28 SUSTAINABLE BRAZIL Social and Economic Impacts of the 2014 World Cup
Each of the foregoing needs is discussed below: • Energy: the energy security of the host cities is an issue that, although essential, is not absolutely guaranteed. In light of recent events such as the nationwide blackout in November 2009, it is clear that, considering the current electrical system development status, the host cities are also not safe from threats to their energy supply. • Arterial transport: in many cases, the distances between the host cities are transcontinental, covered only by highways in a poor state of repair. The major Brazilian airports – particularly in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo – have exhausted their capacity due mainly to their poor infrastructure. • Stadiums: three of the host cities will be building new stadiums for the World Cup,while the other nine are or will be undergoing renovations to meet Fifa’s requirements. Given the complexity of the work involved,
it is a big challenge for all
expansion expects to offer an
stadiums to be ready in time
additional 19,500 hotel rooms
for the Confederations Cup in
in the host cities by 2014.
June 2013, a year earlier, as
However, except for the cities
agreed upon by Brazil. Moreover,
of Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro and
considering that many clubs
São Paulo, which have a better
and/or public entities share
hotel infrastructure, there are
responsibility for the construction
not enough hotel rooms to
and renovation of stadiums, there
meet the capacity requirements
may be no project standardization
recommended by Fifa.
or compliance analysis pursuant • Public safety: Brazil has a
to the requirements of FIFA (coordination risk).
tremendous difficulty in addressing this issue, not only
• Hospitality system: this
with regard to the safety of the
component is primarily a private
general population, but also to
sector concern. The hotel system
the violence inside the stadiums.
Category of policies and actions Top-down • Little feedback • Little monitoring and control • Other failures in the decision-making process • Failures affect all the host cities Large-size needs
Table 11
Bottom-up Source
• Coordination problems
Reasons for failure
• Political takeover for local interests • People’s crystallization and disarticulation • Lack of funds
Scope of failure
• Failures affect each individual host city
More adequate for Small-size needs