Figure 2.7
Gender Gaps in Unemployment
a. Unemployment rates, 2008 share of labor force by gender, %
b. Gender gap by education, 2007 percentage points
30
30
25
20
20
10
15
0
10
–10
5 0
EU10
Kyrgyz Republic
CIS MIC Female
Turkey
–20
Western Balkans
EU
CIS LIC Primary
Male
CIS MIC
Western Balkans
Secondary
Turkey
Tertiary
Source: World Development Indicators Database, World Bank, Washington, DC, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-developmentindicators/. Note: Data are not available for all countries. CIS LIC = low-income CIS countries (Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan) in 2009. CIS MIC = middleincome CIS countries. The average for CIS MIC includes Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Russian Federation, and Ukraine. The gender gap is the difference between male and female unemployment rates.
Figure 2.8
Youth Unemployment and Long-Term Unemployment, by Gender, 2008 b. Long-term unemployment rates percent
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 Female Long-term Unemployment
Female youth unemployment
a. Youth unemployment rates percent
80 60 40 20 0
0
20
40
60
80
0
Male youth unemployment
50
100
Male Long-term Unemployment
Source: World Bank staff calculations based on data of the World Development Indicators Database, World Bank, Washington, DC, http://data. worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators/. Note: The young unemployed are all the persons aged 15–24 years who, during the reference period, were (a) without work, that is, were not in paid employment or self-employment; (b) currently available for work, that is, were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and (c) seeking work, that is, had taken specific steps in a specified reference period to seek paid employment or selfemployment. The long-term unemployed are the persons who have been unemployed for 12 months or more. The long-term unemployment rate is the share of the long-term unemployed in the total unemployed population by gender.
Long-term unemployment rates are relatively similar between men and women.28 There is almost no gender difference in the long-term unemployment rates in the region, as indicated in 40
28
Long-term unemployment refers to the number of people who have experienced periods of unemployment extending for a year or longer; it is expressed as a percentage of the total unemployed.
Opportunities for Men and Women: Emerging Europe and Central Asia