Index
migration effect on population in, 50 pensions inequalities in, 108 poverty rates in, 92 relative poverty ratio of the aging and economies of scale, 95 private transfers in, 111 Paxson, C., 94 pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) pension systems, 13, 31–33, 255–60 pensions, 102–8 coverage by age and gender, 108, 110f dependency ratio, 242 evolution of coverage, 13, 14f expenditures on, 13, 19, 29–30, 106 aging and economic change scenario, 249t, 250 aging only scenarios, 250, 265t future public spending, 29–30, 247–48 public spending on, 215–17, 218–19f social pensions, 15 historical contributions to, 231n9 impact on poverty, 111, 113f influence of demography and policy on, 240–43, 241f, 241t, 243f, 255–60, 256t, 258t intergenerational equity and, 230 pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) pension systems, 13, 31–33, 255–60 people 60+ receiving pensions, 106, 106f policy recommendations, 35–36 poverty among pension beneficiaries, 106, 107t reform, 35 social pensions, 13–16, 36 per capita income, 98, 99t Peru aggregate expenditures in, 248 burden of disease in, 155, 156f demographic dividend in, 62, 64 demographic transition in, 10, 56–57 economic life cycle in, 11 education expenditures in, 28 fertility in, 47 health care in expenditures, 29 service utilization, 167 labor market participation in, 113 migration effect on population in, 50 pension dependency ratios in, 242
283
pensions in, 30 inequalities of, 108 poverty rates in, 92 relative poverty ratio of the aging and economies of scale, 95 stroke as cause of early mortality in, 159 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD), 213–14 Plan de Atención Universal con Garantías Explícitas (AUGE), 160, 181 policy-making implications of demographic changes, 34–36 of health satisfaction, 205–6 population age structure, 5, 6f, 54–55, 54f, 66–68, 67f, 67t, 80, 82–83, 82–83f family size by age, 83, 85f growth and size, 51–54, 52–53f, 53t male/female ratio by age, 82–83, 84f projections by fertility variants, 65–68 relative poverty ratio of the aging, 87 poverty, 2, 79–134 age differences empirical evidence, 87–92, 89f methodology of study, 83–87 rates by age group, 98, 99t ratios for 60+ and 80+ populations, 100, 101f data sources, 80, 81t demographic and country of residence indicators, 80–83, 82–83f drivers of old-age poverty, 101–13 estimates, 37nn13–14 headcount of individuals with and without pensions, 108, 109t headcount ratios by age, 87, 88t, 89–91f income inequality, 118–19, 118t, 120f income sources by age and gender, 102, 103–5t pensions for people over age 60, 106, 106f labor market and, 113–17, 114t, 116–17f living arrangements and. See living arrangements in old age and among children, 16–19, 17f, 18, 132n7 overview, 130–31 pension beneficiaries, incidence of income poverty among, 106, 107t gender differences, 108, 110f simulation of poverty rates excluding pension income, 106–8, 109t