164
Index
timber, 60, 66, 67f, 68n7 total cost of deforestation, 65 total cost of forest degradation, 66 forests, 5, 6, 9n5. See also deforestation; forest degradation carbon dioxide emissions from, 64 in Iran, 54. See also forest degradation and deforestation (Iran) conservation policy, 55 contribution to economy, 55 extent of and regional varieties, 53–54, 57t management of, 54–55 French Development Agency on Jordan air pollution, 39 fruits from forests. See biodiversity conservation; medicinal plants FRWO, 56
G GEF (Global Environment Facility), 152, 154 Ghana, use of CEA and COED in, 155 Ghariani, Fadhel, 11 Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD), 78 Global Environment Facility (GEF), 152, 154 grazing, impact of forest degradation and deforestation on (Iran), 60–61, 66, 67f, 69nn9–10 Grigalunas, T. A., 94 groundwater overexploitation, 1, 5 water degradation (Tunisia), 15, 25–27t, 25–28, 28f, 32n24 Gulf war oil spill in Kuwait, 136n14 Gundlach, Erich, 89
H Haven supertanker burning off shore of Genoa, Italy, 91 health impact air pollution (Jordan), 41–45 water degradation (Tunisia), 14, 21–23, 28f, 29 “High-Level Meeting on Economic Tools for Environmental Sustainability” (Beirut, July 2003), 155 Horizon 2020 Initiative, 154
hotels and furnished apartments, impact of oil spill (Lebanon), 96–97, 97t, 137n18 hunting. See also tourism and recreation forest degradation and deforestation (Iran), 61, 66, 67f
I Ikäheimo, Erkki, 89 industrial sector and air pollution (Jordan), 38, 38t investment impact of COED studies, 152–54 Iran, Islamic Republic of economic evaluations of ecosystems, 151 Energy Environment Review (EER), 152 forest degradation, 6, 53–73. See also forest degradation and deforestation (Iran) irrigation practices, 5, 9n3 deforestation and (Iran), 63 water degradation and (Tunisia), 13, 16–17 Islamic Republic of Iran. See forest degradation and deforestation (Iran); Iran, Islamic Republic of
J Jabarin, Amer, 37 Jiyeh power utility storage tanks. See oil spill (Lebanon) Jordan air pollution, 6, 37–51. See also air pollution (Jordan) Amman Solid Waste Management Project, 153 COED’s impact on investments, 153 Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) report, 151 NEAP’s rapid assessment in, 148 Jordan Country Environmental Analysis, 37
K Kyoto Protocol, 64, 69n13, 152
L Lampietti, J. A., 69n8 land degradation. See agricultural land degradation (Morocco); soil erosion