272
Index
taxes (continued) as transit country revenue stream, 48, 50 value-added taxes (VATs) or sales taxes, 84 tea exporters, 37 technical assistance, 92 technology. See information and communication technologies (ICT) Teravaninthorn, Supee, 26 textile and garment trade, 15, 31, 37, 140 Thailand annual vehicle license fees, 49b trade routes, 43 third-party logistics providers (3PLs), 149, 150, 153–54, 158, 159n11 “through bill of lading,” 151 TIA (Transportation Intermediaries Association), 153–54 TIR (Transports Internationaux Routiers). See also carnet systems Asian and Middle East use of, 86 certificate of professional competence (CPC) and, 104 e-TIR, 94–95, 152 history of, 47 knowledge of, as personnel requirement, 61 as model for other regions, xiv, 84, 87, 88, 89, 187 principles, 66–68 savings and benefits of, 64, 80 tobacco and alcohol carnet, 68 Togo competition among trade corridors, 37–38 delays at informal checkpoints, 117 railway, 28b toll roads, 49b, 50, 115b tour de role systems, 50, 82, 106, 107 TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe–Caucasus–Asia), 128, 136, 158n4 tracing goods, 95–96 Trade and Transport Facilitation in Southeast Europe Program, 6 trade corridors, 4–6, 10, 13–32, 161–82 agreements among corridor bodies, 152 conceptual framework for, 7–9 efficient management, 165–70 geographic locations of, 2
infrastructure investment, 27–30, 28–29b, 167 leverage of multiple corridors, 36–38 logistics. See logistics services management models, 162–65 consensus-building institution model, 165 legislative model, 163 project coordination model, 163–64 public-private partnership model, 61, 164–65, 166, 167–70 national trade and transport facilitation committees, 168–69b overhead and informal payments, 27 performance monitoring, 170–73 cost and replicability, 177–78 design of, 175–78, 176t development of common tool for, 180, 184, 185, 188 FastPath, 173b observatories in Africa, 178–79 products, transport unit, and route, 176–77 political economy of, 33–55. See also political economy of trade corridors PRO committees, 167, 168–69b products, transport unit, and route, 176–77 public-private partnerships. See public-private partnerships recommendations, 186 supply chain bottlenecks and, 17–21, 18f, 19t linkages, 30–31 types of, 161, 162–65 unreliability, cost of, 21–24 Vientiane-Laem Chabang, 176t trade facilitation, 3–4 Trade Facilitation Program for the North–South Corridor, 28b transit countries, 4–6 benefits to, 48–50 relationship with LLDCs, 34–45. See also political economy of trade corridors transit declaration, 65. See also TIR transit fees. See costs transit initiation, 81 transit procedure and clearance, 64–65 transit regimes, 10, 57–98 authorized economic operators (AEOs), 90–91b