Developing Countries...................... 70 Summary of Case Studies: China, Egypt, India, and Mexico...................................... 70 Urbanization and Energy Use in Buildings in the Four Countries ............................ 71 iii