C O N T E N T S
ix xi
Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Glossary
1 2 3
Overview Ecosystem-Based Mitigation Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
C H A P T E R
9 11 14 17
C H A P T E R
21 26 35 38 39
69 70 74 77
3
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: Reducing Vulnerability Conserving Biodiversity under Climate Change Maintaining and Restoring Natural Ecosystems Reducing Vulnerability Adopting Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas Marine Protected Areas Investing in Ecosystems versus Infrastructure
C H A P T E R
69
2
Natural Ecosystems and Mitigation Securing Carbon Stores through Protection and Restoration of Natural Ecosystems Protected Areas: A Convenient Solution to Protect Carbon Sinks and Ecosystem Services Coastal and Marine Systems as Carbon Reservoirs Investing in Alternative Energy
C H A P T E R
49 50 52 53 57 57 61 63
1
The World Bank and Biodiversity Conservation: A Contribution to Action for Climate Change Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Biodiversity Impacts on Human Communities and Livelihoods Why Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity Matters in a Changing World
4
Biodiversity Conservation and Food, Water, and Livelihood Security: Emerging Issues Agriculture and Biodiversity Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture Sustainable Land Management Managing Invasive Alien Species v