AN ARRESTED VIRTUOUS CIRCLE?
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TABLE 11. Percent of Students Passing Final Examinations, by Subject and by State
State Andhra Pradesh Haryana Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Punjab Tamil Nadu Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Orissa Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal India
Computer science and applications
Engineering
Management
Medical and dental
Nursing
79 85 88 76 97 96 34 98 92 100 96 — — 100 88 96 88 62 99 100
72 89 85 71 73 90 77 81 67 86 92 83 36 97 91 86 88 85 98 94
74 71 79 76 47 96 50 85 74 100 86 85 89 100 56 90 57 87 91 99
74 59 78 88 70 73 70 60 90 77 77 78 83 70 87 87 82 73 — 95
92 — 100 98 90 96 98 66 100 99 100 — — — 96 — 88 — — —
49
79
61
75
97
Source: University Grants Commission, “University Development in India, Basic Facts and Figures, Examination Results—2002.” Note: —, not available.
overbearing in its regulation, which extends to the nomenclature of degrees. For example, in 2001 it prohibited universities from offering a bachelor’s and master’s degree in information technology or information sciences, insisting instead that they award bachelor of science and master of science degrees.27 The growth of deemed-to-be universities may have implications for the poor institutional quality of the response to the needs of high-tech industry. The regulation of higher education in India flows from the grant funding made available by the UGC, but universities theoretically have complete autonomy in their decision making. The AICTE has greater control over the institutes it regulates, but the quality and effectiveness of the regulation have come in for criticism. Private deemed-to-be universities do not receive funding from the UGC, and as universities, they would arguably be outside the purview of the AICTE.28 In addition, states are establishing affiliating universities, which could bypass AICTE regulation, given the concept of university autonomy. A number of technical institutions are now affiliated with a state university, which is really an affiliating organization rather than a teaching and research institution.29 For professional disciplines like medicine and nursing, there is a single professional council that serves as regulator and accreditation agency.