3.6 India’s Supreme Court issues a progressive verdict mandating seats for disadvantaged children in private schools
79
2.6 Emerging market economies have amassed large foreign exchange reserves since 1995 58
3.7 Bangladesh makes dramatic advances in child survival
81
3.8 Strengthening social protection in Turkey
83
3.1 Some countries have performed well on both the nonincome and the income dimensions of the HDI
3.9 Conditional cash transfer programmes and Mexico’s Oportunidades
84
3.2 Current HDI values and previous public expenditures are positively correlated . . . 71
3.10 Why New York City looked South for antipoverty policy advice
85
3.3 . . . as are current child survival and previous public expenditure on health
71
4.1 Why population prospects will likely differ in the Republic of Korea and India
88
4.1 Under the fast track scenario, education outcomes are enhanced
92
63
4.2 In most countries, employment opportunities have not kept pace with educational attainment 93
4.2 China and Ghana: who benefits from the demographic dividend?
100
5.1 The shifting line between public and private in transportation
106
5.2 A world parliament for global democracy?
112
4.3 At each HDI level, some countries have greater carbon productivity than others
5.3 Regional finance in Asia: Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization and the Asian Development Bank
114
4.5 Education policies can alter dependency ratios
5.4 CAF: a Latin American development bank
115
4.6 Populations are ageing more rapidly in developing countries
101
4.7 Human development prospects for 2050 are greater under the accelerated progress scenario, especially for low HDI countries
101
4.8 Human development outcomes through 2050 improve more under the accelerated progress scenario
102
4.9 Advances in GDP per capita through 2050 are especially strong under the accelerated progress scenario
103
5.1 Under the accelerated progress scenario, the largest projected increases in the Human Development Index are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
118
5.2 Allocating a small fraction of the international reserves of the nine G20 countries of the South could provide substantial additional resources for public investment in infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
118
FIGURES 1
Acceleration of growth on the HDI
2
More than 40 countries of the South had greater gains on the HDI between 1990 and 2012 than would have been predicted from their previous performance on the HDI
12
Brazil, China and India combined are projected to account for 40% of global output by 2050, up from 10% in 1950
13
4
The middle class in the South is projected to continue to grow
14
5
The exponential rise in Internet use in the South has been most notable over the past decade
15
At least 15 developing countries have substantial trading relationships with more than 100 trade partners as both exporters and importers
16
Official foreign exchange reserves by country group
18
3
6 7
12
1.1 Income per capita is rising to varying degrees in all four HDI groups
26
1.2 Sub-Saharan Africa has sustained income growth over the last decade
26
1.3 The lower the HDI value, the larger the gap between income poverty and multidimensional poverty
94
4.4 Different environmental scenarios have different impacts on extreme poverty 96 98
MAPS 1.1 There is a small negative connotation between homicide rates and HDI values 39 2.1 Thailand’s export expansion, 1995–2011
45
TABLES
29
1.1 HDI and components, by region and HDI group, 2012
25
1.4 There is notable variation among countries in the gap between income poverty and multidimensional poverty
30
1.2 Top five countries that rank better on the HDI than on gross national income per capita in 2012
27
1.5 Losses due to inequality in HDI and its components
31
1.3 Inequality and satisfaction with freedom of choice and community
38
2.1 Least developed countries’ trade with China, 2000–2001 and 2010–2011
46
32
2.2 Different models of development partnerships
56
1.7 Few countries show both the high HDI and low ecological footprint required for sustainable human development
35
3.1 Selected developing countries that registered large reductions in HDI shortfall or high rates of growth in gross national income per capita, 1990–2012 64
1.8 Development is not always accompanied by a rise in military spending
40
2.1 As a share of world merchandise trade, South–South trade more than tripled over 1980–2011, while North–North trade declined
3.2 Share of world exports of goods and services of high achievers in human development, 1985–1990 and 2005–2010
75
46
4.1 Under-five mortality rate and total fertility rate by mother’s education level
89 90
1.6 Most regions show declining inequality in health and education and rising inequality in income
2.2 Foreign direct investment flows to and from the South have veered sharply upward since the 1990s
47
4.2 Projected number of deaths of children under age 5, by education scenario, 2010–2015, 2025–2030 and 2045–2050
2.3 Between 2000 and 2010, Internet use grew more than 30% a year in around 60 developing countries
50
4.3 Population in extreme poverty under the environmental disaster scenario, by region, 2010–2050
96
2.4 Export earnings per capita and human development are highly correlated
52
4.4 Trends in dependency ratios, selected countries, 1970–2050
99
53
4.5 Number of people in extreme poverty by region and selected countries, base case and accelerated progress scenarios, 2010–2050
2.5 Current foreign direct investment is positively associated with achievements in health and education in previous years
103
Contents | ix