INDEX
CIFs (Climate Investment Funds), 91 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 22, 90–91, 92, 97, 98 Clean Technology Fund, 91 climate change, ecosystem-based approaches to, 1–7, 9–20 adaptation, 3–4, 20, 49–65. See also adaptation, ecosystem-based biodiversity, conserving, 4–6, 20, 69–80. See also biodiversity carbon cycle, role of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in, 10–11, 10f GHGs and climate change. See greenhouse gases impact of climate change on agriculture, 4–5, 70–72, 74–75b. See also agriculture on ecosystems and biodiversity, 11–13, 12b, 13b on human communities and livelihoods, 14–15b, 14–17, 16t implementation of, 6–7, 20, 87–95. See also implementation of ecosystem-based approaches importance of addressing, 17–20 mitigation, 2–3, 20, 21–45. See also mitigation, ecosystem-based World Bank and, 1–2, 9–10, 18–20, 19t, 87–88, 97–99. See also BioCarbon Fund; Global Environment Facility; implementation of ecosystem-based approaches; specific projects and areas Climate Investment Funds (CIFs), 91 coastal wetlands and mangrove swamps adaptive approach to, 57–61, 59b, 60b biological mitigation via, 32–33 natural disasters, ecosystem management to prevent, 66t Colombia biological corridors, 50–52, 51b in FCPF, 95 flooding and flood control, 15 forests, 27b indigenous territories in, 57 PES, 78b protected areas in, 36 urban sources of water in, 84 Congo Basin Forest Fund, 95 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 27b, 94, 95 Congo, Republic of, 94 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 18, 61, 90 Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (COREMAP), 62–63b
107
Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management (CRTR) Program, 60b coral reefs biodiversity of, 38 biological mitigation and, 22, 38–39, 39b as carbon sinks, 28–29 climate change, vulnerability to, 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 22f CPACC on, 59–60 economics of protecting, 39b International Year of the Reef (2008), 60b Manado Ocean Declaration, 39, 40b natural disasters, ecosystem management to prevent, 66t protected areas, 61, 62–63b, 64b restoration and maintenance efforts, 52 World Bank funding to conserve, 18 Coral Triangle Initiative, 63, 64b COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project), 62–63b Costa Rica, 55, 56b, 71b, 78b, 95 CPACC (Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change), 58–60 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), 51b Croatia, 36, 52 CRTR (Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management) Program, 60b Czech Republic, 64 D Danube River wetlands, restoration and maintenance of, 53, 54b degradation and desertification, sustainable land management to avoid, 74–77, 76–77b Del Oro Company, 71b Democratic Republic of Congo, 27b, 94, 95 desertification and degradation, sustainable land management to avoid, 74–77, 76–77b Djibouti, 44t drought, 5, 70–72, 75 Dumoga-Bone National Park (Indonesia), 52 E East Asia and Pacific. See also specific countries Coral Triangle Initiative, 63, 64b invasive alien species in, 43–44t protected areas in, 35f regional impact of climate change on, 14–15b