2. What is the Local Human Development Index?
We calculate the LEIi value for counties and voivodeships according to the following distance formula: LE - LE
LEIi = 1 + 99 × LEei - LEmin max min
i = 1, 2, ...n;
where: LEei – is the value of a newborn’s life-expectancy in the county i, LEmin, LEmax – is, respectively, the minimum and maximum values observed in counties analysed from 2007 to 2010; values for the life expectancy at birth, where the following minimum and maximum values were used in the calculation: min = 72 observed in Łódź 2007, total obs: 8152; max = 78 observed in Rzeszów 2010, total obs: 5178.
The CDRII applies a distance formula, based on the maximum values of the mortality index: CDR
- CDR
CDRIi = 1 + 99 × CDRmax - CDRei max min
i = 1, 2, ...n;
where: CDRe i – is the value of Crude Death Rate Index in the county i, CDRmin, CDRmax – is respectively, the minimum and maximum values observed in the analysed counties from 2007 to 2010; of the Crude Death Rate Index with the following minimum and maximum values used in the calculation: min: 411, observed in Żory 2007, total obs 7607, max= 1040, observed in Miechów county 2009, total obs 5550.
2.3.2 Education Until 2011, the education component of HDI consisted of the Adult Literacy Index (ALI) and the Gross Enrolment Index (GEI). From 2011, a new methodology has been applied. The ALI and GEI have been replaced by the Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) and the Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI). The EYSI shows the number of years a 5-year-old is expected to spend on learning in their entire life, while the MYSI shows the number of years a person of above 25 years of age has spent in the schooling system (UNDP 2010). Unfortunately, a direct use of these indicators at a local level is impossible for an index published annually. All four aforementioned indicators are difficult to apply at a local level in Poland for two reasons. First of all, data availability at a county-level is limited. Measuring the MYSI and the EYSI on a local level is possible only on the basis of data from the census, which takes place once in a decade. This means, that the indicators may be calculated only for selected years and not on a year-to-year basis. What’s more, the census includes a question on the educational degree held by a citizen and not on the number of years spent in schooling. The number of those years may be estimated on the basis of the degree held, however. Data availability is a greater problem in the case of the ALI, as no such data on a local level in Poland exists. Secondly, the data available is not clear enough. This is the case for the GEI as well. In Poland education is obligatory for all, which results in high schooling attendance and does not differentiate between local units. The same would apply for literacy amongst adults, if such data were available. Higher education is a key element of human development as it is a significant factor of professional success and, as a consequence, of a high income (Strawiński 2007; OECD 2010a). Simultaneously, on a more general level, it creates the country’s human capital (Herbst 2012) and expands individual capabilities. Due to the fact that data on higher education is available only for the census years we were unable to apply them in the timeframe analysis of this report, despite their importance to the LHDI.
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