place. The other district belongs to a “lagging” or “emerging” region.3 In Ethiopia’s four emerging regions, decentralization has been implemented only to the regional, not to the local (district), level. This method of district pair selection applies to three district pairs (or six districts) from the sample. The fourth pair consists of one district in the Amhara region and one in the Tigray region. Both are considered leading regions, but local empowerment and community mobilization has a longer and distinct history in Tigray, making the Amhara-Tigray comparison an interesting one with which to contrast legacies of de facto local-level decision making. The districts are referred to by the region in which they are located, followed by the letter D. They are Afar-D, Amhara-D1, Amhara-D2, Amhara-D3, Beneshangul Gumuz-D (BG-D), Gambella-D, Oromia-D, SNNP-D, and Tigray-D. In Amhara-D1, only qualitative research was conducted. (See the annex for more detail on the qualitative case studies.) Sampling and Surveys at the Kebele (Peasant Association) Level All 156 kebele in the eight districts were selected. Eight different questionnaire types were administered to the following groups or individuals: ■
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Focus groups consisting of about five individuals, including at least two women One of the three district council members representing each kebele One female kebele council member and one male kebele council member The kebele council speaker The kebele chairperson One agricultural extension agent specializing in crops and one agricultural extension agent specializing in livestock The head of an agricultural cooperative The head of a water committee.
Ten interviews were to be conducted in each kebele, for a total of 1,560 planned kebele-level interviews (table 4.4). Sampling and Surveys at the Household or Individual Level From each of the eight districts, four kebeles were randomly sampled. From each of the 32 kebeles, 35 households were randomly drawn. This resulted in a planned household sample size of 1,120 (the actual sample included 1,062 households). In each household, both the household head and the spouse were interviewed separately. If there was no spouse, as is often the case in female-headed households and sometimes the case for male-headed households, only the head was interviewed. Where there were multiple wives, the head and the first wife were interviewed. The household questionnaire has two components. The first component, administered only to the household head, includes questions about the household
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GENDER AND GOVERNANCE IN RURAL SERVICES