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WO R L D D E V E LO P M E N T R E P O RT 2 0 1 1
This framework is graphically represented as a spiral, because these processes repeat over time as countries go through successive transition moments. Even as one set of immediate priorities is resolved, other risks and transition moments emerge and require a repeated cycle of action to bolster institutional resilience to stress. There is no “one path”, institutions do not need to converge on Western models to create sustained security—in fact, local adaptation is best. Additionally, progress can be made within a generation, but areas that have already seen repeated cycles of organized violence cannot create sustained security overnight. The arrow below the spiral shows that external support and incentives can help this nationally led process, and the arrow above it shows that external stresses can derail it. The WDR framework provides a roadmap for the nine chapters of the WDR, summarized in table 1.
Chapter structure
TA B L E 1
PART 1: THE CHALLENGE Chapter 1, Repeated violence threatens development, explores the challenge: repeated cycles of organized criminal violence and civil conflict that threaten development locally and regionally and are responsible for much of the global deficit in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. VIOLENCE and FRAGILITY Weak institutions not transforming
Elite pact
New stresses
Chapter 2, Vulnerability to violence, reviews the combination of internal and external stresses and institutional factors that lead to violence. It argues that capable, accountable, and legitimate institutions are the common “missing factor” explaining why some societies are more resilient to violence than others. Without attention to institutional transformation, countries are susceptible to a vicious cycle of repeated violence.
Violence
PART 2: LESSONS FROM NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES CITIZEN SECURITY, JUSTICE, AND JOBS EXTERNAL STRESS
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Chapter 3, From violence to resilience: Restoring confidence and transforming institutions, presents the WDR framework, or “virtuous cycle.” It compiles research and case study experience to show how countries have successfully moved away from fragility and violence: by mobilizing coalitions in support of citizen security, justice, and jobs to restore confidence in the short term and by transforming national institutions over time. This is a repeated process that seizes multiple transition moments and builds cumulative progress. It takes a generation.
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Chapter 4, Restoring confidence: Moving away from the brink, reviews lessons from national experience in restoring confidence by mobilizing ‘inclusive-enough’ coalitions of stakeholders and by delivering results. Collaborative coalitions often combine government and nongovernmental leadership to build national support for change and signal an irreversible break with the past. Restoring confidence in situations of low trust means delivering some fast results, since government announcements of change will not be credible without tangible action.