Tidbits Grand Forks - July 6, 2017 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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THE HISTORY OF THE SCREW

• In the early days of industrialization, there was no such thing as standardization. Each machinists making nuts, bolts, and screws made them a tiny bit different from a machinist working on the next block or the next state or the next country. In 1841, an English man named Sir Joseph Whitworth introduced a screw which was shortly in use throughout the world. Whitworth also proposed that all screws have a set number of threads per inch for various diameters, a suggestion which was adopted throughout Britain. The Whitworth screw was the first step towards standardization of screws. • However, in 1864 an American named William Sellers invented a better screw. Sellers, an accomplished machinist, was president of the Franklin Institute, a professional society of machinists. He pitched his new, improved screw to the members. The threads of the Whitworth screw sloped at a 55 degree angle, which was a difficult angle for machinists to achieve. Sellers’ new screw threads sloped at a 60 degree angle, the exact angle of an equilateral triangle, which was a far easier angle to achieve. Turn the page for more!

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HISTORY OF THE SCREW (cont'd)

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• Whitworth’s screw threads had rounded tops and rounded valleys, but Sellers’ had flat tops and flat valleys, which made them easier to catch in the threads of a bolt. The Whitworth screw required three kinds of cutters and two kinds of lathe to manufacture, but a Sellers screw needed just a single cutter and one lathe. The Sellers screw was clearly superior to the Whitworth screw, and Sellers understood the need for standardization. He was determined to ensure that his screw became the standard. • Members of the Franklin Institute were sold on the Sellers screw, but other machinists knew standardization would put them out of business. Sellers set out to overcome opposition. First he approached four of the largest machine shops in the eastern U.S. and convinced them to begin using his screw. Then he convinced the Navy. Next was the Pennsylvania Railroad, partly because he was on their board. By the time the Sellers screw had been on the market only three years, it was already more popular than the Whitworth screw, which was 27 years old. • Companies that built railroad cars began using the Sellers screws and by 1883 nearly all railroads in the U.S. were using it. In 1901 the International Congress for Standards and Gauges adopted it for use in Europe. • William Sellers had almost achieved his dream of the standardization of the screw, with one exception. In Britain, they still used the Whitworth screw. Then World War II came along. Brits and Americans teamed up to fight the Nazis. British tanks broke down and American screws wouldn’t fit. American factories were rapidly retooled and for three years produced both British arms and parts and American arms and parts. After the war, everyone agreed standardization was needed, and when the Brits agreed to use the Sellers screw, William Sellers achieved his dream. ...continued

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• Henry, a businessman in Oregon, noted that sometimes screws and screwdrivers just didn’t work well. They were fine for home repairs, but had problems in assembly lines. In the 1930s, car manufacturers were screwing millions of screws per minute with power screwdrivers. With power tools, not only is it difficult to fit the screwdriver into the slot of a standard screw, but centrifugal force tends to force the screwdriver to slide out of the slot. Once the standard screw is screwed in all the way, the power screwdriver continues to spin, which either strips the screw or stalls the screwdriver. • So Henry invented a cross-shaped screw that could be driven with more torque and would hold tighter than regular slotted screws. His new screwdriver, with its pointed tip, engaged the screw much more easily and did not slip out. The indentation in the screw was so shallow that when the screw was finished screwing, the screwdriver simply popped out. It was first used in building the 1936 Cadillac and proved so effective that within two years all car manufacturers had switched. He named the new screw and the screwdriver after himself – Henry F. Phillips: the Phillips screwdriver.

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• Theodore Witte was pretty good at home repairs but he sure got tired of trying to smooth out putty around windows using a putty knife. One day in 1894, he was at the bakery, watching a baker put icing on a cake using a cake decorator’s gun to force the frosting into a smooth, controllable line. Why couldn’t putty be that easy? Witte went home and designed what he called a “puttying tool” that allowed putty to be applied in one continuous smooth seam. Unfortunately, the putty industry didn’t pay much attention and Witte never made much money from his invention, today known as the caulking gun.

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The monkey wrench, also known as a pipe wrench, got its name because the word "monkey" was a nautical term denoting something that had been rigged up to fulfill a specific purpose. A ship was outfitted with monkey foresails and a monkey bridge.

RATCHET WRENCH

• Before 1964, there were socket sets but the oldfashioned socket wrench that went with the set had to be twisted endlessly. In 1964, an 18-yearold kid named Peter Roberts was tinkering around. His father repaired lawn mowers and sometimes Peter helped him out. One day Peter decided that repairing mowers would be easier if only the socket wrench had a button that would release the socket from the grip of the wrench. He made one up himself. The ratchet wrench was born. • Peter, a junior in high school, worked part-time at the local Sears store. He took the new wrench to show his boss, who showed it to his boss, who showed it to all the company executives. A year went by and Peter never heard back. Then a lawyer came to visit Peter. He said Sears was prepared to offer him two cents for every one of his ratchet wrenches they sold, with the stipulation that they would not owe him any royalties after he reached the $10,000 mark. The attorney said that sometimes inventors get far more money for their inventions than they are really worth. He said it was going to be difficult and time-consuming for Sears to manufacture the wrenches. He said it might take Peter years to collect the maximum amount of the royalties owed him. Peter signed the patent over to Sears. • A year later he was amazed to receive the entire $10,000 in a single check. Suspecting that he had been taken, Peter hired a lawyer and went to court. The lawyer argued that Sears was guilty of fraud by leading Peter to believe that they would only be able to sell a few wrenches per year when in reality they had sold over a million. He also pointed out that Peter had been a minor when he signed the contract. The judge agreed. Not only did he award Peter Roberts damages of around a million bucks, but he also gave Peter the patent back.

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Amazing Plants:

WEEDS

• In the beginning, there were no weeds—only plants. Then man categorized things as “good” or “bad.” Any plant that negatively impacted a “good” plant was “bad.” A weed is any plant out of place. A noxious weed is a plant that is not a part of the historical ecosystem. Of 200,000 plants in the world, only 250 are universally called weeds. The grass family and the sunflower family alone make up 40% of weed species.

SOWING WILD OATS

• Tansy is another problem weed, brought to the U.S. from Europe. Between 1976 and 1982, the USDA released 7,000 cinnabar moths and 67,000 flea beetles into heavily infested areas. After several years, the population of the insects exploded, delivering a one-two punch to tansy: the moths stripped their leaves, and the beetles chewed the stems. Tansy density was reduced by 97%. • The prickly pear was introduced to Australia as a cultivated crop, but it escaped control and spread over 60 million acres by 1920. It was so thick the land could be used for nothing else. The cactus patches were burned, crushed with steamrollers, dug up, and poisoned with herbicides, all to no avail. The seeds were dispersed by the wind; the fruits were eaten by birds who carried the seeds far and wide; shoots were carried downstream in floods; and the cactus continued to spread. In 1926, three billion eggs of an Argentine moth were released in infested areas. The larvae feed off the cactus, destroying them. By 1932, the cactus had been conquered, and today it remains under control.

• Crabgrass was introduced by the U.S. Cotton Office as a new forage. It is now estimated to be the third worst weed on U.S. cropland. In fact, over 40 species of deliberately-introduced plants are now considered to be weeds. Many are European natives which flourish here because humans failed to import their natural enemies. With few insects or diseases to harm them, they thrive. However, the USDA has many success stories where biological control of weeds is concerned. By releasing natural enemies of a weed, populations can be cut. A weed's growth depends on the stresses WEED WORDS it suffers from climate, soil, other plants, and pests. • Chickweed was given its name because chickens Though an insect may not kill a plant outright, it can and other birds like to eat it. cause enough stress to keep it from thriving. Consider • The German word “knobbe” meant any knob or the following instances: bump, such as the bud of the flower knapweed. • Klamath weed was accidentally introduced to the U.S. • The Latin word “purgare” means to purge, and spurge in the early 1900s. Just 40 years later, 5 million acres was named because the sap of the plant causes anywere infested. In 1945, the USDA released an importone who ingests it to vomit. ed beetle to control it. Within a decade, Klamath weed • The flowers of the toadflax have a mouth that opens had been reduced by 99% in Oregon and California. like a toad's mouth when squeezed; and the stalks Grateful ranchers erected a monument to the insect in have leaves that resemble flax. Eureka, California. • The weed plantain was named from the Latin word • Seed-head weevils were released in Montana in 1969 “plantago” which means the sole of the foot because to attack musk thistle. Between 1974 and 1987, thisthe seeds of the plant stick to the feet of people that tles numbers were cut to 6.6% of their former level. pass by.

Answer

Weekly SUDOKU

Answer

King CROSSWORD

THANKS FOR READING TIDBITS!

WEST NILE VIRUS HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN GRAND FORKS West Nile virus (WNV) is an infection transmitted by mosquitoes. The mosquito most common for transmitting this virus is one that is widespread throughout the Grand Forks region. This mosquito does not discriminate. People of all ages are susceptible to WNV infection, but the elderly are at higher risk for developing the more severe form of this disease (neuroinvasive illness). Children infected with WNV generally show no symptoms or may have a mild fever.

WEST NILE VIRUS WARNING

Risk factors for West Nile virus: • Time of year – The majority of WNV cases occur from July – September. • Geographic region – The Dakotas have reported some of the highest cases per capita in the United States. • Time spent outdoors not wearing protective clothing and mosquito repellent – If you work or spend a lot of time outdoors (golfing, gardening, hunting, etc.), you’re at a higher risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. • Proximity – If you live in an area where WNV has already been identified or near mosquito larval habitat. • If you have a weakened immune system. The best way to prevent West Nile virus infection is to avoid mosquito bites. • Use mosquito-repellant products containing DEET. • Wear long sleeves and pants. • Eliminate any standing water from your property, such as trash bins, plant saucers, rain gutters, buckets, etc. The mosquito most common for transmitting this disease generally stays close to the site it hatched from. Don’t let it be a container or rain gutter from your own property.

If you have any questions or concerns relating to mosquito control visit our website at www.gfmosquito.com

The Spats by Jeff Pickering

• On July 14, 1789, Parisian revolutionaries and mutinous troops storm and dismantle the Bastille, signaling the start of the French Revolution. The royal fortress had come to symbolize the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs. • On July 11, 1804, Vice President Aaron Burr fatally shoots his long-time political antagonist Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Charged with murder in New York and New Jersey, Burr, still the vice president, returned to Washington, D.C., where he finished his term immune from prosecution. • On July 16, 1935, the world's first parking meter is installed on the corner of First Street and Robinson Avenue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Indignant opponents of the meters considered paying for parking un-American, as it forced drivers to pay what amounted to a tax on their cars. • On July 12, 1957, Dwight Eisenhower becomes the first president to ride in a helicopter. Although helicopters had been tested since 1947, it was not until 10 years later that a president considered using the new machine for short, official trips to and from the White House. • On July 10, 1962, the United States Patent Office issues Swedish engineer Nils Bohlin a patent for his three-point automobile safety belt. The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 made seat belts mandatory on all new American vehicles from the 1968 model year onward. • On July 13, 1978, Ford Motor Company chairman Henry Ford II fires Lee Iacocca as Ford's president. The following year, Iacocca was hired as president of the nearly bankrupt Chrysler Corporation, which ended up getting a $1.5 billion bailout from Congress. • On July 15, 2002, John Walker Lindh, the "American Taliban," accepts a plea-bargain deal and pleads guilty to one count of supplying services to the Taliban and carrying weapons. Lindh was sentenced to 20 years in prison. © 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

• It was American civil-rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., who made the following sage observation: "We all too often have socialism for the rich and rugged free market capitalism for the poor." • If you go on a road trip to the Northwest Territories of Canada, keep an eye out for the unusual license plates -- they're shaped like polar bears. • When he was 66 years old, American novelist Edgar Rice Burroughs -- beloved creator of Tarzan and Mars explorer John Carter -- served as a war correspondent, going along on bombing runs during World War II. • Did you ever wonder what makes French vanilla different from other kinds of vanilla? Evidently, French vanilla contains egg yolk. • If you're like me, you have fond memories of a bookmobile visiting your neighborhood. For more out-of-the-way locales, though, there are other kinds of mobile libraries. For instance, residents of some parts of Norway look forward to the arrival of Epos, a library on a boat. In addition to space for 6,000 books, the boat has room for author readings and other literary events. • In Vietnam, the conflict that Americans commonly call the Vietnam War is known as the Resistance War Against America, or just the American War. • You might be surprised by the strength of the mantis shrimp. When it swings its claw at its prey, it doesn't have to hit the creature -- the shock wave from the attack is often enough to stun or kill the animal. • Social scientists say that the first businesses to get set up in a new neighborhood -- and the last ones to flee a dying community -- are churches and liquor stores. *** Thought for the Day: "My country is the world, and my religion is to do good." -- Thomas Paine © 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

(Answers located after next page)

June 26, 2017

• “A go-green and lose weight tip: Shut off your car and walk inside banks, restaurants, etc. You’ll burn less gas than sitting in the drive-thru, and the walk will flatten your figure.” — S.S. in South Carolina • “Here is my tip: When closing a plastic bag, use a clip-type wooden clothespin with a metal springform. It holds much better than a ‘twist tie’ and takes less time and effort to use. Keep a bunch in a kitchen drawer with rubber bands and other handy things. They’re not expensive and can be used over and over again.” — S.L. in Illinois • If you are sensitive to the smell of leftover coffee grounds, here’s a tip from E.O’B. in Delaware: “Line a 34.5-ounce coffee can with a plastic bag and dump the filter and grounds in it every day. Keep lid on. At week’s end, or trash day, tie up the bag and put in trash.” (Or the compost pile! — JoAnn) • If you’re watching what you eat, try food logging for a week. You may be taking in more calories than you think. Write down everything you eat and drink — including tiny treats or spoonfuls you eat while cooking! — and use an online calorie counter or get a book from the library. You might surprise yourself. • M.A in Oklahoma has a novel tank for her fish: a coffee pot! It’s economical — most thrift stores sell glass coffee pots for $1 or less — and easy to handle, too. She has two pots, and when it’s necessary to clean one, she pops the fish right into the other pot with no fuss. She can even transport her fish easily around her apartment. Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

FROSTED LIGHTBULBS

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(Solution on Next Page)

• Marvin Pipkin went to work for General Electric in 1919. Only 30 years old at the time, he had already invented the charcoal filter for gas masks during his service in World War I. • As a joke, he was given the assignment to figure out how to frost the inside of a light bulb. At the time, light bulbs threw a harsh glare that created sharp shadows, caused people to squint uncomfortably, and made it difficult to see in the vicinity of the light bulb. What was needed was a lightbulb that was translucent rather than transparent, scattering light evenly in all directions. • Many techniques had been tried to soften the light, but nothing had worked. Acid etching left the bulbs too brittle, painting the bulb cut down the light, and coatings increased breakage. Pipkin was handed the task as a good-natured part of hazing a new employee. Yet, he took the job seriously. • The primary method of etching the interior side of light bulbs involved soaking the surface of the glass with hydrofluoric acid, which would give the glass a milky texture. If the glass was then soaked for a long time in a different, weaker acid, the bulb would revert to normal, becoming clear again, so that experiments could be repeated over and over again on the same light bulb, cutting down on waste. • One day in 1925, Pipkin received a phone call just after he had poured the second weaker acid inside of a glass bulb in order to clean it off. In answering the phone, he accidentally tipped the bulb over, spilling the acid before it had time to work. The bulb fell to the floor, landing without breaking. Normally, it would have shattered into a thousand shards. This was the key to the discovery. ...continued

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FROSTED LIGHTBULBS (cont'd)

• The hydrofluoric acid leaves the surface of the glass pitted and gouged in a microscopic manner that weakens the glass so it becomes Answer: Dell. as fragile as a bird’s egg. But coating it with VERY LARGE NUMBER silica fillsAin the pits and gouges, strengthening •the Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 glass. The result is an even, muted glow he was asked to come up with a name for a from a sturdy bulb that diffuses light, reduces very large number: the numeral glare, and minimizes loss of light.one, followed by a hundred zeros. He asked his two young • Pipkin walked into his with six nephews what name theyboss’s wouldoffice suggest. bulbs. ThreeMilton had beensuggested coated witha just the •light Nine-year-old name first acid etching, and three had received the out of the funnies. A cartoon strip character second of was the very weaker silica-based acid. named dose Barney popular. Milton chose He brazenly three bulbs on Barney’s lastdropped name forthe the first number. boss’sannounced desk, where •his Kasner the they new shattered, name for scatterthe big ing glass all over the desk. Then he dropped number in his next book, altering the spelling. the nextyears threelater, bulbs, andPage noneand of them • Sixty Larry Sergeybroke. Brin He drove his pointinternet home search by picking up Other those developed a new engine. three bulbs and dropping them webpage directly onto search engines searched each and the floor them of theaccording office, where theymany bounced ranked to how timesina stead of breaking. specific term appeared on them, but Page and Brinidentical designed process their search to search • This hadengine long been usedfor in the specific term and then find out how many the creation of photographic equipment, but no links there were that led back to that page, one hadresulted ever applied the process light bulbs. which in a better search to engine. Because of its previous use in photography, • They decided they needed a name that Marvin Pipkin’s patent was denied. Neverthereflected how many websites the search less, his was discovery revolutionized engine searching. They tookthethelighting name industry. of Edward Kasner’s very large number, only they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up beinga • Marvin Pipkin had succeeded in creating spelledfrosted exactlylight the bulb samewith waynearly the cartoon strong perfect character Barney spelled his last name. What’s light diffusion, an important milestone in the it called? of page) history of(Answer lighting.at bottom He was subsequently COMPUTER FACTS awarded the time-honored and prestigious awardsaid, for his invention. •Charles In 1981Coffin Bill Gates “640 kb of memory ought to be enough for anybody.” • Pipkin later went on to invent what we now call •the Moore’s Law states performance soft white bulb, that andcomputer then played a role in doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since the creation of the photo flash bulb. He retired 1971, this has been true. in 1954. By the time he died in 1977 at the age •ofHP, Microsoft, andofApple were utall 79,Google, he had seen the world light bulbs started in garages. terly transformed, all because of a phone call. Answer: Google, from googol.

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