102
GLOBALIZATION, WAGES, AND THE QUALITY OF JOBS: FIVE COUNTRY STUDIES
TABLE 4.1 Merchandise Trade in Cambodia, 1996–2005 Indicator
1996
Total goods exportsa (US$ million)
1998
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
510
802
1,397
1,770
2,087
2,589
2,910
Share of textiles and garment (%)
20
47
73
79
78
80
78
Share of agricultureb (%)
36
36
17
13
15
13
14
Share of re-exportc (%)
44
15
8
6
6
5
5
1,054
1,166
1,936
2,361
2,668
3,269
3,928
Total goods imports (US$ million) Share of garment-related material (%)
—
17
27
30
30
31
28
Share of petroleum (%)
—
27
17
15
16
19
21
Share of import for re-export (%)
—
8
5
4
3
3
3
SOURCE: Compiled from data provided by National Bank of Cambodia. NOTE: — = Not available. a. Total goods exports include unrecorded export figures estimated by the National Bank of Cambodia. These unrecorded figures consist primarily of agricultural products such as logs, sawn timbers, rubber, paddy rice, furniture and wood products, fish, and second-hand clothes and gems. b. Includes unrecorded agricultural exports. c. Re-export mainly consists of cigarettes, beer, used motorcycles, and electronics.
LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT SHIFT
FIGURE 4.3 FDI Stock by Sector through 2005
The employment strucgarment ture within the three main 25% sectors of Cambodia’s economy has not changed other significantly. Employment 68% share in the agricultural sector (including fisheries and forestry) remained hotel dominant at 71 percent 14% in 2004, experiencing a agriculture decrease of 5 percentage 4% points from 76 percent in 1993. The employment SOURCE: Authors’ calculation based on data provided by the National Bank of Cambodia. share of services remained constant at 17 percent during the decade 1993 to 2004. As shown in figure 4.4, an increasing share of employment in the industrial sector replaced the decreasing share of the agriculture sector. The industrial sector share rose 5 percentage points, from 6 percent in 1993 to 11 percent in 2004. This change is attributable to the growth of jobs in manufacturing, especially in the garment industry and construction. The share of manufacturing in total employment doubled from just 4 percent in 1993 to 8 percent in 2004, while construction increased from 2 percent to 3 percent.