Raptors Conservation 17/2009 by Igor Karyakin

Raptors Conservation ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ И ИХ ОХРАНА

ISSN 1814–0076

2009 №17 Ðàáî÷èé áþëëåòåíü î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû è Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè The Newsletter of the raptors of the East Europe and North Asia Áþëëåòåíü «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ó÷ðåæäåí ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Íîâîñèáèðñê) è íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé îáùåñòâåííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé «Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé» (Í. Íîâãîðîä).

The Raptors Conservation Newsletter has been founded by the non-governmental organisations Siberian Environmental Center (Novosibirsk) and Center of Field Studies (Nizhniy Novgorod).

Ðåäàêòîðû íîìåðà: Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî (Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê) è Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Í. Íîâãîðîä)

Editors: Elvira Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk) and Igor Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod)

Ôîòîãðàôèÿ íà ëèöåâîé ñòîðîíå îáëîæêè: Ïàðà óøàñòûõ ñîâ (Asio otus) íà ãíåçäå. Ïîâîëæüå, Ðîññèÿ, 14 ìàÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî Å. Êîòåëåâñêîãî.

Photo on the front cover: Pair of the Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) in the nest. Volga region, Russia, 14 May 2009. Photo by E. Kotelevsky.

Â èëëþñòðàöèè çàäíåé ñòîðîíû îáëîæêè èñïîëüçîâàíû ôîòîãðàôèè Å. Êîòåëåâñêîãî, È. Êàðÿêèíà, À. Êîâàëåíêî, À. Ëåâàøêèíà, Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è À. Ïàæåíêîâà.

Photos on the back cover by E. Kotelevsky, I. Karyakin, À. Kovalenko, A. Levashkin, E. Nikolenko and A. Pazhenkov.

Äèçàéí: Ä. Ñåíîòðóñîâ, À. Êëåù¸â Âåðñòêà: Ä. Êàòóíîâ Êîððåêòóðà: À. Êàþìîâ Ïåðåâîä: A. Øåñòàêîâà, Ä. Òåðïèëîâñêàÿ, Ð. Ðîáè

Design by D. Senotrusov, A. Kleschev Page-proofs by D. Katunov Proof-reader by A. Kajumov Translation by A. Shestakova, D. Terpilovskaya, R. Roby

Ðåäàêöèîííàÿ êîëëåãèÿ: Ñ.Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í., ÑÎÏÐ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí, ê.á.í., ÐÃÏÓ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ; timbar@bk.ru Ñ.À. Áóêðååâ, ñ.í.ñ., ê.á.í., ÈÏÝÝ ÐÀÍ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; sbukreev@rol.ru Â.Ì. Ãàëóøèí, àêàä. ÐÀÅÍ, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÌÏÃÓ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ; v-galushin@yandex.ru Í.Þ. Êèñåëåâà, äîö., ê.ïåä.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; sopr@dront.ru Ð.Ä. Ëàïøèí, äîö., ê.á.í., ÍÃÏÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; lapchine@mail.ru À.Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîö., ê.á.í., Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎèÍ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí; levin_saker@nursat.kz Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, ïðîô., ä.á.í., Íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Òàøêåíò, Óçáåêèñòàí; olmit@list.ru À.Ñ. Ïàæåíêîâ, ê.á.í., ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ; f_lynx@hotbox.ru Ì.Â. Ïåñòîâ, ê.á.í., Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò», Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; vipera@dront.ru Å.Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ph.D., Áðèí Àôèíñêèé Êîëëåäæ, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ; EugenePotapov@gmail.com Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí, ïðîô., ä.á.í., ÈÑèÝË ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; zm@eco.nsc.ru È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ñèáýêîöåíòð, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ; ilya@ecoclub.nsu.ru À.À. Øåñòàêîâà, ê.á.í., ÍÍÃÓ, Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ; f_s_c@mail.ru T. Katzner, Ph.D., Conservation and Field Research National Aviary, USA; todd.katzner@aviary.org M.J. McGrady, Ph.D., Natural Research, UK; MikeJMcGrady@aol.com

Àäðåñ ðåäàêöèè: 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 Editorial adress: P.O. Box 547, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090 Tel./Fax: +7 (383) 363 00 59 E-mail:

rc_news@mail.ru ikar_research@mail.ru elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru

http://www.sibecocenter.ru/raptors.htm Ýëåêòðîííàÿ âåðñèÿ/RC online http://www.sibecocenter.ru/RC.htm Ïðàâèëà äëÿ àâòîðîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_rus.htm Guidelines for Contributors available on website: http://www.sibecocenter.ru/guidelines_en.htm

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Events СОБЫТИЯ Â 2009 ã. â ÑØÀ ðàçðåø¸í îòëîâ ñàïñàíîâ (Falco peregrinus) äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû1, 2. Ñàïñàí áûë âûâåäåí èç ñïèñêà óãðîæàåìûõ âèäîâ ÑØÀ â 1999 ã. è ñ òåõ ïîð ïðîèñõîäèò óñòîé÷èâûé ðîñò åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Â ñâÿçè ñ íåóêëîííûì ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà, ñîêîëÿòíèêè íåîäíîêðàòíî îáðàùàëèñü â ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñ ïðîñüáîé ðàçðåøèòü èì îòëîâ äèêèõ ñîêîëîâ äëÿ íóæä ñîêîëèíîé îõîòû. Â ðåçóëüòàòå, â 2008 ã. Ñëóæáà Ðûáû è Äè÷è ÑØÀ (USFWS) ïðîâåëà çàêëþ÷èòåëüíóþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ ýêñïåðòèçó âîçìîæíîñòè îòëîâà ìèãðèðóþùèõ ñàïñàíîâ. Áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå, ÷òî îñåíüþ 2009 ã. 36 ïòèö ìîãóò áûòü îòëîâëåíû íà ïóòÿõ ìèãðàöèè, ëåæàùèõ âîñòî÷íåå 100-ãî ìåðèäèàíà (íà Àòëàíòè÷åñêîì, Ìèññèññèïñêîì è Öåíòðàëüíîì ìèãðàöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòàõ), áåç óùåðáà ïîïóëÿöèÿì ñàïñàíà. Â 2009 ã. USFWS è Ñîâåòû ïî Ìèãðàöèîííûì ïóòÿì, êîòîðûå èìåþò ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâà â êàæäîì øòàòå, ðàçâèëè è îäîáðèëè ïëàí îòëîâà ñîêîëîâ âî âðåìÿ îñåííåãî ïðîë¸òà. Êâîòà áûëà ðàñïðåäåëåíà ìåæäó øòàòàìè, çàÿâèâøèìè îá ó÷àñòèè â îòëîâå ïòèö íà ñâîåé òåððèòîðèè. Ñëóæáà Ðûáû è Äè÷è êàæäîãî øòàòà ðàçðàáàòûâàëà ïðàâèëà è ñðîêè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ëîâà, ñèñòåìó êîíòðîëÿ çà ïðîöåññîì íà ñâîåé òåððèòîðèè, à òàêæå ïðîâîäèëà îòáîð ëîâöîâ, êîòîðûì âûäàâàëîñü ðàçðåøåíèå íà îòëîâ ñàïñàíà â ñâî¸ ëè÷íîå ïîëüçîâàíèå. Òàê, êâîòà â øòàòå Âèðäæèíèÿ ñîñòàâèëà 4 ïòèöû. Ïðè îòáîðå ëîâöîâ ïðèîðèòåò îòäàâàëñÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûì ñîêîëÿòíèêàì, æèòåëÿì øòàòà, õîòÿ çàÿâëåíèÿ ïðèíèìàëèñü îò ëþáûõ ñîêîëÿòíèêîâ Âèðäæèíèè è òð¸õ ñîñåäíèõ øòàòîâ. Êàæäûé ó÷àñòíèê ïîëó÷àë ïðàâî íà îòëîâ òîëüêî îäíîãî ìèãðèðóþùåãî ñàïñàíà. Ñåçîí îòëîâà â Âèðäæèíèè áûë óñòàíîâëåí ñ 20 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 20 îêòÿáðÿ, ñ äîñðî÷íûì çàêðûòèåì, êîãäà Ñëóæáà Ðûáû è Äè÷è øòàòà ïîëó÷èò ñîîáùåíèå îá îòëîâå ïîñëåäíåé ïòèöû èç êâîòû. Òîëüêî îäèí ìèãðèðóþùèé íåîêîëüöîâàííûé ñàïñàí ìîã áûòü îòëîâëåí è âçÿò 1 2

Catching of Peregrines (Falco peregrinus) for falconry has been permitted in USA in 20091, 2. The US Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the peregrine in 1999 and since that time its number is steady increased. As a result of steady growth of the peregrine number falconers repeatedly addressed the request to the government to permit catching of wild falcons for falconry. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) completed a Final Environmental Assessment for the take of passage Peregrine Falcons during 2008. The USFWS determined that 36 passage birds could be taken east of 100 degree longitude without having any negative impacts on Peregrine Falcon populations (in the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central flyways). This year the USFWS and the Flyway Councils, which have members from each state, developed and approved a plan for take during the fall of 2009. The quota was divided between the states which declared participation in catching of birds in the territory. The State Fish and Wildlife Services developed rules and dates of catching and techniques for its control in the territory of states, and the selection system of catchers, who would be authorized to catch peregrines for the private use. Through this process, it Virginia was allot-

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Photo by I. Karyakin.

http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/permits/passage-peregrine-falcon http://myfwc.com/docs/CommissionMeetings/2009/2009_Sep_PeregrineFalconryRule_Presentation.pdf

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ñåáå îäíèì ñîêîëèíûì îõîòíèêîì. Îêîëüöîâàííûå ñîêîëà, ñëó÷àéíî ïîéìàííûå âî âðåìÿ ëîâà, äîëæíû áûëè áûòü íåìåäëåííî îòïóùåíû. Ïðàâèëà îáÿçûâàëè ëîâöà â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàòü ïòèöó, çàôèêñèðîâàòü íîìåð è öâåò êîëüöà è ïåðåäàòü ýòó èíôîðìàöèþ â Ñëóæáó â óñòàíîâëåííûå ñðîêè.

(1) Êîíòàêò Àíäðåé Ñàëòûêîâ Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ aves-pl@mail.ru (1) Contact Andrey Saltykov Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirskoe Branch Ulyanovsk, Russia aves-pl@mail.ru

Ìîëîäîé ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ïîãèáøèé íà ËÝÏ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Yang Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) electrocuted. Photo by A. Saltykov.

Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé ìåæðàéîííîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé ïðîêóðàòóðå 23 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ñîñòîÿëîñü ðàñøèðåííîå ñîâåùàíèå ïî ïðîáëåìå «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ», â êîòîðîì ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè îñíîâíûõ âëàäåëüöåâ ËÝÏ, à òàêæå ðóêîâîäèòåëè ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ ñëóæá âñåõ óðîâíåé3. Ïî çàäàíèþ Óëüÿíîâñêîé ìåæðàéîííîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé ïðîêóðàòóðû 21–22 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Êîìèòåòîì Ãîñýêîêîíòðîëÿ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè Ñèìáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè áûë ïðîâåä¸í âûáîðî÷íûé îñìîòð ó÷àñòêîâ ýëåêòðîëèíèé (ËÝÏ) 6–10 êÂ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè», ÎÀÎ ÌÍ «Äðóæáà», ÎÀÎ ÍÊ «ÐóññÍåôòü» è ÎÎÎ «Òðàíñãàç Ñàìàðà». Â õîäå îñìîòðà ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ óêàçàííûì îðãàíèçàöèÿì, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè ïòèö ñî ñëåäàìè ïîðàæåíèé ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Ïðè÷¸ì, íàðÿäó ñ îáû÷íûìè âèäàìè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, âðàíîâûìè, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè õèùíûõ ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ îðëîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû îñìîòðà ñòàëè ïðåäìåòîì ðàçãîâîðà íà ñîâåùàíèè â Óëüÿíîâñêîé ìåæðàéîííîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé ïðî-

http://www.birdprotect.ru/news/press-realize

Ñîáûòèÿ ted four passage Peregrine Falcons for the trapping season. Virginia residents who are classified as Master or General class falconers are eligible to apply. At the sole discretion of VDGIF, however, falconers with limited experience handling and hunting with falcons may be excluded from authorization to take a Peregrine Falcon. The season for take will be from September 20 – October 20, 2009, but will close when the fourth passage bird has been taken and reported to VDGIF. Only one passage no banded Peregrine Falcon may be captured and possessed by a falconer. If a banded raptor is accidentally or incidentally captured, band numbers and colors must be recorded, photographs taken if possible, and the bird must be immediately released. Band numbers and photographs of such incidentally-captured birds must be submitted to VDGIF in target dates. The meeting on the problem “Birds and power lines” took place in the Ulyanovsk interdistrict nature protection Office of Public Prosecutor on 23 July, 2009, in which persons of main owners of power lines (PL) and heads of nature protection services of all levels also participated3. On 21–22 July, 2009, under an order of the Ulyanovsk interdistrict nature protection Office of Public Prosecutor the Committee of State Environmental Control of the Ulyanovsk district and representatives of the Simbirskoe branch of the Russian Bird Conservation Union carried out surveys of several sites of PL of 6-10 kV belonged to several utility companies: “IRDNC of Volga”, “Druzhba”, “RussNeft” and “Transgas Samara”. During surveys many electrocuted birds were found under electric poles of those PL. And among electrocuted birds besides common species remains of birds of prey including eagles were found out. Results of surveys were urgently discussed at the meeting in the Ulyanovsk interdistrict nature protection Office of Public Prosecutor. Nature protection public prosecutor V.A. Besarab paid attention of participants of the meeting to important omission in the problem of bird protection. Confirming his intentions he informed participants on successful carrying out by Office of Public Prosecutor of some litigation on a problem “Birds and PL”.

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 êóðàòóðå. Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé ïðîêóðîð Â.À. Áåñàðàá îáðàòèë âíèìàíèå ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñîâåùàíèÿ íà âàæíûå óïóùåíèÿ â ñôåðå îõðàíû ïòèö. Ñåðü¸çíîñòü ñâîèõ íàìåðåíèé îí ïîäêðåïèë ñîîáùåíèåì îá óñïåøíîì ïðîâåäåíèè ïðîêóðàòóðîé ðÿäà ñóäåáíûõ ïðîöåññîâ ïî ïðîáëåìå «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» è çàÿâèë, ÷òî íå ñêëîíåí «âõîäèòü â ïîëîæåíèå» òåõ îðãàíèçàöèé, êîòîðûå óêëîíÿþòñÿ îò ñîáëþäåíèÿ çàêîííûõ òðåáîâàíèé ïîä ïðåäëîãîì ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ òðóäíîñòåé è èùóò ëàçåéêè â çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâå, íåïðàâîìåðíî ïðèêðûâàÿñü ëîçóíãîì «çàêîí îáðàòíîé ñèëû íå èìååò». Ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè – Óëüÿíîâñêèå ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ñåòè» äîëîæèëè î ñâîåé ðàçðàáîòêå äîëãîñðî÷íîé ïðîãðàììû ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ÷òî âûçâàëî îäîáðåíèå ó÷àñòíèêîâ ñîâåùàíèÿ. ×ëåí Ñèìáèðñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè À.Â. Ñàëòûêîâ ïðåäñòàâèë äàííûå î ìàñøòàáàõ ãèáåëè ïòèö è óùåðáà, ïðè÷èíÿåìîãî æèâîòíîìó ìèðó «ËÝÏ-óáèéöàìè». Îí ñîîáùèë, ÷òî åæåãîäíî â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè íà ËÝÏ óíè÷òîæàåòñÿ ïîðÿäêà 300–380 òûñÿ÷ ïòèö, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê áîëåå ÷åì òðèäöàòè âèäàì (âêëþ÷àÿ ðåäêèå âèäû, çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, òàêèå, êàê ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca, îðëàíáåëîõâîñò Haliaeetus albicilla è äð.). Ïî îöåíêå À.Â. Ñàëòûêîâà, ñóììà óùåðáà, ïðè÷èíÿåìîãî «ËÝÏ-óáèéöàìè», ñîñòàâëÿåò ïîðÿäêà 350–450 ìëí. ðóá. â ãîä! Ïîäâîäÿ èòîãè ñîâåùàíèÿ, Â.À. Áåñàðàá ïðåäëîæèë âëàäåëüöàì ËÝÏ áåçîòëàãàòåëüíî ïðèñòóïèòü ê ìåðîïðèÿòèÿì ïî îñíàùåíèþ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ ñîâðåìåííûìè ýôôåêòèâíûìè ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ), èñêëþ÷àþùèìè ãèáåëü ïòèö îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà, à òàêæå ïî çàìåíå ðàíåå óñòàíîâëåííûõ íåäîñòàòî÷íî ýôôåêòèâíûõ ÏÇÓ è ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé (íà îñíîâå õîëîñòûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ è äð.) íîâûìè ýôôåêòèâíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Êîíòðîëüíî-íàäçîðíûì îðãàíàì ðåêîìåíäîâàíî óñèëèòü ðàáîòó ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ», à Ïðàâèòåëüñòâó Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè – óòâåðäèòü ðåãèîíàëüíûå «Òðåáîâàíèÿ ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè». Êîíòàêò (1).

Ãðà÷è (Corvus frugilegus) íà îïîðå ËÝÏ, îñíàù¸ííîé ÏÇÓ óëüÿíîâñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Ôîòî À. Ñàëòûêîâà. Rooks (Corvus frugilegus) on power pole with bird protected devices made in Ulyanovsk. Photo by A. Saltykov.

Representatives of “IRDNC of Volga – the Ulyanovsk distributive networks” have reported on the development of the longterm program bird protective actions that has caused approval of participants of the meeting. The member of Simbirsk branch of RBCU A.V. Saltykov reported on scales of bird electrocution and the damage, caused to wildlife by PL hazardous for birds. He informed that near 300–380 thousand the birds of more than 30 species (including rare species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation such as the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla and others) died from electrocution in the Ulyanovsk district every year. According to A.V. Saltykov, the sum of the damage caused by PL makes 350–450 million roubles per year! Summing up the meeting, V.A. Besarab suggested owners of PL urgently to start actions on retrofitting of PL 6–10 kV with modern effective bird-protective devices (BPD), and also on replacing inefficient old BPD installed earlier by new effective devices. The supervising authorities were recommended to intensify activity in a sphere “Birds and PL”; also the Government of the Ulyanovsk district were recommended to approve the regional “Requirements on prevention of deaths of objects of wildlife at realization of manufacturing process, as well as the use of ways, pipelines, communication and power lines in the Ulyanovsk district”. Contact (1).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 Â öåëÿõ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ ãèáåëè ïòèö è óêðåïëåíèÿ íàä¸æíîñòè ýíåðãîñíàáæåíèÿ ïîòðåáèòåëåé ýíåðãåòèêè ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Þãà» – «Àñòðàõàíüýíåðãî» íà÷àëè îáîðóäîâàíèå è ðåêîíñòðóêöèþ âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì èçîëèðîâàííîãî ïðîâîäà4. Â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Þãà» – «Àñòðàõàíüýíåðãî» â ñðåäíåì çà ãîä ïðîèñõîäèò äî äåñÿòêà ñëó÷àåâ, êîãäà ïòèöû, ïîïàäàÿ íà ïðîâîäíèêè âûñîêîãî íàïðÿæåíèÿ ïîäñòàíöèé, íàðóøàþò íîðìàëüíóþ ðàáîòó îáúåêòîâ, ÷òî, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, âûçûâàåò ïåðåáîè â ýëåêòðîñíàáæåíèè ïîòðåáèòåëåé ðåãèîíà. Âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ïîäîáíûõ ñëó÷àåâ áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå ïî óñèëåíèþ èçîëÿöèè ýòèõ äåòàëåé ïîäñòàíöèé è îáîðóäîâàíèþ íèçêîâîëüòíûõ (ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ) ýëåêòðîñåòåé êàáåëåì íà îñíîâå ñøèòîãî ïîëèýòèëåíà (ÑÈÏ-3), íàä¸æíî çàùèùàþùèì ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è îò âíåøíèõ âîçäåéñòâèé, îáëàäàþùèì õîðîøèìè äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè è íèçêîé ïîâðåæäàåìîñòüþ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáîðóäîâàííûõ ÑÈÏ-3 ñåòåé â 2009 ã. ñîñòàâèëà áîëåå 20 êì. Â èíâåñòèöèîííîé ïðîãðàììå ôèëèàëà «Àñòðàõàíüýíåðãî» 2009 ã. íà óñèëåíèå èçîëÿöèè â çîíå îòâåòñòâåííîñòè ôèëèàëà íàïðàâëåíî áîëåå 42 ìëí. ðóáëåé. Êàê îòìå÷àþò ñïåöèàëèñòû ôèëèàëà ýíåðãîêîìïàíèè, â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû áóäóò ïðîäîëæåíû ðàáîòû ïî óñèëåíèþ èçîëÿöèè ýëåêòðîñåòåé. Îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì, íà êîòîðîì îòõîäÿùèå ëèíèè áóäóò ïîëíîñòüþ âûïîëíåíû íà îñíîâå ÑÈÏ-3, ñòàíåò ÏÑ «Þáèëåéíàÿ».

(2) Contact Aniko Gal-Belteki Ñommunications officer Conservation of RedFooted Falcon in the Pannonian Biogeographic Region, LIFE Nature project (LIFE05 NAT/H/000122) MME/BirdLife Hungary H-1121 Budapest, Kolto u. 21 tel.: +36 1 275 6247 fax: +36 1 275 6267 mob.: +36 20 555 7906 gal.aniko@mme.hu

Ñïåöèàëèñòû ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì, ðàáîòàþùèå ñ êîá÷èêàìè (Falco vespertinus) â ðàçíûõ ñòðàíàõ ìèðà, ñîáðàëèñü 9–12 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â Âåíãðèè, â êîíôåðåíö-öåíòðå äèðåêöèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Êîðîñ-Ìàðîñ» (KMNPD) â Ñàðâàøå. Ãëàâíàÿ òåìà ñîáðàíèÿ – îò÷¸ò ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîäîëæàþùåãîñÿ ïðîåêòà «Ñîõðàíåíèå êîá÷èêà â Ïàííîíñêîì ðåãèîíå» è ïîäãîòîâêà Åâðîïåéñêîãî ïëàíà äåéñòâèé ïî êîá÷èêó5. Âñòðå÷ó îðãàíèçîâûâàëè Âåíãåðñêîå îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîå è ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå îáùåñòâî (MME), BirdLife International è KMNPD. Íà âñòðå÷å âïåðâûå ñîáðàëèñü 32 ñïåöèàëèñòà èç 10 ñòðàí, ÷òîáû ïîäåëèòüñÿ ñîâðåìåííîé èíôîðìàöèåé î êîá÷èêå è

Ñîáûòèÿ For prevention of birds deaths from electrocution and reinforcement of reliability in the providing of electricity to customers, power engineers of the department of the open joint-stock company “Inter-Regional Distributive Network Company of the South” (“IRDNC of the South”) – “Astrakhanenergo” have begun to retrofit overhead power lines with insulated wires. In a zone of location of power lines (PL) managed by the department of “IRDNC of the South” – “Astrakhanenergo” up to ten cases of bird electrocutions per year cause disturbance in the normal operation of PL that causes disturbance in the providing of electricity to customers in the region. For prevention of recurrence of such cases the decision to reinforce insulation of the power substation equipment and retrofit low-voltage PL with insulated wires was established. The total length of PL retrofitted in 2009 was more than 20 km. In the investment program of “Astrakhanenergo” in 2009 more than 42 million roubles will be directed on retrofitting of PL in the region. Following experts of the department the activities on retrofitting of PL will be continued next years. The main project will be the complete retrofitting all of PL branched off the power substation “Yubileynaya”. Raptor specialists working with Red-Footed Falcons (Falco vespertinus) all around the world joined forces and met on 9–12 September 2009 in Hungary, at the conference centre of the Körös-Maros National Park Directorate (KMNPD) in Szarvas. The events main theme was to present the results of the ongoing “Conservation of in the Pannonian Region” LIFE project and to prepare the European Species Action Plan of the species5. Hungarian Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society (MME/BirdLife Hungary), BirdLife International and KMNPD

Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus). Ôîòî Ï. Ïàëàòèö. 4 5

http://www.astrakhan.ru/?content=news-item&id=50850 http://www.falcoproject.hu/en/content/news#kekvercse124

Red-Footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus). Photo by P. Palatitz.

Events

Ó÷àñòíèêè âñòðå÷è ïî îõðàíå êîá÷èêà â Âåíãðèè. Ôîòî Ï. Ïàëàòèö. Participants of the meeting on the RedFooted Falcon conservation in Hungary. Photo by P. Palatitz.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

îáìåíÿòüñÿ îïûòîì ïî åãî îõðàíå. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð êîá÷èêà, âíåñ¸ííîãî â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû (IUCN Red List), ñîêðàòèëîñü, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûìè îöåíêàìè ýòîãî âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Óêðàèíå, Ñåðáèè è Áîëãàðèè. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, óñèëèÿ ïî îõðàíå ñîêîëîâ â Âåíãðèè, Ðóìûíèè è Èòàëèè íå òîëüêî ñòàáèëèçèðîâàëè ÷èñëåííîñòü, íî è ïðèâåëè ê å¸ óìåðåííîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ. Ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ óäàëîñü äîáèòüñÿ ÷àñòè÷íî çà ñ÷¸ò ïîääåðæêè êðóïíîìàñøòàáíîãî ïðîåêòà ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ êîá÷èêà Ïðèðîäîîõðàííûì Ôîíäîì Åâðîïåéñêîé Êîìèññèè (LIFE Nature Fund). Ó÷àñòíèêè âñòðå÷è îïðåäåëèëè è ðàíæèðîâàëè âñå èìåþùèåñÿ óãðîçû, ñ êîòîðûìè êîá÷èêè ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ â òå÷åíèè æèçíè, è ðàññòàâèëè ïðèîðèòåòû â äåéñòâèÿõ ïî èõ îõðàíå. Íà âñòðå÷å îðãàíèçàòîðàìè áûë ïðåäñòàâëåí ôèëüì «Äëÿ òàíãî íóæíî äâîå». Ýòî 50-ìèíóòíîå êèíî ïîêàçûâàåò æèçíü êîá÷èêîâ â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ðàññêàçûâàåò î ñîâìåñòíîì Âåíãåðñêî-Ðóìûíñêîì ïðîåêòå ïî îõðàíå êîá÷èêîâ. Çàêëþ÷èòåëüíûì ñîáûòèåì âñòðå÷è ñòàë âûåçä ê áëèæàéøåìó ïðåäîòë¸òíîìó ñêîïëåíèþ êîá÷èêîâ, ãäå â âå÷åðíåå âðåìÿ â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íàáëþäàëîñü îêîëî 1500 ñîêîëîâ. Êîíòàêò (2). Ñ 30 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 5 îêòÿáðÿ â ÓëàíÁàòîðå è â òóðèñòè÷åñêîì öåíòðå íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà Õóñòàé-Íóðó ïðîõîäèëî ñîâåùàíèå ïî ïîäãîòîâêå Êðàñíîãî ñïèñêà ïòèö Ìîíãîëèè è ïî áàíêó äàííûõ î ðàçíîîáðàçèè ïòèö ñòðàíû. Ñîâåùàíèå ïðîâîäèëè Ìîíãîëüñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ëîíäîíñêîå çîîëîãè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî (ZSL) è BirdLife International ïðè ïîääåðæêå Âñåìèðíîãî áàíêà. Â ÷èñëå áîëåå ÷åì 30-òè ó÷àñòíèêîâ, ïîìèìî çîîëîãîâ èç âóçîâ è Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ìîíãîëèè,

organized the event, where 32 raptor conservationists of 10 countries met for the first time to share knowledge and experience in Red-Footed Falcon conservation. Unfortunately, the number of breeding pairs of this near threatened species (IUCN Red List) has declined compared to what was previously estimated in the Ukraine, Serbia and Bulgaria – as specialists of these range state countries have pointed out. On the other hand, the conservation efforts in Hungary, Romania and Italy have not only stabilized the population but also showed a moderate increase. These results are partially due to the European Commission’s LIFE Nature Fund, which supports large scale conservation measures in favour of this small falcon species. Participants of the meeting specified and ranked all relevant threats, Red-Footed Falcons face throughout their life cycle, and prioritized activities to be undertaken. In the evening hours the organizers presented the film titled “It takes two to tango”. This movie presents in 50 minutes the life of Red-Footed Falcons in the breeding grounds and the Hungarian-Romanian conservation project. The closing event of the conference was a field trip to a nearby premigration roost site where a total of 1500 Red-Footed Falcon were observed displaying before finally settling down for the evening in a tall poplar tree wood patch. Contact (2). The meeting on preparation of the Red List of Birds of Mongolia and on a databank about the bird diversity of the country took place in the tourist center of the National Park Hustaj-Nuru in Ulan Bator on 30 September – 5 October. The meeting was held by the Mongolian national university, Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and BirdLife International at the support of the World Bank. More than 30 persons besides zoologists from universities and the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia participated in the meeting, threw were representatives of ZSL and BirdLife (in particular, prof. D. Bayli) as well as experts from other countries, in particular prof. M. Stubbe (Germany), T. Ikeuchi (Japan) and I. Fefelov (Russia).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

(3) Contact Gombobaatar Sundev National University of Mongolia, Mongolian Ornithological Society, Ulaanbaatar 210646A, P.O. Box 537, Mongolia. gombobaatar@biology. num.edu.mn Igor Fefelov Scientific Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University Lenin str., 3 P.O. Box 24 Irkutsk 664003 Russia tel.: +7 3952 243 077 fefelov@inbox.ru

ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ZSL è BirdLife (â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðîôåññîð Ä. Áåéëè), à òàêæå ýêñïåðòû èç äðóãèõ ñòðàí, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðîôåññîð Ì. Øòóááå (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Ò. Èêåó÷è (ßïîíèÿ) è È. Ôåôåëîâ (Ðîññèÿ). Â õîäå ñîâåùàíèÿ áûëà ñóììèðîâàíà èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ñîñòîÿíèè 487 âèäîâ ïòèö, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ â Ìîíãîëèè, à òàêæå èõ ñîîòâåòñòâèþ ôîðìàëüíûì êðèòåðèÿì IUCN (ÌÑÎÏ) è BirdLife äëÿ ïðèñâîåíèÿ âèäàì òîé èëè èíîé êàòåãîðèè. Â èòîãå ê âêëþ÷åíèþ â Êðàñíûé ñïèñîê â êà÷åñòâå «óãðîæàåìûõ» áûëî ðåêîìåíäîâàíî 18 âèäîâ ïòèö, èç íèõ 12 âèäîâ – ýòî ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè. Ñòàòóñ «ïîäâåðãàþùèåñÿ îïàñíîñòè» (EN) ïðåäëîæåí äëÿ 3-õ âèäîâ (çìååÿä Circaetus gallicus, áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê Aquila clanga, îðëàí-äîëãîõâîñò Haliaeetus leucoryphus), «óÿçâèìûå» (VU) – äëÿ 3-õ âèäîâ (ìîãèëüíèê Aquila heliaca, áîðîäà÷ Gypaetus barbatus, áàëîáàí Falco cherrug), «áëèçêèå ê óãðîæàåìûì» (NT) – äëÿ 1-ãî âèäà (îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò Haliaeetus albicilla). Ñòàòóñ «íåäîñòàòî÷íî äàííûõ» (DD) ïðèñâîåí 5-òè âèäàì (ñòåïíîé ëóíü Circus macrourus, ëóãîâîé ëóíü Circus pygargus, ïåãèé ëóíü Circus melanoleucus, êðå÷åò Falco rusticolus, ñàïñàí Falco peregrinus). Ðàáîòà íàä èçäàíèåì Êðàñíîãî ñïèñêà åù¸ íå çàêîí÷åíà, è, íåñîìíåííî, îêîí÷àòåëüíûé âàðèàíò áóäåò ïîäãîòîâëåí ñ ó÷¸òîì âñåé ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííîé èíôîðìàöèè. Êîíòàêò (3). Áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû» (Natural Research Ltd.) îáúÿâèëà îá óòâåðæäåíèè ñ ÿíâàðÿ 2010 ã. åæåãîäíîé Ïðåìèè ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé èìåíè Ìàéêà Ìàääåðñà6. Ïîäðîáíåå ñì. â ðàçäåëå «Ãðàíòû» íà ñòð. 158.

(4) Contact Rick Watson The Peregrine Fund World Center for Birds of Prey 5668 W. Flying hawk lane Boise, Idaho 83709 USA tel.: +1 208 362 3716 fax: +1 208 362 2376 rwatson@peregrinefund.org tpf@peregrinefund.org

6 7

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ «Êðå÷åòû è êóðîïàòêè â èçìåíÿþùåìñÿ ìèðå» áóäåò ïðîâîäèòüñÿ â ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíèâåðñèòåòå Áîéñå, Øòàò Àéäàõî, ÑØÀ 1–3 ôåâðàëÿ 2011 ã.7 Â òå÷åíèè òð¸õ äíåé ó÷àñòíèêè êîíôåðåíöèè ïðåäñòàâÿò íàó÷íûå äîêëàäû è ïîñòåðû, ïðîéäóò ñèìïîçèóìû ïî ñòðàòåãèè, à òàêæå ýêñêóðñèè âî Âñåìèðíûé öåíòð õèùíûõ ïòèö Ôîíäà Ñàïñàíà. Ýòà ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ áóäåò ïîñâÿùåíà èçó÷åíèþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èçìåíå-

http://www.natural-research.org/MikeMaddersFieldResearchAward.htm http://www.peregrinefund.org/Gyr_conference/

Ñîáûòèÿ During the meeting the information on distribution, number and status of 487 bird species registered in Mongolia has been summarized, and also following criteria of IUCN and BirdLife bird species that are of conservation concern were identified. As a result 18 bird species including 12 raptor species were recommended to include in the Red List as “threatened”. The status “endangered” (EN) was offered for 3 species (Short-Toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus), “vulnerable” (VU) – for 3 species (Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug), “near to threatened” (NT) – for 1 species (White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla). The status “data deficiency” (DD) was appropriated to 5 species (Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus, Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus, Pied Harrier Circus melanoleucus, Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus, Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus). A preparation of the Red List has not finished yet, and, undoubtedly, final variant will include all analysed information. Contact (3).

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug). Ôîòî Ãîìáîáàòàð Ñ. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Photo by Gombobaatar S.

Natural Research Ltd. announce the Mike Madders Field Research Award, commencing in January 20106. The detailed information about the award see in the section “Grants” on p. 158. The conference “Gyrfalcons and Ptarmigan in a Changing World” will take place in the Simplot Ballroom at Boise State University in Boise, Idaho, USA, beginning on Tuesday 1 February and running through Thursday 3 February 20117. It will feature three days of invited and contributed scientific papers and posters, as well as strategy workshops and tours of The Pe-

Events

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 íèé â àðêòè÷åñêèõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ, çàòðàãèâàþùèõ êðå÷åòîâ (Falco rusticolus), åãî êîíêóðåíòîâ è åãî äîáû÷ó (êóðîïàòîê, âîäîïëàâàþùèõ è ìîðñêèõ ïòèö è äð.), ïðåäñêàçàíèþ âëèÿíèÿ ãëîáàëüíîãî èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà, îïðåäåëåíèþ èíûõ ïðîáëåìíûõ âîïðîñîâ è ðàçâèòèþ ãëîáàëüíîé ñòðàòåãèè ïî èçìåðåíèþ è ñìÿã÷åíèþ íåãàòèâíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì êîíôåðåíöèè ïëàíèðóåòñÿ èçäàòü å¸ ìàòåðèàëû è îæèäàåòñÿ, ÷òî â íèõ áóäåò îïóáëèêîâàíà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü íîâîé èíôîðìàöèè, èäåé è ñòðàòåãèé. Îðãàíèçàòîðû êîíôåðåíöèè: Ôîíä Ñàïñàíà, ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò Áîéñå (Öåíòð èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö è îòäåë áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê), Ãåîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñëóæáà ÑØÀ (Ïîëåâàÿ Ñòàíöèÿ «Snake River»). Âàæíûå äàòû: ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ8 è ïîäà÷à àáñòðàêòîâ çàêàí÷èâàþòñÿ 1 íîÿáðÿ 2010 ã., êðàéíèé ñðîê ïîäà÷è ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûõ âàðèàíòîâ ñòàòåé – 1 ÿíâàðÿ 2011 ã., à îêîí÷àòåëüíûõ âàðèàíòîâ ñòàòåé – 1 ìàðòà 2011 ã. Êîíòàêò (4).

regrine Fund’s World Center for Birds of Prey. This international conference will explore evidence for a range of environmental changes in arctic ecosystems affecting the Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), its competitors, and its prey, Ptarmigan, waterfowl, seabirds and others, to predict effects and outcomes of global climate change, identify areas of uncertainty, and develop global strategies for measuring and mitigating them. A conference proceedings will be published in what we expect will be a landmark publication of information, ideas, and strategies. Convened by: The Peregrine Fund, Boise State University (the Raptor Research Center and the Biological Sciences Department), and the US Geological Survey (Snake River Field Station). Important dates: early registration8 ends – 1 November 2010, Abstract submission deadline – 1 November 2010, Draft Paper submission deadline – 1 January 2011, Final Paper submission deadline – 1 March 2011. Contact (4).

Contraband of Falcons КОНТРАБАНДА СОКОЛОВ Â ìîñêîâñêîì àýðîïîðòó «Äîìîäåäîâî» 31 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. òàìîæåííèêè çàäåðæàëè 14 êðå÷åòîâ (Falco rusticolus)9. Ïòèö, êîòîðûõ ïûòàëèñü ïðîâåçòè äâîå ñèðèéöåâ, ñíÿëè ñ ðåéñà íà Äîõó (Êàòàð). Ñïåöèàëèñòû ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ñîêîëû áûëè îòëîâëåíû íà Êàì÷àòêå. Òåì æå âå÷åðîì çàäåðæàííûå êðå÷åòû áûëè ïåðåäàíû âî ÂÍÈÈ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû. «Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïòèöû íàõîäÿòñÿ íà êàðàíòèíå, îíè ðàçìåùåíû â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñî âñåìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè. Âûïóñê êðå÷åòîâ â ïðèðîäó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèîðèòåòîì, íî î÷åíü ìíîãî çàâèñèò îò èõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ê òîìó æå ñóùåñòâóþò òàêèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ, êîòîðûå ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ íå ñðàçó», – ñîîáùèë çàâåäóþùèé îòäåëåíèåì áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ÂÍÈÈ îõðàíû ïðèðîäû Àëåêñàíäð Ñîðîêèí, äîáàâèâ, ÷òî «ñîãëàñíî âåòåðèíàðíîìó çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâó, êàðàíòèí ïðîäëèòñÿ 30 äíåé». Â êîíöå ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî ýòîìó æå ìàðøðóòó êîíòðàáàíäèñòû ïûòàëèñü ïåðåâåçòè ïàðòèþ èç âîñüìè ñàïñàíîâ (ñì. ¹16 «Ïåð8 9 10

http://www.peregrinefund.org/Gyr_conference/contact.html#registrationmenu http://eco.rian.ru/nature/20091103/191762745.html http://eco.rian.ru/ecovideo/20091017/189322343.html

Customs officers have detained 14 Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) at the Moscow airport “Domodedovo” on 31 October 20099. Birds that two Syrians have tried to transport were taken off from a board to Dokhu (Qatar). Experts believed falcons have been caught in Kamchatka. At the same evening confiscated Gyrs were brought to the Institute of Nature Conservation. Now birds are on quarantine, conditions of their keeping meet all requirements. The releasing of Gyrs in the nature is a priority, but depends on state of their health. At the end of September on the same route smugglers tried to transport a party of eight Peregrine Falcons (see ¹16 “Raptors Conservation”, p. 20). Two birds were died, the rest six have set free in Moscow suburbs at the middle of October less than in 3 weeks after detention. Video with release of Peregrines is available on a site of RIA-news10.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 íàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà», ñòð. 20). Äâå ïòèöû ïîãèáëè, îñòàâøèõñÿ øåñòü âûïóñòèëè íà âîëþ â Ïîäìîñêîâüå â ñåðåäèíå îêòÿáðÿ, ìåíüøå ÷åì ÷åðåç 3 íåäåëè ïîñëå çàäåðæàíèÿ. Ñàïñàíîâ âûïóñòèëè â Ïîäìîñêîâüå, íåäàëåêî îò ãîðîäà ßõðîìà, â ïðèñóòñòâèè ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Ôåäåðàëüíîé òàìîæåííîé ñëóæáû, Ðîñïðèðîäíàäçîðà, ýêñïåðòîâýêîëîãîâ. Ïî ìíåíèþ âñåõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ïòèöû ïîäíÿëèñü â âîçäóõ î÷åíü ëåãêî è åñòü íàäåæäà íà òî, ÷òî îíè óñïåþò ìèãðèðîâàòü íà þã. (Âèäåî ñ âûïóñêà ñàïñàíîâ – íà ñàéòå ÐÈÀ-íîâîñòè10.) Áëàãîäàðÿ îïåðàòèâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÓÂÄ Êàì÷àòñêîãî êðàÿ (Ðîññèÿ) â íîÿáðå 2009 ã. ïðåäîòâðàùåíû ïîïûòêè âûâîçà 11 êðå÷åòîâ (Falco rusticolus) çà ïðåäåëû ïîëóîñòðîâà. Ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ïðåññ-ñëóæáû ÓÂÄ ïî Êàì÷àòñêîìó êðàþ ñîîáùèë: «Ê íàì ïîñòóïèëà èíôîðìàöèÿ î òîì, ÷òî æèòåëü ïîñ¸ëêà Òûìëàò ïðèáûë â ñåëî Òèëè÷èêè äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îòëîâèòü íà ïðîäàæó êðå÷åòîâ. Îí ñðàçó æå ïîïàë ïîä íàáëþäåíèå. Ïðè îñìîòðå íåæèëîãî ïîìåùåíèÿ 1 íîÿáðÿ áûëè íàéäåíû 4 ïòèöû è óñòðîåíà çàñàäà. ×åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ïîÿâèëñÿ è ïîäîçðåâàåìûé, êîòîðûé íà÷àë ãîòîâèòü ïòèö ê ïåðåâîçêå. Â ýòî âðåìÿ îí è áûë çàäåðæàí. Ïîñëå îñìîòðà ó âåòåðèíàðà êðå÷åòû áûëè âûïóùåíû íà âîëþ, áðàêîíüåð íå íàí¸ñ èì âðåäà»11. Äðóãàÿ îïåðàöèÿ ïî èçúÿòèþ ñåìè êðå÷åòîâ, ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ ê òðàíñïîðòèðîâêå, áûëà óñïåøíî ïðîâåäåíà â íî÷ü íà 7 íîÿáðÿ ñîòðóäíèêàìè îòðÿäà ìèëèöèè îñîáîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ ã. Åëèçîâî. «Ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó, ìåñòíûé æèòåëü äåðæàë ïðèâÿçàííûìè è ñ êëîáó÷êàìè íà ãîëîâàõ â ñàðàå ÷àñòíîãî äîìà», – ñîîáùèë ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ïðåññ-ñëóæáû êðàåâîãî ÓÂÄ. Êðå÷åòîâ îñìîòðåëè âåòåðèíàðû è îðíèòîëîãè. Ñîñòîÿíèå äâóõ ïòèö îêàçàëîñü õîðîøåå è èõ âûïóñòèëè íà ñâîáîäó, à îñòàëüíûõ íàïðàâèëè â ïèòîìíèê íà ïåðåäåðæêó12. Ïî ýòèì ôàêòàì îòëîâà è ñîäåðæàíèÿ â íåâîëå ðåäêèõ ïòèö ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïðîâåðêà. Êîíôèñêîâàííûé êðå÷åò. Ôîòî È. Äîðîãîãî. Confiscated Gyrfalcon. Photo by I. Dorogoy.

11 12

http://www.oir.su/?mod=news&act=viewnews&NewsID=2344 http://eco.rian.ru/danger/20091107/192335621.html

Ñîáûòèÿ

Êîíôèñêîâàííûå êðå÷åòû (Falco rusticolus). Ôîòî ïðåäîñòàâëåíî IFAW. Confiscated Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus). Photo from IFAW.

Owing to operative activity of employees of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Kamchatka Kray (Russia) an attempt of 11 Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) taking out the peninsula has been prevented in November, 2009. The representative of the press-service of the Department of Internal Affairs on the Kamchatka Kray informed that there was the information about a person of Tymlat village that has arrived to Tilichiki village to catch Gyrfalcons. At once he has been begun to keep a check on. At investigation of an uninhabited house 4 birds were found on 1 November, and the ambush was laid. After a while the suspect appeared and started to prepare birds for transportation. At that time he was detained. After veterinary examination Gyrs were set free11. Another action on the confiscating of seven Gyrs, prepared for transportation, has been successfully carried out by militiamen of Elizarovo town at the night of 7 November. Veterinaries and ornithologists examined birds. The state of health of birds was satisfactory and two of them were released in the nature, and 5 were brought in a falcon center for reabilitation12. These facts of poaching and keeping in captivity of rare birds are under investigation.

Reviews and Comments

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Reviews and Comments ОБЗОРЫ И КОММЕНТАРИИ Raptor Research Foundation Conference in Scotland 29 September – 4 October 2009 КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ ФОНДА ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В ШОТЛАНДИИ 29 СЕНТЯБРЯ – 4 ОКТЯБРЯ 2009 ГОДА Shergalin J.E. (International Wildlife Consultants Ltd., Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom) Шергалин Е.Э. (Международное консультационное агентство по охране дикой природы, Кармартен, Уэльс, Великобритания) Contact: Jevgeni Shergalin International Wildlife Consultants Ltd. P.O. Box 19 Carmarthen SA33 5YL United Kingdom tel.: +44 1267 233 864 fax: +44 1267 233 934 jevgeni@falcons.co.uk zoolit@hotmail.com http://www.falcons.co.uk http://www.mefrg.org

Ôîíä èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö (Raptor Research Foundation – RRF), ñîçäàííûé â 1966 ã. â ÑØÀ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìîé áîëüøîé îðãàíèçàöèåé â ìèðå, ïðèçâàííîé èçó÷àòü è îõðàíÿòü äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö è ñîâ íà âñ¸ì çåìíîì øàðå. Â òå÷åíèè ïåðâûõ 15 ëåò ñâîåãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ áûëà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà íà àíãëîÿçû÷íîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå è âêëþ÷àëà, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ó÷¸íûõ èç ñòðàí áðèòàíñêîãî ñîäðóæåñòâà è, åñòåñòâåííî, ÑØÀ. Ñ íà÷àëà 1990-õ ãîäîâ àêòèâíóþ ðîëü â ðàáîòå ôîíäà ñòàëà

èãðàòü Èñïàíèÿ. Â ýòî æå âðåìÿ, áëàãîäàðÿ ïåðåñòðîéêå â ÑÑÑÐ è ðàçðóøåíèþ æåëåçíîãî çàíàâåñà â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå, áûëî ðåøåíî ðàñøèðèòü ýòó îðãàíèçàöèþ è íà äðóãèå ñòðàíû. Ñ ýòîé öåëüþ âîçíèêëà èäåÿ ïðîâîäèòü ðàç â íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïîî÷åð¸äíî â ðàçíûõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàíàõ òàê íàçûâàåìûå âûåçäíûå (åâðîïåéñêèå) ñåññèè. Â 1993 ã. â Êåíòå â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ïðîøëà ïåðâàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ RRF â Åâðàçèè, â 1996 ã. – âòîðîå ñîâåùàíèå íà áàçå óíèâåðñèòåòà Óðáèíî â Èòàëèè, â 1999 ã. – òðåòüå â Ìèêóëîâå â ×åõîñëîâàêèè è â 2001 ã. – ÷åòâ¸ðòîå â Ñåâèëüå â Èñïàíèè. Ïîñëå ýòîãî áûë áîëüøîé ïåðåðûâ, òàê êàê ïëàíèðóåìûå ñîâåùàíèÿ â Ïîëüøå, à ïîòîì è 13

http://www.rrfconferencescotland2009.org/

The Raptor Research Foundation (RRF), established in 1966 in the USA, is the biggest organization in the world to study and protect diurnal birds of prey and owls. During the first 15 years of its existence this organization was dominated mainly by Englishspeaking nations and included scientists from the USA and the countries of British Commonwealth. Since the beginning of the 1990’s Spain has begun to play an active role in the work of RRF. Owing to “perestroika” in the USSR and destruction of the “iron curtain” in Eastern Europe, it was decided to spread the influence of this organization to other newly independent countries. An idea was born to hold Eurasian Meetings of RRF in different European countries to encourage wider involvement of Eurasian colleagues in the work of RRF. The first Eurasian conference of RRF was held in 1993 in Kent (UK), in 1996 – the second meeting was at Urbino University in Italy, the third was held in 1999 in Mikolov in the Czech Republic and in 2001 the fourth conference was held in Seville in Spain. After which there was a long pause due to the cancellation of meetings in Poland and Georgia . Then, under the leadership of Dr. Ruth Tingay, the Scottish Raptor Study Groups began to organize the next conference and at last, in the beginning of October 200913 the 5th RRF Eurasian conference was held. The Venue for this conference was the small town of Pitlochry, situated in a very picturesque valley in central Scotland. The Conference took place in a 4-star hotel “Atoll Palace”, situated on a hill at the edge of town. Some participants of the conference were bemused as to why such a remote site was chosen for the conference (the town

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè Îòåëü «Àòîëë Ïàëàñ». Ôîòî Å. Øåðãàëèíà. Atholl Palace Hotel. Photo by E. Shergalin.

â Ãðóçèè, ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì ïðîâåñòè íå óäàëîñü. Òîãäà çà äåëî âçÿëàñü ãðóïïà ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö Øîòëàíäèè (Scottish Raptors Study Groups) ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Äîêòîðà Ðóô Òèíãåé (Dr. Ruth Tingay), è î÷åðåäíàÿ, ïÿòàÿ, êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðîøëà â íà÷àëå îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã.13 Ìåñòîì ïðîâåäåíèÿ êîíôåðåíöèè ñòàë íåáîëüøîé ãîðîäîê Ïèòëîõðè, ðàñïîëîæåííûé â öåíòðå Øîòëàíäèè â äîëèíå, ñðåäè õîëìîâ, â î÷åíü æèâîïèñíîì ìåñòå. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðîõîäèëà â ÷åòûð¸õçâ¸çäî÷íîì îòåëå «Àòîëë Ïàëàñ» íà õîëìå íà êðàþ ãîðîäêà. Ìíîãèå ó÷àñòíèêè êîíôåðåíöèè íåäîóìåâàëè, ïî÷åìó èìåííî ýòî ìåñòî áûëî âûáðàíî äëÿ êîíôåðåíöèè (âåñüìà óäàë¸ííîå îò êðóïíûõ òðàíñïîðòíûõ öåíòðîâ), íî, âèäèìî, åãî æèâîïèñíîñòü è óäîáñòâî àâòîáóñíûõ ýêñêóðñèé íà îñòðîâà, îðãàíèçîâàííûõ çà îòäåëüíóþ ïëàòó ïîñëå êîíôåðåíöèè, ïðåäîïðåäåëèëè ñåé âûáîð. Ñîñòàâ ó÷àñòíèêîâ ýòîé êîíôåðåíöèè â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè îïðåäåëèëè ñëåäóþùèå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà: ìèðîâîé êðèçèñ â ýêîíîìèêå è ôèíàíñàõ, äîðîãîâèçíà ñòðàíûõîçÿéêè, óäàë¸ííîñòü ìåñòà ïðîâåäåíèÿ êîíôåðåíöèè è îãðàíè÷åííîñòü ìåñò (îòåëü íå ìîã âìåñòèòü áîëåå 300 ó÷àñòíèêîâ), ïðè ýòîì ïðèîðèòåò îòäàâàëñÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ÷ëåíàì RRF è Øîòëàíäñêîé ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Íîâîââåäåíèåì äàííîé êîíôåðåíöèè ñòàë ñïåöèàëüíûé ëèñò ýëåêòðîííîé ðàññûëêè äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ îðãâîïðîñîâ. Â íåãî âêëþ÷àëèñü ó÷àñòíèêè, óïëàòèâøèå ÷ëåíñêèé âçíîñ, ïîñëå ÷åãî èì áûëà äîñòóïíà ïîëíàÿ íàó÷íàÿ ïðîãðàììà ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå ôàéëû. Ïî èòîãàì êîíôåðåíöèè ïðîãðàììà, òåçèñû 14

http://raptorresearchfoundation.org/pdfs/program2009.pdf

was somewhat isolated from local and national transport hubs). However, all previous conferences of the RRF had also been held in similar sized villages, and in addition local sites of natural beauty were conveniently close by, allowing for optional excursions into the hills after the conference had drawn to a close. The composition of participants of this conference were, to a considerable extent defined by the following circumstances: world crisis in economy and finances, expensive host-country, large distance from big airports and limited number of potential participants (hotel had capacity only for 300 guests), and priority was given to the members of RRF and Scottish Raptor Study Groups. Innovation for this conference was a special mailing list for discussion and circulation of information regarding numerous organizing questions. Approved participants could join the list only after payment of a registration fee, after which they received access to the complete scientific program of events and some other files. The program abstracts of all reports and poster presentations are available from the web-site of RRF14, however proceedings of the conference are not planned for publishing. The program of the conference, in contrast to many other similar events, was not extraordinary dense, and participants had enough time to communicate during breaks for tea or coffee or in lobby, this was certainly an advantage of the conference. The conference was opened by the Chairman of the Board and Director of “The Peregrine Fund” and British Ornithological Union Prof. Dr. Ian Newton. Professor Dr. Steve Redpath in a one-hour lecture vividly told about research on birds of prey in Scotland. The number of activists in this group is impressive – 260 members for a 5-million population of Scotland. This group of volunteers monitors 14 species of birds of prey and more than 4000 breeding territories. This group has published “Raptors: A Field Guide for Surveys and Monitoring” for Britain and Ireland (see p. 77 in ¹11 “Raptor Conservation” for 2008), whose second revised and updated edition, already with colour tables, was published on the penultimate day of the conference. Lectures were held simultaneously in two

Reviews and Comments ñòàòåé è àäðåñà àâòîðîâ âûñòàâëåíû â îáùèé äîñòóï íà ñàéòå RRF14, ïðè ýòîì ìàòåðèàëû êîíôåðåíöèè íå ïëàíèðóþòñÿ ê èçäàíèþ. Ïðîãðàììà êîíôåðåíöèè, â îòëè÷èå îò ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íå áûëà ÷ðåçìåðíî ïëîòíîé, è ó÷àñòíèêè èìåëè äîñòàòî÷íîå âðåìÿ ïîîáùàòüñÿ âî âðåìÿ ïåðåðûâîâ íà ÷àé èëè êîôå è â êóëóàðàõ, ÷òî ñòàëî íåñîìíåííûì äîñòîèíñòâîì ýòîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Îòêðûë å¸ ïðèâåòñòâåííûì ñëîâîì äèðåêòîð è ïî÷¸òíûé ÷ëåí Ñîâåòà äèðåêòîðîâ «Ôîíäà Ñàïñàíà» è Áðèòàíñêîãî îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîþçà ïðîôåññîð Éåí Íüþòîí (Dr. Ian Newton). Ñ ïëåíàðíîé ÷àñîâîé ëåêöèåé âûñòóïèë ïðîôåññîð Ñòèâ Ðåäïàñ (Dr. Steve Redpath), æèâî è óâëåêàòåëüíî ðàññêàçàâøèé îá èçó÷åíèè õèùíûõ ïòèö â Øîòëàíäèè. Êîëè÷åñòâî àêòèâèñòîâ â ýòîé ãðóïïå ïðîñòî ïîðàæàåò – 260 ÷åëîâåê íà ïÿòèìèëëèîííîå íàñåëåíèå Øîòëàíäèè. Ýòà ãðóïïà âîëîíò¸ðîâ îñóùåñòâëÿåò ìîíèòîðèíã 14 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà áîëåå ÷åì 4000 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Èìåííî ýòà ãðóïïà èçäàëà ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó õèùíûõ ïòèö âñåé Áðèòàíèè è Èðëàíäèè (ñì. ñòð. 77 â ¹11 «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» çà 2008 ã.), âòîðîå, ðàñøèðåííîå è äîïîëíåííîå, èçäàíèå êîòîðîãî, óæå ñ öâåòíûìè òàáëèöàìè, áûëî íàïå÷àòàíî â ïðåäïîñëåäíèé äåíü ïðîâåäåíèÿ êîíôåðåíöèè. Çàòåì âûñòóïëåíèÿ ïðîõîäèëè îäíîâðåìåííî â äâóõ çàëàõ, è çà òðè ñ ïîëîâèíîé äíÿ áûëî çàñëóøàíî 72 äîêëàäà. Åù¸ 39 äîêëàäîâ áûëî ïðåäñòàâëåíî íà ïîñòåðàõ, êîòîðûå äåìîíñòðèðîâàëîñü â òå÷åíèè äâóõ äíåé, îäíàêî äëÿ èõ îáñóæäåíèÿ áûëà ïðåäóñìîòðåíà âñåãî îäíà-åäèíñòâåííàÿ ñåññèÿ, ÷òî áûëî ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íî. Êóëüòóðíàÿ ïðîãðàììà ñîñòîÿëà èç ïîåçäêè âå÷åðîì âòîðîãî äíÿ â îõîòíè÷èé çàìîê Blair Castle, ãäå ïîñëå ôóðøåòà è äåãóñòàöèè øîòëàíäñêîãî âèñêè áûëî îðãàíèçîâàíî êîëëåêòèâíîå ðàçó÷èâàíèå øîòëàíäñêèõ òàíöåâ. Â ïðåäïîñëåäíèé âå÷åð ïðîôåññîð Éåí Íüþòîí ïîïðîñèë ïî÷òèòü ïàìÿòü øîòëàíäñêèõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ïîêèíóâøèõ íàñ òðàãè÷åñêè íåçàäîëãî äî êîíôåðåíöèè. Ïàðó ëåò íàçàä óø¸ë èç æèçíè ïîñëå òÿæ¸ëîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîé áîëåçíè àâòîð ìîíîãðàôèè ïî áåðêóòó Äæåôô Âàòñîí (Jeff Watson). Åãî âäîâà Âàíåññà ïîáëàãîäàðèëà âñåõ ïðèñóòñòâóþùèõ çà âêëàä è ïîìîùü â ïîäãîòîâêå ê íîâîìó èçäàíèþ åãî ìîíîãðàôèè ïî áåðêóòó, êîòîðóþ îí óñïåë ñäàòü â èçäàòåëüñòâî íåçàäîëãî äî ñâîåé êîí÷èíû. Ìîíîãðàôèÿ óâèäèò ñâåò â ñëåäóþùåì ãîäó. Öåííîñòü ýòîãî òðóäà

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

halls, and for three and a half days 72 reports were presented. Another 39 reports were shown on posters, which were demonstrated during two days, however only one session was set aside for their presentation, which from my point of view was not enough. The cultural program consisted of a trip in evening of the second day to in Blair Castle, where after drinks, snacks and the tasting of Scottish whisky, participants had the opportunity to try out some Scottish dancing. On the penultimate evening Prof. Dr. Ian Newton paid respects to Jeff Watson, our colleague and fellow Scottish raptor researcher, who passed away some years ago after a long disease. His widow thanked his colleagues for their contributions towards the second edition of his monograph on the Golden Eagle, which he finished not long before his death. It will be published next year. This book is of great value and Japanese colleagues have already organized translation of this book into Japanese. A moments silence was held in remembrance of Dr. Mike Madders and Prof. Dr. Simon Thirgood who, by tragic coincidence both passed away only a month before the conference. Both of them studied harriers and were actively involved in the preparation of the conference. The evening continued with a slideshow by Roy Dennis, the well-known British Osprey expert and patriot of wildlife of Scotland. The slides were rather spectacu-

Âûñòóïëåíèå Ðóâåíà Éîçåâà íà êîíôåðåíöèè. Ôîòî Å. Øåðãàëèíà. Reuven Yosef on the conference. Photo by E. Shergalin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 âåëèêà äëÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîîáùåñòâà, è, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ÿïîíñêèå êîëëåãè óæå îðãàíèçîâàëè ïåðåâîä ïåðâîãî èçäàíèÿ íà ÿïîíñêèé ÿçûê. Òàêæå çàë ïîìÿíóë ìèíóòîé ìîë÷àíèÿ Ìàéêà Ìàääåðñà (Dr. Mike Madders) è Ñàéìîíà Òèðãóäà (Prof. Simon Thirgood), ïî òðàãè÷åñêîìó ñòå÷åíèþ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ ïîãèáøèõ ïðèìåðíî â îäíî âðåìÿ – çà ìåñÿö äî êîíôåðåíöèè. Óæàñíî äîñàäíî, ÷òî îáà îïûòíûõ ïîëåâèêà ïîãèáëè ïî ãëóïîé è íåëåïîé ñëó÷àéíîñòè. Ìàéê Ìàääåðñ, èçâåñòíûé ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ëóíÿì è àêòèâíûé ÷ëåí îðãêîìèòåòà êîíôåðåíöèè, óòîíóë íà êàíîý âìåñòå ñî ñâîèì øåñòèëåòíèì ñûíîì. Ñàéìîí Òèðãóä (Prof. Simon Thirgood), äðóãîé èçâåñòíûé ýêñïåðò ïî ëóíÿì, èçó÷àÿ ðåä÷àéøåãî è ïî÷òè âûìåðøåãî ýôèîïñêîãî âîëêà (åãî ñòðàñòü ñî âðåìåí ðàáîòû íàä äèññåðòàöèåé), ïîãèá â Ýôèîïèè îò âíåçàïíî îáðóøèâøåãîñÿ íà íåãî çäàíèÿ. Âå÷åð ïðîäîëæèëñÿ ñëàéä-ïðîãðàììîé Ðîÿ Äåííèñà, èçâåñòíîãî áðèòàíñêîãî «ñêîïÿòíèêà» è ãîðÿ÷åãî ïàòðèîòà äèêîé ïðèðîäû Øîòëàíäèè ñ âïå÷àòëÿþùèìè ìåñòíûìè ïåéçàæàìè. Ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî Ðîé, ãîðÿ÷èé çàùèòíèê è ïåâåö êðàñîòû øîòëàíäñêîé ïðèðîäû, ñàì ïî íàöèîíàëüíîñòè øîòëàíäöåì íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ çàêîí÷èëàñü áàíêåòîì, íà êîòîðîì âûñòóïèë ôîëüêëîðíûé àíñàìáëü èç «äèêèõ» ëþäåé, îäåòûõ â øêóðû äîèñòîðè÷åñêèõ âðåì¸í, ñ áîëüøèìè áàðàáàíàìè. Îíè î÷åíü íàãëÿäíî ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàëè, êàê âåñåëèëèñü àáîðèãåíû Øîòëàíäèè äî ïðèõîäà õðèñòèàíñòâà. Äàæå ìíîãèå ìåñòíûå êîëëåãè ïðèçíàëèñü, ÷òî íè÷åãî ïîäîáíîãî îíè ðàíüøå íèêîãäà íå âèäåëè. Â êà÷åñòâå íåäîñòàòêà êîíôåðåíöèé RRF, ïðîâîäèìûõ â Åâðàçèè, ìîæíî óêàçàòü äèñáàëàíñ â ÷èñëå ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé îò ñòðàí-ó÷àñòíèö. Ýòî âî ìíîãîì ñâÿçàíî ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêè ó÷àñòíèêîâ, êîãäà êàæäûé äåëåãàò äîëæåí ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî äîáûâàòü ñðåäñòâà íà ïîåçäêó. Íà ýòîé êîíôåðåíöèè âñåãî ïðèñóòñòâîâàëî 293 äåëåãàòà èç 33 ñòðàí (åñëè ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ ñîñòîèò èç ÷åòûð¸õ ñòðàí). Íàèáîëåå ìàññîâî áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû ÑØÀ è ñòðàíû çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû: 71 ó÷àñòíèê èç ÑØÀ, 69 èç Øîòëàíäèè, 33 èç Èñïàíèè, 23 èç Àíãëèè, 12 èç Êàíàäû, ïî 9 èç Èðëàíäèè è ßïîíèè, 8 èç Ôðàíöèè, 7 èç Ãåðìàíèè, 6 èç Íîðâåãèè è ïî 5 èç Ïîðòóãàëèè è Øâåöèè. Íèäåðëàíäû, êîòîðûå èìåþò î÷åíü ñèëüíóþ ðàáî÷óþ ãðóïïó, áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû òîëüêî 3-ìÿ äåëåãàòàìè. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, Ôèíëÿíäèÿ, èìåþùàÿ âûäàþùèåñÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ â äåëå èçó÷åíèÿ

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè

Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ è Èðèíà Óòåõèíà – ðîññèéñêèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè. Ôîòî Å. Øåðãàëèíà. Eugene Potapov and Irina Utekhina – Russian delegates. Photo by E. Shergalin.

lar, showing some impressive local landscapes. The Conference was concluded by a banquet, with entertainment from a folklore group of “wild” people dressed in animal skins from prehistoric times, they gave an excellent and memorable performance. It should be noted that a disadvantage of all RRF conferences held in Eurasia, is the striking imbalance in representation from certain countries. This is, to a large extent connected with the absence of financial travel support for participants from countries with transitional economies, when each participant should find travel funds independently. 239 delegates from 33 countries participated in this conference (bearing in mind that the UK consists of 4 countries). The USA and countries of Western Europe represented the majority: 71 participant from the USA, 69 from Scotland, 33 from Spain, 23 from England, 12 from Canada, and 9 from Ireland and Japan, 8 from France, 7 from Germany, 6 from Norway and 5 from Portugal and Sweden. The Netherlands, which have a very strong group were represented by 3 delegates. Unfortunately, Finland, who has valuable achievements in research of birds of prey and owls did not participate. Only a few South-East Asian countries sent delegates, this is also generally the case with Middle-Asian countries, countries

Reviews and Comments õèùíûõ ïòèö, íå ïðèíÿëà ó÷àñòèÿ. Ìíîãèå ñòðàíû Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè íå ïîñëàëè äåëåãàòîâ, òàêæå êàê è âñå ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèå ñòðàíû, ñòðàíû Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû (Ïîëüøà, Ñëîâàêèÿ, ×åõèÿ, Âåíãðèÿ, Áîëãàðèÿ, Ðóìûíèÿ) è ñòðàíû Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà è Þæíîé Àìåðèêè. Âñþ Àôðèêó ïðåäñòàâëÿëè äâà þæíîàôðèêàíöà è îäèí èòàëüÿíåö, âðåìåííî ðàáîòàþùèé â Åãèïòå, îäèí äåëåãàò áûë èç Èíäèè. Ðîññèþ ïðåäñòàâëÿëè Åâãåíèé Ïîòàïîâ è Èðèíà Óòåõèíà. Åâãåíèé ïðåäñòàâèë ñîâìåñòíûé äîêëàä îá èçó÷åíèè áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà (Haliaeetus pelagicus) â Ìàãàäàíñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå çà ïîñëåäíèå 18 ëåò. Ê êîíöå 1990-õ – íà÷àëå 2000-õ ãîäîâ áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû íåóäàâøèåñÿ ïîïûòêè ðàñïðîñòðàíèòü âëèÿíèå RRF íà ñòðàíû áûâøåãî ÑÑÑÐ – îíè ïðîâàëèëèñü èç-çà íåæåëàíèÿ ôîíäà ïðåäëîæèòü ãèáêóþ ìíîãîñòóïåí÷àòóþ ñèñòåìó ÷ëåíñêèõ âçíîñîâ ñ ó÷¸òîì ðàçëè÷íîãî ñðåäíåãî äîõîäà íà äóøó íàñåëåíèÿ â ðÿäå ñòðàí. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà îðíèòîëîãîâ èç ñòðàí ñ ïåðåõîäíîé ýêîíîìèêîé íàèáîëåå ïðåñòèæíûé è ÷àñòî öèòèðóåìûé æóðíàë RRF «Journal of Raptor Research» ìíîãèå ãîäû îñòàâàëñÿ íåäîñÿãàåìûì. Îäíàêî, ñ íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè âñå ñòàòüè, îïóáëèêîâàííûå â ýòîì æóðíàëå çà âñþ åãî èñòîðèþ, èñêëþ÷àÿ 4 ïîñëåäíèõ ãîäà, äîñòóïíû â pdf-ôîðìàòå â ïîëíîì îáú¸ìå íà ñàéòå SORA (Searchable Ornithological Research Archive)15. Ñòàòüè çà ïîñëåäíèå 4 ãîäà äîñòóïíû â âèäå òåçèñîâ â âûïóñêàõ íà ñàéòå BioOne16. Êðîìå òîãî, êðóïíûå öåíòðû è àêòèâíûå ïîñòîÿíûå ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñòðàí ÑÍÃ ìîãóò õîäàòàéñòâîâàòü î ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè áåñïëàòíîé ïîäøèâêè è ïîäïèñêè ýòîãî æóðíàëà ïåðåä Äð. Ðóô Òèíãåé (ruth.tingay@natural-research.org), åñëè îíè ñìîãóò îáîñíîâàòü íåîáõîäèìîñòü è âàæíîñòü åãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â èõ ïîâñåäíåâíîé ðàáîòå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñåðü¸çíûå èçìåíåíèÿ, ñäåëàâøèå æóðíàë áîëåå äîñòóïíûì êàê äëÿ ÷èòàòåëåé, òàê è äëÿ àâòîðîâ, â í¸ì äî ñèõ ïîð ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóþò ïóáëèêàöèè îðíèòîëîãîâ èç ñòðàí Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè – ÷òî ïîðàçèòåëüíî è áðîñàåòñÿ â ãëàçà íà ôîíå ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòè äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ. Àâòîðû äîëæíû áûòü ãîòîâû ê òîìó, ÷òî èõ ðàáîòû ïðåäñòàíóò ïîä «èñïåïåëÿþùèé îãîíü» ñòðîãèõ ðåöåíçåíòîâ. Îäíàêî, ýòî òîãî ñòîèò – ñòðîãîå ðåôåðèðîâàíèå æóðíàëà âïîëíå êîìïåíñèðóåòñÿ åãî âûñîêîé öèòèðóåìîñòüþ17. 15 16 17

http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/index.php# http://www.bioone.org/loi/rapt http://raptorresearchfoundation.org/Journal_of_raptor_research.htm

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

of East Europe (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) and countries of the Middle East and Southern America. The entire African continent was represented by two South-African members and an Italian who was temporarily working in Egypt. We also had one delegate from India. Russia was represented by Eugene Potapov and Irina Utekhina. Eugene presented a joint report (together with Dr. Mike McGrady) on the study of the Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) in the Magadan Nature Reserve for the last 18 years. In general the conference was a big success and we extend a very grateful thanks to all members of the Organizing Committee! By the end of the 1990’s – beginning of the 2000’s, several unsuccessful attempts were undertaken to spread RRF’s influence to countries of the ex-USSR – they failed due to the absence of a flexible system of membership fee payment (taking into account the average level of income in different countries). Thus, for the majority of ornithologists from countries with transitional economies the most prestigious and frequently cited journal of RRF “Journal of Raptor Research” remained relatively unavailable. However, all articles published in this journal from now on will be available in full in pdf form, via the site of SORA (Searchable Ornithological Research Archive)15. Articles from the last 4 years are available as abstracts in issues at the site BioOne16. Besides this, large centers and active groups from Northern Eurasian countries who focus on the study of birds of prey and owls, may also apply for free subscription to this journal through Dr. Ruth Tingey (ruth.tingay@natural-research.org), so long as they are able to explain the necessity and importance of its use in their everyday work. In spite of serious changes which have made this journal more accessible to readers and authors, even now publications of ornithologists from Northern Eurasia are absent in it, what is very striking on the background of active participation of colleagues from other neighboring countries like Japan, Mongolia, China and Taiwan. Authors should be aware that their manuscripts will be subjected to criticism from analytical reviewers. However this is a necessary process in the world of scientific academia. Critical reviews of the journal are compensated by high citing of it in the world scientific press17.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Raptor Conservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ Attraction of Owls into Artificial Nests in the Brest District in 2005–2009, Belarus ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЕ СОВ В ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ ГНЕЗДОВЬЯ В БРЕСТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В 2005–2009 ГОДАХ, БЕЛАРУСЬ Kitel D.A. (West Polessie Regional Department of NGO “Protection of the Birds of Fatherland” – BirdLife Belarus, Malorita, Belarus) Китель Д.А. (Западно-Полесское региональное отделение ОО «Охрана птиц Отечества», Малорита, Беларусь)

Êîíòàêò: Äåíèñ Êèòåëü Çàïàäíî-Ïîëåññêîå ðåãèîíàëüíîå îòäåëåíèå ÎÎ «Îõðàíà ïòèö Îòå÷åñòâà» «Àõîâà ïòóøàê Áàöüêà¢ø÷ûíû» Ðåñïóáëèêà Áåëàðóñü 225903 Áðåñòñêàÿ îáë. Ìàëîðèòà óë. Íåñåíþêà, 1–12 òåë.: +3 7529 725 16 15 kitel_apb@tut.by

Àáñòðàêò Â ïåðèîä 2005–2009 ãã. Çàïàäíî-Ïîëåññêèì ðåãèîíàëüíûì îòäåëåíèåì ÎÎ «Îõðàíà ïòèö Îòå÷åñòâà» (Àõîâà ïòóøàê Áàöüêà¢ø÷ûíû) ïðîâîäèëèñü ðàáîòû ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ. Ãíåçäîâüÿ èñïîëüçîâàëè äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) (n=44), ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) (n=9), ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) (n=3), ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à (Aegolius funereus) (n=1). Âñåãî áûëî çàíÿòî 57 ãíåçäîâèé. Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ íåêîòîðûå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå è ôåíîëîãè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ.

Contact: Denis Kitel West Polessie Regional Department of Public Organization “Protection of the Birds of Fatherland” Neseniyka str., 1–12 Malorita, Brest district Belarus 225903 tel.: +3 7529 725 16 15 kitel_apb@tut.by

Ââåäåíèå Ïðîáëåìà íåõâàòêè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñò â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áåëàðóñü (ÐÁ) äëÿ ñîâ îòìå÷àåòñÿ ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè (Âîðîíåöêèé, Äåìÿí÷èê, 1990; Ãðèùåíêî, 1997; Äåìÿí÷èê, 2000; Áàêêà è äð., 2001). Äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ äàííîé ïðîáëåìû íà òåððèòîðèè Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè â ïåðèîä 2005–2009 ãã. íà÷àòû îáøèðíûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ðàáîòû ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ïðîâîäè-

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå. Ôîòî Ñ. Àáðàì÷óêà. Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) in a nestbox. Photo by S. Abramchuk.

Abstract During 2005–2009, West Polessie Regional Department of NGO “Protection of the Birds of Fatherland” carried out activities on attracting owls into artificial nests. Four owl species were observed occupying the artificial nests: Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) (n=44), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) (n=9), Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) (n=3), Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) (n=1). A total of 57 artificial nests were occupied. The article is provided some ecological and phenological characteristics of installed nests. Keywords: raptors, owls, artificial nests, nestboxes.

Actions on attraction of owls into artificial nests were carried out in the Brest district in 2005–2009. For the period of research more than 300 artificial nests were installed for 9 owl species. 57 occurrences of artificial nest occupation by four species for breeding were noted. Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) In 2007, 2 artificial nests were installed, one of which was occupied by spring of the same year: 4 nestlings were ringed on 19 June. Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) It is the most numerous owl species in Belarus. In 2007 Long-Eared Owls occupied 11 nestboxes, in 9 of which the breeding (Kitel, 2007) was successful. In 2008 28 (68.3%) of 41 monitored nests of the LongEared Owl were placed in artificial nests. The clutch sizes varied from 3 to 8 eggs. The average brood size was 1.92 fledgling per occupied nest (n=38), and 4.29 fledg-

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ëèñü êàê êàê àêöèÿ ÇàïàäíîÏîëåññêîãî ðåãèîíàëüíîãî îòäåëåíèÿ ÎÎ «Îõðàíà ïòèö îòå÷åñòâà» (ÇÏÐÎ «ÀÏÁ»). Îñíîâíûì ïðèâëåêàåìûì îáúåêòîì áûëà óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus), òåì áîëåå ÷òî â Áåëàðóñè óæå áûë íàêîïëåí íåáîëüøîé îïûò ïî áèîòåõíèè äëÿ íå¸ (Íèêîëåíêî, 2005). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, êðîìå êàê â èíôîðìàöèîííûõ áþëëåòåíÿõ ìåñòíîãî õàðàêòåðà, ìàòåðèàë íå áûë îïóáëèêîâàí. Â 2007–2008 ãã. íàøà ðàáîòà âûïîëíÿëàñü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà «Ïðèðîäà îáúåäèíÿåò ëþäåé», ôèíàíñèðóåìîãî Ïðîãðàììîé ìàëûõ ãðàíòîâ Ãëîáàëüíîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà (ÏÌÃ ÃÝÔ). Êîîðäèíàòîðîì ïðîåêòà âûñòóïàëà Áðåñòñêàÿ îáëàñòíàÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Çÿëåíû êðàé», íåïîñðåäñòâåííûì èñïîëíèòåëåì – ÇÏÐÎ ÀÏÁ. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàáîò îòðàæåíû â êóðñîâûõ è äèïëîìíûõ ïðîåêòàõ ñòóäåíòîâ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Áðåñòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èì. À.Ñ. Ïóøêèíà è ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà íàó÷íûõ êîíôåðåíöèÿõ â Áðåñòå, Ãîìåëå, Ãðîäíî, Êðèâîì Ðîãå, Ðîâíî. Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ îáîáùàåò ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â 2005–2009 ãã. è ñîäåðæèò íåêîòîðóþ èíôîðìàöèþ ïî âèäàì, ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòêëèêíóâøèìñÿ íà ïðîâåäåíèå áèîòåõíèè â ìåñòàõ èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå Â Áåëàðóñè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ 13 âèäîâ ñîâ. Çà ïÿòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ðàáîò áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû ïîïûòêè ïðèâëå÷ü íà ãíåçäîâàíèå äåâÿòü âèäîâ ñîâ, îáèòàþùèõ íà òåððèòîðèè Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè, ñåìü èç êîòîðûõ çäåñü ãíåçäèëèñü ðàíåå è ïðîäîëæàþò ðåãóëÿðíî ãíåçäèòüñÿ, îäèí âèä ïîÿâèëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íåäàâíî, ïîñëå 40 ëåò îòñóòñòâèÿ íàáëþäåíèé (ñèïóõà Tyto alba, È.À. Áîãäàíîâè÷ è Â.À. Ôåí÷óê, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è îäèí – çàë¸òíûé (âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä). Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü íà òåððèòîðèè Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè Áåëàðóñè â øåñòè àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ðàéîíàõ – Áðåñòñêîì, Êîáðèíñêîì, Êàìåíåöêîì, Ëóíèíåöêîì, Ìàëîðèòñêîì, Ïðóæàíñêîì (ðèñ. 1). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûâåøåíî ñâûøå 300 èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé äëÿ äåâÿ-

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàéîí ðàáîò. Fig. 1. Surveyed area.

lings per successful nest (n=17). After fledgling in artificial nests the average brood size was 4.62 juveniles, while in natural nests – 4.0 juveniles. The minimal distance between nearest occupied nests was noted in small island woods among fields and made 194 m. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) It is the most numerous owl species of the Europe and the second on number after the Long-Eared Owl in Belarus. In 2006 owls occupied only a nestbox. In 2007 3 nestboxes were occupied, and one of them was occupied during two years, the breeding was successful in all boxes. In 2008 all three nestboxes were occupied. In 2009 only 2 boxes were occupied, and one of them has been installed only the last winter close to already occupied breeding territory of owls. For the period of research the average clutch size was 3.86 eggs (n=7; range 3–5 eggs). The clutch death was noted only once. The average brood size was 3.33 juveniles (n=9; range 2–5). Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) For the period of monitoring 8 artificial nests were installed at 4 known breeding territories of the Eagle Owl. All of them were placed on trees at height more than 9 m above the ground. In 2007 only nest was occupied and the clutch with 2 eggs was recorded on 9 March. In 2008 at the same breeding territory, another artificial nest was occupied. Very incubated clutch with 2 eggs was found in the nest on 30 March. Two fledglings were discovered and ringed in the third artificial nest on 16 May, 2009.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òè âèäîâ ñîâ. Îòìå÷åíî 57 ñëó÷àåâ, êîãäà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ çàíèìàëèñü äëÿ âûâåäåíèÿ ïîòîìñòâà ÷åòûðüìÿ âèäàìè. Ïîìèìî òîãî, ãíåçäîâüÿ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü îäíèì âèäîì â êà÷åñòâå äíåâíûõ óáåæèù è äðóãèì âèäîì äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà êëàäîâûõ âî âðåìÿ èçáûòêà êîðìà. Íèæå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå ïî âñåì äåâÿòè âèäàì, äëÿ êîòîðûõ áûëè âûïîëíåíû áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû. Âîðîáüèíûé ñû÷ (Glaucidium passerinum) IV êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ (çäåñü è äàëåå Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà, 2004). Ãíåçäîâüÿ äëÿ ñû÷à (äóïëÿíêè è ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè) ðàçâåøèâàëèñü â Áðåñòñêîì, Êàìåíåöêîì, Ìàëîðèòñêîì è Ïðóæàíñêîì ðàéîíàõ. Åäèíñòâåííûé ôàêò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñû÷àìè äóïëÿíîê îòìå÷åí â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ áîëîòà Äèêîå (Ïðóæàíñêèé ð-í). Â ìàðòå 2008 ã. íåäàëåêî îò ä. Þçåôèí â îäíîé èç äóïëÿíîê îáíàðóæåíû òðè ðûæèå ïîë¸âêè (Clethrionomys glareolus), îáûêíîâåííàÿ áóðîçóáêà (Sorex araneus) è äâà æåëòîãîëîâûõ êîðîëüêà (Regullus regullus). Çàïàñû êîðìà âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷à â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ â Áåëàðóñè âñòðå÷àëèñü è ðàíåå (Ãîëîäóøêî, Ñàìóñåíêî, 1961). Âèä íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íå îòìå÷åí.

Êëàäêà óøàñòîé ñîâû â ìåòàëëè÷åñêîì âåäðå (ñëåâà) è âûâîäîê â ìåòàëëè÷åñêîì òàçó (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ä. Êèòåëÿ è À. Àáðàì÷óêà. Clutch of the LongEared Owl in a metal bucket (left) and brood in a metal basin (right). Photos by D. Kitel and A. Abramchuk.

Ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ (Aegolius funereus) Áûë âêëþ÷åí âî âòîðîå èçäàíèå Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ (×ûðâîíàÿ êí³ãà, 1993). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ íàõîäèòñÿ â ñïèñêå âèäîâ, òðåáóþùèõ âíèìàíèÿ. Â 2007 ã. áûëè âûâåøåíû äâå îëüõîâûå äóïëÿíêè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ áîëîòà Äèêîå (Ïðóæàíñêèé ð-í). Âåñíîé òîãî æå ãîäà îòìå÷åíî çàñåëåíèå îäíîé èç íèõ: 19 èþíÿ îêîëüöîâàíû 4 ïòåíöà. Çèìîé 2007–08 ãã. äóïëÿíêè èñïîëüçîâàëèñü â êà÷åñòâå äíåâíûõ óêðûòèé è ìåñò ïîåäàíèÿ äîáû÷è, î ÷¸ì ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ñîâèíûå ïîãàäêè è îñòàíêè äîáûòûõ æèâîòíûõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè Áåëàðóñè ðàíåå ãíåç-

Ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ (Aegolius funereus) (ââåðõó) è âûâîäîê (âíèçó) â äóïëÿíêå. Ôîòî À. Àáðàì÷óêà. Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) (upper) and brood (bottom) in an artificial nest. Photos by A. Abramchuk.

äîâàíèå âèäà â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Â 2007–2009 ãã. â Áðåñòñêîì, Ìàëîðèòñêîì, Êàìåíåöêîì è Ïðóæàíñêîì ðàéîíàõ áûëî âûâåøåíî åù¸ îêîëî 20-òè ãíåçäîâèé. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå ñòàðûõ è ïîëîâèíû íîâûõ ãíåçäîâèé ïðèçíàêîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ â íèõ ñû÷åé íå âûÿâëåíî. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) Ñàìûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ñîâ Áåëàðóñè (Íèêèôîðîâ è äð., 1997). Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû. Â îòíîøåíèè ê áèîòåõíèè – ñàìûé ìàëîòðåáîâàòåëüíûé âèä. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà îáèòàåò â ðàçëè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ è çàñåëÿåò

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ãíåçäîâüÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé – äåðåâÿííûå ÿùèêè, ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå â¸äðà è òàçû, êîðçèíû, ïëàòôîðìû èç âåòîê. Ñ 2005 ã. íàìè áûëè íà÷àòû ïåðâûå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ðàáîòû ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ óøàñòûõ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ. Ïÿòü èç 15 ãíåçäîâèé, âûâåøåííûõ â Êîáðèíñêîì ð-íå, áûëè çàñåëåíû ñîâàìè (Øêàáàðà è äð., 2006). Â 2006 ã. ñîâû ãíåçäîâèé íå çàíèìàëè. Â 2007 ã. ñòàðòîâàë ïðîåêò «Ïðèðîäà îáúåäèíÿåò ëþäåé», â ðàìêàõ êîòîðîãî íà÷àëèñü êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ. Â 2007 ã. óøàñòûìè ñîâàìè áûëè çàíÿòû 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, â 9-òè èç êîòîðûõ óñïåøíî âûâåäåíû ïòåíöû (Êèòåëü, 2007). Â 2008 ã. èç 41-ãî êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî ãíåçäà óøàñòîé ñîâû 28 (68,3%) áûëè óñòðîåíû â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ. Ñàìàÿ ðàííÿÿ êëàäêà, íàáëþäàâøàÿñÿ íàìè, îêàçàëàñü ñàìîé ðàííåé äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Áåëàðóñè: 8 ìàðòà 2008 ã. – ïåðâîå ÿéöî. Â ñåçîíå âûÿâëåíû äâà ïåðèîäà íàèâûñøåé àêòèâíîñòè íà÷àëà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ: ñ 8 ïî 17 ìàðòà è ñî 2 ïî 11 àïðåëÿ. Ñàìûé ïîçäíèé âûâîäîê íàáëþäàëñÿ â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ àâãóñòà 2008 ã. Èñõîäÿ èç ðàñ÷¸òîâ, ÷òî ñîâÿòà ïîêèäàþò ãíåçäî â âîçðàñòå òð¸õ íåäåëü, à ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ äëèòñÿ ÷åòûðå íåäåëè (Mikusek, 2005), äàòà îòêëàäêè ïåðâîãî ÿéöà â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ëåæèò ìåæäó 21 è 26 èþíÿ. Â 2008 ã. â Ìàëîðèòñêîì ð-íå îòìå÷åíà ðåêîðäíàÿ êëàäêà èç 8-ìè ÿèö, êîòîðàÿ áûëà îòëîæåíà ïîñëå óòðà÷åííîé ïåðâîé (â íåé áûëî 6 ÿèö). Èç ýòîãî ãíåçäà â èòîãå âûëåòåëî 7 ïòåíöîâ. Ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè, 2009 ã. íå áûë îáèëüíûì íà ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, òàê êàê èç ñòà ïðîâåðåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ëèøü â 7-ìè áûëè ïðèçíàêè ïðåáûâàíèÿ ñîâ. Ðàçìåðû êëàäîê êîëåáàëèñü îò 3 äî 8 ÿèö. Êîëè÷åñòâî ñë¸òêîâ íà àêòèâíîå ãíåçäî (ãíåçäî, â êîòîðîì áûëî îòëîæåíî õîòÿ áû îäíî ÿéöî) ñîñòàâèëî (n=38) 1,92, íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (èç êîòîðîãî âûëåòåë

Êëàäêà ïóñòåëüãè (Falco tinnunculus) â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, çàíèìàâøåìñÿ óøàñòîé ñîâîé. Ôîòî Ä. Êèòåëÿ. Clutch of the Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in the nestbox, earlier occupied by the LongEared Owl. Photo by D. Kitel.

Ïòåíöû óøàñòîé ñîâû â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî Ä. Êèòåëÿ. Nestlings of the Long-Eared Owl in nestboxes. Photos by D. Kitel.

õîòÿ áû îäèí ïòåíåö) – (n=17) 4,29. Èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ïîêèíóëè â ñðåäíåì 4,62 ïòåíöà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê åñòåñòâåííûå – 4,0 ïòåíöà. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè íàáëþäàëîñü â íåáîëüøèõ îñòðîâíûõ ëåñàõ ñðåäè ïîëåé è ñîñòàâëÿëî 194 ì. Èìåííî â ýòîì ìåñòå ïîñëå âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ ñîâ â îäíîì èç ÿùèêîâ çàãíåçäèëàñü îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus). Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco) Íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ ñîâà Åâðîïû (Hagemeijer, Blair, 1997) è âòîðàÿ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïîñëå óøàñòîé ñîâû, â Áåëàðóñè. Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Êëàäêà ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, ðàíåå çàíèìàâøåìñÿ áåëêîé (Sciurus vulgaris). Ôîòî Ä. Êèòåëÿ. Clutch of the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) in the nestbox, earlier occupied by the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Photo by D. Kitel.

Â 2006 ã. ñîâàìè áûëî çàíÿòî îäíî ãíåçäîâüå. Â 2007 ã. çàíÿòû òðè ãíåçäîâüÿ, ïðè÷¸ì â îäíîì èç íèõ ïàðà çàãíåçäèëàñü âòîðîé ãîä ïîäðÿä. Â 2008 ã. áûëè çàíÿòû âñå òðè ãíåçäîâüÿ, â êîòîðûõ â ïðîøëîì ãîäó óñïåøíî âûâåëèñü ïòåíöû. Êðîìå òîãî, åù¸ â îäíîì ãíåçäîâüå, âûâåøåííîì ïîçæå âñåõ, òîæå îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå ïàðû ïòèö. Â 2009 ã. çàíÿòî âñåãî äâà ãíåçäîâüÿ, ïðè÷¸ì îäíî èç íèõ áûëî âûâåøåíî òîëüêî ïðåäûäóùåé çèìîé ðÿäîì ñ óæå çàíèìàåìûì ó÷àñòêîì ñîâ. Ñàìàÿ ðàííÿÿ ïîëíàÿ êëàäêà â 2007 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü 7 ìàðòà. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ðàçìåð êëàäêè âàðüèðîâàë îò 3 äî 5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=7) 3,86 ÿèö. Ãèáåëü êëàäêè íàáëþäàëàñü âñåãî îäèí ðàç. Êîëè÷åñòâî âûëåòåâøèõ èç èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé ïòåíöîâ – îò 2 äî 5, â ñðåäíåì (n=9) 3,33. Áîðîäàòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix nebulosa) II êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ. Óñïåøíûå ïðèìåðû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ áîðîäàòîé íåÿñûòè íà ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû íà òåððèòîðèè Áåëàðóñè èìåþòñÿ ó Â.Ò. Äåìÿí÷èêà (1992). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïîñòîÿííóþ ðàáîòó ïî èçó÷åíèþ äàííîãî âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè çàêàçíèêà «Âûãîíîùàíñêèé» ïðîâîäèò ìåñòíûé ëåñõîç. Íåñêîëüêî ïàð áîðîäàòûõ íåÿñûòåé çäåñü åæåãîäíî çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû (À.Â. Âèí÷åâñêèé, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íàìè â 2007 ã. áûëè âûâåøåíû 8 äåðåâÿííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì, â âèäå ïåðåâåðíóòîé òðàïåöèè, íà áîëîòå Äèêîì â Ïðóæàíñêîì ð-íå. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå ãíåçäîâèé îòìå÷àëèñü âûêîïàííûå â ïîäñòèëêå ÿìêè, ïóõîâûå ïåðüÿ ñîâ, â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò ïëàòôîðì íàáëþäàëèñü è ñàìè ñîâû, íî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îòìå÷åíî íå áûëî. Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) II êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ. Çà èññëåäóåìûé ïåðèîä íà ÷åòûð¸õ èçâåñòíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ îáèòàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Êàìåíåöêîì è Ìàëîðèòñêîì ð-íàõ áûëè ðàçìåùåíû 8 ïëàòôîðì (Êèòåëü, Ïðîêîï÷óê, 2008). Âñå îíè óñòðîåíû íà äåðåâüÿõ íà âûñîòå áîëåå 9 ìåòðîâ. Â 2007 ã. îäíà ïëàòôîðìà áûëà çàñåëåíà è ê 9 ìàðòà ñîäåðæàëà êëàäêó èç äâóõ ÿèö. Ïðè ïîâòîðíîé ïðîâåðêå îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî â ãíåçäîâîì êâàðòàëå ëåñíè÷åñòâîì áûëà ïðîèçâåäåíà ñàíèòàðíàÿ ðóáêà ëåñà, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì, âå-

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðîÿòíî, ãíåçäî è áûëî áðîøåíî. Â 2008 ã. íà òîì æå ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå áûëà çàñåëåíà äðóãàÿ ïëàòôîðìà. Ñèëüíî íàñèæåííàÿ êëàäêà èç äâóõ ÿèö íàáëþäàëàñü â ãíåçäå 30 ìàðòà. Âîçìîæíî, ïðîâåðêà íà ñòàäèè êëàäêè è ñòàëà ïðè÷èíîé, ïî êîòîðîé ïòèöû áðîñèëè ãíåçäî. Òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå â Áåëàðóñè îòìå÷àåòñÿ ó äîâîëüíî áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïàð ôèëèíîâ, ãí¸çäà êîòîðûõ áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû â ïåðèîä íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäîê (Ãðè÷èê, Òèøå÷êèí, 2002). Â 2009 ã. ïåðâîå ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî áûëî ñïèëåíî â õîäå ñïëîøíîé ðóáêè äåðåâüåâ. Â ýòîì æå ãîäó 16 ìàÿ íà äðóãîé ãíåçäîâîé ïëàòôîðìå îáíàðóæåíû è çàêîëüöîâàíû 2 ïòåíöà ôèëèíà. Îäíà èç ïëàòôîðì, óñòðîåííûõ äëÿ ôèëèíà, áûëà çàíÿòà îáûêíîâåííûì êàíþêîì (Buteo buteo), êîòîðûé óñïåøíî âûâåë íà íåé ïòåíöîâ. Îñòàëüíûå îñòàëèñü íåçàíÿòûìè. Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops) IV êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ. Èçâåñòíà îäíà ðåãèñòðàöèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïòèö â ãîãîëÿòíèêå íà ñåâåðå Áåëàðóñè (Áèðþêîâ, 1989). Êðàéíå ðåäêî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèè. Îäèí òîêóþùèé ñàìåö áûë âñòðå÷åí íàìè â íåáîëüøîì ñêâåðå ã. Ìàëîðèòà 5 ìàÿ 2008 ã. Âûâåøåííûå çäåñü ïîçæå èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ çàíÿòû íå áûëè è ïòèö áîëåå âñòðåòèòü íå óäàëîñü. Ñèïóõà (Tyto alba) II êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ. Íà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè âèä êðàéíå ðåäêèé. Åñòü òîëüêî äâà ïîñòîÿííûõ ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â Áåëàðóñè: â Áðåñòñêîì è Êàìåíåöêîì ðàéîíàõ. Íàìè çèìîé 2008 ã. â Ìàëîðèòñêîì ð-íå íà ñòàðîé ìåëüíèöå áûëè íàéäåíû ïîãàäêè ýòîé ñîâû. Âûâåøåííàÿ

Ïòåíåö ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) â èñêóññòâåííîì ãíåçäå. Ôîòî Ä. Êèòåëÿ. Nestling of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) in an artificial nest. Photo by D. Kitel.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ïîçæå ãíåçäîâàÿ áóäêà âíóòðè ïîìåùåíèÿ ïîêà ïóñòóåò. Äîìîâûé ñû÷ (Athene noctua) III êàòåãîðèÿ Êðàñíîé êíèãè ÐÁ. Â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà ôåðìàõ è êîëõîçíûõ äâîðàõ. Ãí¸çäà óñòðàèâàåò â ïëèòàõ ïåðåêðûòèé òðàíñôîðìàòîðîâ. Íàìè ðàáîò ïî äàííîìó âèäó âåëîñü ìåíüøå âñåãî. Âûâåøåíî îäíî ãíåçäîâüå, êîòîðîå îñòà¸òñÿ íåçàíÿòûì. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì íàøè ðàáîòû ïðèîáðåòàþò âñ¸ áîëüøèé ìàñøòàá, «ïîêðûâàåòñÿ» âñ¸ áîëüøàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè, îïûò âíåäðÿåòñÿ â ëåñõîçû, øêîëû, óíèâåðñèòåòû. Íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìû èñïûòûâàåì áîëüøîé äåôèöèò ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ – íàèáîëüøèé îáú¸ì ìàòåðèàëà ñîáèðàåòñÿ ãðóïïêîé ýíòóçèàñòîâ. Â 2009 ã. óæå íå óäàëîñü îõâàòèòü âåñü ðåãèîí èññëåäîâàíèé, è ïðîâåðêà ãíåçäîâèé áûëà âûïîëíåíà ëèøü íàïîëîâèíó. Âàæíîñòü íà÷àòîé íàìè ðàáîòû î÷åâèäíà, â îñîáåííîñòè â íàðóøåííûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ. Ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèå ðàáîòû, ðàñøèðåíèå ðåãèîíà èññëåäîâàíèé è ïðèâëå÷åíèå øêîë è èíûõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Ìàòåðèàë íå áûë áû ïðåäñòàâëåí â òàêîì îáú¸ìå, åñëè áû íå ïîìîùü áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ ëþäåé, è â îñîáåííîñòè À. Àáðàì÷óêà, Ñ. Àáðàì÷óêà, Î. Êàëü÷åíêî, Â. Ïðîêîï÷óêà, À. Ðàêà, Ä. Õàðêîâè÷à, Þ. ßíêåâè÷à è äð., çà ÷òî èì îãðîìíàÿ ïðèçíàòåëüíîñòü è áëàãîäàðíîñòü. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà À.È., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ è ïðîâåäåíèå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò ïî îõðàíå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2001. 39 ñ. Áèðþêîâ Â.Ï. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ñïëþøêè (Otus scops L.) â ñåâåðíîé Áåëàðóñè. – Îõðàíÿåìûå æèâîòíûå Áåëàðóñè: Îáçîðíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ. Ìèíñê, 1989. Ñ. 24. Âîðîíåöêèé Â.È., Äåìÿí÷èê Â.Ò. Èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ äëÿ ñîâ. – Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ìîñêâà, 1990. Ñ. 270–295. Ãîëîäóøêî Á.Ç., Ñàìóñåíêî Ý.Ã. Ïèòàíèå âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Áåëîâåæñêîé ïóùå. – Ýêîëîãèÿ è ìèãðàöèÿ ïòèö Ïðèáàëòèêè. Ðèãà, 1961. Ñ. 135–140. Ãðè÷èê Â.Â., Òèøå÷êèí À.Ê. Ôèëèí â Áåëàðó-

ñè: ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è áèîëîãèÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. – Subbuteo, 2002. Ò. 5, ¹1. Ñ. 3–19. Ãðèùåíêî Â.Í. Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî îõðàíå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö. ×åðíîâöû, 1997. 143 ñ. Äåìÿí÷èê Â.Ò. Ïîñåëåíèå áîðîäàòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ â Áåëîðóññèè. – Ðóêîâîä. Äåï. â ÎÍÏ ÍÏÝÖ «Âåðàñ-Ýêî» è ÈÇ ÀÍ Áåëàðóñè 6.10.1992, 1992. 127. Ñ. 1–5. Äåìÿí÷èê Â.Ò. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ áèîòåõíèÿ: ïðàêòè÷åñêèå ñïîñîáû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ è óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ â ïðèðîäå Ïîëåñüÿ. Áðåñò, 2000. 256 ñ. Êèòåëü Ä.À. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ìàëîðèòñêîì ðàéîíå Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè â 2007 ãîäó. – Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ñòðàí åâðîðåãèîíà «Äíåïð», èõ îõðàíà è ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå. Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Ãîìåëü, 2007. Ñ. 149–151. Êèòåëü Ä.À., Ïðîêîï÷óê Â.Â. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo L.) íà èñêóññòâåííûõ ïëàòôîðìàõ íà þãî-çàïàäå Áåëàðóñè. – Íîâ³òí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîêîëîïîä³áíèõ òà ñîâ. Ìàòåð³àëè III Ì³æíàðîäíîï íàóêîâîï êîíôåðåíö³ï «Õèæ³ ïòàõè Óêðàïíè». Êðèâèé Ð³ã, 2008. Ñ. 153–157. Êèòåëü Ä.À. Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, íàïðàâëåííûå íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå è îõðàíó ðåäêèõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ. – Çáåðåæåííÿ òà â³äòâîðåííÿ á³îð³çîìàí³òòÿ ïðèðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíûõ òåðèòîð³é. Ìàòåð³àëè ì³æíàðîäíîï íàóêîâîïðàêòè÷íîï êîíôåðåíö³ï, ïðèñâÿ÷åíîï 10-ð³÷÷þ Ð³âíåíñüêîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâ³äíèêà. – Ð³âíå, 2009. Ñ. 448–450. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Áåëàðóñü: Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ìèíñê, 2004. 320 ñ. Íèêèôîðîâ Ì.Å., Êîçóëèí À.Â., Ãðè÷èê Â.Â., Òèøå÷êèí À.Ê. Ïòèöû Áåëàðóñè íà ðóáåæå XXI âåêà. Ñòàòóñ, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå. Ìèíñê, 1997. Ñ. 186. Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Îáçîð ïðîåêòîâ, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå ñîâ íà èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹1. Ñ. 37–42. ×ûðâîíàÿ êí³ãà Ðýñïóáë³ê³ Áåëàðóñü: Ðýäêiÿ ³ òûÿ, øòî çíàõîäçÿööà ïàä ïàãðîçàé çí³êíåííÿ â³äû æûâ¸ë ³ ðàñë³í; ðýäêàë. Ìèíñê, 1993. 560 ñ. Øêàáàðà Ð., Ìàð÷óê À., Ëåâûé Ñ.Â. Ãíåçäîâàíèå óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Êîáðèíà. – Ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû îõðàíû æèâîòíîãî ìèðà Ãðîäíåíñêîé îáëàñòè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé: ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ âòîðîé Ãðîäíåíñêîé îáëàñòíîé îòêðûòîé çîîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè ó÷àùèõñÿ, ïîñâÿù¸ííîé 220-ëåòèþ ñî äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ Êîíñòàíòèíà Òûçåíãàóçà. Ãðîäíî, 2006. Ñ. 74–75. Hagemeijer E.J.M., Blair M.J. (Eds.) The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their distribution and abundance. London, 1997. 903 ð. Mikusek R. (red.). Metody badań i ochrony sów. Kraków, 2005. 175 s.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Bird Protection from Electrocution on Overhead Power Lines 6–10 kV in the Territory of the National Park “Smolny”, Russia ЗАЩИТА ПТИЦ НА ВОЗДУШНЫХ ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ 6–10 КВ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ «СМОЛЬНЫЙ», РОССИЯ Matsyna A.I. (Ecological Center “Dront”, Laboratory of ornithology, N. Novgorod, Russia) Grishutkin G.F. (National Park “Smolny”, Smolny, Republic of Mordovia, Russia) Мацына А.И. (Орнитологическая лаборатория Экоцентра «Дронт», Н. Новгород, Россия) Гришуткин Г.Ф. (ФГУ Национальный парк «Смольный», п. Смольный, Республика Мордовия, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñàíäð Ìàöûíà Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ëàáîðàòîðèÿ Ýêîöåíòðà «Äðîíò» 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä à/ÿ 631 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 (831) 430 28 81 mai-68@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäèòñÿ êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïðàêòèêå ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ» â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé». Â õîäå ðàáîò, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ðåøåíèå äàííîé ïðîáëåìû, ïðîâåäåíû ó÷¸òû ãèáåëè ïòèö, à íàèáîëåå îïàñíûå ó÷àñòêè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è îáîðóäîâàíû ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïîðàæåíèå ýëåêòðîòîêîì, ËÝÏ, ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà.

Contact: Alexander Matsyna Laboratory of Ornithology of Ecological Center «Dront» P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 430 28 81 mai-68@mail.ru

Â õîäå ðåàëèçàöèè ìîäåëüíîãî ïðîåêòà ïî çàùèòå ïòèö íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂË) 6–10 êÂ â ÔÃÓ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Ñìîëüíûé», ðàñïîëîæåííîì â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìîðäîâèÿ, ïðîâåäåíû ó÷¸òû ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö è ïðîäåëàíà ðàáîòà ïî îñíàùåíèþ îñîáî îïàñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëèíèé ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè (ÏÇÓ). Êðîìå ñîòðóäíèêîâ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà â ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà àêòèâíî ó÷àñòâîâàëè àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ ôèëèàëà ÎÀÎ «ÌÐÑÊ Âîëãè» – «Ìîðäîâýíåðãî», ã. Ñàðàíñê, êîòîðûå ôèíàíñèðîâàëè èññëåäîâàíèÿ è âûïîëíÿëè ðàáîòû ïî çàùèòå ÂË, è ñîòðóäíèêè Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè ÍÐÎÎ Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð «Äðîíò», ã. Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, êîòîðûå âûïîëíÿëè ðàáîòû ïî îöåíêå âëèÿíèÿ ÂË 6–10 êÂ íà æèâîòíûé ìèð íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñìîëüíûé» è ðàçðàáàòûâàëè ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî åãî çàùèòå. Â ïåðèîä ñ 26 ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2008 ã. ïðîâåäåíî ïîëíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ÂË 10 êÂ íà òåððèòîðèè íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà, îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâèëà 39,27 êì. Ïðè ýòîì áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü 58 ïòèö, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 16 âèäàì, è îäíîãî âèäà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Äîëÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå è ñîâû) îêàçàëàñü âåñüìà çíà÷èòåëüíîé è ñîñòàâèëà 43,1%. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûå â äðóãèå ñåçîíû (ïîçäíÿÿ îñåíü,

Abstract There is short information about the problem of birds electrocution solving in the National Park “Smolny”. Within åðó activities for the solving the problem the counts of bird electrocution events were carried out and the most hazardous for birds power lines were revealed and retrofitted with bird protective devices. Keywords: electrocution, power lines, bird protective devices.

The complete survey of overhead power lines (PL) 10 kV with a total length of 39.27 km was carried out in the territory of the National Park “Smolny” on 26 September – 4 October 2008 ã. As a result 58 birds of 16 species were discovered dead from electrocution. The portion of raptors was 43.1%. Realizing the recommendations on protection of objects of wildlife more than 25 km of PL 6–10 kV, located in the territory of the National Park “Smolny” were retrofitted with modern bird protective devices on October – November

Ìîíòàæ ÏÇÓ íà ËÝÏ 10 êÂ. Ôîòî Ã. Ãðèøóòêèíà. BPD installing on PL 10 kV. Photo by G. Grishutkin.

Raptor Conservation

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 âåñíà), ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ãèáåëü ïòèö ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ ÂË íîñèò çäåñü ðåãóëÿðíûé õàðàêòåð è íàáëþäàåòñÿ â òå÷åíèè âñåãî ãîäà. Â õîäå âûïîëíåíèÿ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî çàùèòå îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà â îêòÿáðå– íîÿáðå 2009 ã. áîëåå 25 êì ÂË 6–10 êÂ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñìîëüíûé», îáîðóäîâàíû ñîâðåìåííûìè ÏÇÓ íèæåãîðîäñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÊÏ-1Á (Ìàöûíà, 2008). Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ÏÇÓ îáîðóäîâàíû íàèáîëåå îïàñíûå ó÷àñòêè ÂË, âûÿâëåííûå â õîäå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ. Ñòîèìîñòü âûïîëíåííûõ ðàáîò ïðèìåðíî ðàâíà ñóììå åæåãîäíîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óùåðáà, âîçíèêàþùåãî â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè ïòèö è ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ïðè êîíòàêòå ñ îáñëåäîâàííûìè ÂË 6–10 êÂ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå åñòü âñå îñíîâàíèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû íà òåððèòîðèè Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ñìîëüíûé» áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü ïîñòåïåííîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå åñòåñòâåííîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Íåìàëîâàæíî è òî, ÷òî ñïåöèàëèñòû íàèáîëåå êðóïíîé â ðåãèîíå ýíåðãîýêñïëóàòèðóþùåé îðãàíèçàöèè îñâîèëè âàæíóþ è ïåðñïåêòèâíóþ ïðèðîäîîõðàííóþ òåõíîëîãèþ.

2009 (Matsyna, 2008). The cost of the realized actions approximately was equal to the sum of the annual economic damage resulting bird and mammal electrocution on the surveyed PL 6–10 kV. As a result there are all the reasons to project that a number of raptors should be gradually recover in territory of the National Park “Smolny” next years.

Ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà äëÿ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ èç ïëàñòèêà íà ËÝÏ â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé». Ôîòî Ã. Ãðèøóòêèíà.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Ìàöûíà À.È. Êðàòêèé îáçîð ìåòîäîâ çàùèòû ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹11. Ñ. 10–13.

Bird protective devices for PL 6–10 kV made of plastic on a power line in the National Park “Smolny”. Photo by G. Grishutkin.

Òàáë. 1. Ïîãèáøèå ïòèöû, îáíàðóæåííûå ïðè îñìîòðå ÂË 6–10 êÂ â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé». Table 1. Electrocuted birds discovered during surveys of PL 6–10 kV in the National Park “Smolny”.

Âèä / Species

Îòêðûòûå ó÷àñòêè ìåñòíîñòè Open landscapes

Îïóøêè ëåñà Forest edges

Ëåñíûå ìàññèâû Forests

Îêðåñòíîñòè íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Vicinities of settlements

ÂÑÅÃÎ Total

Äîëÿ (%) Portion (%)

Òåòåðåâÿòíèê (Accipiter gentilis)

1.72

Êàíþê (Buteo buteo)

24.14

Êîá÷èê (Falco vespertinus)

3.45

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus)

5.17

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus)

1.72

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis)

6.90

Êîçîäîé (Caprimulgus europaeus)

1.72

Áîëüøîé ï¸ñòðûé äÿòåë (Dendrocopos major)

5.17

Ñîéêà (Garrulus glandarius)

3.45

Ñîðîêà (Pica pica)

13.79

Êåäðîâêà (Nucifraga caryocatactes)

6.90

Ðÿáèííèê (Turdus pilaris)

5.17

Ïåâ÷èé äðîçä (Turdus philomelos)

1.72

Äåðÿáà (Turdus viscivorus)

1.72

Äðîçä (áëèæå íå îïðåäåëåí) (Turdus sp.)

12.07

Áîëüøàÿ ñèíèöà (Parus major)

3.45

Ïîïîëçåíü (Sitta europaea)

1.72

ÂÑÅÃÎ / Total

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Raptor Research ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ Owls in the Samara District, Russia СОВЫ САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Pazhenkov A.S. (The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre, Samara, Russia) Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Levashkin A.P. (State Pedagogical University, Russian Bird Conservation Union, N. Novgorod Branch, Russia) Паженков А.С (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» 443045 Ðîññèÿ Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 f_lynx@mail.ru Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603009 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56 òåë.: +7 (831) 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ àâòîðàìè ñîâ Càìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1995–2009 ãã. Ôàóíà ñîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåäñòàâëåíà 11 âèäàìè, 9 èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ è 2 âèäà – áåëàÿ (Nyctea scandiaca) è ÿñòðåáèíàÿ (Surnia ulula) ñîâû – ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â îáëàñòè â õîäå ïîñëåãíåçäîâûõ êî÷¸âîê. Äëÿ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ îïðåäåëåíà ÷èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè: ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) – 85–110 ïàð, ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus) – 7000–14000 ïàð, ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus) – 1000–1900 ïàð, ñïëþøêà (Otus scops) – 2200–3700 ïàð, ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé (Aegolius funereus) – 100–500 ïàð, ñû÷ äîìîâûé (Athene noctua) – 400–800 ïàð, ñû÷èê âîðîáüèíûé (Glaucidium passerinum) – 30–50 ïàð, íåÿñûòü ñåðàÿ (Strix aluco) – 400–700 ïàð, íåÿñûòü äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis) – 4200–5100 ïàð. Èç 11 âèäîâ ñîâ 4 âèäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáû÷íûìè, 2 âèäà – ìàëî÷èñëåííûìè (ñû÷ äîìîâûé è ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü) è 5 âèäîâ – ðåäêèìè (áåëàÿ ñîâà, ôèëèí, ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé, ñû÷èê âîðîáüèíûé, ÿñòðåáèíàÿ ñîâà). ×èñëåííîñòü ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áûñòðî ñíèæàåòñÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè áûñòðî ðàñò¸ò, ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà, áîëîòíîé ñîâû è ñïëþøêè ìåäëåííî ðàñò¸ò, ó óøàñòîé ñîâû íàáëþäàþòñÿ ñèëüíûå ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü. Abstract The paper contains results of owl studies in the Samara District that authors carried out in 1995–2009. Authors noted 11 species of owl in the Samara District, 9 of which were recognized as breeding species and 2 – Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) and Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula) – as non-breeding visitors. During accounts in study plots the numbers of breeding pairs were estimated for following species: Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) – 85–110 pairs, Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) – 7000–14000 pairs, Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus) – 1000–1900 pairs, Scops Owl (Otus scops) – 2200–3700 pairs, Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) – 100–500 pairs, Little Owl (Athene noctua) – 400–800 pairs, Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum) – 30–50 pairs, Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) – 400–700 pairs, Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) – 4200–5100 pairs. Four of 11 owl species were recognized as common, 2 species – uncommon (Little Owl and Tawny Owl) and 5 species – rare (Snowy Owl, Eagle Owl, Tengmalm’s Owl, Pygmy Owl, Hawk Owl). A population number of the Tawny Owl is sharply decreased, but a number of the Ural Owl is rapidly increased, numbers of Eagle Owl, Short-Eared Owl and Scops Owl is increased slowly, a number of the Long-Eared Owl seems to fluctuate from year to year very much. Keywords: raptors, owls, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Samara district.

Ââåäåíèå Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âïëîòü äî êîíöà ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííî èññëåäîâàíèåì ñîâ íèêòî íå çàíèìàëñÿ, è èõ ðåãèñòðàöèè íîñèëè ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð. Ëèøü â 1999 ã. ñèëàìè Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ «ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» áûëè îðãàíèçîâàíû ïîëíîöåííûå ðàáîòû ïî ó÷¸òàì ñîâ è âûÿâëåíèþ ìåñò èõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, à ñ 2008 ã. ñòàðòîâàë ìàñøòàáíûé ïðîåêò ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà.

Introduction and Methods The Samara district is located on the border of two natural zones, steppe and forest-steppe. The area of the district is 53565 km2. Forests occupy 6556 km2 (12.24% of the territory), steppe areas occupy 10020 km2 (18.71%). Data on the current situation with the owls in the Samara district were collected in 1995–2009. The registration of the owls was carried

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 1. Ìàðøðóòû ýêñïåäèöèé è ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê íà ðèñóíêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáë. 1. Fig.1. Field routes and study plots. Labels: 1 – Plots in 2008–2009, 2 – Plots in 1997–2001, 3 – Routes of expeditions. Numbers of plots in this figure are similar ones in the table 1.

Contact: Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara 443045 Russia f_lynx@mail.ru Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Alexey Levashkin Russian Bird Conservation Union N. Novgorod Branch Bonch-Bruevich str., 1–56 Nizhniy Novgorod 603009 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 464 30 96 mob.: +7 952 781 71 98 aple_avesbp@mail.ru

Â ðàìêàõ âûøåóêàçàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé áûëà ñîáðàíà äîâîëüíî áîëüøàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ñîâ, êîòîðàÿ äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íèãäå íå ïóáëèêîâàëàñü. Ëèøü ïî ôèëèíó (Bubo bubo) è ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ áûë îïóáëèêîâàí ðÿä ðàáîò â ïîñëåäíèå 3 ãîäà, à òàêæå Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûïóùåíà ìîíîãðàôèÿ «Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè», â êîòîðîé ïðèâîäÿòñÿ îáîáù¸ííûå äàííûå ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè âñåõ ñîâ îáëàñòè, íî îòñóòñòâóþò ñâåäåíèÿ îá èõ ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äàííàÿ ðàáîòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðâîé ñâîäêîé î ñîâàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïðèðîäíûå îñîáåííîñòè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü ëåæèò íà ãðàíèöå äâóõ ïðèðîäíûõ çîí – ñòåïè è ëåñîñòåïè, ãðàíèöà ìåæäó êîòîðûìè óñëîâíî ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïî äîëèíå ð. Ñàìàðà (Ìèëüêîâ, 1977). Ïëîùàäü îáëàñòè 53565 êì2. Ëåñîïîêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè çàíèìàþò 6556 êì2 (12,24% îò òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè) áåç ó÷¸òà ëåñîïîëîñ. Íà äîëþ óñëîâíî ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (ïàñòáèùà íà ñ.-õ. çåìëÿõ è çåìëÿõ ãîñ. çàïàñà, íåóäîáüÿ íà ñ.-õ. è ëåñíûõ óãîäüÿõ) ïðèõîäèòñÿ 10020 êì2 (18,71%). Áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè çàíèìàþò õîëìèñòî-óâàëèñòûå ðàâíèíû ñ ïëîñêèìè âîäîðàçäåëàìè è ïîäíÿòûìè ñåâåðíûìè ñêëîíàìè ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, à òàêæå äðåâíèå ìåëîâûå âîçâûøåííîñòè ñ ïëàòîîáðàçíûìè âîäîðàçäåëàìè. Òåððèòîðèÿ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ðàçâèòîé ãèäðîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñåòüþ è ñëîæíîé îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé

out using the standard protocol based on surveys of breeding habitats aimed at searching of typical nests (Karyakin, 2004). The majority of breeding Owls were counted at the study plots. For each species, we determined the width of the count transect using the average distance of registration at which the first record of a bird or a nest was made. The count area was determined using the width of the count transect and the length of survey routes. The total length of survey routes at study plots was 424.79 km, averaging 8.5±5.12 km per plot. We set up 56 study plots with a total area of 424.79 km in different natural regions of the district. The forests at study plots occupied about 114.79 km2, and there were about 271.72 km2 of steppes. By the end of 2000, 11674.8 km2 (21.79% of territory of the Samara district) was covered by the survey. In 2007, we were able to repeat the survey of 57% area of the plots that were set up before 2000. In 2008–2009, under the projects on attracting the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) into nestboxes, we set 4 plots with a total area of 262.3 km2. The forests on these plots occupied 207.25 km2 (79.01%). Habitat analysis of the area was performed using GIS software (ArcView GIS 3.3) based on the map of typical habitats obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM+ satellite images and analysis of 1:200,000 scale topographic maps. The verification of satellite images allowed us to calculate an area of main breeding habitats (table 2). Results of surveys The list of owls registered in the Samara district includes 11 species, 9 of those breed and 2 species, Snow (Nyctea scandiaca) and Hawk (Surnia ulula) Owls appear in the region during post-breeding migration; 4 species are common, 2 are uncommon, and 5 are rare. 1. Snow Owl (Nyctea scandiaca L.) A rare wintering species. We not observed it. 2. Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo L.) We surveyed 69 adult Eagle Owls and

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ñèñòåìîé. Â íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííîé ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè (â òàê íàçûâàåìûõ Æèãóë¸âñêèõ ãîðàõ) âûõîäû ìàòåðèíñêèõ ïîðîä ïî ñêëîíàì âîäîðàçäåëîâ, îáðàù¸ííûõ ê äîëèíå Âîëãè, îáðàçóþò ïîëíîöåííûå ñêàëüíûå îáíàæåíèÿ. Íà þãå ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå âîäîðàçäåëû ðàñïàõàíû, ïðè÷¸ì 30% ïàõîòíûõ óãîäèé â ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå ïåðåâåäåíû â çàëåæè, à áîëüøèíñòâî ïàñòáèù çàáðîøåíû. Íà ñåâåðå âîäîðàçäåëû ïîêðûòû âòîðè÷íûìè ìåëêîëèñòâåííûìè è øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè íà ìåñòå õâîéíîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ. Ïîñëåäíèå ñîõðàíèëèñü â âèäå ôðàãìåíòîâ ïî êðóòîñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè. Íà àëëþâèàëüíûõ òåððàñàõ, êàê â ëåâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè, òàê è â ïðàâîáåðåæüå, èìåþòñÿ îñòàòêè ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííûõ áîðîâ. Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà Äàííûå ïî ñîâðåìåííîìó ñîñòîÿíèþ ñîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñîáðàíû â 1995– 2009 ãã. Îñíîâíûå ýêñïåäèöèîííûå ðàáîòû îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â 1997–2000 ãã. Èìåííî â ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëî âûÿâëåíî áîëüøèíñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîâ è îïðåäåëåíà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü íà òîò ïåðèîä. Â 2005–2007 ãã. ïðîâîäèëñÿ ìîíèòîðèíã íåêîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíà è ìåñò ïîñòîÿííîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äðóãèõ âèäîâ ñîâ, à â 2007 ã. áûëè âíîâü îáñëåäîâàíû ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè, íà êîòîðûõ ñîâû ó÷èòûâàëèñü â 1997–2000 ãã. Ñ 2008 ã. íà÷àò ìàñøòàáíûé ïðîåêò ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, â ðàìêàõ êîòîðîãî ïðîâåäåíû ó÷¸òû ñåðîé (Strix aluco) è äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòåé (Strix uralensis) (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Âûÿâëåíèå ñîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ïî ìåòîäèêàì, â îñíîâå êîòîðûõ ëåæèò îñìîòð ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ñ öåëüþ ïîèñêà òèïè÷íûõ ãí¸çä (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ñîâû, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ôèëèíà è áîëîòíîé ñîâû (Asio flammeus), âûÿâëÿëèñü íà òî÷êàõ ñòîÿíîê è ìàðøðóòàõ ïóò¸ì ïåëåíãàöèè âîêàëèçèðóþùèõ ïòèö: òîêóþùèõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö – âåñíîé è ïåðåêëèêàþùèõñÿ ìîëîäûõ – â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ âîêàëèçàöèÿ ñîâ ñòèìóëèðîâàëàñü èìèòàöèåé òîêîâûõ ñèãíàëîâ, áåñïîêîéñòâà, êðèêîâ ïòåíöîâ ãîëîñîì, ëèáî ïóò¸ì âîñïðîèçâåäåíèÿ àóäèîçàïèñåé. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà âûÿâëÿëèñü áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ íà ìàðøðóòàõ. Íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ 4õ4 ìåòîäè÷íî îáúåçæàëèñü ñëàáîîñâîåííûå ñòåïíûå è ëåñîñòåïíûå ó÷àñò-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ found 64 breeding territories (65 breeding territories including the pair recorded in the Buzuluk pine forest in the territory of the Orenburg district) in the Samara district. We found nests in 53 breeding territories (82.8%). A total of 78 nests including old were surveyed. We registered breeding success in 30 territories (46.9%), including 27 territories with found nests. We recorded only broods in 3 territories but nests were not found. Also empty or unsuccessful nests (with died clutches or broods) were noted in 11 breeding territories (17.2%). Only old nests were registered in 12 breeding territories, and only 4 from which were exactly occupied by Eagle Owls and breeding were successful a year before visiting a nest. We did not find nests only in 11 breeding territories, but we noted vocalizing birds (uttering mating-calls or alarming signals) in 8 territories and 3 territories were revealed as a result of numerous registrations of Eagle Owls signs (pellets, feathers, remains of preys). A total of 52 events of breeding were registered and some nests were monitored in Samara Luka during several years. Following our counts 21 pairs of Eagle Owls were registered in 15 study plots (table 3). A total of 85–110 pairs are estimated to breed in the Samara district. Research of nest locations in the district has demonstrated that 50% of the Eagle Owl’s nests were in rocky places, 34% – in river valleys. Hardly less than a half of the Eagle Owl’s nests were noted in niches of rocks and cliffs (45%), third part – on uncovered shelves and ledges (31%), other nests – in foot of trees and only 8% – in covered niches located under roots of trees. Broods mostly (n=19) consisted of 2 (42.1%) and 3 (36.8%) chicks, 10% of recorded broods consisted of 1 and 4 chicks. The average brood size was 2.47±0.84 chicks. Decreasing of number of the Eagle Owl was not recorded for last 10 years, on the contrary we noted the positive trend of numbers in some populations impacted by the agriculture crushing. One of the main modern threats for the Eagle Owl is believed to be the development of the oil-mining industry. The geological investigation of oil recourses that curried out in steppe territories of Obshiy Syrt including protected areas in the south of the Samara district. 3. Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) The most common breeding owl species

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Òàáë. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê â òàáëèöå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Study plots. Numbers of plots in the table are similar ones in the fig. 1. Ïëîùàäêè / Plots Ïðåîáëàäàþùèå áèîòîïû Ïðèñóòñòâèå ñîâ* Ïåðèìåòð (êì) Ïëîùàäü (êì2) Äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (êì) ¹ Dominating biotopes Area (km2) Length of routes (km) Registrations of the owl* Perimeter (km) 1 Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ / Broadleaved forest 12.93 2.84 7.59 Ñ, Ô, ÑÓ 2 Âîäî¸ì / Water body 16.61 13.17 3 Ëåñîïîëîñà / Forest line 17.04 2.35 9.00 ÑÓ 4 Âîäî¸ì / Water body 14.61 11.66 5 --“-14.62 5.86 6 Çåðíîâûå / Field 17.40 13.62 7 Áîð / Pine forest 10.54 4.70 6.50 Ñ, ÍÄ, ÑÓ 8 --“-10.26 1.80 6.70 ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 9 Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ / Mixed forest 7.04 1.68 3.30 Ñ, Ô, ÑÂ, ÍÄ, ÑÓ 10 --“-7.07 1.73 2.60 Ô, ÑÂ, ÑÓ 11 --“-4.29 0.65 2.50 Ñ, Ô, ÍÄ, ÑÓ 12 Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ / Broadleaved forest 4.30 0.63 2.00 Ô, ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 13 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 17.77 7.17 6.50 Ñ, ÍÑ 14 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines 14.55 2.27 4.80 Ô 15 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 15.65 10.38 8.80 ÍÑ 16 Âîäî¸ì / Water body 17.44 17.29 ÑÁ 17 Áîëîòî / Bog 20.17 21.67 16.20 ÑÓ, ÑÁ 18 --“-13.79 8.20 22.50 ÑÓ, ÑÁ 19 --“-9.38 5.49 11.10 ÑÓ, ÑÁ 20 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 16.76 12.62 3.50 Ñ, ÍÑ, ÑÓ 21 --“-10.74 7.28 10.00 ÍÑ, ÑÓ 22 --“-8.55 3.80 8.50 Ñ, ÍÑ, ÑÓ 23 Ëåñîïîëîñà / Forest line 12.90 3.68 5.50 ÑÓ 24 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ 22.12 6.34 6.00 Ô, ÑÓ 25 Forest-steppe system of ravines 6.65 2.37 11.50 Ñ, ÑÓ 26 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 11.98 4.68 5.00 ÍÑ, ÑÓ 27 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines 19.96 4.61 8.00 Ñ, Ô, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 28 Çàëåæü / Old field 16.72 8.54 11.30 ÑÁ 29 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ 33.02 6.91 5.00 Ñ, Ô, ÑÓ 30 Forest-steppe system of ravines 21.95 23.51 18.00 Ô, ÑÓ 31 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 10.65 5.59 13.70 Ñ, ÍÑ, ÑÓ 32 Âîäî¸ì / Flood forest 12.48 3.26 33 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines 18.39 14.56 6.50 ÑÄ 34 Ñòåïü / Steppe 10.37 3.16 9.00 ÑÁ 35 Ëåñîïîëîñà / Forest line 55.44 4.50 7.00 ÑÓ 36 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ 26.98 38.13 20.00 Ô, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 37 Forest-steppe system of ravines 45.25 92.40 17.00 Ñ, Ô, ÑÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 38 Áîð / Pine forest 17.72 13.94 20.00 Ñ, ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 39 --“-5.20 1.75 11.00 ÍÄ, ÑÓ 40 --“-14.17 2.72 4.00 ÍÄ, ÑÓ 41 --“-10.63 3.59 6.60 Ñ, ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 42 --“-2.64 0.45 5.40 ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 43 Áîëîòî / Bog 10.35 5.28 2.00 ÑÁ 44 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ 15.36 15.42 5.90 ÍÄ, ÑÓ 45 Forest-steppe system of ravines 13.14 9.53 8.80 ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 46 --“-20.56 9.78 7.40 Ñ, Ô, ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 47 --“-16.19 6.82 10.40 Ô, ÑÓ 48 --“-17.75 15.37 8.50 ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÁ 49 Áîëîòî / Bog 24.43 26.50 20.0 ÑÓ, ÑÁ 50 Óð¸ìà / Flood forest 10.72 6.42 7.50 Ñ, ÍÑ, ÍÄ, ÑÓ, ÑÌ 51 --“-8.96 2.28 5.00 ÍÑ, ÑÓ 52 Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines 20.44 9.46 7.00 Ô, ÍÄ, ÑÓ 53 Áîð / Pine forest 5.13 1.16 3.60 Ñ, ÍÄ,ÑÓ 54 Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ / Mixed forest 11.86 3.63 5.80 ÍÄ,ÑÓ 55 --“-4.13 1.17 2.50 Ñ, ÍÄ,ÑÓ 56 --“-8.50 12.30 7.70 Ñ, ÍÄ,ÑÓ Ñðåäíåå ± ñòàíäàðòíîå îòêëîíåíèå M±SD 15.08±9.17 9.4±13.41 8.5±5.12 Ñóììà / Sum 844.25 526.67 424.79 Ïðåäåëû / Lim 2.64–55.44 0.45–92.40 2.00–22.50

* Ïðèíÿòûå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: Ô – ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), ÑÓ – ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus), ÑÁ – ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus), Ñ – ñïëþøêà (Otus scops), ÑÌ – ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé (Aegolius funereus), ÑÄ – ñû÷ äîìîâûé (Athene noctua), ÑÂ – ñû÷èê âîðîáüèíûé (Glaucidium passerinum), ÍÑ – íåÿñûòü ñåðàÿ (Strix aluco), ÍÄ – íåÿñûòü äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis). * The accepted reductions: Ô – Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), ÑÓ – Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus), ÑÁ – Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Ñ – Scops Owl (Otus scops), ÑÌ – Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus), ÑÄ – Little Owl (Athene noctua), ÑÂ – Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum), ÍÑ – Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), ÍÄ – Ural Owl (Strix uralensis).

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 êè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûå ëàíäøàôòû. Â íàèáîëåå ïåðåñå÷¸ííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ çàêëàäûâàëèñü ïåøèå ìàðøðóòû. Ó÷àñòêè, ïîäõîäÿùèå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà (âîçâûøåííîñòè åñòåñòâåííîãî è èñêóññòâåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ñðåäè ðîâíîé ñòåïè, ñêëîíû áàëîê), îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó íà ïðåäìåò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïðèçíàêîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö (ïóõ, ïåðüÿ, ïîì¸ò). Ïîáåðåæüå âîäîõðàíèëèùà îáñëåäîâàëîñü ñ ìàëîìåðíûõ ñóäîâ ñ ïîäâåñíûìè ìîòîðàìè. Ó÷¸ò áîëüøèíñòâà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ (èëè âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ) ñîâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ ïðè ïðîõîæäåíèè ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Äëÿ êàæäîãî âèäà îïðåäåëÿëàñü øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû ïî ñðåäíåé äàëüíîñòè îáíàðóæåíèÿ â ìîìåíò ïåðâîé ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèöû èëè ãíåçäà. Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü îïðåäåëÿëàñü èñõîäÿ èç øèðèíû ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû è ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè ìàðøðóòà. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàðøðóòîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ ñîñòàâèëà 424,79 êì (â ñðåäíåì íà ïëîùàäêå 8,5±5,12 êì). Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà ó÷èòûâàëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ ïî ìåòîäèêå ìàðøðóòíîãî ó÷¸òà íà íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Îáùóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ðàññ÷èòûâàëè íà îñíîâå âñåõ ðåãèñòðàöèé ïàð è îñîáåé èñõîäÿ èç èõ ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ìàðøðóòîâ ýêñïåäèöèé ê êîíöó 2000 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 6200,24 êì. Èç íèõ àâòîìàðøðóòàìè íà àâòîìîáèëÿõ 4õ4 ïðîéäåíî 5754,54 êì, ïåøèìè ìàðøðóòàìè çà ïðåäåëàìè ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê – 337,05 êì (â ðàñ÷¸ò òàêæå íå ïîïàëè âûõîäû âî âðåìÿ àâòîìàðøðóòîâ è ñ òî÷åê ñòîÿíîê, íàïðàâëåííûå íà îáñëåäîâàíèå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, íå ïðåâûøàþùèå 1 êì). Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü íà ìàðøðóòàõ ñîñòàâèëà 11160,43 êì2. Â ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðàéîíàõ îáëàñòè â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè áûëî çàëîæåíî 56 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 514,37 êì2. Ëåñîïîêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ çàíèìàëè îêîëî 114,79 êì2, è îêîëî 271,72 êì2 ïðèõîäèëîñü íà ñòåïíûå èëè óñëîâíî ñòåïíûå ó÷àñòêè îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè. Îñòàëüíûå ïëîùàäè áûëè çàíÿòû âîäî¸ìàìè èëè îêîëîâîäíûìè àññîöèàöèÿìè è ñ.-õ. óãîäüÿìè ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ê êîíöó 2000 ã. áûëà îõâà÷åíà îáñëåäîâàíèåì äîâîëüíî îáøèðíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäüþ 11674,8 êì2 (21,79% îò îáùåé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè). Â 2007 ã. óäàëîñü ïîâòîðèòü îáñëåäîâàíèå 57% ïëîùàäè ïëîùàäîê, çàëîæåííûõ äî 2000 ã.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ in the Samara district. The Long-Eared Owl was recorded on 42 study plots. We observed 126 adults and 107 juveniles in 105 breeding territories and 50 inhabited nests in the district. The largest numbers of the species were registered in island forests of High Transvolga with an average density of 2.1 breeding pairs/km of forest margin. The average density in artificial forest-lines of south half of the district was 1.3 breeding pairs/km of lines or 5.57±0.13 breeding pairs/km2 of forest-lines. The density in floodplains could rise to 2 pairs/km2 (at average 1.14±0.38 pairs/km2) (table 4). The number of the Long-Eared Owl is estimated as approximately 7000–14000, averaging 11000 breeding pairs, and substantially depends on the number and availability of common voles (can fluctuate in 3–5 times). We found 50 occupied nests (45 in crow and 5 in hawk nests). Magpie nests usurped by the Long-Eared Owl are obviously dominating among the nests of other species. The average clutch size was 4.97±1.09 eggs (n=39; range 3–7 eggs); 5-egg clutches (38.5%) were obviously prevailing. Only 15 full broods of nestlings were recorded. Thus the average brood size was 4.47±0.99 nestlings (range 3–6 nestlings); 5-nestlings broods (40%) were obviously dominating. 4. Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus Pont.) A common breeding owl species of the Samara district. We observed the ShortEared Owl at 13 study spots. We recorded 50 adults and 16 juveniles in 33 breeding territories (26 territories were recorded at study spots) in the territory of the district. In High Transvolga, the density of the Short-Eared Owl is lower than that of the Long-Eared Owl in 3–12 times. The highest number of the Long-Eared Owl is reached in the southeast of the district, where it breeds in steppe and abandoned agricultural lands around ravines with density of 0.83–0.88 pairs/km2 (table 5). A total of 1000–1900 pairs (averaging 1400 pairs) were estimated to breed in the Samara district. The Short-Eared Owl nests on the ground. The species inhabits grasslands of different types, including cultivated lands, however prefers steppe often covered with bushes or tallgrass. The average clutch size 7.0±1.58 eggs (n=13; range 4–9 eggs). The average brood size was 6.11±1.82 nestlings (n=19; range 3–9 nestlings). After fledgling we recorded broods consisting of 3 or 4 juveniles only.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Òàáë. 2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé ïî áèîòîïàì Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 2. Distribution of study plots in different biotopes in the Samara district.

Äîìèíèðóþùèé áèîòîï íà ïëîùàäêàõ Dominating biotopes on plots Áîëîòà / Bogs Óð¸ìà / Flood forest Ñòåïü / Steppe Çàëåæü / Old field Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûå ëåñîñòåïíûå êîìïëåêñû Forest-steppe systems of ravines Ëåñîïîëîñû Forest lines Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Broadleaved forest Ëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Deciduous forest Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ Mixed forest Áîð / Pine forest

Ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäîê (êì2) Area of plots (km2) 67.14 57.94 3.16 8.54

Ïëîùàäü Äëèíà áèîòîïîâ ìàðøðóòîâ (êì) (êì2) Length of routes Area of bi(km) otopes (km2) 71.90 506.40 63.50 1385.70 9.00 763.60 11.30 2290.70

Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê (êì) Length of edge forests (km) 1996.60

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäè áèîòîïîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ îò èõ ïëîùàäè â îáëàñòè (%) Percent of biotope areas in plots on the total biotope areas in district (%) 13.3 4.2 0.4 0.4

240.52

135.40

6965.70

10.53

21.50

638.80

2390.30

1.6

3.47

9.59

1292.60

1862.40

0.3

9.78

7.40

2585.10

3724.70

0.4

22.32 38.41

28.00 67.20

775.50 517.00

1117.40 744.90

2.9 7.4

Â 2008–2009 ãã. â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñòàâðîïîëüñêîì, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì, Êèíåëüñêîì, Ñàìàðñêîì è Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì ðàéîíàõ áûëè âûáðàíû 4 ïëîùàäêè, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 262,3 êì2, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ÷åòûð¸ì òèïè÷íûì êîìïëåêñàì ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñåâåðà ñòåïíîé çîíû îáëàñòè. Ëåñîïîêðûòûå òåððèòîðèè íà ýòèõ ïëîùàäêàõ çàíèìàëè 207,25 êì2 (79,01%). Áèîòîïè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ìåñòíîñòè îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView GIS 3.3) íà îñíîâå êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+ è âåêòîðíûõ êàðò Ì 1:200000. Â ðåçóëüòàòå äåøèôðîâêè êîñìîñíèìêîâ áûëà îïðåäåëåíà ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ è ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü èõ îïóøåê (âîäîðàçäåëüíûå ëåñà: ïëîùàäü 51170,2 êì2, ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îïóøåê – 7449,4 êì, ïîéìåííûå ëåñà: 1385,7 êì2 è 1996,6 êì, ëåñîïîëîñû: 638,8 êì2 è 2390,3 êì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), ïëîùàäü ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è âîññòàíàâëèâàþùèõñÿ ñòåïåé íà çàëåæàõ (10020 êì2), ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü è ïëîùàäü îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè (13931,4 êì, 6965,7 êì2) (òàáë. 2). Ðåçóëüòàòû Ôàóíà ñîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåäñòàâëåíà 11 âèäàìè, 9 èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ è

3.5

5. Scops Owl (Otus scops L.) A common breeding owl species of the Samara district. During our survey, the Scops Owl was found at 19 plots (table 6). During the survey period, we recorded 67 Scops Owls: 36 vocalized males and 6 broods. Inhabited nests were found at 3 plots. It inhabits the forests of different types, preferring flood-plain forests and broad-leaved island forests in ravines in Transvolga. The Scops Owl breeds on forest margins with density of 0.3–2.6 pairs/km. The number of the Scops Owl in the Samara district is estimated as 2200–3700 breeding pairs. All 3 known nests were located in natural hollows in a lime tree (2) and an alder (1) at height of 4–6 m above the ground. In 6 observed broods there were 2–4, averaging 3.17±0.75 nestlings. 6. Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus L.) A rare breeding species. We observed the Tengmalm’s Owl at 6 study plots. On the territory of the district we recorded 12 adults and 16 juveniles (3 broods) at 9 breeding territories, 2 nests were revealed. The Tengmalm’s Owl is a typical bird of the forest zone. The maximum number of it was recorded in pine forests, including the

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 2 âèäà – áåëàÿ (Nyctea scandiaca) è ÿñòðåáèíàÿ (Surnia ulula) ñîâû – ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â îáëàñòè â õîäå ïîñëåãíåçäîâûõ êî÷¸âîê; 4 âèäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáû÷íûìè, 2 âèäà – ìàëî÷èñëåííûìè è 5 âèäîâ – ðåäêèìè. 1. Ñîâà áåëàÿ (Nyctea scandiaca L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Íåðåãóëÿðíî çèìóþùèé âèä ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ Ðîññèè. Â êà÷åñòâå ðåäêîé, çàë¸òíîé â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, ñîâû óêàçûâàåòñÿ ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè äëÿ Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Ðóçñêèé, 1893; Êóëàåâà, 1977). Â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà âñòðå÷è áåëûõ ñîâ â çèìíèé ïåðèîä â ïîãðàíè÷íûõ ñ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòüþ ðàéîíàõ (Ðàõèìîâ, 2006). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä èìåþòñÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ áåëîé ñîâû â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìîñêâè÷¸â, 2003; Êîðåïîâ è äð., 2005). Ì.Ñ. Ãîðåëîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1990) äëÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áåëóþ ñîâó íå óêàçûâàþò. Â ñïèñêå ïòèö Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà ýòîò âèä ÷èñëèòñÿ êàê ðåäêèé çàë¸òíûé (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999). Íàìè áåëàÿ ñîâà â îáëàñòè íå íàáëþäàëàñü, â ñâÿçè ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ðàáîò â çèìíèé ïåðèîä, îäíàêî îíà òóò îïðåäåë¸ííî ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïåðèîä ñ íîÿáðÿ ïî ìàðò, õîòÿ è íåèçâåñòíî, êàê ðåãóëÿðíî è ñ êàêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ. 2. Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Ïî äàííûì Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2007) ôèëèí – ðåäêèé âèä, âñòðå÷àþùèéñÿ âî âñåõ ðàéîíàõ îáëàñòè, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîãî îöåíåíà â 50 ïàð è ïëàâíî ñíèæàþùèé ÷èñëåííîñòü (êàòåãîðèÿ 4/Á). Â ñîñåäíèõ ðåãèîíàõ ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ôèëèíîì âûãëÿäèò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: â Òàòàðèè âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì, ïðè÷¸ì âñòðå÷è ïòèö â ëåâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè åäèíè÷íû, à â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ôèëèí âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà ïîðÿäîê ÷àùå (Ðàõèìîâ, 2006); àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå áîëüøèíñòâî ôèëèíîâ îáèòàåò â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 100 ïàð (Ïîäîëüñêèé, 1996); â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ôèëèí çà 20 ëåò âñòðå÷åí íà 27 òåððèòîðèÿõ, à åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ äî 50–60 ïàð (Áîðîäèí, 2004; Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âñòðå÷åíî 69 âçðîñëûõ ôèëèíîâ, îáíàðóæåíî 64 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (65 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, åñëè âêëþ÷àòü ïàðó, âûÿâëåííóþ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó íà òåððèòîðèè Îðåíáóðãñêîé îáëàñòè). Íà 53-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (82,8%)

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Buzuluk pine forest (table 7). The number of the Tengmalm’s Owl in the Samara district is estimated as 100–500, averaging 300 breeding pairs. The Tengmalm’s Owl prefers breeding in old forests along the slopes of river valleys. Inhabited nests were found only twice, and were built in hollows of the Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius): in the Zhiguli Mountains, a nest was located on the hill slope on a pine at height of 6 m; in the Baitugan reserve, on an aspen growing on the ravine slope in 120 m away from the margin, at a height of 7 m. In 3 broods found in the Cheremshan wood and Buzuluk pine forest there were 6, 6, and 4 chicks, respectively. 7. Little Owl (Athene noctua Sc.) An uncommon breeding species of the Samara district. We registered the Little Owl at 2 study plots in the Obshchii Syrt Region. In general, we recorded 36 adults and 12 juveniles in the district at 22 breeding territories and found 9 nests. The greater part of records was made in settlements and farms. A total of 400–800, averaging 600 pairs of the Little Owl are estimated to breed in the Samara district. On the Obshchiy Syrt, a pair was breeding in the niche of landslide steep on the gully slope; another pair was breeding under the roof of a summer cattle farm. The broods observed consisted of 3, 4, and 5 nestlings, however, in the first case we were not positive that we managed to count all the chicks. 8. Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum L.) A rare breeding species of the Samara district. We recorded the Pygmy Owl at 2 study

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû ôèëèíà â ãíåçäå â îñíîâàíèè ñòâîëà áåð¸çû. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestlings of the Eagle Owl in the nest near to a birch. Photo by I. Karyakin.

íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà. Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî îáíàðóæåííûõ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâèëî 78, âêëþ÷àÿ ñòàðûå. Íà 30-òè ó÷àñòêàõ (46,9%) óñòàíîâëåíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 27-ìè ó÷àñòêàõ ñ îáíàðóæåííûìè ãí¸çäàìè. Íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà îáíàðóæåíû íå áûëè, õîòÿ âñòðå÷åíû íåðàñïàâøèåñÿ âûâîäêè. Íà 11-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (17,2%) îáíàðóæåíû ïóñòóþùèå ãí¸çäà ëèáî ãí¸çäà ñ ïîãèáøèìè êëàäêàìè è âûâîäêàìè. Íà 12-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (18,8%) îáíàðóæåíû òîëüêî ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü 4 èç íèõ áûëè îäíîçíà÷íî çàíÿòûìè ôèëèíàìè è óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â ãîä, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé îáíàðóæåíèþ ãíåçäà. Ëèøü íà 11-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíîâ ãí¸çäà íå îáíàðóæåíû, ïðè÷¸ì, íà 8-ìè èç íèõ âñòðå÷åíû âîêàëèçèðóþùèå (òîêóþùèå èëè áåñïîêîÿùèåñÿ ïòèöû) è 3 ó÷àñòêà âûÿâëåíî íà îñíîâàíèè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ñëåäîâ ôèëèíîâ (ïîåäè, ïîãàäêè, ïåðüÿ). Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè ïðîñëåæåíî 55 ñëó÷àåâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì, íà íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå â òå÷åíèå ðÿäà ëåò (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007; 2008). Â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ 21 ïàðà ôèëèíîâ îáíàðóæåíà â ïðåäåëàõ 15-òè ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íàèáîëüøàÿ, êàê ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè, òàê è ïî ïëîòíîñòè, ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ôèëèíà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà íà ïðàâîáåðåæíîé òåððàñå Âîëãè. Íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå ê 2007 ã. îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ôèëèíà áèîòîïû è îáíàðóæåíû ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè 21-îé ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 11 ïàð/100 êì2 (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 1999; 2009). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 22–26 ïàð, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 24% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â îáëàñòè, à íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ, áåç Ðà÷åéñêîãî áîðà – 45–55 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 50 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007; 2008; 2009). Âòîðàÿ êðóïíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà îõâàòûâàåò ñòåïíûå ðàéîíû íà êðàéíåì

plots. During the breeding season in the Samara district we observed 8 adults and 10 juveniles at 6 breeding territories. The breeding grounds of the Pygmy Owl in the Samara district are limited by the forests of the Privolzhskaya Upland and the Cheremshan river. It is possible that the isolate group inhabits the Buzuluk pine forest. The local density in the Zhiguli mountains could be as high as 2.02 pairs/km2 (averaging 1.51 pairs/km2 in the district) (table 8), however, in other forests of the district it was extremely rare or was absent at all. The number of the Pygmy Owl in the Samara district is estimated as 30–50 breeding pairs. We found no nests, only in one case, in the place where the brood was observed, we proposed that the Pygmy Owls had occupied a nest of the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) in an aspen at height of 7 m, although no direct evidence was obtained. In 2 broods we observed 2 chicks per each, and in 2 more broods – 3 per each, respectively. 9. Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula L.) A rare winter visitor of the Samara district. No records were made by us. 10. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco L.) A previously common, however, today uncommon breeding species with a negative population trend. We recorded the Tawny Owl at 9 study plots in 1998–2001. In the district territory 19 adults and 3 juveniles at 13 breeding territories were recorded, and 2 occupied nests with 7 nestlings were found. The Tawny Owl was registered in all habitats located in river valleys, with an exception for the northeast of the region and the right bank of the Volga river (table 9). In 2007–2008, the situation in the region worsened considerably, the Tawny Owl was recorded only 3 times: in park belt of Samara, and valleys of the Volga and Samara rivers. We made no records of the Tawny Owl in small forests in steppe ravines in the south of the district, where the species was relatively common in 1999. Today, the Tawny Owl in that territory has been replaced by the Ural Owl. According to the data of counts in 1998– 2000, the greatest number of the Tawny Owl was registered in flood-plain forests of the Volga river and its tributaries to the south from Samara (following data of pointcounts the density was 0.82 pairs/km2). Today, the Tawny Owl has been remained

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 þãå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà Îáùåì Ñûðòå ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,4 ïàð/100 êì2, ÷èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíåíà â 15–20 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007; 2008). Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä (ñêàë, îáðûâîâ, êðóòîñêëîíîâ áàëîê) è ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=12) 2,1–8,3 êì, â ñðåäíåì 4,49±1,96 êì íà Îáùåì Ñûðòå è (n=27) 1,4–7,8 êì, â ñðåäíåì 3,84±1,92 êì – íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. Â öåëîì ïî ýòèì äâóì ãíåçäîâûì ãðóïïèðîâêàì ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ôèëèíîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,04±1,93 êì (Ex–0,1) è áëèçêî ê íîðìàëüíîìó (K–S d=0,099, p>0,20) (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007). Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ôèëèí ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ñïîðàäè÷íî è êàêèå-ëèáî çàêîíîìåðíîñòè â ðàñïðåäåëåíèè îòñóòñòâóþò. Íà þãî-çàïàäå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íàéäåíî 5 ãí¸çä íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ 2-õ ïàð è íà 3-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû òîêóþùèå ïòèöû. ×èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 8–10 ïàð. Ãíåçäîâàíèå åù¸ 6-òè ïàð ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ íà Ñðåäíåì Ñûðòå. Â Âûñîêîì Çàâîëæüå íàéäåíû ãí¸çäà 3-õ ïàð, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,8 ïàð/100 êì2, ÷èñëåííîñòü (èñêëþ÷àÿ áîðû) îöåíåíà â 13–15 ïàð. Âåðîÿòíî, 2–3 ïàðû ôèëèíîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ ìåæäóðå÷üÿ ×àïàåâêè è Ñàìàðû, ãäå â àâãóñòå 2007 ã., â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Äîìàøêà, îáíàðóæåí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, ïðè÷¸ì, åäèíñòâåííûé â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè. Âñå âûøåóêàçàííûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ôèëèíà òÿãîòåþò ê îâðàæíîáàëî÷íîé ñåòè, êàê îáëåñ¸ííîé, òàê è îñòåïí¸ííîé, ïîýòîìó ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå ïî ïëîòíîñòè â ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ (êðóòîñêëîíû ñ îáíàæåíèÿìè ìàòåðèíñêèõ ïîðîä, îïîëçíåâûìè è ýðîçèîííûìè îáðûâàìè) íà ïëîùàäêàõ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëè íà ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ âñåé îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè â îáëàñòè (òàáë. 3). Â áîðàõ ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà â êîëè÷åñòâå 5 ïàð. Âñå âûøåïðèâåä¸ííûå äàííûå äàþò îñíîâàíèå ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè 85–110 ïàð ôèëèíîâ (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008). Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, ôèëèí â Ñà-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ only in the Volga flood-lands, in flood-plain forests of the Samara and, probably, the Kinel’ rivers, and in parks of cities. In 2000–2005, the number of Tawny Owls breeding in the Samara district was estimated as 700–1100, averaging 900 pairs, with the tendency toward reducing (Pazhenkov, Karyakin, 2007). Today we project 400–700 pairs breeding in the district, and the population trend remains negative. Two known nests were located in natural lime hollows at height of 4 and 5 m and contained the broods consisting of 3 and 4 nestlings, respectively. An empty nest on a birch at height of 4 m with a male that vocalizing nearby, was also found. In 2009, Tawny Owls occupied a nestbox, however, no successful breeding was recorded. 11. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis Pal.) A previously rare, however, now a common breeding species in the Samara district. Prior to 2007, the Ural Owl had been recorded at 20 study plots. We recorded 49 adults and 16 juveniles at 40 breeding territories and found 11 occupied nests. The Ural Owl was breeding in pine forests on terraces of the Kondurcha and Volga rivers, in the Samarskaya Luka and in Racheiskii pine forest with density of 1.1±1.1 pairs/km2 of wood land. In the Buzuluk pine forest, the density was 0.73±0.66 breeding pairs/km2 of wood land. In deciduous forests of the High Transvolga, the density was 0.11±0.02 breeding pairs/km2 of wood land (table 10). In general for the district, there was 2.85 km2 of forest per Ural Owl pair. Counts in 2007–2008 in the forest-steppe zone of the Samara district showed a significant increase in population of the Ural Owl. Particularly, on the right bank of the Kinel’ river the number of the Ural Owl has increased in 5 times for 8 years. According to the counts in 2008, the density of the Ural Owl at the study plot near village Hovy Buyan was 0.47 pairs/ km of forest: here, in four forest clusters we accounted 19 breeding territories (9 broods, 3 vocalizing pairs, and 7 vocalizing males), the nearest-neighbor distance was 0.53–4.67 km, averaging (n=15) 1.45±1.03 km. After we had carried out the activities on attracting owls into nestboxes, the number of breeding territories increased to 20, and the density increased to 0.49 pairs/km of forest. In the Kinel’ region the density was 0.49 pairs/km of forest in 2008: here, in 3 forest clusters we accounted 10 breeding territories (3

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Òàáë. 3. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 3. Results of Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) counts in the Samara district.

Ïëîùàäêà Plots 1 9 10 11 12 14 24 27 29 30 36 37 46 47 Âñåãî Total

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, Ïëîùàäü Ïëîùàäü íàñåë¸ííûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà áèîòîïîâ â áèîòîïîâ íà Êîëè÷åñòâî îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) Ñàìàðñêîé Îöåíêà ïëîùàäêàõ (êì2) ó÷ò¸ííûõ Ïëîòíîñòü Percent of plots îáëàñòè (êì2) ÷èñëåííîñòè Area of nesting ïàð (ïàð/êì2) with Eagle Owls on Area of nesting (ïàðû) Density the total number of biotopes in the Sabiotopes in plots Number of Estimated (km2) pairs (pair/km2) plots (%) mara district (km2) number (pairs) 2.20 1 0.45 1.60 1 0.63 1.50 1 0.67 50.00 44.5 22±3 1.40 1 0.71 1.50 1 0.67 2.00 1 0.50 2.50 1 0.40 3.30 1 0.30 3.50 1 0.29 71.43 115.7 58±9 3.70 1 0.27 5.70 3 0.53 5.50 4 0.73 2.20 1 0.45 2.00 1 0.50 41.1

0.5±0.15

ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè òÿãîòååò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè, âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòåïåíè å¸ îáëåñåííîñòè. Ñòåðåîòèïû ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîäðîáíî ðàññìîòðåíû â ñïåöèàëüíîé ðàáîòå àâòîðîâ î ôèëèíå â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (ñì. Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007). Êðàòêî óêàæåì, ÷òî â îáëàñòè 50% ãí¸çä ôèëèíà îáíàðóæåíî íà ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ, 34% – â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ. ×óòü ìåíåå ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ óñòðîåíî íà ñêàëàõ è îáðûâàõ â íèøàõ (45%), è òðåòü – íà ïîëêàõ è óñòóïàõ, íåçàùèù¸ííûõ ñâåðõó (31%), îñòàëüíûå – â ïîäíîæèè äåðåâüåâ, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü 8% – â ïðèêîðíåâûõ íèøàõ, çàêðûòûõ ñâåðõó. Íèçêàÿ äîëÿ ïîñëåäíåãî òèïà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíà ñ òðóäíîñòüþ èõ ïîèñêà. Èç íåòèïè÷íûõ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ãíåçäî â Ñóñêàíñêîì ðûáõîçå, êîòîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ïîäíîæèè òîïîëÿ, ñðåäè àáñîëþòíî ðîâíîé ìåñòíîñòè, â íåáîëüøîì êîëêå ñðåäè òðîñòíèêîâûõ çàéìèù. Ôèëèíîâ íà êëàäêàõ ñòàðàëèñü íå áåñïîêîèòü. Åäèíñòâåííàÿ îñìîòðåííàÿ êëàäêà ñîäåðæàëà 2 ÿéöà. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ óäàëîñü ñîñ÷èòàòü ëèøü â 19-òè âûâîäêàõ. Áîëüøèíñòâî âûâîäêîâ ñîäåðæàëè 2 (42,1%) è 3 (36,8%) ïòåíöà. Ïî 1 è 4 ïòåíöà áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â 10% âûâîäêîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî

160.2

80±12

broods, 4 vocalizing pairs, and 3 vocalizing males), the nearest-neighbor distance was 0.9–2.52 km, averaging (n=8) 1.38±0.61 km. After we had carried out the activities on attracting owls into nestboxes, the number of breeding territories increased to 14, and the density increased to 0.67 pairs/km of forest. A total of 2000–2600, averaging 2300 pairs were estimated to breed in the district in 2000–2005, with the tendency towards an increase (Pazhenkov, Karyakin, 2007). Modern estimation of the number of the Ural Owls in the Samara region is 4200–5100 breeding pairs, averaging 4600 pairs, with a stable tendency towards the population increase (Karyakin, Pazhenkov, 2008). Before the activities on attracting owls into nestboxes were carried out in the Samara district, we had recorded 14 occupied nests of the Ural Owl, 7 of those were located in nests of Accipitridae, 6 were located in natural tree hollows, and 1 – in a nestbox for the Goldeneye. The hosts for nest-usurping owls were mainly the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) – 6 nests. Of 7 nests found in nests of Accipitridae, 4 were located on pines and 3, on birches. The nests in natural hollows were located in limes at a height of 4–8 m.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå – 2,47±0,84. Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî è êëàäêè ôèëèíà â îáëàñòè ñîñòîÿò â îñíîâíîì èç 2–3-õ ÿèö. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Ðàáîòà ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ôèëèíà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îáû÷íûì ëèøü â óçêîé ïîëîñå Âîëæñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ è â îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ Îáùåãî Ñûðòà íà êðàéíåì þãî-çàïàäå îáëàñòè. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè âèä ðåäîê ëèáî êðàéíå ðåäîê, îñîáåííî â ïîëîñå þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè, ìåæäó ðåêàìè Ñàìàðà è Ñîê, íåñìîòðÿ íà íàëè÷èå ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò íå âûÿâëåíî, íàîáîðîò, â ðÿäå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçðóõîé â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå, íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðûé ðîñò åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Íåñîìíåííî, ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà îáóñëîâëåí ïðåêðàùåíèåì âûïàñà â ñòåïíîé çîíå, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ñîêðàòèëñÿ ôàêòîð áåñïîêîéñòâà è ðåçêî óïàëà ÷èñëåííîñòü îñíîâíûõ ïèùåâûõ êîíêóðåíòîâ – ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) è êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus). Â òî æå âðåìÿ, çàðàñòàíèå ïàñòáèù âåä¸ò ê îñêóäåíèþ êîðìîâîé áàçû, à çàêóñòàðèâàíèå áàëîê, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè âûïàñà, ïðèâîäèò ê ñíèæåíèþ èõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíîñòè äëÿ ôèëèíà. Âîçìîæíî, â áóäóùåì ýòè ïðîöåññû ïðèâåäóò ê íåêîòîðîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà, íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, êàê ìèíèìóì íà Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è Îáùåì Ñûðòå, ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ôèëèíîì áëàãîïîëó÷íà. Îïòèìèçì âñåëÿåò è òî, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåçêîå óâåëè÷åíèå ðåêðåàöèîííîé íàãðóçêè íà òåððèòîðèþ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè, ôèëèí ïðîäîëæàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ çäåñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, âûÿâëåííûõ 10 ëåò íàçàä. Èç ñîâðåìåííûõ óãðîç îñíîâíàÿ – ðàçâèòèå íåôòåäîáûâàþùåãî êîìïëåêñà. Ðàçâåäêà, à ñëåäîì è äîáû÷à íåôòè, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (íåóäîáüÿõ), ÷òî âåä¸ò ê óíè÷òîæåíèþ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Ðàçâèòèå èíôðàñòðóêòóðû ËÝÏ, íå îñíàù¸ííûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè ñîîðóæåíèÿìè, âåä¸ò ê ãèáåëè ôèëèíîâ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì. Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ôèëèíà íàñóùíî íåîáõîäèìî çàïðåùåíèå îñâîåíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà Îáùåì Ñûðòå è Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè: ñîçäàíèå çàêàçíèêà «Ñèíèé Ñûðò», êîòîðûé áûë ñïðîåê-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ After the project on attracting Ural Owls into nestboxes had been started, 23 pairs were registered breeding in nestboxes (27 records of breeding in 2008–2009). Before the project on attracting Ural Owls into nestboxes in the Samara district started, the average size of broods, that were found in natural nests, 2.85±0.69 nestlings (n=10; range2–4 nestlings). In 2009, it 2.71±1.44 nestlings (n=14; range 1–6) in nestboxes; and 2.2±1.3 nestlings (n=5; range 1–4) in natural nests (Karyakin et. al, 2009). Conclusion Over the period of more than 10 years, no negative trends in owl populations connected with anthropogenic exploitation of the territory of the Samara district have been revealed. The only species with rather rapidly decreasing population is the Tawny Owl, however, the reduction of population is based on direct concurrence with the Ural Owl, whose number is growing rapidly. Today, it is being decided whether “one should interfere into the process of reduction of the Tawny Owl and try to increase its number on the territories uninhabited by the Ural Owl yet”.

Ïòåíöû ôèëèíà â ãíåçäîâûõ íèøàõ. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Nestlings of the Eagle Owl in the nests. Photos by A. Pazhenkov.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

òèðîâàí åù¸ â 1994 ã., íî òàê è íå ñîçäàí äî ñèõ ïîð, ñîçäàíèå ïàìÿòíèêîâ ïðèðîäû «Êàøïèðñêàÿ ñòåïü», «Êóáðèíñêàÿ ñòåïü», «Ïîäâàëüñêèå ÿðû», «Àêòàøñêèå ÿðû» è «Ëåâàøîâñêàÿ ñòåïü» (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007). 3. Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ (Asio otus L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà áûëà è îñòà¸òñÿ íàèáîëåå îáû÷íîé ñîâîé Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Êóëàåâà, 1977; Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990). Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà óêàçûâàåòñÿ êàê î÷åíü ðåäêàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïòèöà (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999), ÿâëÿåòñÿ çäåñü îáû÷íîé, è ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ïðåâûøàåò ÷èñëåííîñòü äðóãèõ ñîâ, ëèøü ìåñòàìè óñòóïàÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà âñòðå÷åíà íàìè íà 42-õ ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè íàáëþäàëèñü 126 âçðîñëûõ è 107 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 105-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 50 æèëûõ ãí¸çä. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â îñòðîâíûõ ëåñàõ Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ, â ñðåäíåì, â êîëè÷åñòâå 2,1 ïàð/êì îïóøêè. Â áîðàõ è â òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ðóáêàìè ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ïî âîäîðàçäåëàì ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî âíåøíèì îïóøêàì è âäîëü îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ âíóòðè ëåñà â êîëè÷åñòâå 0,9 ïàð/êì îïóøêè. Â ëåñîïîëîñàõ þæíîé ïîëîâèíû îáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ â êîëè÷åñòâå 1,3 ïàð/êì ëåñîïîëîñ (ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 5,57±0,13 ïàð/êì2 ëåñîïîëîñ). Â ïîéìàõ ðåê ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äîñòèãàåò 2 ïàð/êì2, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 1,14±0,38 ïàð/ êì2 (òàáë. 4). Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè íà êàæäóþ ïàðó óøàñòûõ ñîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ 0,94 êì2 ëåñà è îêîëî 43% ñîâ ãíåçäèòñÿ â èñêóññòâåííûõ ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿõ, íå âõîäÿùèõ â ëåñíîé ôîíä. Ñïëîøíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ÿâíî èçáåãàåò, ÷òî òàêæå çàìå÷åíî è â ñîñåäíåé Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Êîðåïîâ è äð., 2005). Â ãîäû îáèëèÿ ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñåðûõ ïîë¸âîê (Microtus sp.), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî êîíöåíòðèðîâàííî, â 40–80 ì ïàðà îò ïàðû. Ïîäîáíîå íàáëþäàëîñü â 1997 ã. íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå, â 1998 ã. â Âûñîêîì Çàâîëæüå è â 2000 ã. â Âîëæñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â Ðàäèùåâñêîì ðàéîíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå èþëÿ 2000 ã. íà 1 êì îïóøêè ëåñà ó÷èòûâàëè äî 5-òè âûâîäêîâ óøàñòûõ ñîâ (Êîðåïîâ è äð., 2005). Â íîðìå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ñî-

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus). Ôîòî Å. Êîòåëåâñêîãî. Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus). Photo by E. Kotelevsky.

ñòàâëÿåò 0,3–0,8 êì, â ñðåäíåì 0,46 êì. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 7000–14000, â ñðåäíåì 11000 ïàð. ×èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð óøàñòûõ ñîâ ñóùåñòâåííî çàâèñèò îò ÷èñëåííîñòè è äîñòóïíîñòè ñåðûõ ïîë¸âîê è ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, â 3–5 ðàç. Ñèëüíûå ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè íå ïîçâîëÿþò òî÷íî âûÿâèòü îáùèå òåíäåíöèè, íî åñòü ìíåíèå, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò ÷èñëåííîñòü óøàñòîé ñîâû ñîêðàùàåòñÿ â çîíå àêòèâíîãî ðàññåëåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè è ÿñòðåáà-òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis). Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ãíåçäèòñÿ âî âñåõ òèïàõ ëåñà, âêëþ÷àÿ èñêóññòâåííûå ëåñîíàñàæäåíèÿ (ëåñîïîëîñû, ïîñàäêè). Ãíåçäèòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ, à òàêæå â èâíÿêàõ ïî áàëêàì íà Îáùåì Ñûðòå. Â îáëàñòè îáíàðóæåíî 50 æèëûõ ãí¸çä (45 â ïîñòðîéêàõ âðàíîâûõ è 5 â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ). Â ëåñîïîëîñàõ è ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ñòåïíûõ ðåê óøàñòàÿ ñîâà ïðåäïî÷èòàåò çàíèìàòü ãí¸çäà ñîðîê (Pica pica), ðåæå ãðà÷åé (Corvus frugilegus) è âîðîí (Corvus cornix). Â áåçëåñíûõ ðàéîíàõ èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ãðà÷åé è ãàëîê (Corvus monedula) íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ è áåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (3 èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäà). Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè ãí¸çäà ñîðîê, çàíÿòûõ óøàñòîé ñîâîé, ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò (68%) ñðåäè ïîñòðîåê îñòàëüíûõ âèäîâ, îäíàêî, ïî ìåðå ïðîäâèæåíèÿ íà

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 4. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ óøàñòîé ñîâû (Asio otus) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 4. Results of Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) counts in the Samara district.

Ïëîùàäêà Plots Áèîòîïû / Biotopes

Ïëîùàäü (êì2) Area (km2)

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü Êîëè÷åñòâî (êì2)* ó÷ò¸ííûõ Ïëîòíîñòü Count ïàð (ïàð/êì2) area Number of Density (km2)* pairs (pair/km2)

Áîð / Pine forest

4.70

1.3

0.77

--“--

1.80

1.3

1.49

--“--

13.94

3.0

1.00

--“--

1.75

2.2

0.91

--“--

2.72

1.0

1.00

--“--

3.59

1.3

0.76

--“--

0.45

1.1

0.93

--“--

1.16

0.9

1.11

Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Broadleaved forest

2.84

1.5

1.32

--“--

0.63

0.4

2.50

Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ Mixed forest

1.68

0.7

3.03

--“--

1.73

0.5

3.85

--“--

0.65

0.5

4.00

--“--

3.63

0.9

3.45

--“--

1.17

0.5

4.00

--“--

12.30

1.9

2.08

Ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà ïî áàëêàì Ravine deciduous forests

6.34

1.2

3.33

--“--

2.37

3.5

2.03

--“--

4.61

1.6

2.50

--“--

15.42

0.9

2.26

--“--

9.53

1.8

1.14

--“--

9.78

1.5

2.03

--“--

6.82

3.1

1.28

--“--

15.37

2.1

1.88

--“--

9.46

1.4

2.14

--“--

6.91

1.0

2.00

--“--

23.51

5.4

1.30

--“--

38.13

6.0

0.83

--“--

92.40

4.3

0.94

Óðåìà / Flood forest

12.62

0.5

1.90

--“--

7.28

2.0

1.00

--“--

3.80

1.7

0.59

--“--

4.68

1.0

1.00

--“--

5.59

3.4

1.17

--“--

6.42

1.5

1.33

--“--

2.28

1.0

1.00

Áîëîòî / Bog

21.67

4.9

0.21

--“--

8.20

6.8

0.30

--“--

5.49

2.8

0.36

Ëåñîïîëîñà / Forest line

2.35

0.9

5.56

--“--

3.68

0.6

5.45

--“--

4.50

0.7

5.71

383.95

80.39

109

1.94±1.43

Âñåãî / Total

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, Ïëîùàäü íàñåë¸ííûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà áèîòîïîâ â îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Percent of plots (êì2) with Long-Eared Area of nesting Owls on the total biotopes in the Sanumber of plots (%) mara district (km2)

100

223.47

100

595.96

92.86

3004.99

87.5

698.81

60.0

151.92

100

478.06

* – Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (Su=L*B): äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (L) = 355,79 êì, øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû (B) = 0,21±0,05. * – Count area (Su=L*B): rout lengths (L) = 355.79 km, width of count transect (B) = 0.21±0.05.

5153.21

Raptor Research

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

223±36

1804±408

5470±1150

798±194

44±13

2665±71 11004±1873

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ñåâåð è óâåëè÷åíèÿ ëåñèñòîñòè, ðîëü âîðîíû, êàê ïîñòàâùèêà ãí¸çä äëÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû, ñóùåñòâåííî âîçðàñòàåò. Â ïîëíûõ êëàäêàõ óøàñòîé ñîâû â îáëàñòè íàáëþäàëîñü (n=39) îò 3 äî 7 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì 4,97±1,09. Êëàäêè èç 5-òè ÿèö (38,5%) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò. Ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð êëàäîê óøàñòîé ñîâû â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áëèçîê ê ñðåäíåìó ðàçìåðó êëàäîê â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 5,0 ÿèö (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), íî íåñêîëüêî ìåíüøå òàêîâîãî â Çàóðàëüå – 6,1 ÿèö (Êîðîâèí, 2004). Êëàäîê â 8–9 ÿèö, èçâåñòíûõ â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; Êîðîâèí, 2004), â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íàìè íå îòìå÷åíî. Â âûâîäêàõ îò 1 äî 6 ïòåíöîâ. Â 15-òè âûâîäêàõ, â êîòîðûõ óäàëîñü ñîñ÷èòàòü âñåõ ïòåíöîâ íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè ðàçâèòèÿ, áûëî 3–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì 4,47±0,99. Âûâîäêè â 5 ïòåíöîâ (40%) ÿâíî äîìèíèðîâàëè. Ïîêàçàòåëè íåñêîëüêî âûøå òàêîâûõ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ãäå â âûâîäêàõ óøàñòîé ñîâû â ñðåäíåì 4,4 ïòåíöà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ÷òî, âèäèìî, ñâÿçàíî ñ ìåíüøèì åñòåñòâåííûì îòõîäîì ïòåíöîâ. Â õîäå ó÷¸òà ñë¸òêîâ ïî èõ âîêàëèçàöèè (n=28) óäàâàëîñü ðåãèñòðèðîâàòü îò 1 äî 5 êðè÷àùèõ ìîëîäûõ, â ñðåäíåì 2,79±1,07. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (39,3%) ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü ïî 3 âîêàëèçèðóþùèõ ñë¸òêà íà ó÷àñòêå, ÷òî ìåíüøå, ÷åì â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 3,5 ñë¸òêà â âûâîäêå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñ òåì, ÷òî îáû÷íî ó÷¸ò âîêàëèçèðóþùèõ ñë¸òêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïðîõîäèë ïîçæå îïòèìàëüíîãî ïåðèîäà, êîãäà ñòàðøèå ïòåíöû â âûâîäêàõ óæå ïðåêðàùàëè êðè÷àòü. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Âèä äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí – íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëèøü ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî ãîäàì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè è äîñòóïíîñòè êîðìîâîé áàçû. Òàêæå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ãèáåëü óøàñòûõ ñîâ íà ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ, îäíàêî å¸ óðîâåíü íåçíà÷èòåëåí, õîòÿ, ïî ìíåíèþ À.Â. Ñàëòûêîâà (2003), ýòà ñîâà îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïòèöàì ïåðâîé ãðóïïû ðèñêà, ïîãèáàþùèõ íà ËÝÏ ÷àùå äðóãèõ. Â ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ, ïòåíöû, ïîêèäàþùèå ãí¸çäà, ÷àñòî ñèäÿò íà çåìëå, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ñòàíîâÿòñÿ äîáû÷åé ïàñòóøüèõ ñîáàê è ëèñèö, íî ãèáåëü ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå òàêæå íåçíà÷èòåëüíà. Ïðèìåíåíèå ðîäåíòèöèäîâ ìîæåò ïàãóáíî ñêàçûâàòüñÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèÿõ óøàñòûõ ñîâ, íî ïðè ñîâðåìåííîé ñèòóàöèè â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå âðÿä ëè ñëåäóåò âñåðü¸ç îïàñàòüñÿ âëèÿíèÿ ýòîãî ôàêòîðà. Â áåçëåñíûõ ðàéîíàõ ìîæíî äîáèâàòü-

Âûâîäîê (ââåðõó) è êëàäêà (âíèçó) óøàñòîé ñîâû. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Brood (upper) and clutch (bottom) of the LongEared Owl. Photos by A. Levashkin.

ñÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ïóò¸ì óñòðîéñòâà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Èìååò ñìûñë íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ãäå ïðîâîäèëèñü ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009), ñôîðìèðîâàòü ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíóþ ñåòü èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû, è âåñòè ìîíèòîðèíã çà îáîèìè âèäàìè, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü èõ âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ â çîíå êîíòàêòà ïëîòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. 4. Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus Pont.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà áûëà îáû÷íîé ïòèöåé Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ è âñòðå÷àëàñü äàæå ÷àùå, ÷åì óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Ðóçñêèé, 1893; Êóëàåâà, 1977). Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 70–80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà âñòðå÷àëàñü íå ðåæå óøàñòîé (Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990). Â íàñòîÿ-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ùåå âðåìÿ âèä îáû÷åí â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, îäíàêî íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòü àíàëîãè÷íà ÷èñëåííîñòè óøàñòîé ñîâû. Äàæå â ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà óñòóïàåò ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè óøàñòîé, õîòÿ, â ñâÿçè ñ ïîëíîé äåãðàäàöèåé ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ðàñò¸ò. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì âûãëÿäÿò ñîìíèòåëüíûìè óòâåðæäåíèÿ îá îáû÷íîñòè áîëîòíîé ñîâû â ïèê îñâîåíèÿ ñòåïè. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, ýòî çàáëóæäåíèå âûçâàíî òåì, ÷òî áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà áîëåå çàìåòíà è ÷àñòî ïîïàäàëàñü íà ãëàçà èññëåäîâàòåëÿì â õîäå ýêñêóðñèé ïî îòêðûòûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì, â òîì ÷èñëå è â äíåâíîå âðåìÿ. Íà ýòî æå îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà óêàçû-

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus). Ôîòî Å. Êîòåëåâñêîãî. Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus). Photo by E. Kotelevsky.

Òàáë. 5. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ áîëîòíîé ñîâû (Asio flammeus) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 5. Results of Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus) counts in the Samara district.

Ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäêè (êì2) Area of plot (km2)

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (êì2)* Count area (km2)*

Êîëè÷åñòâî ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïàð Number of pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/ êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè) Density (pair/ km2 count area)

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, Ïëîùàäü íàñåë¸ííûõ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà áèîòîïîâ â îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Percent of plots with (êì2) Short-Eared Owls on Area of nesting bithe total number of otopes in the Samara plots (%) district (km2)

Ïëîùàäêà Plots

Áèîòîïû Biotopes

Áîëîòî Bog

21.67

6.48

0.15

--“--

8.2

6.75

0.15

--“--

5.49

5.55

0.18

--“--

26.5

8.00

0.25

Çàëåæü Old field

8.54

5.09

0.59

Ñòåïü Steppe

3.16

4.05

0.49

Îâðàæíîáàëî÷íàÿ ñèñòåìà System of ravines

4.61

2.40

0.42

--“--

38.13

6.00

0.83

--“--

92.4

6.80

0.88

--“--

9.53

2.64

0.38

--“--

9.78

3.70

0.27

--“--

15.37

2.55

0.39

243.4

60.01

0.42±0.25

2793.8

Äëèíà (êì) Length (km)

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (êì2)** Count area (km2)**

Êîëè÷åñòâî ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïàð Number of pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/ êì2 ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè) Density (pair/ km2 count area)

Ïëîùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (êì2) Area of habitats in the Samara district (km2)

5754.54

690.54

0.017

47009

Âñåãî / Total

Àâòîìàðøðóòû Auto routes 1

100

253.2

100

1527.15

42.86

1013.4

* – Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü íà ïëîùàäêàõ (Su=L*B): äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (L) = 159,8 êì, øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû (B) = 0,38±0,08. * – Count area on plots (Su=L*B): rout lengths (L) = 159.8 km, width of count transect (B) = 0.38±0.08. ** – Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü íà àâòîìàðøðóòàõ (Su=L*B): äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (L) = 5754,54 êì, øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû (B) = 0,12±0,11. ** – Count area on auto routes (Su=L*B): rout lengths (L) = 5754.54 km, width of count transect (B) = 0.12±0.11.

Raptor Research

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

46±10

828±144

536±211

1410±365 Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs) 817

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 âàåòñÿ êàê ðåäêàÿ ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïòèöà, íî â òî æå âðåìÿ áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííàÿ, ÷åì óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999). Â çàïîâåäíèêå ñóùåñòâóåò ÿâíûé ëèìèò ìåñò, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, è áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â çàïîâåäíèêå ëèøü íà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäüÿõ âîêðóã íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ íå¸ áèîòîïîâ â 16 ðàç ìåíüøå, ÷åì äëÿ óøàñòîé ñîâû. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ è â ñîñåäíåé, Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ïðàâèëüíîñòü îòíåñåíèÿ Ã.Í. Öàð¸âûì (1993) áîëîòíîé ñîâû ê ñàìûì îáû÷íûì íî÷íûì õèùíèêàì îáëàñòè ïîñòàâëåíà ïîä ñîìíåíèå Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâûì ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005). Íàìè áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà âñòðå÷åíà íà 13-òè ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 50 âçðîñëûõ è 16 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 33-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (26 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ – íà ïëîùàäêàõ). Â Âûñîêîì Çàâîëæüå áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà â 3–12 ðàç óñòóïàåò ïî ïëîòíîñòè óøàñòîé. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò íà þãî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè, ãäå â ñòåïè è íà ìíîãîëåòíèõ çàëåæàõ, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ ê îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè, ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,83–0,88 ïàð/êì2. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè íà ïàðó áîëîòíûõ ñîâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ 9,9 êì2 óñëîâíî ñòåïíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (â òàêèõ áèîòîïàõ ãíåçäèòñÿ 72% áîëîòíûõ ñîâ). Â èíûõ òèïàõ áèîòîïîâ ïëîòíîñòü ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò îò 0,15 äî 0,59 ïàð/êì2 (òàáë. 5). Îêîëî 70% áîëîòíûõ ñîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Ñàìàðñêóþ îáëàñòü, ãíåçäèòñÿ â ñòåïíîì Çàâîëæüå. Ïëîòíîñòü, êîòîðàÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ â «ìûøèíûå» ãîäû â Çàóðàëüå – äî 1–2 ïàð/1 êì2 (Êîðîâèí, 2004; íàøè äàííûå), íàìè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íå îòìå÷åíà. Ïîñëå êðàõà ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà â íà÷àëå 90-õ ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëîòíîé ñîâû íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè ñóùåñòâåííî âûðîñëà è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 1000–1900, â ñðåäíåì 1400 ïàð. Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íå óäàëîñü ïîïàñòü â ãîäû ìèíèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ â ñòåïíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ, è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, íå óäàëîñü ïðîñëåäèòü ïðåäåëüíîé ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëîòíîé ñîâû. Îäíàêî îáùåèçâåñòíî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëîòíîé ñîâû, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîðìîâîé áàçû, ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ â íåñêîëüêî ðàç. Â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå îòìå÷åíà ëîêàëüíàÿ ôëóêòóàöèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè â 3–15 ðàç (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; Øåïåëü, 1992), îäíàêî, â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó, ÷èñëåííîñòü èçìåíÿëàñü â 2 ðàçà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Â Ñåâåðíîì Êàçàõ-

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà, ñáèòàÿ ìàøèíîé. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Short-Eared Owl who has been brought down by car. Photo by I. Karyakin.

ñòàíå â ñåðåäèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ îòìå÷àëîñü èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëîòíîé ñîâû â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ â 50 ðàç (Îñìîëîâñêàÿ, 1949). Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ãíåçäèòñÿ áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà íà çåìëå. Íàñåëÿåò òðàâÿíûå ñîîáùåñòâà ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà, âêëþ÷àÿ àãðîöåíîçû, íî ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ñòåïü, ÷àñòî ïîðîñøóþ êóñòàðíèêàìè è âûñîêîòðàâüåì. Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿåòñÿ ïî çàëåæàì. Â ïèê ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðûõ ïîë¸âîê ãíåçäèòñÿ íà ñòåðíå, îäíàêî óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çäåñü êðàéíå íèçêèé, òàê êàê âî âðåìÿ ðàñïàøêè è óáîðêè áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä ãèáíåò â ðåçóëüòàòå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ èõ òåõíèêîé. ×àñòàÿ ãèáåëü ãí¸çä íà êóëüòèâèðóåìûõ ïîëÿõ îòìå÷àåòñÿ ìíîãèìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè (Èëüè÷åâ, Ôîìèí, 1988; Øåïåëü, 1992; Êîðîâèí, 2004). Â êëàäêàõ áîëîòíîé ñîâû íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îáíàðóæåíî (n=13) îò 4 äî 9 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì 7,0±1,58. Íåë¸òíûå âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿò (n=19) èç 3–9 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì 6,11±1,82. Â ë¸òíûõ âûâîäêàõ ìû ðåãèñòðèðîâàëè ëèøü ïî 3 è 4 ñë¸òêà. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Âèä äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí – íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëèøü ôëóêòóàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî ãîäàì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ÷èñëåííîñòè è äîñòóïíîñòè êîðìîâîé áàçû. Ïðè ñîâðåìåííîé ñèòóàöèè â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå â îáëàñòè áîëîòíîé ñîâå íè÷åãî íå óãðîæàåò. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ãèáåëü ãí¸çä â ðåçóëüòàòå âåñåííèõ ïàëîâ, ïðè óáîðêå óðîæàÿ è ïî âèíå ïàñòóøüèõ ñîáàê íà ïàñòáèùàõ. Äîñòàòî÷íî ìíîãî ïòèö ãèáíåò íà àâòî-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

òðàññàõ, îñîáåííî ñë¸òêîâ, êîòîðûå â àâãóñòå äîáûâàþò íà àñôàëüòå ñàðàí÷îâûõ. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ òàêæå ýïèçîäè÷åñêàÿ ãèáåëü ñîâ íà ËÝÏ è â ðåçóëüòàòå îòðàâëåíèÿ. 5. Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Â ïðîøëîì ñïëþøêà áûëà äîâîëüíî îáû÷íà â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ Âîëãè (Ýâåðñìàíí, 1866), îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè âñå å¸ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ çäåñü óíè÷òîæåíû âîäîõðàíèëèùàìè. Â ñîñåäíåé Òàòàðèè ÷èñëåííîñòü ñïëþøêè ñóùåñòâåííî ñíèçèëàñü â 50–70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ è â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí å¸ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ëåæèò çàòîïëåíèå ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ Êóéáûøåâñêèì è Íèæíåêàìñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùàìè (Ðàõèìîâ, 2006). Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè åù¸ íåäàâíî, â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä, ñïëþøêà ñ÷èòàëàñü ðåäêîé (Áîðîäèí, 1994), îäíàêî â 1996–2000 ãã. íà þãå îáëàñòè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òåððèòîðèè ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïòèö – ñ îäíîé òî÷êè ìîæíî áûëî óñëûøàòü äî 11 ñîâîê èëè îòìåòèòü äî ñåìè ïòèö íà 1 êì ìàðøðóòà, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî

Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Scops Owl (Otus scops). Photo by I. Karyakin.

÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ îáëàñòè îöåíåíà êàê ìèíèìóì â 1000 ïàð (äî 2500 ïàð) (Áîðîäèí, 2004; Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Ïî ìíåíèþ Ì.Ñ. Ãîðåëîâà ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1990) ñïëþøêà ÿâëÿëàñü îäíîé èç ñàìûõ ðåäêèõ ñîâ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïîçæå ïðåäëîæåíà â

Òàáë. 6. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ ñïëþøêè (Otus scops) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 6. Results of Scops Owl (Otus scops) counts in the Samara district.

Äëèíà Øèðèíà Êîëè÷åñòâî Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/ ìàðøðóòîâ ó÷¸òíîé Ó÷¸òíàÿ ó÷ò¸ííûõ êì2 îáùåé (êì) ïîëîñû (êì) ïëîùàäü (êì2) ïàð ïëîùàäè) Route Width of count Count area Number of Density (pair/km2 lengths (km) transect (km) (km2) pairs total area)

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/ êì2 ó÷åòíîé ïëîùàäè) Density (pair/km2 count area)

Ïëîùàäêà Plots

Áèîòîïû Biotopes

Áîð / Pine forest

6.50

0.15

0.98

0.21

1.03

--“--

20.00

0.12

2.40

0.07

0.42

--“--

6.60

0.12

0.79

0.28

1.26

Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Broadleaved forest

7.59

0.20

1.52

1.76

3.29

Ëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Deciduous forest

7.40

0.10

0.74

0.10

1.35

Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ Mixed forest

3.30

0.30

0.99

0.60

1.01

--“--

2.50

0.25

0.63

1.54

1.60

--“--

5.80

0.20

1.16

0.55

1.72

--“--

2.50

0.08

0.20

0.85

5.00

Îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines

11.50

0.04

0.46

0.42

2.17

--“--

8.00

0.10

0.80

0.22

1.25

--“--

5.00

0.13

0.65

0.29

3.08

--“--

17.00

0.16

2.72

0.03

1.10

Óð¸ìà / Flood forest

6.50

0.12

0.78

0.28

2.56

--“--

3.50

0.22

0.77

0.16

2.60

--“--

8.50

0.13

1.11

1.32

4.52

--“--

13.70

0.15

2.06

2.33

6.33

135.89

0.15±0.07

18.74

0.65±0.68

2.37±1.63

Âñåãî / Total

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 Êðàñíóþ êíèãó îáëàñòè â êàòåãîðèè 5/B â êà÷åñòâå óñëîâíî ðåäêîãî âèäà ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ, êîëåáëþùåéñÿ ïî ãîäàì: âñòðå÷åíà â Áóçóëóêñêîì è Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðàõ, à òàêæå â ëåñàõ 9-òè ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ îáëàñòè; â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ 2–3 ïàðû ðåãóëÿðíî ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Æèãóë¸âñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå (Ëåáåäåâà è äð., 2007). Â õîäå íàøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ñïëþøêà îáíàðóæåíà íà 19-òè ïëîùàäêàõ (òàáë. 6). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âñòðå÷åíî 67 ñïëþøåê: 36 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöîâ è 6 âûâîäêîâ. Íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Íàñåëÿåò ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû ëåñà, ïðåäïî÷èòàÿ óðåìû è øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå îñòðîâíûå ëåñà îâðàæíîáàëî÷íîé ñåòè Çàâîëæüÿ. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàåòñÿ â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ, ñðåäíÿÿ – â øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè è áîðàõ, è ìèíèìàëüíàÿ – â áåð¸çîâûõ è îñèíîâûõ ëåñàõ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íîé ñåòè (òàáë. 6). Ëåñîïîëîñ èçáåãàåò. Âíóòðè êðóïíûõ ìàññèâîâ ëåñà íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ ñïëþøêà îòñóòñòâóåò, íàñåëÿÿ òîëüêî íåîñâîåííóþ ïðèîïóøå÷íóþ ÷àñòü ñ ìàêñèìàëüíûì îáèëèåì â øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ – 2,6 ïàð/êì (â ñîñíîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, íàñåë¸ííûõ âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) Percent of plots with Scops Owls on the total number of plots (%)

Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (êì2) Area of nesting biotopes in the Samara district (km2)

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

37.5

66.75

168.00

553

353.50

477

57.1

112.00

261

28.6

278.57

529

267.50

1070

45.5

1246.32

2950±750

ëåñàõ – 1,8 ïàð/êì, â áîðàõ – 1,1 ïàð/êì, â ìåëêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ – 0,3 ïàð/êì). Íàøè ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïî Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îêàçàëèñü íèæå, ÷åì â Óëüÿíîâñêîé, ãäå â õîäå ìàéñêèõ ó÷¸òîâ â ÷åòûð¸õ ïóíêòàõ ñòàðîêóëàòêèíñêèõ äóáðàâ ó÷òåíî îò 28 äî 70 îñîáåé íà 100 ãà (Áîðîäèí, 2004). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ïëîòíîñòü è ÷èñëåííîñòü ñïëþøêè ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê ÷èñëåííîñòè, íàáëþäàþùåéñÿ â Áàøêèðèè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Áëèæàéøèå ê Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ëåñà íà âîñòîêå, ãäå ïëîòíîñòü ñïëþøêè ñòîëü æå âûñîêà, – Îêòÿáðüñêèé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ íà ãðàíèöå Áàøêèðèè è Òàòàðèè. ×èñëåííîñòü ñïëþøêè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 2200– 3700 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Ñóäÿ ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ÷èñëåííîñòü ñïëþøêè äîâîëüíî ñèëüíî ôëóêòóèðóåò ïî ãîäàì, îäíàêî äëÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè òàêèå ôëóêòóàöèè íå îòìå÷åíû. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ñïëþøêà â îáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â äóïëàõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, åñòåñòâåííûõ. Âñå 3 èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â åñòåñòâåííûõ äóïëàõ ëèïû (2) è îëüõè (1) íà âûñîòå 4–6 ì. Â íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ 6-òè âûâîäêàõ áûëî 2–4 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì 3,17±0,75. Ãí¸çäà ñïëþøêè â ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê èç ïðåäåëîâ îáëàñòè íàì íå èçâåñòíû. Ïî äàííûì Ã.Ï. Ëåáåäåâîé ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2007) â ñåðåäèíå 60-õ ãã. ÕÕ âåêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî íàéäåíî 6 ãí¸çä ñïëþøêè, â êîíöå 70-õ ãã. – 5 ãí¸çä, â ñåðåäèíå 80-õ ãã. – 10 ãí¸çä, â íà÷àëå 90-õ ãã. – 4 ãíåçäà, îäíàêî ïîäðîáíîñòè ýòèõ íàõîäîê íåèçâåñòíû. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Ïðè ñîâðåìåííîé ñèòóàöèè â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå â îáëàñòè ñïëþøêå íè÷åãî íå óãðîæàåò, òàê êàê îñíîâíîé óùåðá èì íàíîñèò ëèøü õèìèçàöèÿ ýòèõ îòðàñëåé. Î÷àãè âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ñïëþøêè ñâÿçàíû ñî ñòàðûìè øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî äóáðàâàìè, ïîýòîìó ñîõðàííîñòü òàêèõ ëåñîâ ïîçâîëèò ñîõðàíèòü âèä â îáëàñòè. Âîçìîæíî óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñïëþøêè â ìîëîäûõ ëåñàõ ïóò¸ì óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ è äóïëÿíîê. 6. Ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé (Aegolius funereus L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Â Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîì êðàå ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ íàõîäèòñÿ íà þæíîé ãðàíèöå ãíåçäî-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 7. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à (Aegolius funereus) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 7. Results of Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) counts in the Samara district.

Äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (êì) Route lengths (km)

Øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû (êì) Width of count transect (km)

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (êì2) Count area (km2)

6.7

0.2

1.34

0.75

0.3

6.00

0.33

6.6

0.2

1.32

0.76

5.4

0.3

1.62

0.62

7.5

0.2

1.50

1.33

0.3

0.60

1.67

48.2

0.25±0.05

12.38

0.91±0.49

Ïëîùàäêà Plots 8

Âñåãî Total

Ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé (Aegolius funereus). Ôîòî Å. Ãîðèíîâà. Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus). Photo by E. Gorinov.

Êîëè÷åñòâî ó÷ò¸ííûõ Ïëîòíîñòü ïàð (ïàð/êì2) Density Number of pairs (pair/km2)

âîãî àðåàëà, áûë âñåãäà íåìíîãî÷èñëåí, ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àëñÿ ëèøü íà ñåâåðå, â çîíå òà¸æíûõ ëåñîâ (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Ðóçñêèé, 1893; Êóëàåâà, 1977). Â Òàòàðèè áîëüøèíñòâî âñòðå÷ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî â ìåæäóðå÷üå Êàìû è Âîëãè íà ñåâåðå ðåñïóáëèêè, à â þæíîé ïîëîâèíå ðåñïóáëèêè èçâåñòíû ëèøü 2 âñòðå÷è, îäíà èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäîâàÿ, â ëåñàõ Áóãóëüìèíñêî-Áåëåáååâñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999; Ðàõèìîâ, 2006). Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ îñåíüþ è çèìîé, îäíàêî èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ñîîáùåíèé î íàáëþäåíèÿõ ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à â ïåðèîä ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè (Áîðîäèí, 2004). Â ÷àñòíîñòè, âñòðå÷è ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â 7-ìè ïóíêòàõ, â òîì ÷èñëå íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà òîêóþùèõ ïòèö 2 ìàÿ 1997 ã. â Ñåíãèëååâñêèõ ãîðàõ (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). ×èñëåííîñòü ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 10–50 ïàð (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Äëÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè Ì.Ñ. Ãîðåëîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1990) ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàþò âñòðå÷è ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à íà êî÷¸âêàõ. Îäíàêî ýòîò âèä â êà÷åñòâå î÷åíü ðåäêîãî, âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ, óêàçûâàåòñÿ äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999), à â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî òîêîâàíèÿ â 2004 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó (Ïîïîâà, Êîðæåâ, 2005). Íàìè ñû÷ âñòðå÷åí íà 6-òè ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè

Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (êì2) Area of nesting biotopes in the Samara district (km2)

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

344

313±136

îáëàñòè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 12 âçðîñëûõ è 16 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö (3 âûâîäêà) íà 9-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäà. Ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ – òèïè÷íûé îáèòàòåëü ëåñíîé çîíû. Åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè øèðå, ÷åì âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà (Glaucidium passerinum), íî ñóùåñòâåííî óæå, ÷åì äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Îí íàñåëÿåò âñå êðóïíûå ëåñíûå ìàññèâû Ïðåäâîëæüÿ è Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ, îäíàêî íå ïðîíèêàåò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè þæíåå Ñàìàðû. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, âî âñåõ êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ, ãäå íàìè ïðîâîäèëèñü èññëåäîâàíèÿ (Ðà÷åéñêèé è Áóçóëóêñêèé áîðû, ×åðåìøàíñêèé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ è ïðîåêòèðóåìûé Áàéòóãàíñêèé çàêàçíèê) ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé âñòðå÷åí â êà÷åñòâå ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ èëè âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà. Ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè äîñòèãàåò â áîðàõ, âêëþ÷àÿ Áóçóëóêñêèé (òàáë. 7). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 100–500, â ñðåäíåì 300 ïàð. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷ ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â ó÷àñòêàõ ñòàðîãî ëåñà ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí. Æèëûå ãí¸çäà îáíàðóæåíû ëèøü äâàæäû è îáà áûëè óñòðîåíû â äóïëàõ æåëíû (Dryocopus martius): â Æèãóëÿõ ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñêëîíå âîçâûøåííîñòè íà ñîñíå íà âûñîòå 6 ì, â ïðîåêòèðóåìîì Áàéòóãàíñêîì çàêàçíèêå – íà îñèíå, ðàñòóùåé íà ñêëîíå ëîãà, â 120 ì îò îïóøêè, íà âûñîòå 7 ì. Â 3-õ âûâîäêàõ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ×åðåìøàíñêîì ëåñíîì ìàññèâå è â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó áûëî 6, 6 è 4 ïòåíöà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Áîëüøèíñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñû÷åé ñâÿçàíî ñ ó÷àñòêàìè ñïåëîãî ëåñà, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì îñíîâíóþ óãðîçó ïðåäñòàâëÿþò íåêîíòðîëèðóåìûå ðóáêè ëåñà â ïîñëåäíèõ ñòàðûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ. Äî ïðèíÿòèÿ íîâîãî Ëåñíîãî êîäåêñà ýòè ëåñà ÿâëÿëèñü âîäîîõðàííûìè, îäíàêî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîòåíöèàëüíûì ðåñóðñîì, âêëþ÷åííûì â ðàñ÷¸òíóþ ëåñîñåêó. Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäà íåîáõîäèìà ïðîäóìàííàÿ ñåòü ëåñíûõ ÎÎÏÒ íà ñåâåðå îáëàñòè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, óòâåðæäåíèå óæå äàâíî ñïðîåêòèðîâàííîãî Áàéòóãàíñêîãî çàêàçíèêà è ñîçäàíèå çàêàçíèêà íà ×åðåìøàíå. 7. Ñû÷ äîìîâûé (Athene noctua Sc.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Äîìîâûé ñû÷ – íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ, ÷àñòè÷íî îñ¸äëûé âèä ÂîëæñêîÊàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) ñ÷èòàë äîìîâîãî ñû÷à îáû÷íûì âèäîì íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ñàðàòîâñêîé ãóáåðíèè è Âîëæñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ñîâðåìåííûõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé è Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòåé (îêðåñòíîñòè Ñûçðàíè). Ì.Ä. Ðóçñêèé (1893) òàêæå âñòðå÷àë äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé íåîäíîêðàòíî â Âîëæñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå â ïðåäåëàõ íûíåøíåé òåððèòîðèè Òàòàðèè è Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ñ÷èòàÿ, ÷òî íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíåé âèä áîëåå îáû÷åí. Â ñåðåäèíå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ñòàòóñ ñû÷à äëÿ îáëàñòè îïðåäåë¸í êàê ðåäêèé, íåñîìíåííî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä, íî ãí¸çä è ïòåíöîâ êîòîðîãî â îáëàñòè äî ñèõ ïîð íå íàéäåíî (Áîðîäèí, 1994). Ïîçæå ãíåçäîâàíèå äîìîâîãî ñû÷à áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, îí îáíàðóæåí ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåé å¸ òåððèòîðèè, îäíàêî íà áîëüøåé å¸ ÷àñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü íåâåëèêà (Êîðåïîâ è äð., 2005). À.À. Ïåðøàêîâ (1929) îòìå÷àë íåêîòîðîå ðàññåëåíèå äîìîâîãî ñû÷à íà ñåâåð â Òàòàðèè, ÷òî áûëî ïîäòâåðæäåíî è ïîçæå È.Â. è Î.Â. Àñüêååâûìè (1999), íàáëþäàâøèìè ñû÷åé â Òþëÿ÷èíñêîì è Áàëòàñèíñêîì ðàéîíàõ. Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âèä ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íûì â ñòåïíîé çîíå, ãäå îáèòàåò â ïîñåëåíèÿõ ÷åëîâåêà, íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëñÿ â Àëåêñååâñêîì ðàéîíå íà òåððèòîðèè æèâîòíîâîä÷åñêèõ êîìïëåêñîâ (Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990), ïðèâîäèòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå î÷åíü ðåäêîãî îñ¸äëîãî âèäà äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999), ãäå ó ïðèñòàíè Áàõèëîâà Ïîëÿíà äîìîâîãî ñû÷à âñòðå÷àë åù¸ â 1934 ã. À.Ð. Äåëèâðîí (Êóëàåâà, 1977). Ò.Î. Áàðàáàøèí (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â 1999 ã. îáíàðóæèë îñòàíêè ñë¸òêà äîìîâîãî ñû÷à

íà ôåðìå îäíîãî èç íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ íà êðàþ Ðà÷åéñêîãî áîðà. Íàìè äîìîâûé ñû÷ âñòðå÷åí íà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Îáùåãî Ñûðòà. Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè âñòðå÷åíî 36 âçðîñëûõ è 12 ìîëîäûõ äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé íà 22-õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è íàéäåíî 9 ãí¸çä. Áîëüøèíñòâî âñòðå÷ ïðèóðî÷åíî ê íàñåë¸ííûì ïóíêòàì è ôåðìàì. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáëàñòè (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì êðàéíåãî ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà) ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ îáëàñòè ðåãóëÿðíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé. Íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè âèä íàìè íå íàáëþäàëñÿ, õîòÿ åãî îáèòàíèå çäåñü íå èñêëþ÷åíî, òàê êàê ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå, â ïðåäåëàõ Òàòàðèè, îí ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ íåîäíîêðàòíî (Ðàõèìîâ, 2006). Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äîìîâîãî ñû÷à íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà þãî-âîñòîêå îáëàñòè, ãäå ñû÷è íàñåëÿþò âñå ôåðìû ïî äîëèíàì Èðãèçà è Ðîñòîøè è ìíîãèå íàñåë¸ííûå ïóíêòû. Â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè, ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, ÷èñëåííîñòü ñû÷à ìèíèìàëüíà, õîòÿ

Ñë¸òîê äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Fledgling of the Little Owl (Athene noctua). Photo by I. Karyakin.

îí è ãíåçäèòñÿ äàæå íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñ 1997 ã. ïî 2003 ã. ïàðà äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé ðåãóëÿðíî ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ â ñ. Áàõèëîâà Ïîëÿíà, ãäå â 1997 è 1998 ãã. îíà âûâîäèëà ïîòîìñòâî â õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ â öåíòðå ñåëà. Çäåñü æå ñû÷à ñëûøàë Ñ.Â. Áàêêà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî ñû÷ äîìîâûé ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò â åñòåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü áûëà ðàññ÷èòàíà ïî íàñåë¸ííûì ïóíêòàì è ôåðìàì, èñõîäÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ áåç ñû÷åé è òåõ, ãäå ñû÷ áûë âñòðå÷åí. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 400–800, â ñðåäíåì 600 ïàð è, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îíà çàíèæåíà.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Íà Îáùåì Ñûðòå 1 ïàðà äîìîâûõ ñû÷åé ãíåçäèëàñü â íèøå îïîëçíåâîãî îáðûâà íà ñêëîíå áàëêè, âòîðàÿ – ïîä êðûøåé ëåòíåãî ëàãåðÿ ñêîòà. Åù¸ 6 ãí¸çä áûëè óñòðîåíû ïîä êðûøàìè áûòîâûõ ïîñòðîåê â ðàçíûõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòàõ è 1 – â äóïëå òîïîëÿ íà ìåñòå ðàçâàëèí ëåòíåãî ëàãåðÿ ñêîòà. Âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 3, 4 è 5 ïòåíöîâ. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Â ñâÿçè ñ ñèíàíòðîïíîñòüþ äîìîâîãî ñû÷à àíòðîïîãåííûé ïðåññ ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà íà ýêîñèñòåìû îáëàñòè âðÿä ëè åìó óãðîæàåò. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåãóëÿðíîå óíè÷òîæåíèå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìîëîäûõ ïòèö, ìåñòíûìè æèòåëÿìè, â îñíîâíîì, äåòüìè, íà ôåðìàõ è â íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòàõ, ñåðü¸çíîãî óùåðáà ïîïóëÿöèè ýòî íàíåñòè íå ìîæåò. Âîçìîæíî óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñû÷åé ïóò¸ì óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé áëèç ëåòíèõ ëàãåðåé ñêîòà, îñîáåííî â ñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, êîòîðûõ ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñ¸ ìåíüøå è ìåíüøå, ëèáî íà ìåñòå èõ ðàçâàëèí.

Âîðîáüèíûé ñû÷èê (Glaucidium passerinum). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum). Photo by A. Levashkin.

â áûâøåé Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè, ãäå ïîçæå âèä äîëãîå âðåìÿ íå îáíàðóæèâàëñÿ (Áîðîäèí, 1994). Õîòÿ èìåëîñü óêàçàíèå íà ãíåçäîâàíèå âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â ëåñîïàðêîâîé çîíå ã. Óëüÿíîâñêà (Îñèïîâà, 1985), îíî áûëî ïîñòàâëåíî ïîä ñîìíåíèå (Áîðîäèí, 1994). Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ îá îñåííèõ âñòðå÷àõ âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Ñóðñêîì ðàéîíå è ëåòíåé âñòðå÷å (20–21 àâãóñòà 1999 ã.) – â Ñòàðîìàéíñêîì ëåñõîçå (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Ì.Ñ. Ãîðåëîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1990) ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàþò âñòðå÷è âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà êî÷¸âêàõ â çèìíèé ïåðèîä. Îäíàêî ýòîò âèä â êà÷åñòâå çàë¸òíîãî óêàçûâàëñÿ äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà, íî â ïîñëåäíèå 50 ëåò íà òåððèòîðèè

8. Ñû÷èê âîðîáüèíûé (Glaucidium passerinum L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) íàáëþäàë âîðîáüèíûõ ñû÷èêîâ â ñòàðîì ÷åðíîëåñüå è áåð¸çîâûõ ðîùàõ Êàçàíñêîãî è Ëàèøåâñêîãî óåçäîâ Êàçàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè è íè ðàçó íå âèäåë åãî þæíåå. Ì.Ä. Ðóçñêèé (1893) òàêæå ñ÷èòàë ñû÷èêà îñîáåííî õàðàêòåðíûì äëÿ áîðîâ è ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ â ñåâåðíîé ïîëîâèíû Êàçàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè, íî ïîçæå âñòðå÷àë è â Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè â ïðèñóðñêèõ ëåñàõ (Ðóçñêèé, 1894). Ý.À. Ýâåðñìàí (1866) òàêæå íàáëþäàë ñû÷èêà

Òàáë. 8. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà (Glaucidium passerinum) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 8. Results of Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum) counts in the Samara district.

Ïëîùàäêà Plots

Äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (êì) Route lengths (km)

Øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû Ó÷¸òíàÿ (êì) ïëîùàäü Width (êì2) of count Count transect area (km) (km2)

Êîëè÷åñòâî ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïàð Number of pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/êì2) Density (pair/km2)

Ïëîùàäü Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ íàñåë¸ííûõ áèîòîïîâ â âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà Ñàìàðñêîé îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) îáëàñòè (êì2) Percent of plots with Area of nesting Pygmy Owls on the biotopes in the total number of plots Samara district (%) (km2)

3.3

0.3

0.99

2.02

120.0

5.0

0.2

1.0

1,0

45.0

Âñåãî Total

8.3

0.25

1.99

1.5±0.7

10.53

165.0

Raptor Research

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs) 242 45 287±165

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 çàïîâåäíèêà íå íàáëþäàëñÿ (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999), à â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî òîêîâàíèÿ â 2004 ã. íàáëþäàëñÿ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó (Ïîïîâà, Êîðæåâ, 2005). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìíîãèìè ñîâðåìåííûìè àâòîðàìè þæíàÿ ãðàíèöà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïðîâîäèòñÿ ïî Âîëãå è Êàìå â ïðåäåëàõ ×óâàøèè è Òàòàðèè (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999; Ðàõèìîâ, 2004), íî âèä îïðåäåë¸ííî ãíåçäèòñÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, òî åñòü, þæíåå ãðàíèö, îïèñàííûõ â ëèòåðàòóðå. Íàìè âîðîáüèíûé ñû÷èê âñòðå÷åí íà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå â Æèãóëÿõ â 1997 ã. íàáëþäàëèñü 2 âûâîäêà â 1,3 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Â Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðó óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü 2-õ âçðîñëûõ áåñïîêîèâøèõñÿ ïòèö. Çà ïðåäåëàìè ïëîùàäîê â Æèãóëÿõ íàáëþäàëè 2-õ ñë¸òêîâ è îäíó âçðîñëóþ ïòèöó â äðóãîé òî÷êå. Åù¸ îäíà âñòðå÷à ñ âûâîäêîì âîðîáüèíûõ ñû÷èêîâ ïðîèçîøëà 17 àâãóñòà 1998 ã. íà ð. Á. ×åðåìøàí áëèç ãðàíèöû ñ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòüþ. Çäåñü 1 âçðîñëàÿ è 3 ìîëîäûõ ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû â ñòàðîì îñèííèêå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íàáëþäàëè 8 âçðîñëûõ è 10 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 6-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îãðàíè÷åíà ëåñàìè Ïðèâîëæñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè è ×åðåìøàíà. Âîçìîæíî, íåêèé èçîëÿò èìååòñÿ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó. Ëîêàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü â Æèãóëÿõ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 2,02 ïàð/êì2 (â ñðåäíåì ïî îáëàñòè 1,51 ïàð/êì2), îäíàêî â öåëîì íà ëåñîïîêðûòîé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ñû÷èê ðåäîê. Åñëè ðàññ÷èòûâàòü äàííûå ó÷¸òîâ èñõîäÿ èç òîãî, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàíèå ñû÷èêà âîçìîæíî íà 10% ïëîùàäè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ (ñòàðûå ñîñíîâî-ìåëêîëèñòâåííûå è îñèíîâûå ëåñà ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí), îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âñ¸ ðàâíî ïîëó÷àåòñÿ çàâûøåííàÿ (òàáë. 8). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 30–50 ïàð, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ñîñíîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. È ýòî áîëüøå ýêñïåðòíàÿ îöåíêà, òàê êàê ó÷¸òíûõ äàííûõ ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íî. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Âîëæñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîðû ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí. Íà ×åðåìøàíå âèä ðåãèñòðèðîâàë-

ñÿ â ïðèïîéìåííîì ñìåøàííîì îñèííèêå ñ åëüþ (ïîñàäêè 30–40-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà). Ãí¸çä äîïîäëèííî îáíàðóæåíî íå áûëî, ëèøü â îäíîì ñëó÷àå â ìåñòå âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà áûëî ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ñû÷èêè âûâåëèñü â äóïëå áîëüøîãî ï¸ñòðîãî äÿòëà (Dendrocopos major) â îñèíå, íà âûñîòå 7 ì, õîòÿ ïðÿìûõ äîêàçàòåëüñòâ ýòîìó ïîëó÷åíî íå áûëî. Â 2-õ âûâîäêàõ íàáëþäàëè ïî 2 è â 2-õ – ïî 3 ïòåíöà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Âèä íàõîäèòñÿ â îáëàñòè íà êðàéíåì þæíîì ïðåäåëå ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà â óñëîâèÿõ, äàë¸êèõ îò îïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ åãî îáèòàíèÿ. Íî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòîëü íèçêóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü è ñïîðàäè÷íîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, êàêèå-ëèáî ëèìèòèðóþùèå ôàêòîðû, êðîìå èçîëèðîâàííîñòè ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, îòñóòñòâóþò. Âèä ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå â ôåäåðàëüíûõ ÎÎÏÒ (íàöïàðê «Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà» è Æèãóë¸âñêèé çàïîâåäíèê). Âûæèâàíèå âîðîáüèíîãî ñû÷èêà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè öåëèêîì è ïîëíîñòüþ çàâèñèò îò áëàãîïîëó÷íîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â çîíå îïòèìóìà – þæíîòà¸æíûõ è ñðåäíåòà¸æíûõ ëåñàõ. 9. Ñîâà ÿñòðåáèíàÿ (Surnia ulula L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Íåðåãóëÿðíî çèìóþùèé âèä ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíîâ Ðîññèè. Â êà÷åñòâå ðåäêîé çàë¸òíîé â çèìíèé ïåðèîä ñîâû óêàçûâàåòñÿ ìíîãèìè àâòîðàìè äëÿ Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ (Áîãäàíîâ, 1871; Ðóçñêèé, 1893; 1894; Æèòêîâ, Áóòóðëèí, 1906; Âîë÷àíåöêèé, 1924; Êóëàåâà, 1977). Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñîâðåìåííûå âñòðå÷è îãðàíè÷åíû íàáëþäåíèÿìè Ã.Í. Öàð¸âà â 1996–97 ãã. (Áîðîäèí è äð., 2005). Ì.Ñ. Ãîðåëîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (1990) äëÿ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè óêàçûâàþò ÿñòðåáèíóþ ñîâó â êà÷åñòâå îñåííå-çèìíåãî ìèãðàíòà, õîòÿ êàêèõ-ëèáî êîíêðåòíûõ äàííûõ î âñòðå÷àõ ýòîé ñîâû íå ïðèâîäÿò. Â îêòÿáðå 1891 ã. îäíà îñîáü áûëà äîáûòà À.Í. Êàðàìçèíûì â Íàðûøèíñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå Ñàìàðñêîé ãóáåðíèè (Êóëàåâà, 1977). Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî íà îñíîâàíèè ýòîé íàõîäêè âèä è ôèãóðèðóåò â ñïèñêå ïòèö Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Õîòÿ èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà çàë¸ò â Æèãóë¸âñêèé çàïîâåäíèê, íî è çäåñü â ïîñëåäíèå 50 ëåò âèä íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999). Íàìè ÿñòðåáèíàÿ ñîâà â îáëàñòè íå íàáëþäàëàñü – ðàáîòû â çèìíèé ïåðèîä íå ïðîâîäèëèñü.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðîä Íåÿñûòè (Strix) 10. Íåÿñûòü ñåðàÿ (Strix aluco L.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) ñ÷èòàë ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü ñàìîé ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííîé ñîâîé ÂîëæñêîÊàìñêîãî êðàÿ. Â Òàòàðèè ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü áûëà îáû÷íîé è ðàçìíîæàëàñü äàæå â ïðèãîðîäå Êàçàíè (Ðóçñêèé, 1893; Êóëàåâà, 1977), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà ñîêðàùàåòñÿ (Ðàõèìîâ, 2006), è îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà ýòîãî, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè – ïðÿìîå ïðåñëåäîâàíèå ñî ñòîðîíû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Àñüêååâ, Àñüêååâ, 1999). Â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè âèä èç íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîãî èç ñîâ ïåðåø¸ë â êàòåãîðèþ îáû÷íûõ è â ñåðåäèíå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ óñòóïàë ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè óøàñòîé è áîëîòíîé ñîâàì, à ìåñòàìè è äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Áîðîäèí, 1994). Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) ïèøóò, ÷òî «â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü ñêîðåå ìàëî÷èñëåííîé, à ìåñòàìè äàæå ðåäêîé». Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü ñ÷èòàëàñü îáû÷íîé (Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990); â êà÷åñòâå ðåäêîãî îñ¸äëîãî âèäà, óñòóïàþùåãî ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, ïðèâîäèòñÿ äëÿ Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999). Ó÷¸òû 2005 ã. â ëåñàõ ìåæäóðå÷üÿ Áóÿíà è Êîíäóð÷è ïîêàçàëè ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, à â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó è Êðàñíîñàìàðñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü êàê ìèíèìóì â 2 ðàçà óñòóïà-

ëà ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé âåñíîé è â 5 ðàç – îñåíüþ (Å.Â. Ïîïîâà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Íàìè ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü â 1998–2001 ãã. âñòðå÷åíà íà 9-òè ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è 19-òè âçðîñëûõ è 3-õ ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 13-òè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà ñ 7-þ ïòåíöàìè. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü ïîïàäàëà â ó÷¸òû âåçäå, ãäå îíè âåëèñü â ïîéìàõ ðåê, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ñåâåðî-âîñòîêà îáëàñòè è âîëæñêîãî ïðàâîáåðåæüÿ (òàáë. 9). Âî ìíîãèõ ëåñàõ íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ âèä óæå â òîò ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâîâàë, ÷òî, âèäèìî, ñâÿçàíî ñ âûòåñíåíèåì äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ. Ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâîâàëà ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü â áîðàõ âíå ïîéì ðåê, õîòÿ â ïîéìå ð. Ñàìàðà â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó ïëîòíîñòü áûëà òàêàÿ æå, êàê ïëîòíîñòü â ïîéìå Âîëãè (0,82 ïàð/êì2 ïî ó÷¸òó íà òî÷êå). Â 2007–2008 ãã. â îáëàñòè ñèòóàöèÿ ñòàëà çíà÷èòåëüíî õóæå – ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü âñòðå÷åíà ëèøü â 3-õ òî÷êàõ íàáëþäåíèé: ïàðêîâàÿ çîíà Ñàìàðû, ïîéìû ðåê Âîëãà è Ñàìàðà. Â 2007 ã. â ïîéìå Ñàìàðû âäîëü Áóçóëóêñêîãî áîðà âûÿâëåí åäèíñòâåííûé ó÷àñòîê ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà – ò.å., ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðàòèëàñü â 6 ðàç. Íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü íàì ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü â áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ Ïåñòðàâñêîãî è Õâîðîñòÿíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ, ãäå â 1999 ã. âèä áûë îòíîñèòåëüíî îáû÷åí – â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü çäåñü çàìåíèëà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2000–2005 ãã. ÷èñëåííîñòü ñåðîé íåÿñûòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñà-

Òàáë. 9. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1998–2000 ãã. Table 9. Results of Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) counts in the Samara district in 1998–2000.

Ïëîùàäêà Plots 13 15 20 21 22 26 31 50 56 Âñåãî Total

Ïëîùàäü Äëèíà ïëîùàäêè ìàðøðóòîâ (êì2) (êì) Area of Route plot (km2) lengths (km) 7.17 6.50 10.38 8.80 12.62 3.50 7.28 10.00 3.80 8.50 4.68 5.00 5.59 13.70 6.42 7.50 12.30 7.70 70.24

Ïëîùàäü Øèðèíà Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â ó÷¸òíîé Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/êì2 Ñàìàðñêîé ïîëîñû Ó÷¸òíàÿ (ïàð/êì2 ó÷¸òíîé îáëàñòè (êì2) (êì) ïëîùàäü Êîëè÷åñòâî îáùåé ïëîùàäè) Width (êì2) ó÷ò¸ííûõ ïëîùàäè) Density Area of nesting of count Count ïàð Density (pair/km2 biotopes in the count transect area Number of (pair/km2 Samara district area) (km) (km2) pairs total area) (km2) 0.3 1.95 1 0.14 0.51 0.25 2.2 2 0.19 0.91 0.4 1.4 1 0.08 0.71 0.3 3 2 0.27 0.67 0.3 2.55 1 0.26 0.39 0.35 1.75 1 0.21 0.57 0.3 4.11 3 0.54 0.73 0.3 2.25 1 0.16 0.44 0.35 2.695 2 0.16 0.74

71.20 0.32±0.04

21.91

0.22±0.13

0.63±0.16

1437.3

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco) è å¸ ïòåíöû. Ôîòî Å. Ãîðèíîâà. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) and their chicks. Photos by E. Gorinov.

ìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíèâàëàñü â 700–1100, â ñðåäíåì 900 ïàð, ñ òåíäåíöèåé ñîêðàùåíèÿ (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî îæèäàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â îáëàñòè 400–700 ïàð ñ ïðîäîëæàþùèìñÿ ñîêðàùåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Èçâåñòíûå 2 ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â åñòåñòâåííûõ äóïëàõ ëèï íà âûñîòå 4 è 5 ì è ñîäåðæàëè âûâîäêè èç 3-õ è 4-õ ïòåíöîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Òàêæå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïóñòîå ãíåçäî â äóïëå áåð¸çû íà âûñîòå 4 ì, áëèç êîòîðîãî òîêîâàë ñàìåö. Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, íà ãðàíèöå Ñàìàðñêîãî è Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîãî ðàéîíîâ â áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ è ëåñîïîëîñàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Äóáîâûé Óìåò è Êàëèíêà, â 2007 ã. áûëè âûâåøåíû 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, è ëèøü åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

908±155

Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Îñíîâíûìè ëèìèòèðóþùèìè ôàêòîðàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ è íåäîñòàòîê äóïëèñòûõ äåðåâüåâ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èìååòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè â þæíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè è â ëåñîïàðêîâûõ çîíàõ êðóïíûõ ãîðîäîâ, ãäå äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè îòñóòñòâóåò, ïóò¸ì óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. 11. Íåÿñûòü äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis Pal.) Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü Ì.Í. Áîãäàíîâ (1871) ñ÷èòàë äëèííîõâîñòóþ íåÿñûòü îáû÷íîé ñîâîé áîðîâ è

ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ Ïîâîëæüÿ, îäíàêî â öåëîì â êðàå ýòà ñîâà óñòóïàëà ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè. Â Òàòàðèè íà îäíîçíà÷íûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà çà ïîñëåäíåå ñòîëåòèå óêàçûâàþò ñëåäóþùèå äàííûå: À.À. Ïåðøàêîâ (1926) â ñâîäêå ïî ïòèöàì Ðàèôñêîãî ëåñà äëèííîõâîñòóþ íåÿñûòü âîîáùå íå ïðèâîäèò, îäíàêî óæå ñ 1959 ã. âèä çäåñü íàáëþäàåòñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî, à ñ 1966 ïî 1970 ãã. ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà êàæäîé ýêñêóðñèè (Êóëàåâà, 1977). Ïî ìíåíèþ È.Â. è Î.Â. Àñüêååâûõ (1999) ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Òàòàðèè çà ïîñëåäíèå 50 ëåò âîçðîñëà, è îíà ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè çàíèìàåò 3-å ìåñòî ñðåäè ñîâ ðåñïóáëèêè, óñòóïàÿ ëèøü óøàñòîé è áîëîòíîé ñîâàì. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ýòîé íåÿñûòüþ è â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïî äàííûì Î.Â. Áîðîäèíà (1994) â Çàâîëæüå äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü áûëà îáû÷íà, à â Ïðåäâîëæüå äîâîëüíî ðåäêà. Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä ýòî øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé îáû÷íûé âèä Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (Êîðåïîâ è äð., 2005). Â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà÷àëà ðàñòè ñ êîíöà 70-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ (Ãîðåëîâ è äð., 1990). Â ñïèñêå ïòèö Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ïðèâîäèòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå îáû÷íîãî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà, äîìèíèðóÿ ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ñðåäè ñîâ (Ëåáåäåâà, Ïàíòåëååâ, 1999). Â 2005 ã. â ëåñàõ ìåæäóðå÷üÿ Áóÿíà è Êîíäóð÷è, Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó è Êðàñíîñàìàðñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðîâàëà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ ó÷¸òàõ, êàê âåñíîé, òàê è îñåíüþ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ 65–100% âñòðå÷ ñðåäè ñîâ, ëèøü â èþëå ìåñòàìè å¸ ÷èñëåííîñòü áûëà áëèçêà ê ÷èñëåííîñòè ñïëþøêè è áîëîòíîé ñîâû (Å.Â. Ïîïîâà, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Äî 2007 ã. äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü âñòðå÷åíà íàìè íà 20-òè ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû âñòðå÷è 49 âçðîñëûõ è 16 ìîëîäûõ ïòèö íà 40 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, îáíàðóæåíî 11 æèëûõ ãí¸çä. Ýòà ñîâà íàñåëÿåò âñå òèïû ëåñà ñåâåðíåå Ñàìàðû. Þæíåå ãíåçäèëàñü òîëüêî â êðóïíûõ áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ (2 èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäà) íà Êàìåííîì Ñûðòå. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàëàñü â ïðèïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ ×åðåìøàíà. Â òåððàñíûõ áîðàõ Êîíäóð÷è è Âîëãè, íà Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêå è â Ðà÷åéñêîì áîðó äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ãíåçäèëàñü ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 1,1±1,1 ïàð/êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè. Â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿëà 0,73±0,66 ïàð/êì2

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 10. Ðåçóëüòàòû ó÷¸òîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè â 1998–2001 ãã. Table 10. Results of Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) counts in the Samara district in 1998–2001.

Ïëîùàäü ïëîùàäêè (êì2) Area of plot (km2)

Ïëîùàäêà Áèîòîïû Plots Biotopes

Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü Êîëè÷åñòâî (êì2)* ó÷ò¸ííûõ Count ïàð area Number of (km2)* pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/êì2 (ïàð/êì2 îáùåé ó÷¸òíîé ïëîùàäè) ïëîùàäè) Density Density (pair/km2 (pair/km2 total area) count area)

Áîð Pine forest

4.70

1.95

0.21

0.51

--“--

1.80

2.68

1.67

1.12

--“--

13.94

6.00

0.29

0.67

--“--

1.75

3.30

1.71

0.91

--“--

2.72

1.00

0.37

1.00

--“--

3.59

1.65

0.56

1.21

--“--

0.45

1.62

4.44

1.23

--“--

1.16

0.90

0.86

1.11

Ñìåøàííûé ëåñ Mixed forest

1.68

0.99

0.60

1.01

--“--

0.65

0.50

1.54

2.00

--“--

3.63

1.16

0.55

1.72

--“--

1.17

0.75

0.85

1.33

--“--

12.30

1.93

0.16

1.04

Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ Broadleaved forest

0.63

0.80

1.59

1.25

Óð¸ìà Flood forest

6.42

2.25

0.31

0.89

15.42

2.36

0.13

0.85

Îâðàæíîáàëî÷íûé ëåñîñòåïíîé êîìïëåêñ Forest-steppe system of ravines

--“--

9.53

3.52

0.10

0.28

--“--

9.78

2.96

0.10

0.34

--“--

15.37

2.55

0.13

0.78

--“--

9.46

2.80

0.11

0.36

116.15

41.67

0.81±1.03

0.98±0.44

Âñåãî / Total

Äîëÿ ïëîùàäîê, íàñåë¸ííûõ âèäîì, îò ÷èñëà îáñëåäîâàííûõ (%) Percent of plots with Ural Owls on the total number of plots (%)

Ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (êì2) Area of nesting biotopes in the Samara district (km2)

100

412.0

66.67

843.5

12.5

179.7

35.7

1119.6

2554.8

* – Ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü (Su=L*B): äëèíà ìàðøðóòîâ (L) = 132,7 êì, øèðèíà ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû (B) = 0,31±0,07. * – Count area (Su=L*B): rout lengths (L) = 132.7 km, width of count transect (B) = 0.31±0.07.

ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè. Â ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Âûñîêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ñîñòàâëÿëà 0,11±0,02 ïàð/êì2 ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè (òàáë. 10). Â öåëîì ïî îáëàñòè íà êàæäóþ ïàðó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ïðèõîäèëîñü 2,85 êì2 ëåñà. Áëèçêèå äàííûå òî÷å÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ïðèâîäèò Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) ïî ×åðåìøàíó: çäåñü â àâãóñòå 2001 ã. ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íåÿñûòåé, ñ ó÷¸òîì ñåãîëåòêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 4,4 îñîáè/êì2. Ó÷¸òû 2007–2008 ãã. â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ïîêàçàëè çíà÷èòåëüíûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè

âî âñ¸ì Çàâîëæüå è â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Âîëãè çà ñ÷¸ò âûñåëåíèÿ å¸ â íåáîëüøèå îñòðîâíûå ëåñà è êîëêè, îñîáåííî â þæíîé ëåñîñòåïè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Êèíåëü çà 8 ëåò ÷èñëåííîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè âûðîñëà â 5 ðàç. Å¸ ïëîòíîñòü çäåñü ñòàëà ñðàâíèìà ñ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïëîòíîñòè â õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ áàññåéíà Êîíäóð÷è. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã. ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Íîâ. Áóÿí ñîñòàâèëà 0,47 ïàð/êì2 ëåñà: çäåñü â ÷åòûð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (9 âûâîäêîâ, 3 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 7

Raptor Research

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

400±70

1175±266

160

585±265

2319±601

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöîâ), äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,53– 4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=15) 1,45±1,03 êì. Ïîñëå ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ óâåëè÷èëîñü äî 20-òè, ïëîòíîñòü óâåëè÷èëàñü äî 0,49 ïàð/êì2 ëåñà. Â Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,49 ïàð/êì2 ëåñà: çäåñü â òð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (3 âûâîäêà, 4 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 3 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöà), äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,9–2,52 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 1,38±0,61 êì. Ïîñëå ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ óâåëè÷èëîñü äî 14-òè, ïëîòíîñòü óâåëè÷èëàñü äî 0,67 ïàð/êì2 ëåñà. Ïðè ýòîì, íà îáåèõ ïëîùàäêàõ íåÿñûòè äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ðàññåëèëèñü ïî òåððèòîðèè ñ ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè. Â èòîãå äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè èçìåíèëàñü íåçíà÷èòåëüíî: â 2008 ã. îíà ñîñòàâëÿëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì, à â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Â õîäå ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ïîÿâèëàñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñàõ þæíåå Ñàìàðû (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â 2000–2005 ãã. îöåíèâàëàñü â 2000– 2600, â ñðåäíåì 2300 ïàð, ñ òåíäåíöèåé äàëüíåéøåãî ðîñòà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007). Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ñîñòàâëÿåò 4200–5100 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 4600 ïàð, ñ óñòîé÷èâîé òåíäåíöèåé ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàññåëåíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà íà þã, â áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà ñòåïíîé çîíû îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008). Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Äî íà÷àëà áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 14 æèëûõ ãí¸çä äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, 7 èç êîòîðûõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ, 6 – â åñòåñòâåííûõ äóïëàõ äåðåâüåâ è 1 – â ãîãîëÿòíå. Îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ÿâëÿëñÿ êàíþê (Buteo buteo) – 6 ãí¸çä. Ëèøü îäíî ãíåçäî â äîëèíå ð. ×åðåìøàí ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ïîñòðîéêå òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Accipiter gentilis).

Èç 7-ìè ãí¸çä â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ 4 ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñîñíàõ è 3 – íà áåð¸çàõ. Ãí¸çäà â åñòåñòâåííûõ äóïëàõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ëèïàõ íà âûñîòå 4–8 ì. Ïîñëå íà÷àëà ïðîåêòà ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà ðàçìíîæåíèå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ó 23 ïàð (27 ñëó÷àåâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â 2008– 2009 ãã.). Äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî óñòðîéñòâó ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, îáíàðóæåííûå â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,85±0,69 ïòåíöîâ. Â ñåçîí 2009 ã. âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ÿùèêàõ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöîâ, à â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ – èç 1–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 2,2±1,3 ïòåíöîâ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009). Ïîêàçàòåëè êîëè÷åñòâà ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ áëèçêè ê òàêîâûì â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå – 2,3 ñë¸òêà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), à â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis). Photos by A. Pazhenkov.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2009; Ëåâàøêèí, 2009).

Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Nestlings of the Ural Owl. Photos by A. Pazhenkov.

ïîêàçàòåëÿì äëÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè – 3,1±1,2 (1–4) ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (Ëåâàøêèí, 2009). Óãðîçû, ìåðû îõðàíû Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü – äîñòàòî÷íî ïëàñòè÷íûé âèä, àêòèâíî ðàññåëÿþùèéñÿ â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ. Îäíèì èç ñóùåñòâåííûõ íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèáåëü íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ 6–10 êÂ, ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ âäîëü îïóøåê ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, â êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ ñîâû. Óðîâåíü ãèáåëè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà ËÝÏ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîê, è íàðÿäó ñ êàíþêîì îíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîìèíàíòîì ñðåäè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ãèáíóùèõ îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðîòîêîì (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Â çèìíèé ïåðèîä ýòà ñîâà áîëåå çàìåòíà, ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ îõîòíèêàì è ïîïàäàåò ïîä èõ âûñòðåëû, îñîáåííî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû òåêóùåãî ãîäà âûëåòà. Ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ íå òàê ïàãóáåí äëÿ ýòîé ñîâû, êàê, íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, òàê êàê îíà îõîòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â çàêðûòûõ äóïëàõ. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíî óâåëè÷èâàòü ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîé ñîâû ìîæíî ïóò¸ì óñòàíîâêè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, ÷òî, ñîáñòâåííî, è ïðîèëëþñòðèðîâàíî â õîäå ðàáîò â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè: ñîâû çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè â ñëåäóþùèé ñåçîí ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, è, åñëè ÿùèêè ðàçâåøåíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè áîëåå êèëîìåòðà â òèïè÷íûõ äëÿ ýòîé ñîâû áèîòîïàõ (ïðèîïóøå÷íûå ó÷àñòêè ëåñîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â âåðõîâüÿõ ëîãîâ èëè ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí) è èìåþò îïòèìàëüíûå ðàçìåðû (äíî 35–40õ35–40, âûñîòà 70, ëåòîê 35–40õ30), òî èõ çàñåëÿåìîñòü ñîâàìè ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 70–100% íà ñëåäóþùèé æå

Çàêëþ÷åíèå Çà áîëåå ÷åì 10-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íå âûÿâëåíî êàêèõ-ëèáî íåãàòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ñîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ àíòðîïîãåííûì îñâîåíèåì òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè. Åäèíñòâåííûé âèä, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîãî äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ – ýòî ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü, íî â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ýòîãî ëåæèò ïðÿìàÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîé ñòðåìèòåëüíî ðàñò¸ò. Ìû ìîæåì óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî èìåííî ïîÿâëåíèå äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ïðèâîäèò ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîñëåäíåé. Äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ñèòóàöèþ îòðàæàþò íàáëþäåíèÿ â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó â ñðåäíåì è íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áîðîâêà. Çäåñü íàáëþäåíèÿ âåëèñü íà äâóõ ïëîùàäêàõ ñ 2000 ã. Íà îäíîé èç ïëî-

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå (ââåðõó) è ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà è À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Ural Owl in a nestbox (upper) and nestlings of the Ural Owl (bottom). Photos by A. Pazhenkov and A. Levashkin.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Òàáë. 11. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Table 11. Estimated number of the breeding owls in the Samara district.

Âèä / Species Ôèëèí Bubo bubo

×èñëåííîñòü (ïàðû) Estimated number (pairs)

Òðåíä Trend

90 (85–110)

11000 (7000–14000)

Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ Asio flammeus

1400 (1000–1900)

Ñïëþøêà Otus scops

3000 (2200–3700)

Ñû÷ ìîõíîíîãèé Aegolius funereus

300 (100–500)

Ñû÷ äîìîâûé Athene noctua

600 (400–800)

40 (30–50)

Ñîâà óøàñòàÿ Asio otus

Ñû÷èê âîðîáüèíûé Glaucidium passerinum Íåÿñûòü ñåðàÿ Strix aluco Íåÿñûòü äëèííîõâîñòàÿ Strix uralensis

550 (400–700)

-1

4600 (4200–5100)

ùàäîê äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü ïîÿâèëàñü â 2000 ã., íà äðóãîé â 2003 ã. Ðåçóëüòàòîì â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñòàëî èñ÷åçíîâåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñåðîé íåÿñûòè â òå÷åíèå 3–4-õ ëåò. Äèíàìèêó ÷èñëåííîñòè îáîèõ âèäîâ íàãëÿäíî îòîáðàæàåò ãðàôèê (ðèñ. 2), ïîñòðîåííûé ïî äàííûì íàáëþäåíèé â 2000–2009 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêå â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áîðîâêà, ãäå äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü âïåðâûå ïîÿâèëàñü â 2003 ã. Ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè õîðîøî êîððåëèðóåò ñ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé (n=5; r=-0,96; p<0,05). Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî â îñíîâå ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëåæèò åñòåñòâåííûé ïðîöåññ ðàññåëåíèÿ äëèííîõ-

Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé (Strix aluco) è äëèííîõâîñòîé (Strix uralensis) íåÿñûòåé íà ïëîùàäêå â Áóçóëóêñêîì áîðó â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áîðîâêà. Fig. 1. Population trends of Tawny Owl (Strix uralensis) and Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) in the study plot in the Buzuluk pine forest at the middle reach of the Borovka river.

âîñòîé íåÿñûòè, âñòà¸ò äîâîëüíî îñòðûé âîïðîñ: ñòîèò ëè ïðèëàãàòü óñèëèÿ äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè?. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîöåññà ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè è âûòåñíåíèÿ å¸ èç åñòåñòâåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëåå êðóïíûì è àãðåññèâíûì êîíêóðåíòîì, íàìå÷àåòñÿ ñèíàíòðîïèçàöèÿ âèäà, âñå ïðåäïîñûëêè âìåøèâàòüñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûé ïðîöåññ åñòü. Íà óðáàíèçèðîâàííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü èìååò êðàéíå ìàëî øàíñîâ íàéòè ïîäõîäÿùèå ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ – è ýòî ïîâîä ïîïûòàòüñÿ ïîääåðæàòü å¸ ïîïóëÿöèè ñ ïîìîùüþ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü èìååò ñìûñë ðåàëèçîâûâàòü áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â ëåñîïàðêîâîé çîíå ãîðîäîâ, è äàëåå ïîïûòàòüñÿ ðàçâåñòè áèîòîïè÷åñêè îáà âèäà, ïåðåìàíèâ ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü íà ðàçìíîæåíèå, âñ¸ ñ ïîìîùüþ òåõ æå èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, â óçêèå ëåñîïîëîñû ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ óãîäèé, êîòîðûå äî ñèõ ïîð äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ íå îñâàèâàþòñÿ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àñüêååâ È.Â., Àñüêååâ Î.Â. Îðíèòîôàóíà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (êîíñïåêò ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ). Êàçàíü, 1999. 124 ñ. Áîãäàíîâ Ì.Í. Ïòèöû è çâåðè ÷åðíîçåìíîé ïîëîñû Ïîâîëæüÿ è äîëèíû Ñðåäíåé è Íèæíåé Âîëãè (áèî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû). – Òðóäû Îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Èìïåðàòîðñêîì Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå, ò. 1, îòä. 1. Êàçàíü, 1871. 226 c. Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Êîíñïåêò ôàóíû ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê (Ñåðèÿ «Ïðèðîäà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè». Âûï. 1). Óëüÿíîâñê, 1994. 96 ñ. Áîðîäèí Î.Â. Ñîâîîáðàçíûå – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (ãðèáû, æèâîòíûå). Ò. 1. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2004. Ñ. 226–230. Áîðîäèí Î.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Ñìèðíîâà Ñ.Ë. Î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ ñîâ â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ìîñêâà, 2005. Ñ. 226–229. Âîë÷àíåöêèé È.Á. Ê îðíèòîôàóíå Óëüÿíîâñêîé ãóáåðíèè (Êîðñóíñêèé óåçä). – Èçâåñòèÿ Ñàðàòîâñêîãî îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé. Ò. 1, âûï. 2–3. Ñàðàòîâ, 1924. Ñ. 131–140. Ãîðåëîâ Ì.Ñ., Ìàòâååâ Â.È., Óñòèíîâà À.À. Ïðèðîäà Êóéáûøåâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êóéáûøåâ, 1990. 464 ñ. Æèòêîâ Á.Ì., Áóòóðëèí Ñ.À. Ìàòåðèàëû äëÿ îðíèòîôàóíû Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Çàïèñêè Èìïåðàòîðñêîãî Ðóññêîãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà ïî îáùåé ãåîãðàôèè. Ò. 41, ¹2. ÑÏá., 1906. Ñ. 1–275. Èëüè÷åâ Â.Ä., Ôîìèí Â.Å. Îðíèòîôàóíà è èçìåíåíèå ñðåäû. Ì., 1988. 248 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñî-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 âîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À., Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 50–58. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 25–41. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàóíû êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ è ÷åòâåðîíîãèõ õèùíèêîâ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà íà ïîðîãå òðåòüåãî òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ (Ìàòåðèàëû ê äîêëàäó «Ñîñòîÿíèå ïðèðîäíîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî íàñëåäèÿ Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè»). Òîëüÿòòè, 1999. Ñ. 214–219. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ôèëèí â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹10. Ñ.37–46. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Êíèãà-ôîòîàëüáîì. Ñàìàðà, 2008. 66 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Ñàìàðñêîé Ëóêè: Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà çà 1997–2008 ãã. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà: ïðîáëåìû ðåãèîíàëüíîé è ãëîáàëüíîé ýêîëîãèè. Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà. 2009. Ò. 18, ¹4. Ñ. 217–224. Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Ìîñêâè÷¸â À.Í., Êîðîëüêîâ Ì.À. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî íåêîòîðûì âèäàì ñîâ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ñîâû Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ì., 2005. Ñ. 230–235. Êîðîâèí Â.À. Ïòèöû â àãðîëàíäøàôòàõ Óðàëà. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2004. 504 ñ. Êóëàåâà Ò.Ì. Îòðÿä Ñîâîîáðàçíûå Strigiformes. – Ïòèöû Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ: Íåâîðîáüèíûå. Ïîä ðåä. Â.À. Ïîïîâà. Ì., 1977. Ñ. 239–257. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â. Ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèé îáçîð ïòèö Æèãóë¸âñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ñàìàðñêàÿ Ëóêà. 1999. ¹9/10–99. Ñ. 286–299. Ëåáåäåâà Ã.Ï., Ïàíòåëååâ È.Â., Ïàâëîâ Ñ.È., Øàïîøíèêîâ Â.Ì., Äóáðîâñêèé Å.Í., ßñþê Â.Ï., Ìàãäååâ Ä.Â., Ñèìàê Ñ.Â., Áûêîâ Å.Â., Äþæàåâà È.Â., Âèíîãðàäîâ À.Â., Òàðàíîâà À.Ì., Ãóðèíåíêî À. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ». 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã., ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 48–53. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 42–44. Ìèëüêîâ Ô.Í. Ïðèðîäíûå çîíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1977. 293 ñ.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ìîñêâè÷¸â À.Í. Îáçîð ñîâðåìåííîé çèìíåé ôàóíû íåâîðîáüèíûõ ïòèö Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè (ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà ñåðåäèíó 2002 ã.). – Ìàòåðèàëû I Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåííîé ïàìÿòè Ñ.À. Áóòóðëèíà. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2003. Ñ. 180–195. Îñèïîâà Â.Á. Æèâîòíûé ìèð çåë¸íîé çîíû ã. Óëüÿíîâñêà. – Ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ýêîëîãèè: Òåçèñû äîêëàäîâ è ñîîáùåíèé ó÷àñòíèêîâ êîíôåðåíöèè ýêîëîãîâ Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêîãî êðàÿ. ×. 1. Êàçàíü, 1985. Ñ. 60. Îñìîëîâñêàÿ Â.È. Ýêîëîãèÿ ñòåïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà. – Òðóäû Íàóðçóìñêîãî ãîñ. çàïîâåäíèêà. 1949. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 117–152. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹10. Ñ. 14–16. Ïåðøàêîâ À.À. Ñïèñîê ïòèö Êàçàíñêîãî êðàÿ. – Òðóäû ñòóäåí÷åñêîãî êðóæêà «Ëþáèòåëè ïðèðîäû» â ã. Êàçàíè. Âûï. 3. Êàçàíü, 1929. Ñ. 3–68. Ïîäîëüñêèé À.Ë. Ôèëèí – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ñàðàòîâñêîé îáëàñòè: Ðàñòåíèÿ, ãðèáû, ëèøàéíèêè. Æèâîòíûå. Ñàðàòîâ, 1996. Ñ. 238. Ïîïîâà Å.Â., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Íåêîòîðûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ôàóíå ñîâîîáðàçíûõ Áóçóëóêñêîãî áîðà. – Áèîðåñóðñû è áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå ýêîñèñòåì Ïîâîëæüÿ: ïðîøëîå, íàñòîÿùåå, áóäóùåå (Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîâåùàíèÿ, ïîñâÿùåííîãî 10-ëåòèþ Ñàðàòîâñêîãî ôèëèàëà Èíñòèòóòà ïðîáëåì ýêîëîãèè è ýâîëþöèè èì. À.Í. Ñåâåðöåâà ÐÀÍ). Ñàðàòîâ, 2005. Ñ. 173. Ðàõèìîâ È.È. Ñîâîîáðàçíûå – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí (æèâîòíûå, ðàñòåíèÿ, ãðèáû). Èçäàíèå âòîðîå. Êàçàíü, 2006. Ñ. 113–126. Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ ïòèö Êàçàíñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Òðóäû Èìïåðàòîðñêîãî îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Êàçàíü, 1893. Ò. 25, âûï. 6. Ñ. 1–292. Ðóçñêèé Ì.Ä. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèå íàáëþäåíèÿ â Ñèìáèðñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ïðèëîæåíèÿ ê ïðîòîêîëàì çàñåäàíèé Èìïåðàòîðñêîãî îáùåñòâà åñòåñòâîèñïûòàòåëåé ïðè Êàçàíñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå, 1893–1894. Ò. 25, ïðèë. ¹142. Êàçàíü, 1894. Ñ. 1–15. Ñàëòûêîâ À.Â. Îðíèòî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ýëåêòðîñåòåâîé ñðåäû â ñâåòå îáùåé òåîðèè òåõíèêî-áèîòè÷åñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé. – Ïðèðîäà Ñèìáèðñêîãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Âûï. 4. Óëüÿíîâñê, 2003. Ñ. 170–174. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ñòåïè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Àòëàñ-ôîòîàëüáîì. Ñàìàðà, 2007. 28 ñ. Öàð¸â Ã.Í. Êëàññ Ïòèöû. – Ïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Óëüÿíîâñê, 1993. Ñ. 64–173. Øåïåëü À.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Ïåðìñêîãî Ïðèêàìüÿ. Èðêóòñê, 1992. 296 ñ. Ýâåðñìàí Ý.À. Åñòåñòâåííàÿ èñòîðèÿ Îðåíáóðãñêîãî êðàÿ. Ïòèöû. ×. 3. Êàçàíü, 1866. 621 ñ.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian Region, Kazakhstan ФИЛИН В АРАЛО-КАСПИЙСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ, КАЗАХСТАН Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Kovalenko A.V., Levin A.S. (Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Education and Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan) Pazhenkov A.S. (The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre, Samara, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Коваленко А.В., Левин А.C. (Институт зоологии ЦБИ МОН РК, Алматы, Казахстан) Паженков А.С. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Àíäðåé Êîâàëåíêî 405030 Êàçàõñòàí Àëìàòû óë. Âàõòàíãîâà, 11Á – 3 òåë.: +7 (727) 246 29 11 +7 (701) 570 25 60 +7 (777) 339 10 35 +7 (700) 910 05 32 akoval69@mail.ru Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè Ìèíèñòåðñòâî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè Êàçàõñòàí Àëìàòû òåë.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 levin_saker@nursat.kz Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» 443045 Ðîññèÿ Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 f_lynx@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Ñòàòüÿ áàçèðóåòñÿ íà äàííûõ àâòîðîâ, ïîëó÷åííûõ â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèé 2003–2006 ãã. Çà ýòîò ïåðèîä â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå âñòðå÷åíî 268 âçðîñëûõ ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo) íà 238 òåððèòîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 144 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ. Íà 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 2-õ – ñë¸òêè. Äëÿ 60,5% âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ èç 238 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âàðüèðóåò îò 3,13 äî 37,51 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 12,61 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ôèëèíîâ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 110 ì äî 10,5 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 3,17±2,19 êì. Â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà ãíåçäèòñÿ êàê ìèíèìóì 1200–1500 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ìîæåò ôëóêòóèðîâàòü â ïðåäåëàõ îò 3000–3750 äî 5640–7050 îñîáåé. Ñðåäè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (n=144) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò íàéäåííûå íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ – 53,47%, 23,61% âûÿâëåíî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ è 16,67% – íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ (n=141) óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà â íåáîëüøèõ íèøàõ – 93,62%, 3,55% – â êðóïíûõ ãðîòàõ è 2,84% – íà îòêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ïîëêàõ. Èç 122-õ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä â 85-òè (69,67%) áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ðàçìíîæåíèå â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ: 14 ãí¸çä ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè, 55 – âûâîäêè è 16 æèëûõ ãí¸çä îñìîòðåíî íå áûëî. Â êëàäêàõ (n=14) 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,0±0,96 ÿéöà, â âûâîäêàõ (n=55) 1–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,13±0,79 ïòåíöà. Èç 122-õ àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä 80 îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè (65,57%), à 37 (30,33%) – áåçóñïåøíûìè, ïðè÷¸ì 26,23% ãí¸çä ïóñòîâàëè ïî ïðè÷èíå íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö. Íà îñíîâàíèè àíàëèçà ìîðôîëîãèè è áèîëîãèè ôèëèíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ âåðíóòü ïîäâèäó èìÿ, äàííîå ðàíåå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, – ôèëèí Ýâåðñìàííà B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 èëè óñòþðòñêèé ôèëèí, òåì ñàìûì îáîçíà÷èâ åãî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîâû, ôèëèí, Bubo bubo, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ, Êàçàõñòàí. Abstract The paper is based on data authors obtained during surveys in 2003–2006. During the period of research in the Aral-Caspian region there were 238 registrations of 268 adult Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo), 144 breeding territories were discovered; nests were found in 117 breeding territories. Pairs of birds were noted in 25 breeding territories and fledglings – in 2 territories. The breeding was confirmed for 60.5% of 238 owl registrations. The average breeding density in the region was 12.61 records/100 km of cliff-faces, ranging from 3.13 to 37.51 records/100 km of cliff-faces. The distance between nearest neighbors varied from 110 m to 10.5 km, averaging 3.17±2.19 km in the region. Thus, the minimal number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region within Kazakhstan was estimated at 1200–1500 breeding pairs. After the breeding season a number of the Eagle Owl can range from 3000–3750 to 5640–7050 individuals. Preferable nesting substrate of the Eagle Owl (n=144) was clay cliff-faces (53.47%), 23.61% of examined nests were on chalky cliff-faces and 16.67% – on limy cliff-faces. Cliff-nesting owls (n=141) were found to nest in small niches (93.62%), large cavities (3.55%) and on open ledges (2.84%). Only 122 nests were occupied, breeding attempts was noted only in 85 (69.67%): 14 nests were with clutches, 55 – with broods, and 16 occupied nests were not examined. The average clutch size was 3.0±0.96 eggs (n=14; range 2–5), the average brood size was 3.13±0.79 nestlings (n=55; range 1–5). Successful breeding was recorded in 80 (65.57%) of 122 occupied nests, and 37 (30.33%) were unsuccessful. Birds not bred in 26.23% nests. Analyzing the morphology and breeding biology of the Eagle Owl, inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region, it has offered to recognize it as an independent subspecies and restore the name earlier proposed by Dementiev – the Eversmann’s Eagle Owl B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 or the Ustyurt Eagle Owl. Keywords: raptors, owls, Eagle Owl, Bubo bubo, distribution, population status, breeding biology, Kazakhstan.

Ââåäåíèå Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) â Ïðèêàñïèè è Ïðèàðàëüå èçäàâíà ïðèâëåêàë âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Îäíàêî, â ñâÿçè ñî ñêðûòíîñòüþ âèäà, òðåáóþùåé ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ â åãî âûÿâëåíèè è èçó÷åíèè, îñòàâàëàñü ìàññà âîïðîñîâ êàñàòåëüíî ïîäâèäî-

Introduction During surveys in the Aral-Caspian region author of the paper paid the special attention to the Eagle Owl as a species determining distribution of many other raptor species in a territory and being a precise indicator of feeding conditions in a region. Exten-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 (831) 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Andrey Kovalenko, Vahtangova str., 11b–3 Almaty 405030 Kazakhstan tel.: +7 (727) 246 29 11 +7 (701) 570 25 60 +7 (777) 339 10 35 +7 (700) 910 05 32 akoval69@mail.ru Anatoliy Levin Institute of Zoology Ministry of Education and Sciences Almaty Kazakhstan tel.: +7 (3272) 69 48 76 levin_saker@nursat.kz Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara 443045 Russia f_lynx@mail.ru

âîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòè è ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ôèëèíîâ â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå. Ïóñòûíè Ïðèêàñïèÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ îáñëåäîâàëèñü àâòîðàìè â ðàìêàõ «Ñòåïíîé ïðîãðàììû» Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (Í. Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ) è Öåíòðà ñîäåéñòâèÿ ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè (Ñàìàðà, Ðîññèÿ), ïðîåêòà «Áàëîáàí â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå» Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Falcon Research Institute, Carmarthen, UK) è ïðîåêòà ïî âûÿâëåíèþ Êëþ÷åâûõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà Àññîöèàöèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Êàçàõñòàíà (Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí). Â õîäå ðàáîòû ôèëèíó óäåëÿëîñü îñîáîå âíèìàíèå, êàê âèäó, îïðåäåëÿþùåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ìíîãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïî òåððèòîðèè è ÿâëÿþùåìóñÿ ÷¸òêèì èíäèêàòîðîì êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèè â ðåãèîíå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûë ñîáðàí äîâîëüíî îáøèðíûé ìàòåðèàë, ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè êîòîðîãî ïðåäñòàâëåíû â íàñòîÿùåé ñòàòüå. Ìåòîäèêà Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíèìàåò îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå (â àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèöàõ ãîñóäàðñòâà), ìåæäó Êàñïèéñêèì è Àðàëüñêèì ìîðÿìè, ïëîùàäüþ 250,0 òûñ. êì2 è ëåæèò, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, â çîíå ïîëóïóñòûíü è ñåâåðíûõ ïóñòûíü. Äàííàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îáñëåäîâàëàñü â àïðåëå-ìàå 2003–2006 ãã. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 15654 êì (3832 êì – â 2003 ã. è

Ðèñ. 1. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöå 1. Fig. 1. Study plots. Numbers of study plots in the figure are similar ones in the table 1.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo). Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo). Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

sive data were obtained and results of data processing are presented in the paper. Methods The region under consideration occupies the extensive area in the Western Kazakhstan (within the state borders) between Caspian and Aral Seas with a territory of 250 thousands km2. That territory was surveyed in 2003– 2006. A total length survey routes was 15654 km. For 4 years of research 31 study plots with a total area of 1098.49 km2 were set up (fig. 1). Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl were discovered during vehicle and pedestrian routes which were planned in habitats preferred the species – usually along different cliff-faces and rarely along narrow ravines. The activity was aimed at the search of nests and registration of birds. The territories where nests of the Eagle Owl (either living or empty but occupied) or vocalized adult birds have been recorded, were recognized as breeding territories. As the possible breeding territories we considered the registrations of the adult birds repeated in the same territories in June. Discovered breeding territories of the Eagle Owl were mapped. The population calculation was performed using GIS-software (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA) (Karyakin, 2004) based on the map of typical habitats (cliff-faces) obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM + satellite images and analysis of 1:500000 scale topographic maps. A total length of cliff-faces in the region is 8065.02 km as well as in study plots is 1768.9 km. Following the geographical location and the dominating type of rock (chalky, limy or clay), all cliff-faces of the region were divided into 10 groups: cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau, northern cliff-faces

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 5975 êì – â 2004 ã., 977 êì – â 2005 ã. è 4870 êì – â 2006 ã.). Â 2003 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 11 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 2194,95 êì2. Â 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëîñü 6 ïëîùàäîê ïðîøëîãî ãîäà, 3 èç êîòîðûõ áûëè ïîëíîñòüþ îáñëåäîâàíû. Âñåãî çà ãîä áûëî îñìîòðåíî 18 ïëîùàäîê (ñ ó÷¸òîì íîâûõ) îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 8162,70 êì2. Â 2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëî çàëîæåíî 3 ïëîùàäêè îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 196,43 êì2. Â 2006 ã. óäàëîñü îáñëåäîâàòü 5 ïëîùàäîê îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 905,32 êì2. Çà 4 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà 31 íå ïåðåêðûâàþùàÿñÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäêà îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 1098,49 êì2 (ðèñ.1). Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà âûÿâëÿëèñü â õîäå àâòîìîáèëüíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, êîòîðûå ïëàíèðîâàëèñü ïî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûì äëÿ âèäà áèîòîïàì – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âäîëü îáðûâîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà è, â ìåíüøåé ñòåïåíè, âäîëü ñàåâ (óçêèõ îâðàãîâ). Ðàáîòà áûëà íàïðàâëåíà íà ïîèñê ãí¸çä è ðåãèñòðàöèþ ïòèö. Îáðûâû îñìàòðèâàëèñü â îïòèêó (áèíîêëè 8õ30, 12õ50) ñ öåëüþ îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèø, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Îáíàðóæåííûå íèøè ñ ïðèçíàêàìè çàñåëåíèÿ èõ ôèëèíîì (íàëè÷èå ïîì¸òà, ïóõà, ñìûâà êîñòåé) ïîäðîáíî îñìàòðèâàëèñü â òðóáó (30–60õ), äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ çàíÿòîñòè ãí¸çä. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷èíêè ïðîõîäèëèñü ïåøêîì ïîâåðõó èëè ïîíèçó, ëèáî è ïîâåðõó, è ïîíèçó ãðóïïîé èç 2-õ ÷åëîâåê. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå, ïîìèìî ãí¸çä, óäåëÿëîñü âíèìàíèå ïîèñêó ïðèñàä, êîòîðûå ÷¸òêî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàëèñü ïî ïîãàäêàì è îñòàòêàì äîáû÷è. Ïîä ãíåçäîâûìè ó÷àñòêàìè ïîäðàçóìåâàþòñÿ òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà (ëèáî æèëûå, ëèáî ïóñòóþùèå, íî àáîíèðóåìûå ïòèöàìè), âñòðå÷åíû òîêóþùèå âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Ê âîçìîæíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì ìû ïðèðàâíèâàåì èþíüñêèå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàâøèõñÿ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. Âûÿâëÿåìûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíà êàðòèðîâàëèñü, äàííûå âíîñèëèñü â ñðåäó ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.2a, ESRI, CA, USA), ãäå è ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ ðàñ÷¸ò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Íà îñíîâå ðàñòðîâûõ êàðò Ì 1:500000 è êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+ áûëè ïîäãîòîâëåíû âåêòîðíûå ñëîè îáðûâîâ, íà îáùóþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü êîòîðûõ ïðÿìî ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü äàííûå ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíîâ, ïîëó÷åííûå íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 8065,02 êì, à ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ –

of the Usturt Plateau (including the DonyzTau cliff-faces), western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau and calck cliff-faces of Aktau, the Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, cliff-faces of the Aral Sea, cliff-faces of Mangyshlak Peninsula, cliff-faces of depressions of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Karagie, Kaundy, Basgurly, Zhazgurly Northeastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs. The diet studies were based on an analysis of remains of preys in nests and pellets. A total of 877 prey remains and 200 pellets were analyzed.

Ôèëèí. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Eagle Owl. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

Subspecies Until now it was not absolutely clear about a subspecies that inhabited the Aral-Caspian region. G.P. Dementyev using type samples from the Aral Sea region determined an independent subspecies (B. b. eversmanni Dementiev, 1931) which later was recognized as a synonym of B. b. turkomanus Eversman, 1835. As a result describing distribution of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region in the book “Bird of the Soviet Union” G.P. Dementyev (1951) assumed B. b. turkomanus breeding in an area from the Mugodzhary mountains in the north to Turkmenistan in the south, but noted at the same time that B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933 possible bred in the south of the Usturt Plateau and even on the Mangyshlak peninsula. L.S. Stepanyan (1990) drew a border of breeding grounds of B. b. turkomanus through the Southern Usturt and the lower reach of the Syr-Darya river. Also individuals from the east coast of the

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 1768,9 êì. Ïî ñâîåìó ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîìó ðàñïîëîæåíèþ, à òàêæå ïî äîìèíèðîâàíèþ òîãî èëè èíîãî òèïà îáíàæåíèé (ìåëîâûå, ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûå èëè ãëèíÿíûå), âñå îáðûâû ðåãèîíà ïîäåëåíû íà 10 ãðóïï: îáðûâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò (âêëþ÷àÿ ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó), çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó, Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò, îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ, îáðûâû ïîëóîñòðîâà Ìàíãûøëàê, îáðûâû âïàäèí ÊèíäåðëèÊàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (Êàðàãèå, Êàóíäû, Áàñãóðëû, Æàçãóðëû), ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è Ìàíãûøëàêà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region: chalky cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt Plateau (in center) and Mangyshlak Peninsula (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Caspian Sea described as B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962 were reduced to a synonym of B. b. turkomanus. V.S. Zaletaev (1962) distinguished that subspecies on the base of affinity of the type samples to B. bubo ruthenus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906. The assumption, that B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910 is registered on Mangyshlak where intergrades with B. b. turkomanus (Stepanyan, 1990), seems not be proved. The Eagle Owl individuals are very variable, that complicates to distinguish subspecies correctly. Nevertheless, our data allow concluding that the independent large-size subspecies inhabits all the zone of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region. In our opinion G.P. Dementyev (Dementiev, 1935) gave the most convenient description of the subspecies, and we consider the name B. b. eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 also is the most convenient for this subspecies. Recognizing the independence of subspecies inhabiting the Aral-Caspian region it is possible to assume this subspecies intergrading with B. b. turkomanus on all the northern border of the breeding range in the region and with B. b. omissus – on southern border of the range in Turkmenistan. Distribution and number The Eagle Owl is widely distributed species in the Aral-Caspian region. The main condition for dense nesting seems to be the large colonies of rodents in a combination with a vertical partition of a relief. During the period of surveys of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region there were 238 records of 268 adults, including 144 breeding territories (136 of which were found in study plots). Nests were discovered in 117 breeding territories (143 nests including old nests occupied earlier) (fig. 2). Pairs were registered in 25 breeding territories and juveniles – in 2 territories (search of nests jacks was not carried out in 24 occurrences because of inaccessibility of clifffaces and nests were not found in 3 cases). The nesting was confirmed for 60.5% of 238 records of the Eagle Owl. The analysis of the Eagle Owl distribution in different habitats has shown that occurrences were rather regularly on all types of cliff-faces (fig. 3). The significant correlation was noted between occurrences of the Eagle Owl and lengths of routes in breeding habitats (r=0.98, p<0.05). The Eagle Owl definitely seemed to avoid to nest on gentle slopes of ravines in the region (fig. 4). The breeding density was projected to be rather

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó. Ó÷¸òíûå ïëîùàäêè â 2003– 2004 ãã. çàêëàäûâàëèñü òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ê êîíöó ïîëåâîãî ñåçîíà 2004 ã. îõâàòèòü âñå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ â ðåãèîíå. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà âåëàñü èìåííî íà òå ãðóïïû îáðûâîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ôèëèíû ó÷èòûâàëèñü. Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì îïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè îñòàíêîâ æåðòâ â ãí¸çäàõ è ðàçáîðà ïîãàäîê. Â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè îïðåäåëåíî 877 îáúåêòîâ ñðåäè îñòàíêîâ è ðàçîáðàíî 200 ïîãàäîê. Îòíîøåíèå êîëè÷åñòâà îáúåêòîâ ê èõ ìàññå â ïèòàíèè ôèëèíà îïðåäåëåíî ïî 242 îñòàíêàì â 18-òè ãí¸çäàõ (äëÿ ÷àñòè÷íî ñúåäåííûõ îáúåêòîâ ìàññà îïðåäåëÿëàñü èñõîäÿ èç èõ ñðåäíåãî æèâîãî âåñà). Ïîäñòèëêà ãí¸çä íå èçó÷àëàñü. Ïîäâèäû Òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ áëèçêèìè âèäàìè ðîäà Bubo äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíû. Â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà åâðàçèéñêîãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo bubo L., 1758) ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè ïðèíèìàåòñÿ îò 14-òè äî 19-òè ïîäâèäîâ (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Èâàíîâ è äð., 1953; Vaurie, 1965; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990; Konig, Weick, 2008). Ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòüþ ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, îñòàâàëàñü íå ñîâñåì ÿñíîé âïëîòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè. Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå: Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì ïî òèïîâûì ãëèíÿíûå îáðûâû Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), Óñòþðòà (â öåíòðå) è Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ýêçåìïëÿðàì èç Ïðèàðàëüÿ áûë âûäåëåí ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé Typical breeding habitats of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region: clay cliff-faces of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), Usturt ïîäâèä B. bubo eversmanni Plateau (in center) and Aral Sea (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin. Dementiev, 1931, êîòîðûé ïîçæå ñâåä¸í ê ñèíîíèìó êàçàõñêîãî ôèëèíà. Â èòîãå óæå â êíèãå identical in different types of cliff-faces, be«Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà» Ã.Ï. Äåìåícause owls seemed to inhabit chalky, limy òüåâ (1951), îïèñûâàÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå as well as clay cliffs equally. However the ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, lowest number of found nests was noted ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî îò Ìóãîäæàð íà ñåâåðå for chalky cliff-faces of Usturt, Mangyshäî Òóðêìåíèè íà þãå ãíåçäèòñÿ êàçàõñêèé lak and the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau ôèëèí (B. bubo turkomanus Eversman, (fig. 5), but occurrences of the Eagle Owl 1835), â òî æå âðåìÿ îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî íà þãå on clay and chalky cliff-faces were almost Óñòþðòà è äàæå, ìîæåò áûòü, íà Ìàíãûøequal. It is connected with difficulty of the

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ëàêå âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå òóðêìåíñêîãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo omissus Dementiev, 1933). Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí (1990) ïðîâîäèë ãðàíèöó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êàçàõñêîãî ôèëèíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ÷åðåç Þæíûé Óñòþðò è íèçîâüÿ Ñûðäàðüè. Â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìîâ ñ êàçàõñêèì ôèëèíîì, ïîìèìî ôèëèíîâ ñ Àðàëüñêî-

Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì â ëîãàõ, ðàññåêàþùèõ ÷èíêè ïëàòî: ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (ââåðõó), îáðûâû âïàäèíû Êàðàãèå (â öåíòðå), îáðûâû Ïðèàðàëüÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Typical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl in ravines traversing cliff-faces of plateaus: cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (upper), precipices of the Karagie Depression (center), precipices of the Aral Sea region (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ nest searching on chalky cliff-faces because of their large height. Counts of the Eagle Owl have shown the density varying from 3.13 to 37.51 registrations/100 km on different types of cliff-faces, averaging 12.61 registration/100 km of cliff-faces in the region (table 1). The nearest-neighbor distance varied widely between 110 m and 10.5 km (average distance 3.17±2.19 km, n=94) in the region (table 2). Generally the majority of pairs prefer to nest at the distance of 1–4 km from each other. The increasing of nearest-neighbor distances up to 5 km and more (fig. 7) was definitely connected with the missing of birds. There was no precise correlation between types of cliff-faces and the nearest – neighbors distances (r=0.17, p<0.05, n=20). At the same time the rather significant positive correlation was noted between the distances between nearest active nests and the height of cliff-faces (r=0.71, p<0.05, n=20) (fig. 8). The higher cliffs were surveyed, the larger the distances between active nests were noted due to the missing of birds. Extrapolating the average density (12.6±3.1 pairs/100 km of cliff-faces) to all the length of cliff-faces in the Aral-Caspian region, which returned 8065.02 km, we assume at least 766–1266 pairs of the Eagle Owl breeding in the region, at average 1016 pairs. Close data (at average 1187 pairs) was obtained with separate number calculations for different types of cliff-faces (table 3). Outside cliff-faces the Eagle Owl was noted to breed in mountains Mangistau, in Kanyrzharyk Sand between the KinderliKayasanskoe Plateau and the Usturt Plateau, Uyaly Sands and Sam Sands in the northern part of the Usturt Plateau and the Large and Small Barsuki Sands in the Aral Sea region. We project not less than 20 pairs to breed in Mangystau and not less than 50 pairs in Sands. Considering all aforesaid, it is safe to assume the number of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region within the borders of Kazakhstan is at least 1200–1500 breeding pairs. In our estimation a total number of all the Aral-Caspian population (the most part of the range of B. b. eversmanni) can approximate to 2000–3000 breeding pairs. For 4 years of the Eagle Owl surveys on the Usturt Plateau non-breeding pairs were observed locally only on the Northern Usturt in 2003 and on the Southern Usturt in 2005, while the season of 2006 seemed to be the most successful for Eagle Owls on DonyzTau and Shagyray Plateau. Keeping in mind

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Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ãî ìîðÿ B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931, ñâîäÿòñÿ è ïòèöû ñ âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ Êàñïèÿ B. bubo gladkovi Zaletaev, 1962. Ïîñëåäíèé ïîäâèä áûë âûäåëåí Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâûì (1962) íà îñíîâàíèè áëèçîñòè òèïîâûõ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ ê ðóññêîìó [âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîìó] ôèëèíó (B. bubo ruthenus Zhitkow et Buturlin, 1906). Âîïðîñ î ïîâòîðíîì âûäåëåíèè «gladkovi» â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä óæå ïîäíèìàëñÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), òåì íå ìåíåå, êàêèõëèáî îïðåäåë¸ííûõ ïîäâèæåê â ýòîì âîïðîñå íå ïðîèçîøëî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î âñòðå÷àõ þæíîãî ôèëèíà (B. bubo interpositus Rîtsñhild et Hartert, 1910) íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, ãäå îí èíòåðãðàäèðóåò ñ «turkomanus» (Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990), âðÿä ëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáîñíîâàííûì, òàê êàê, çíàÿ áèîëîãèþ ôèëèíà, î÷åíü òðóäíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ýìèãðàöèè ïòèö ÷åðåç Êàñïèéñêîå ìîðå. Ôèëèíû î÷åíü ñèëüíî èçìåí÷èâû èíäèâèäóàëüíî, ÷òî çàòðóäíÿåò ïðàâèëüíîå ðàçãðàíè÷åíèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ôîðì, íà ÷òî îáðàùàë âíèìàíèå åù¸ Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íàøè äàííûå ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî âñþ ÷èíêîâóþ çîíó Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà íàñåëÿåò îäèí, äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûé ïîäâèä, íàèáîëåå áëèçêîå îïèñàíèå êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ êàê ðàç ó Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (Dementiev, 1935). Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíîì íà ôàñå ÷èíêîâ (ñâåðõó âíèç): Ïðèêàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, îáðûâû Ðàçìåðû: äëèíà êðûëà ñàìöîâ 425–465 ìì, ñàìîê âïàäèíû Êàóíäû, íèçêèå ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Êóëàíäû è âûñîêèå ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. 470–515 ìì, ìàññà ñàìTypical nesting sites if the Eagle Owl on cliff-faces (from top to öîâ – 2,5 êã, ñàìîê – 3,2 êã. bottom): Caspian cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, Îñíîâíàÿ îêðàñêà âçðîñëûõ precipices of the Kaundy Depression, small chalky precipices of the ïòèö ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò, íî Kaundy Depression and big chalky precipices of Aktau. Photos by I. Karyakin. âñ¸ æå áîëåå áëèçêà ê îêðàñêå «turkomanus»: áëåäíàÿ, fluctuations in breeding success of different îò æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòîé äî áåëîé, ò¸ìbreeding groups post-breeding number of íûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà the Eagle Owl can range in 1.5–2.5 times. ìåíåå ðàçâèò è áîëåå ðàçäðîáëåí, ÷åì Thus post-breeding number of the Eagle ó «interpositus» è «ruthenus», íî ïðè Owl in the Aral-Caspian region can fluctuate ýòîì îñòà¸òñÿ êîíòðàñòíûì. Â îòëè÷èå îò between 3000–3750 and 5640–7050 indi«turkomanus», âåðõ ñïèíû (ñðåäíèå âåðõ-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 íèå êðîþùèå âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ, ëîïàòî÷íûå ïåðüÿ è êðîþùèå âåðõà øåè è âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñïèíû) ïîêðûò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áåëûìè ïåðüÿìè ñ ñåðîâàòîáóðûì, áóðîâàòî-÷¸ðíûì èëè ÷¸ðíûì ðèñóíêîì. Íà ñïèíå ò¸ìíûå ÷¸ðíûå èëè áóðûå ïÿòíà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îêðóãëîé ôîðìû, ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ñ ñåðûì øòðèõîâûì ðèñóíêîì. Îõðèñòûå òîíà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìàëûõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ, êðûëûøêå, îò÷àñòè áîëüøèõ âåðõíèõ êðîþùèõ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ è íàäõâîñòüå, õîòÿ â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ è ýòî ïåðî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåëûì. Ìàõîâûå è ðóëè æ¸ëòûå èëè æåëòîâàòî-îõðèñòûå ñ áóðûìè ïîëîñêàìè è áåëûìè êàéìàìè ïî êðàþ. Ñ âîçðàñòîì ó ïòèö îêðàñêà ìàõîâûõ è ðóëåé ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïåïåëüíîé ñ îõðèñòûì íàë¸òîì ëèøü ïî íàðóæíîìó îïàõàëó (ó ìàõîâûõ) èëè îñíîâàíèþ ïåðà (ó ðóëåé). Ò¸ìíûé ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà íå ðàñïðîñòðàíÿåòñÿ íà æèâîò è èìååò, êàê ïðàâèëî, âèä ÷¸òêèõ (íå ðàçìûòûõ) ïÿòåí, ó íåêîòîðûõ îñîáåé ïðèîáðåòàþùèõ êàïëåâèäíóþ ôîðìó (ñì. êîëëàæ íà çàäíåé îáëîæêå). Ìîëîäûå îêðàøåíû â èíòåíñèâíûå æåëòîâàòûå òîíà, áåëûé öâåò íà êðîþùèõ âåðõà òåëà çàìåí¸í íà îõðèñòûé, ïåñòðèíû ÷¸ðíî-áóðûå, ñòðóé÷àòûé ðèñóíîê êîíòðàñòíûé, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì åñòü âåðîÿòíîñòü, ÷òî èìåííî ìîëîäûå ïòèöû ïðèíèìàþòñÿ çà «interpositus». Îïèñàííûå Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâûì (1962) â êà÷åñòâå «gladkovi» êàñïèéñêèå ôèëèíû, ñêîðåå âñåãî, îäèí èç êðàéíèõ âàðèàíòîâ (â ñòîðîíó æ¸ëòîãî) âàðèàöèè îêðàñêè. Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðå÷ü èä¸ò òàêæå î ìîëîäûõ ïòèöàõ, íà÷àâøèõ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàíî ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ. Äëÿ þæíûõ ðàñ ôèëèíà õàðàêòåðíî ïîñòåïåííîå ñâåòëåíèå îêðàñêè ñ âîçðàñòîì. È åñëè ìîëîäûå ôèëèíû ñåâåðíûõ ïîäâèäîâ â íîðìå óæå â ïåðâûé ãîä íåîòëè÷èìû îò âçðîñëûõ (èõ âûäà¸ò ëèøü ðàâíîìåðíî îáíîøåííîå ïåðî), òî ìîëîäûå þæíûõ ðàñ áîëåå æåëòåå è òåìíåå, ÷åì èõ ðîäèòåëè – ýòî î÷åíü õîðîøî çàìåòíî ïðè íàáëþäåíèè çà ëåòíûìè âûâîäêàìè, â êîòîðûõ âçðîñëûå ïòèöû ñòàðøå 5 ëåò. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåïðèâåä¸ííîå îïèñàíèå, èìååò ñìûñë ïðèíÿòü äëÿ ôèëèíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí, èìÿ, äàííîå Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì, – ôèëèí Ýâåðñìàííà B. bubo eversmanni Dementiev, 1931 èëè óñòþðòñêèé ôèëèí. Ïðèíèìàÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ôèëèíà â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü èíòåðãðàäàöèþ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà ñ êàçàõñêèì

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ñ êëàäêîé. Ïðèàðàëüå. 17 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the Eagle Owl with eggs. Aral Sea region. 17 April 2005. Photos by I. Karyakin.

viduals (following data of actually observed breeding success for 4 years an average number fluctuated from 3444 to 4305 individuals, see p. 64). In successful years the post-breeding density of the Eagle Owl can reach 1–2 individuals/km of cliffs (including slopes of ravines) or to 3–9 individuals/km of cliff-faces. Breeding biology Of the discovered nesting sites of the Eagle Owl (n=144) sites located on clay cliff-faces obviously prevailed (53.47%), 23.61% of sites were found on chalky and 16.67% – on limy cliff-faces (fig. 5). Out of 143 found nests 141 (98.6%) were placed on precipices or rocks. Owls (n=141)

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ôèëèíîì ïî âñåé ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà âèäà â ðåãèîíå è ñ òóðêìåíñêèì ôèëèíîì – íà þæíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà, â Òóðêìåíèè. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü Â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ôèëèí ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïîâñåìåñòíî. Îñíîâíûì óñëîâèåì äëÿ ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èå ìàññîâûõ ïîñåëåíèé ãðûçóíîâ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âåðòèêàëüíûì ðàñ÷ëåíåíèåì ðåëüåôà. Ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ âèäà ñíèæàåòñÿ îò îïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãîðû Ìàíãèñòàó è ÷èíêè ïëàòî, ê ñóáîïòèìàëüíûì – ëàíäøàôòàì íèçêîòðàâíûõ ðàâíèí. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äàæå íà òåððèòîðèè ïîñëåäíèõ âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî íåãëóáîêèì ñàÿì è áðîøåííûì ñòðîåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà (êàçàõñêèì êëàäáèùàì, ïîñ¸ëêàì, áóðîâûì è ò.ï.). Íà ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ ôèëèíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïî âñåì íèçêîãîðüÿì Ìàíãûøëàêà, ÷èíêàì Óñòþðòà, áóäó÷è îñîáåííî îáûêíîâåííûìè ïî ìîðñêèì ïîáåðåæüÿì; ïî îáðûâàì ïëàòî, áîðòàì áåññòî÷íûõ âïàäèí, ñóõèì ðóñëàì è çàáðîøåííûì ñîîðóæåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà ôèëèíû øèðîêî çàñåëÿþò ïðèëåæàùèå ðàâíèíû ï-îâà Áóçà÷è, Óñòþðòà, Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Ìàíãûøëàêà è Ïðèêàðàáîãàçüÿ (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Ðàíåå ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî ôèëèí ðåäîê íà ðàâíèíàõ ñåâåðíîãî Ïðåäóñòþðòüÿ, íî ãíåçäèòñÿ â äîëèíå ð. Ýìáà âïëîòü äî äåëüòû (Íåðó÷åâ, Ìàêàðîâ, 1982), îäíàêî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îí íàéäåí â êà÷åñòâå äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íîãî ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ âèäà âî âñåõ îâðàæíî-áàëî÷íûõ ñèñòåìàõ áàññåéíà Ýìáû, âïëîòü äî Óñòþðòà, Ìóãîäæàð è Ïîäóðàëüñêîãî ïëàòî. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007), õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ôèëèíà êàê îáû÷íûé âèä â ðàéîíàõ ñ ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûì ðåëüåôîì â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå, àêöåíòèðóþò âíèìàíèå íà òîì, ÷òî âèä íå íàéäåí â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò ïîêàçàëè äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà è â ìàññèâàõ ïåñêîâ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè. Âèäèìî âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ýìáû, þæíîãî øëåéôà Ìóãîäæàð è ðàâíèí Ïðèàðàëüÿ ëåæèò â çîíå èíòåðãðàäàöèè óñòþðòñêîãî è êàçàõñêîãî ôèëèíîâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ïîñëåäíåãî íà ñëàáî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûõ ðàâíèíàõ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòîëü øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è êîíñòàòàöèþ îáû÷íîñòè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå, íàõîäîê åãî ãí¸çä íå òàê óæ è ìíîãî, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî ñêðûòíîñòüþ âèäà è íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ íàëè÷èÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûõ íàâûêîâ åãî ïîèñêà ó èññëåäîâàòåëåé.

obviously prefer to nest at the bottom of precipices (46.81%) and avoid the tops of precipices (0.71%) and are very reluctant to nest in the bottom third of precipices (7.09%), also 27.66% of found nests were located at the upper third and 17.73% – in the central part of precipices (fig. 9). Generally Eagle Owls (n=141) breed in small niches (93.62%). We found only 3.55% of nests in large cavities, and 2.84% on the ledges not protected by overhangs. Other nest sites including barchan slope under a bush in the Greater Barsuki Sands, and partially destroyed Kazakh tomb in the Northern Usturt should be noted. The Eagle Owls nest is a cup in the ground with a diameter of 25–30 cm and depth of 3–9 cm. There was no cup only in 23.3% of occurrences, and egg laid directly on the ground. 26 sites were monitored during two years and all of them were successful. Owls bred in the old nest in 10 of them (38.46%). The majority of repeatedly occupied nests were places in cavities in chalky cliff-faces (n=7; 85.71%). And only

Àíàòîëèé Ëåâèí íà ãíåçäå ôèëèíà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè. Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 9 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Anatoliy Levin on the Eagle Owl’s nest with nestlings. Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 9 April 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Ïåðâàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêàõ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå èìååòñÿ ó Â.Í. Áîñòàíæîãëî (1911). Îäíî ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî â 1947 ã. íà ñåâåðíîì ïîáåðåæüå Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ â óð. Äæóìáàñ áëèç ñò. Àêåñïå (Êóçÿêèí, 2005). Î íàõîäêàõ 2-õ âûâîäêîâ íà Ìàíãûøëàêå óïîìèíàåò Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962), ïðè ýòîì èíôîðìàöèþ î ãí¸çäàõ íå ïðèâîäèò. Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007) óïîìèíàþò î íàõîäêå 3-õ ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå ï-îâà Áóçà÷è â 1963 ã. Â.Ï. Øóáåíêèí (1984) â 1982 ã. íà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Óñòþðòå îáíàðóæèë òðè ãíåçäà ôèëèíîâ. Á.Ì. Ãóáèí (2004) íàø¸ë ãíåçäî íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è â 2003 ã. Ëèøü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ñòàëî ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ áîëüøå èíôîðìàöèè î íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíîâ: â àïðåëå 2003 ã. íà Óñòþðòå è Ìàíãûø-

Ðèñ. 2. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ôèëèíîâ (Bubo bubo). Fig. 2. Breeding territories of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo).

ëàêå ëîêàëèçîâàíî 14 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, îñìîòðåíî 3 ãíåçäà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2004), 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. 4 ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû íà ïðèìîðñêîì ÷èíêå Êàñïèÿ (Ëåâèí, Êàðÿêèí, 2005), â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2005 ã. îáíàðóæåíî 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 11 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà (Êàðÿêèí, Áàðàáàøèí, 2006), íà ïëàòî Øàãûðàé â 2006 ã. âûÿâëåíî 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà 10 èç êîòîðûõ íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êîðæåâ, 2006). Çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíà â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå àâòîðàìè âñòðå÷åíî 268 âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íà 238 òåððèòîðèÿõ, âûÿâëåíî 144 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà (136 – íà ïëîùàäêàõ), íà 117 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ (143 ãíåçäà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 3 sites of 16 (18.75%) were occupied repeatedly in clay cliff-faces (fig. 10). Eagle Owls start to breed in the region at the period between January and February, which is characterized by active vocalization including courtship songs. The egg-laying period in the region is much stretched and takes place between 5 February and 20 April. The dates of the most egg-laying were estimated as 15–25 February in the south, and 15 March – 1 April in the north of the Aral-Caspian region; 20 February – 15 March on the Mangyshlak Peninsula and the Western Usturt. Nestlings of different age in nests in the Aral-Caspian region were recorded during the period 15 March to 25– 30 July (nestlings out of hatched latest April clutches). The earliest fledging dates were 13–18 May. Mostly nestlings fledged on 25 May – 3 June in the south, and on 22 June – 8 July in the north of the region. Usually the fledgling dates on the Mangyshlak Peninsula were somewhere between 25 May and 25 June. The breeding was recorded in 85 (69.67%) out of 122 occupied nests that were surveyed: 14 nests contained clutches, including 4 perished, 55 nests were with broods, including one perished, and 16 occupied nests were not examined, keeping in mind the date of surveys it seemed that owls incubated eggs (10 nests), or warmed little nestlings, the age of which was less than a week (6 nests). Following data of clutch examinations the average clutch size was 3.0±0.96 eggs (n=14; range 2–5): 35.71% of clutches contained 2 and 3 eggs, 21.43% of clutches – 4 eggs and 5 eggs was recorded only time (7.14%). In 2005, in the Aral Sea region the clutch size (n=7) varied from 2 to 3, averaging 2.43±0.53 eggs. In 2003–2004 in the Usturt Plateau the average clutch size was 3.57±0.98 eggs (n=7; range 2–5). For obtaining the objective estimation of the clutch size it is meaningful to consider also the size of broods in the age of about 7 days when no nestlings or egg was authentically noted to be trampled down or lost from the nest. Taking into account this information the clutch size was 3.36±0.86 eggs (n=33; range 2–5) (fig. 11). If a number and/or availability of prey species is rapidly increased during incubation of eggs, Eagle Owls are able to lay additional eggs at the last stage of incubation of clutches, or having already hatched little nestlings (Karyakin, 2009). We recorded that fact 3 times in the Aral-Caspian region. If a number

Raptor Research

Ïòåíöû ôèëèíà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestlings of the Eagle Owl. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ñ ó÷¸òîì ñòàðûõ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ðàíåå) (ðèñ. 2). Íà 25 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ âñòðå÷åíû ïàðû ïòèö è íà 2-õ – ñë¸òêè (ïîèñê ãí¸çä â 24-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íå îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ èç-çà íåäîñòóïíîñòè îáðûâîâ è â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íå ïðèí¸ñ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ). Äëÿ 60,5% âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ èç 238 ïîäòâåðæäåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå. Ëèøü â 39,5% ñëó÷àåâ ïðè âñòðå÷å ñ ôèëèíàìè íå óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå, õîòÿ, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò Ðèñ. 3. Âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ îáñëåäîâàííûõ ïðàêòèêà ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ. íèé òàêèõ òåððèòîðèé, îíî Fig. 3. Occurrences of the Eagle Owl in different breeding habitats. è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî. Èç 26 òåððèòîðèé, íà êîòîðûõ ôèëèíû íàáëþäàëèñü â and/or availability of prey species is sharply 2003–2004 ãã., ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ reduced during the egg-laying, owls stop to ïîñåùåíèÿõ â 2004–2006 ãã. copulate and as a result many clutches coníà 24-õ èç íèõ (92,31%) îátain non-fertilized eggs. Almost all nests of íàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, ïðîïóùåíthe Eagle Owl (9 of 10) with non-fertilized íûå ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì â eggs were found in 2004. The clutch size õîäå ïîñåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèé â which contained non-fertilized eggs (n=10), ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû. varied from 2 to 4, averaging 3.6±0.7 eggs. Àíàëèç âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ôèThere were 1–2 non-fertilized eggs per clutch, ëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçon the average 1.1±0.32 non-fertilized eggs äîâûõ áèîòîïîâ ïîêàçûâàåò and 1–3, on the average 2.5±0.71 fertilized äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíóþ eggs per clutch. êàðòèíó âñòðå÷ íà âñåõ òèïàõ The eggs (n=16) have dimensions as ÷èíêîâ (ðèñ. 3). Ïî êðàéíåé 58.67±1.83õ48.44±1.27 mm, with a range ìåðå âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíîâ 54.8–62.2õ46.7–51.2 mm. äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî êîððåëèðóåò The average brood size was 3.13±0.79 ñî ñòåïåíüþ îáñëåäîâàííîñòè nestlings (n=55; range 1–5). The majority of ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ (r=0,98, broods (47.27 %) consisted of 3 nestlings, p<0,05). Ôèëèí â ðåãèîíå îïðåäåë¸ííî 30.91% of broods consisted of 4 nestlings, èçáåãàåò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ïîëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ëîãîâ (ðèñ. 4) è ÿâíî òÿãîòååò ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì, êîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò çäåñü ðåäêîñòü – ëîêàëèçîâàíû â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó íà êðàéíå îãðàíè÷åííîé ïëîùàäè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ äîëæíà áûòü áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îäèíàêîâîé, îí îäèíàêîâî õîðîøî çàñåëÿåò ìåëîâûå è èçâåñòêîâûå îáíàæåíèÿ, íàðÿäó ñ ãëèíÿíûìè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, íà ìåëîâûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ Óñòþðòà, ÌàíãûøëàÐèñ. 4. Êîððåëÿöèÿ âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ ñ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ ìàðøðóòîâ êà è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ. ïëàòî íàéäåí ìèíèìóì ãí¸çä Fig. 4. Correlation between occurrences of the Eagle Owl and lengths ôèëèíîâ (ðèñ. 5). Ïðè òîì, of routes in breeding habitats.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ÷òî âñòðå÷àåìîñòü ôèëèíà íà ãëèíÿíûõ è ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâàÿ, íà ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêàõ âûÿâëåíî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì íà ãëèíÿíûõ (ðèñ. 6). Ýòîò ôàêò ñâÿçàí ñ òåì, ÷òî ìåëîâûå ÷èíêè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò èç ñåáÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, îòâåñíûå ñòåíû âûñîòîé áîëåå 100 ì, â íåñêîëüêî óñòóïîâ, áîãàòûå ãëóáîêèìè íèøàìè, íå ïðîñìàòðèâàåìûìè ñíèçó. Âñ¸ ýòî ñîçäà¸ò ïëîõèå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä ôèëèíà. Ê òîìó æå, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ìåëîâûõ îáíàæåíèé îñìàòðèâàëàñü ñíèçó âî âðåìÿ äâèæåíèÿ íà àâòîòðàíñïîðòå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ 18.18% – of 2. Only brood (1.82%) consisted of a nestling and one more contained 5 nestlings. Comparing the sizes of broods with nestlings and fledglings the little difference can be recognized. The average size of broods with nestlings was 3.23±0.87 nestlings (n=22; range 2–5); with fledglings was 3.06±0.75 fledglings (n=33; range 1–4). Broods with 3 fledglings prevailed (fig. 12). Breeding success was noted in 80 (65.57%) of 122 occupied nests successful, and 37 nests (30.33%) were unsuccessful, however perishing of clutches (4) or broods (1) was recorded only for 4.1% of nests; 26.23% of nests were empty owing to birds not bred. For 106 active nests, including 64 successful examined nests we can estimate the breeding rate of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region. For 4 years (2003–2006), taking into account pauses in breeding of some pairs and perishing of offspring Eagle Owls produced at average 1.87 young per active nest. The average post-breeding number of the Eagle Owl in the region was calculated on the base of this estimation of breeding rate (see p. 60). Diet Despite of a huge spectrum of the prey species from White-Tooth Shrews (Crocidura sp.) up to a Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), the main preys of the Eagle Owl are several common species: Midday (Meriones meridianus) and Tamarisk (M. tamariscinus) Gerbils, Long-Eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) and Large-Toothed Souslik (Spermophilus fulvus). Regardless of the fact that mammals obviously were prevailed in an individual prey number (n=242, 73.14%), biomasses of mammals and birds in the diet of the Eagle Owl were actually similar (fig. 13). And in contrast with mammals we could not determine bird species preferable as preys. Mammals seemed to be a base of the nestling diet, and both by individual prey number and by weight. Up to 2 week age the food of nestlings consisted generally of mass species of rodents (table 5, nests 1, 2, 5, 8). The fraction of reptiles in a diet of the Eagle Owl was rather small.

Ðèñ. 5. Äîëÿ âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ (ââåðõó) è âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (âíèçó) â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ. Fig. 5. Proportion of records of the Eagle Owl (upper) and found breeding territories (bottom) in different breeding habitats.

Moult We were repeatedly finding the dropped feathers of females of the Eagle Owl in nests at the period from the middle of April to the fledgling dates. It is rather probable, that different breeding females are moulting on different dates and some birds start to moult

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

in April, others in May, the third in June. The moult of males starts probably at the middle of June and finishes by September.

Ðèñ. 6. Êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïîâ. Fig. 6. Numbers of breeding territories of the Eagle Owl in different breeding habitats.

ïî ñîðàì â ïîäíîæèè ÷èíêîâ, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ çäåñü ïðîñòî ïðîïóñêàëèñü, è ïðèõîäèëîñü äîâîëüñòâîâàòüñÿ ëèøü âñòðå÷àìè ïòèö ëèáî ðåãèñòðàöèåé ñëåäîâ èõ ïðèñóòñòâèÿ. Íàèáîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ïëîòíîñòè âñòðå÷ è ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (â 4 ðàçà) èìååò ìåñòî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà, íàèáîëåå ñëîæíûõ äëÿ îáñëåäîâàíèÿ (òàáë. 1). Äëÿ íèõ æå õàðàêòåðíû ìèíèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ôèëèíà, íåñìîòðÿ íà íàèáîëüøóþ ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòü äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà, ÷òî òàêæå íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðîïóñêîì ïòèö. Ó÷¸ò ôèëèíîâ ïîêàçàë, ÷òî íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ èõ ïëîòíîñòü âàðüèðóåò îò 3,13 äî 37,51 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó 12,61 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ. Ïîêàçàòåëüíî òî, ÷òî âåçäå, ãäå â¸ëñÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííûé ó÷¸ò õèùíèêîâ, ôèëèí ïîïàäàë â ïîëå çðåíèÿ. Ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ – 9,91– 37,33, â ñðåäíåì 22,32 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ è Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî – 9,71–37,20, â ñðåäíåì 18,59 ðåãèñòðàöèé/100 êì îáðûâîâ (òàáë. 1). Íå ñîâñåì ÿñíî, ñâÿçàíî ëè ýòî îáúåêòèâíî ñ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ôèëèíà â Ïðèàðàëüå è íà Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. Íà íàø âçãëÿä, ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ ðàñò¸ò ïî ìåðå óâåëè÷åíèÿ äîñòóïíîñòè ÷èíêîâ (ñì. íèæå) è, åñòåñòâåííî, ìàêñèìàëüíà â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå, ãäå ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ôèëèíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ â âåðøèíàõ ëîãîâ, ïðîðåçàþùèõ ãëèíÿíûå óñòóïû ïëàòî. Çäåñü ïåðåïàä âûñîò íå áîëåå 30 ì, ïîýòîìó ïðè äâèæåíèè, êàê ïî âåðõó ëîãîâ, òàê è ïî íèçó, ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ âñÿ çîíà

Conclusion Our research allows recognizing the Eagle Owl as a common raptor species only in a zone of cliff-faces of the Aral-Caspian region. Certainly considering the density values of the species are probably one of the highest in the world, however if all territory of the region including extensive plains of the Usturt Plateau and Pre-Usturt as well as plains of the Aral Sea region is taken into account, the density of the Eagle Owl is calculated as 5–6 pairs/1000 km2 of a total area, that is similar with those values for many regions in Russia, in particular the Urals Mountains and Altai-Sayan (Karyakin, 1998; 2007) as well as the European countries, for instance, Finland, France and Spain (Saurola, 1985; Cugnasse, 1983; Garzon, 1977). Now humans actively develop the territory of Usturt that may threaten to the safe existence of the Eagle Owl population. Occurrences of Eagle Owl electrocution on a new power lines near Beyneu and the highway Shetpe – Aktau have already registered. In 2003, 2004 and 2005 we noted Eagle Owls have been shot by local herders for manufacturing amulets of feathers. We hope the territory of the Aral-Caspian will be developed with slow rates and will not threaten to the main breeding habitats places of the Eagle Owls.

Ôèëèí íà ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Eagle Owl. Cliff-faces of the Northern Usturt Plateau. Photo by A. Pazhenkov.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Òàáë. 1. ×èñëåííîñòü è ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) íà îáðûâàõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè íà ðèñ. 1. Table 1. Number and density of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) on cliffs at the plots. Numbers of the plots are similar ones in the fig. 1.

×èíêè Cliffs Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range

Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ (êì) Length Ïëîùàäêè Plots of cliffs (km) 4

71.9

2003

1.39

9.74

34.7

2003

17.29

29.3

2004

17.06

20.48

2, 23

93.2

2004

1.07

9.66

1, 24

289.7

2004

1.04

4.83

518.8 2003–2004

1.93

8.10

10.80

Ï-îâ Ìàíãûøëàê Mangyshlak Peninsula Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau

×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau

2003

80.5

2003

2.48

9.94

34.5

2003

2.90

14.51

24.6

2003

4.06

16.25

9, 21

120.4

2004

2.49

7.48

8, 22

142.8

2004

6.30

8.41

64.9

2006

9.25

10.79

9.2

2006

10.86

21.72

42.7

2006

37.51

20.3

2006

14.77

24.61

595.3 2003–2006

8.06

12.43

95.8

2004

3.13

53.9

2004

9.28

12.99

51.5

2006

17.47

105.4 2004–2006

13.28

15.18

2004

7.45

14.91

Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Shagyray Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå Karagie Depression

55.6

Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó Kolenceli and Zheltau Cliffs

Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè Breeding Ãîä Year territories

Ïëîòíîñòü Ïëîòíîñòü (âñòðå÷/100 êì (ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ) îáðûâîâ) Density Density (pairs/100 km Âñòðå÷è (records/100 km cliffs) cliffs) Records

67.1

Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê ÊèíäåðëèÊàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the KinderliKayasanskoe Plateau

69.4

2004

20.17

Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression

34.9

2004

20.03

37.20

Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê ÊèíäåðëèÊàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs)

113.2

2004

5.30

9.71

31.2

2004

12.84

16.05

Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû Zhazgurly Depression

14.4

2004

34.83

Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression

24.9

2004

28.11

32.12

355.1

2004

13.52

18.59

30.3

2003

9.91

Êèíäåðäè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau Àðàëüñêèé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Aral cliff-face of the Usturt Plateau Îáðûâû ï-îâà Êàðàòóï Cliff-faces of the Karatup Peninsula Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula Ïðèàðàëüå / Aral Sea Region Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian Region

12 26

19.3

2004

10.38

10.7

2005

37.33

9.6

2005

20.82

31.23

28.7

2005

34.85

98.6 2003–2005

16.23

22.32

1768.9 2003–2006

136

7.69

223

12.61

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 âîçìîæíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Äîñòàòî÷íî íàãëÿäíî îòðàæàþò ñèòóàöèþ ñ âûÿâëÿåìîñòüþ ôèëèíà ÷èíêè Óñòþðòà âñ¸ â òîì æå Ïðèàðàëüå. Òàì, ãäå ÷èíê ïðèîáðåòàåò âèä ðîâíîé ñòåíû âûñîòîé áîëåå 50 ì (ïëîùàäêè 12 è 26), êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ñ ôèëèíàìè ñòðåìèòñÿ ê ìèíèìóìó, à êîëè÷åñòâî âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, à òåì áîëåå ãí¸çä – ê íóëþ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ðàçíèöà ìåæäó âñòðå÷àìè ïòèö è îáíàðóæåíèåì èõ ãí¸çä íà òåððèòîðèÿõ ñ äîñòóïíûìè ÷èíêàìè (Ïðèàðàëüå, Øàãûðàé, Äîíûç-Òàó), ïîçâîëÿþùèìè îñìàòðèâàòü äî 90% íèø, âàðüèðóåò â ïðåäåëàõ îò 0 äî 20%. Íà ïëîùàäêàõ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå (¹¹ 28–30: ÷èíêè çàëèâà Áóòàêîâà è óñòóïû Ñàðûêîëü÷èíê íà ï-îâå Êîêòûðíàê, ÷èíêè âïàäèíû Êàðàêîëü) êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ ôèëèíîâ è âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä îäèíàêîâî, òàê êàê êàæäàÿ âñòðå÷à ñ ïòèöåé, ïóñòü äàæå âíå ãíåçäà, èëè îáíàðóæåíèå

ñëåäîâ ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíà çàâåðøàþòñÿ îáíàðóæåíèåì ãíåçäà ïðè îñìîòðå òåððèòîðèè â ðàäèóñå 200–300 ì îò òî÷êè ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà. Íà âûñîêèõ ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà (Êàóøå, Êàñêûðæîë) èëè Óñòþðòà (Òóçáàèð) ýòî óæå ñòàíîâèòñÿ êðàéíå ïðîáëåìàòè÷íûì. Òàêæå êðàéíå ïðîáëåìàòè÷íî âûÿâëåíèå ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ÷èíêàõ Æåëüòàó è Êîëåíêåëè. Çäåñü ÷èíê ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñèñòåìó ðàçëîìîâ øèðèíîé áîëåå ïîëóêèëîìåòðà, à ïåðåäâèãàòüñÿ íà òðàíñïîðòå ìîæíî ïî î÷åíü îãðàíè÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè ïî âåðõó ÷èíêà. Îòñþäà è ïîëíîå îòñóòñòâèå íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä, è ìèíèìóì âñòðå÷ ïòèö (âñòðå÷åíî 3 îñîáè, îõîòèâøèåñÿ íà êðàéíèõ ñòåíàõ âåðõíåãî ÿðóñà ÷èíêà, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 3,13 îñîáåé/100 êì îáðûâîâ). Òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî ÷èíêîâ ñèëüíî èçðåçàíû ëîãàìè, òî ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðû-

Òàáë. 2. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàçíûõ ïàð ôèëèíîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ. Table 2. Nearest-neighbor distances on study plots.

×èíêè Cliffs Þæíûé Àêòàó è îâðàã Àùûáàñ Southern Aktau and Aschibas ravine Ìåëîâûå îáðûâû Àêòàó Chalky cliffs of the Aktau range Þæíûé (ìåëîâîé) ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Southern (chalky) cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê ïëàòî Óñòþðò Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau ×èíê ïëàòî Øàãûðàé Cliff-faces of the Shagyray Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàðàãèå / Karagie Depression Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî Caspian seaside cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau Âïàäèíà Êàóíäû / Kaundy Depression Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî (óñòóïû Êóëàíäû) / Northern-eastern cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau (Kulandy cliffs) Âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû / Zhazgurly Depression Âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû / Basgurly Depression Îáðûâû âïàäèí Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèàðàëüÿ Cliff-faces of the Northern Aral Sea Region Îáðûâû ï-îâà Øóáàðòàðàó Cliff-faces of the Shubartarau Peninsula Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí / Aral-Caspian Region

Ïëîùàäêè Plots

Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè (êì) M±SD (lim) Nearest-neighbor distance (km) M±SD (lim)

3.04±2.56 (0.29–6.04)

1, 24

1.50

1.83±0.27 (1.52–1.99)

9, 21

4.25

8, 22 31 33 34 27 35 13

6 3 13 2 3 8 4

5.19±4.00 (1.09–10.55) 5.26±1.53 (3.56–6.51) 1.88±1.15 (0.61–4.62) 2.78±0.99 (2.08–3.48) 2.53±0.89 (1.68–3.45) 3.90±1.63 (1.81–6.77) 4.41±3.11 (0.90–7.85)

14 15

11 6

2.76±1.54 (1.04–6.15) 3.09±1.28 (1.08–4.96)

16 17 18 19 28 29

3 3 4 6 3 1

6.52±3.35 (4.46–10.39) 5.60±3.27 (2.23–8.76) 2.81±2.14 (0.91–5.58) 3.24±0.77 (2.04–3.94) 0.89±0.69 (0.11–1.44) 1.87

9 94

2.30±1.76 (0.31–6.07) 3.17±2.19 (0.11–10.55)

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 7. Ãèñòîãðàììà äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Fig. 7. Histogram of nearest-neighbor distances.

Ðèñ. 8. Êîððåëÿöèÿ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäíèìè ãí¸çäàìè ôèëèíîâ ñ âûñîòîé ÷èíêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ ýòè ãí¸çäà íàéäåíû. Íóìåðàöèÿ ïëîùàäîê ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íóìåðàöèè â òàáëèöå 2. Fig. 8. Correlation between the nearest-neighbor distance and height of nesting cliff-faces. Numbers of study plots in the figure are similar ones in the table 2.

âîâ â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ïàðû ôèëèíîâ ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü äåñÿòêè êèëîìåòðîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð íå ïðåâûøàþò 2–3-õ êì. Â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè ïàðàìè ôèëèíîâ âàðüèðóåò â äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, îò 110 ì äî 10,5 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó (n=94) 3,17±2,19 êì (òàáë. 2). Áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð ñòàðàåòñÿ äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 1–4 êì, ïðè÷¸ì ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè õàðàêòåðíû êàê ðàç äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â âåðõîâüÿõ ëîãîâ,

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ðàçðåçàþùèõ ôàñ ÷èíêà. Â èòîãå, îò ãíåçäà äî ôàñà ÷èíêà ðàññòîÿíèå ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü ñòîëüêî æå, ñêîëüêî äî ñîñåäíèõ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ òàêæå â âåðõîâüÿõ ëîãîâ. Óâåëè÷åíèå äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè äî 5 êì è áîëåå (ðèñ. 7) ñâÿçàíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ñ ïðîïóñêîì ïòèö, ëèáî, â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, ñ îòñóòñòâèåì ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ÷èíêà, ÷òî â ñëó÷àå ñ ôèëèíîì äëÿ áîëüøåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà, êîíå÷íî æå, êàæåòñÿ ìàëîâåðîÿòíûì. Àíàëèç ñðåäíèõ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè íà ïëîùàäêàõ íà ðàçíûõ òèïàõ ÷èíêîâ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êàê íà ìåëîâûõ, òàê è íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ â þæíîé è ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà. ×¸òêîé êîððåëÿöèè ìåæäó òèïàìè ÷èíêîâ è äèñòàíöèÿìè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè íåò (r=0,17, p<0,05, n=20). Â òî æå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ õîðîøàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ êîððåëÿöèÿ äèñòàíöèé ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñåäíèõ ïàð ñ âûñîòîé ÷èíêà (r=0,71, p<0,05, n=20) (ðèñ. 8). ×åì âûøå ÷èíê, òåì áîëüøå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè çà ñ÷¸ò ïðîïóñêà ïòèö. Àáñîëþòíî âûïàäàåò èç ýòîé çàâèñèìîñòè ó÷àñòîê Çàïàäíîãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà (ïëîùàäêà 22), ãäå ïî êàêèì-òî ïðè÷èíàì ïðè ñðåäíåé âûñîòå îáðûâîâ 20 ì ñðåäíÿÿ äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ñîñåäÿìè ïðåâûøàåò 5 êì. Ïðè÷¸ì, åñëè â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ðàññìàòðèâàòü äèñòàíöèè íå òîëüêî ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè, íî è öåíòðàìè ïðåäïîëàãàåìûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû ïòèöû, ýòî íèñêîëüêî íå óìåíüøàåò ñðåäíåé äèñòàíöèè (5,37±3,24 êì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 5,19±4,0 êì). Âèäèìî, òîëüêî äëÿ Çàïàäíîãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü íå î ïðîïóñêàõ ïòèö, à î äåéñòâèòåëüíî ìåíåå ïëîòíîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Õîòÿ è â äàííîì ñëó÷àå âåñüìà âûñîêà äîëÿ ïðîïóñêîâ, òàê êàê øèðèíà ñêëîíà çàïàäíîãî ÷èíêà áîëåå 1 êì è çäåñü ôèëèí ìîæåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íå òîëüêî íà îáðûâàõ âåðõíåãî, ñðåäíåãî è íèæíåãî ÿðóñîâ, íî è â ëîãàõ, ïðîðåçàþùèõ ÷èíê íà âñåõ åãî óðîâíÿõ. Âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ïðè ðàñ÷¸òå ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà íà ÷èíêàõ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà èìååò ñìûñë îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà âñòðå÷è, ïðèðàâíèâàÿ èõ ê ïàðàì, à íà òåððèòîðèè ñ ìàññîé òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ìåëîâûõ îáðûâîâ ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì, äàæå â äàííîì ñëó÷àå ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü î íåêîì ìèíèìàëüíîì ïîðîãå ïðåäïîëàãàåìîé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ðåãèîíå. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ñðåäíèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè (12,6±3,1 ïàð/100 êì îáðûâîâ)

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 íà âñþ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (8065,02 êì) ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåãèîíå êàê ìèíèìóì 766–1266, â ñðåäíåì 1016 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. Áëèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè (â ñðåäíåì 1187 ïàð) äà¸ò ðàçäåëüíûé ïåðåñ÷¸ò äëÿ ðàçíûõ òèïîâ ÷èíêîâ (òàáë. 3). Çà ïðåäåëàìè îáðûâîâ ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, â ïåñêàõ Êàðûíæàðûê ìåæäó Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêèì ïëàòî è ïëàòî Óñòþðò, ïåñêàõ Óÿëû è Ñàì â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå è Ìàëûå Áàðñóêè â Ïðèàðàëüå. Â Ìàíãèñòàó ôèëèí íàáëþäàëñÿ íàìè âî âñåõ êðóïíûõ óùåëüÿõ. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,5 êì. Â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó âîêàëèçèðóþùèìè ïàðàìè ñîñòàâèëî 1,8 êì. Ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïëîòíîñòè, àíàëîãè÷íûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè ôèëèíà íà îáðûâàõ, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå íå ìåíåå 20 ïàð â Ìàíãèñòàó è íå ìåíåå 50 ïàð â ïåñêàõ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âñ¸ âûøåñêàçàííîå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, â ïðåäåëàõ àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ãðàíèö Êàçàõñòàíà, ãíåçäîâàíèå, êàê ìèíèìóì, 1200–1500 ïàð ôèëèíîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü âñåé àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè (áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü óñòþðòñêîãî ïîäâèäà) ìîæåò

ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê 2000–3000 ïàð. Ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ðåãèîíà ñóùåñòâåííî âàðüèðóåò ïî ãîäàì. Â ñâÿçè ñ íåðàâíîìåðíîé öèêëèêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíà è ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà íà îäíèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïàð ìîæåò íå ãíåçäèòüñÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà äðóãèõ áóäåò ìàêñèìàëüíûé óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî òî, ÷òî äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè ó÷àñòêîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ðåãèîíà è â ðàçíûõ áèîòîïàõ àñèíõðîííû. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, çîíà äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Rhombomys opimus) â 2003 ã. áûëà îãðàíè÷åíà ëèøü ñåâåðíûì ÷èíêîì Óñòþðòà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â Ïðèàðàëüå è íà þæíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà âèä äîñòèãàë ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, â çîíå ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè íàáëþäàëàñü âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è ôèëèíà. Òî æå ñàìîå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü è î äèíàìèêå ÷èñëåííîñòè æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus fulvus) è ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â åãî àðåàëå. Èç-çà äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíû ìîãóò íå ãíåçäèòüñÿ

Òàáë. 3. Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà, ãíåçäÿùåãîñÿ íà îáðûâàõ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå (íà òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà). Table 3. Estimated numbers of breeding pairs of the Eagle Owl on cliffs in the Aral-Caspian region (only territory of the Kazakhstan).

Ôèëèí / Eagle Owl

Íàçâàíèå ïëàòî Plateau Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau

Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îáðûâîâ (êì) Length of cliffs (km)

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì ×èñëåííîñòü îáðûâîâ) (ïàðû) Density Estimated (pairs/100 number (pairs) km cliffs)

Ñåâåðíûé / Northern cliff-face

1275.19

159

Çàïàäíûé / Western cliff-faces

713.91

2509.42

312

96.53

Ãðóïïà ÷èíêîâ Types of cliffs

Ìåëîâîé / Chalky cliffs Àðàëüñêèé / Aral cliff-faces Ïëàòî Óñòþðò / Usturt Plateau Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå Kinderly-Kayasan Plateau

4595.05

12.43

Âïàäèíû / Cliffs of depressions

470.75

Ñåâåðî-âîñòîê / NE cliff-faces

792.07

147

Ïðèêàñïèé / Caspian cliff-faces

203.08

Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî /Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau

1465.90

18.59

273

Êîëåíêåëè è Æåëüòàó / Cliff-faces of Kolenkely and Zheltau

132.59

12.61

Ïëàòî Øàãûðàé / Shagyrai Plateau

377.15

15.18

Ìàíãûøëàê / Mangushlak peninsula

663.46

12.61

Ïðèàðàëüå (áåç Óñòþðòà) Aral Sea Region (without Aral cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau)

830.87

22.32

185

Âñåãî â ðåãèîíå / Total

8065.02

1187

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ïòåíåö ôèëèíà â ãíåçäîâîé íèøå. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestlings of the Eagle Owl in the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

äîñòàòî÷íî äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Ïî äàííûì À.Í. Ñóõèíèíà (1971) â Áàäõûçå, â ãîäû ñ íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ, êîòîðûõ áûëî 4 èç 8-ìè, ôèëèíû íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü, à â îäèí ãîä ñî ñðåäíåé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ ðàçìåð âûâîäêà áûë ìèíèìàëüíûì è ñîñòàâëÿë 1,5 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â 3 ãîäà èç 8-ìè, ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ãðûçóíîâ, âûâîäêè ôèëèíîâ ñîäåðæàëè â ñðåäíåì 3,5 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ â Öåíòðàëüíûõ Êûçûëêóìàõ, ãäå íà òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíû íå ðàçìíîæàëèñü 4 ãîäà èç 9-òè (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Çà 4 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíà íà Óñòþðòå îòñóòñòâèå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íàáëþäàëîñü äîñòàòî÷íî ëîêàëüíî ëèøü â 2003 ã. íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå è â 2005 ã. – íà Þæíîì Óñòþðòå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê 2006 ã. îêàçàëñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíî óñïåøíûì äëÿ ôèëèíîâ íà ÄîíûçÒàó è ïëàòî Øàãûðàé. Ïðè ýòîì, â ãîäû äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàññîâûõ ãðûçóíîâ â çîíå äåïðåññèè âäîëü âîäî¸ìîâ âñåãäà ñîõðàíÿëîñü îïðåäåë¸ííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ôèëèíîâ, èìåþùèõ èíóþ òðîôè÷åñêóþ ñïåöèàëèçàöèþ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà âîäîïëàâàþùèõ è îêîëîâîäíûõ ïòèöàõ. Íà òî, ÷òî âäîëü âîäî¸ìîâ â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïîâûøåííàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íàèáîëåå ñòàáèëüíî (áåç äëèòåëüíûõ ïåðåðûâîâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âíå âîäî¸ìîâ), îáðàùàëè âíèìàíèå Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è À.Ê. Ðóñòàìîâ (2007). Ïî èõ ìíåíèþ, äàííàÿ îñîáåííîñòü (ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíîâ íà ïîáåðåæüÿõ êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìîâ ñ èõ îáèëüíûìè è, ãëàâíîå, îòíîñèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíûìè êîðìîâûìè ðåñóðñàìè) ïîëó÷èëà øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ëèøü â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ è ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà îáùåìó ðîñòó ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â Àçèè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ äèíàìèêó ðàçíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ â 1,5–2,5 ðàçà, èñõîäÿ èç òîãî, ñêîëüêî ìîëîäûõ ïðîèçâåëà êîíêðåòíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà â òåêóùèé ãîä. Åñëè ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå ìèíèìàëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ñðåäíåì ïî ðåãèîíó – 1,5 ïòåíöà íà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî, à ìàêñèìàëüíûå – 3,7, òî ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ôëóêòóàöèþ ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïëîòíîñòè ôèëèíà íà ðàçíûõ ÷èíêàõ îò 7,83–93,77, â ñðåäíåì 31,52 îñîáåé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, â ìèíèìàëüíûå ïî óñïåøíîñòè ãîäû, äî 14,72–176,29, â ñðåäíåì 59,25 îñîáåé/100 êì îáðûâîâ, â ìàêñèìàëüíûå ïî óñïåøíîñòè ãîäû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæåò ôëóêòóèðîâàòü â ïðåäåëàõ îò 3000–3750 äî 5640–7050 îñîáåé (â ñðåäíåì îò 3444 äî 4305 îñîáåé, ïî ôàêòè÷åñêè íàáëþäàåìîé ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ çà 4 ãîäà, ñì. ñòð. 82). Äàííàÿ îöåíêà íå ó÷èòûâàåò ìîëîäûõ ïòèö ïðîøëûõ ëåò, êîòîðûå âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ëèáî íå ïîïàäàþò â ó÷¸òû, ëèáî ïðèðàâíèâàþòñÿ ê áåçóñïåøíûì ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì (åñëè ìîëîäûå äåðæàòñÿ áëèç ñòàðûõ ôèëèíÿ÷üèõ ãí¸çä). Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïðè äîâîëüíî áîëüøèõ äîïóñêàõ îöåíêè (äî 30% â îáå ñòîðîíû) ìîëîäûå íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ôèëèíû âðÿä ëè ìîãóò ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâëèÿòü íà ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè. Â áëàãîïðèÿòíûå ãîäû ïîñëåãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíîâ íà ÷èíêàõ ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü 1–2 îñîáåé/êì îáðûâîâ èëè äî 3–9 îñîáåé/êì ôàñà ÷èíêà. Î ïîâûøåííîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ôèëèíîâ â ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íà ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ èìååòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ ó ðÿäà èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Å.Ã. Ñàìàðèí íà Ìàíãûøëàêå â 60-õ ãã. îòìå÷àë äî 8-ìè ïòèö íà 1 êì ìàðøðóòà (Ïîñëàâñêèé è äð., 1964). Íà ÷èíêàõ Ìàíãûøëàêà â ÿíâàðå–ôåâðàëå 1964–1965 ãã. îäèí ôèëèí ïðèõîäèëñÿ íà êàæäûå 2 êì ÷èíêà (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå àâòîðû ñâÿçûâàþò íàáëþäàåìóþ èìè âûñîêóþ êîíöåíòðàöèþ ôèëèíà ñ «ïðèêî÷¸âêîé â Ñðåäíþþ Àçèþ», â ÷àñòíîñòè, íà Êàñïèé, ôèëèíîâ èç áîëåå ñåâåðíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé, ÷òî, åñòåñòâåííî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îøèáî÷íûì. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü ëèøü ñìåùåíèå ê ïîáåðåæüþ ôèëèíîâ èç íàèáîëåå óäàë¸ííûõ ëîãîâ, ÷òî óæå áóäåò ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èâàòü è áåç òîãî âûñîêóþ ïëîòíîñòü â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå ïîáåðåæüÿ. Âåðîÿòíî, ê çèìå ôèëèíû íå òîëüêî ñòÿãèâàþòñÿ ê íåçàìåðçàþùèì âîäî¸ìàì, íî è ðàññðåäîòà÷èâàþòñÿ ïî òåððèòîðèè ïëàòî Óñòþðò, òàê êàê ïîñëå ñåçîíà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îíè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âíå ÷èíêîâîé çîíû äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîêî. Çèìíèå ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ, ïðè èõ îòñóòñòâèè âåñíîé, ìû íàáëþäàëè íà ìíîãèõ ãîðÿ÷èõ àðòåçèàíàõ â Ïðèêàñïèè è êàçàõñêèõ ìîãèëàõ â öåíòðå ïëàòî Óñòþðò.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû, ãí¸çäà, îñîáåííîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Êàê óæå îòìå÷àëîñü âûøå, îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè ôèëèíà â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå òèïû îáðûâîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå ïëàòî è ïîáåðåæèé Êàñïèéñêîãî è Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðåé. Ñðåäè âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ (n=144) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ãí¸çäà íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ – 53,47%, ÷óòü ìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî – íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ – 23,61% è åù¸ ìåíüøå – íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ – 16,67% (ðèñ. 5). Åñëè îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà âñòðå÷è ïòèö, òî îïèñàííàÿ âûøå êàðòèíà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî äîëÿ ìåëîâûõ îáðûâîâ (37,39%) â îáùåé âûáîðêå (n=238) ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê äîëå ãëèíÿíûõ (37,39%), à äîëÿ ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâîâ îñòà¸òñÿ ïðèìåðíî òàêàÿ æå (14,71%). Â ðåãèîíå ôèëèí ãíåçäèòñÿ òàêæå â ãîðàõ Ìàíãèñòàó, ñðåäè ïåñêîâ è â ðîâíîé ïîëóïóñòûíå íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è è ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Â Ìàíãè-

Òèïè÷íûé ãíåçäîâîé ëîã ôèëèíîâ (ââåðõó) è âàðèàíòû ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä â íèøàõ: â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâà (âíèçó ñëåâà) è íà âåðøèíå îáðûâà (âíèçó ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Ravine is a typical nesting site of the Eagle Owl (upper) and different locations of nests in niches: at the bottom of a slope (bottom at the left) and at the top of a slope (bottom at the right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

ñòàó îí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò öåíòðàëüíûå ÷àñòè óùåëèé, îáðàçîâàííûå âðåìåííûìè âîäîòîêàìè. Íà óùåëüÿ Ìàíãèñòàó ïðèõîäèòñÿ 1,39% âûÿâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 1,68% âñòðå÷ ïòèö. Ñðåäè áóãðèñòûõ ïåñêîâ ôèëèí òÿãîòååò ê êðóïíûì áàðõàíàì ñ êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 0,69% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 1,26% âñòðå÷ ïòèö. Â ðîâíîé ïîëóïóñòûíå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè è âñòðå÷è ïòèö ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ðàçðóøåííûì ñòðîåíèÿì ÷åëîâåêà (0,69% è 1,26%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Èç ïðåäñòàâëåííîé âûáîðêè ÷¸òêî âèäíî, ÷òî âíå îáðûâîâ ÷èíêîâîé çîíû ãíåçäîâàíèå ôèëèíà íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð è íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëÿþùèì äëÿ ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîïóëÿöèè. Èç 143-õ íàéäåííûõ ãí¸çä 141 (98,6%) ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà îáðûâàõ èëè ñêàëüíûõ îáíàæåíèÿõ. Íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ÷èíêè áûëè ìíîãîóðîâíåâûìè, îñîáîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ê óðîâíþ ÷èíêà íå îòìå÷åíî. Òàì, ãäå â íèæíåì ÿðóñå ÷èíêà ïðèñóòñòâîâà-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû óñòðîéñòâà ôèëèíàìè ãí¸çä â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâîâ: ãíåçäî îòêðûòî ñâåðõó, íî çàêðûòî êóñòîì ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà (ñëåâà), ãíåçäî â íèøå çàêðûòî ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà êàìíÿìè (â öåíòðå), ãíåçäî â íèøå îòêðûòî ñî ñòîðîíû ëîãà (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different nest locations of the Eagle Owl at the bottom of precipices: the nest was not protected by overhangs, but shut in by a bush from a ravine (left), the nest in a niche was protected by overhangs and shut in by stones from a ravine (center), the nest in a niche was opened from a ravine (right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ðèñ. 9. Õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ îáðûâîâ. Fig. 9. Eagle Owl nest locations in different parts of cliffs.

Ðèñ. 10. Ïîâòîðíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôèëèíàìè äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñâîèõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä íà ÷èíêàõ ðàçíîãî òèïà. Fig. 10. Repeated occupancy by Eagle Owls of their own old nests on different cliff-faces.

ëè äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêèå îáðûâû, ôèëèí äîñòàòî÷íî ðàâíîìåðíî ãíåçäèëñÿ êàê íà íèæíèõ, òàê è íà âåðõíèõ îáðûâàõ. Òàì æå, ãäå íèæíèé ÿðóñ ÷èíêà áûë ïðåäñòàâëåí ëèøü íåãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ôèëèíîâ ãíåçäèëàñü â âåðõíåì ÿðóñå, ïðè÷¸ì, íå íà ñòåíàõ ôàñà ÷èíêà, à íà ñòåíàõ ëîãîâ, ðàññåêàþùèõ ÷èíê â íåêîòîðîì óäàëåíèè îò ôàñà ÷èíêà. Â öåëîì æå ïî ðåãèîíó îòìå÷åíî ÿâíîå òÿãîòåíèå ôèëèíà ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ íà îáðûâàõ â ëîãàõ, ðàçðåçàþùèõ âåðõíèé ÿðóñ ÷èíêà, – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî 73,2% ãí¸çä. Âîçìîæíî ýòî àðòåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé, ñâÿçàííûé ñ òåì, ÷òî ãðóïïà ïåðåäâèãàëàñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïî âåðøèíàì ÷èíêîâ. Ïî ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ãí¸çä ê óðîâíþ îáðûâîâ (n=141) ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò óñòðîåííûå â èõ ïîäíîæèè – 46,81%. Ôèëèí îïðåäåë¸ííî èçáåãàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñàìûõ âåðøèíàõ îáðûâîâ – çäåñü âûÿâëåíî åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, óñòðîåííîå â íèøå ïîä êàìíåì (0,71%) è êðàéíå íåîõîòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ â íèæíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ (7,09%). Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî ñî ñòðóêòóðîé ÷èíêîâ Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà – íèøè, ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà, â íèæíåé òðåòè ñòåí èìåþòñÿ ëèøü íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ. Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà íèø îáðàçîâàíà âûäóâîì è ïîäìûâîì ïîðîäû â ïîäíîæèè ñòåí ëèáî â îñíîâàíèè âûõîäîâ èçâåñòíÿêîâ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòåí. Íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâàõ äîñòîéíûå íèøè îáðàçóþòñÿ òàêæå çà ñ÷¸ò âûïàäåíèÿ ïëèòíÿêà â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîäìûâà ïîðîäû â ïîäíîæèè ëèáî â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ñòåí. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, 27,66% ãí¸çä ôèëèíîâ íàéäåíî â âåðõíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ è 17,73% – â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè îáðûâîâ (ðèñ. 9). Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ (n=141) óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà â íåáîëüøèõ íèøàõ – 93,62%.

Raptor Research

Ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï (ââåðõó), ãíåçäî (â öåíòðå) è ïòåíöû ôèëèíà (âíèçó) íà ÊèíäåðëèÊàÿñàíñêîì ïëàòî. 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nesting site (upper), nest (center) and nestlings of the Eagle Owl (bottom) in the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau. 10 April 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîäìûâàõ ãëèíÿíûõ èëè ìåëîâûõ ñòåí ôèëèíû âûáèðàþò íèøè, çàêðûòûå ñ îáåèõ ñòîðîí. Åñëè æå òàêîå íåâîçìîæíî, òî âûáèðàþòñÿ âûäóâû, â êîòîðûõ îäíà ñòîðîíà çàêðûòà êàìíåì èëè êóñòîì. Â êðóïíûõ ãðîòàõ îáíàðóæåíî ëèøü 3,55% ãí¸çä, à íà îòêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ïîëêàõ – 2,84%. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ èç 4-õ, ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè íà îòêðûòûõ ïîëêàõ, ãí¸çäà áûëè óñòðîåíû â âåðõíåé òðåòè îáðûâîâ óçêèõ óùåëèé. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîñòü ôèëèíàìè óêðîìíûõ íèø íåáîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà (ïðèìåðíî 1–1,5 ì â äëèíó è 0,7–1 ì â ãëóáèíó), çàêðûòûõ ñâåðõó îò ñîëíöà è äîæäÿ, ñ ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî çàïàäíîé îðèåíòàöèåé âõîäà, íà-

áëþäàåòñÿ ïî âñåé Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (Ãàâðèí, 1962; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ôèëèíàìè áûëè çàíÿòû íèøè, â êîòîðûõ èìåëèñü îñòàòêè ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêîâ (Buteo rufinus). Èç ñëó÷àéíûõ íàõîäîê ñòîèò îòìåòèòü ãíåçäî â ïåñêàõ Áîëüøèå Áàðñóêè, ðàñïîëîæåííîå â îñíîâàíèè êóñòà íà ñêëîíå áàðõàíà, è íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå – â ÷àñòè÷íî ðàçðóøåííîé êàçàõñêîé ìîãèëå. Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî áûëî óñòðîåíî â óãëó âíóòðè êîíñòðóêöèè, êóäà ïòèöû ïðîíèêàëè ÷åðåç êðûøó ëèáî ÷åðåç îêîííûé ïðî¸ì â öåíòðå ñòðîåíèÿ. Èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î íàõîäêå ãíåçäà ôèëèíà íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è â ïîäàþùåì ðàñòâîð áóíêåðå çàáðîøåííîé áóðîâîé âûøêè (Ãóáèí, 2004). Ãíåçäî ôèëèíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èç ñåáÿ ëóíêó â ãðóíòå, äèàìåòðîì 25–30 ñì è ãëóáèíîé îò 3 äî 9 ñì. Ëèøü â 23,3% ñëó÷àåâ ÷¸òêî ñôîðìèðîâàííîé ëóíêè íåò è ÿéöà ëåæàò ïðÿìî íà ãðóíòå. Åñëè ïîâåðõíîñòü íèøè òâ¸ðäàÿ, òî íåâîçìîæíîñòü âûêîïàòü ëóíêó ñîâåðøåííî ïîíÿòíà, îäíàêî â 9,6% ñëó÷àåâ ëóíêè îòñóòñòâîâàëè è â íèøàõ ñ ìÿãêèì ãðóíòîì. Ïîñëåäíåå íå ÿñíî, ñ ÷åì ñâÿçàíî, òàê êàê â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö àêòèâíî êîïàþò ëóíêè âî âðåìÿ áðà÷íûõ èãð è â îäíó èç íèõ ïîçæå è îòêëàäûâàþòñÿ ÿéöà. Íàìè â 2004 ã. ïîñåùàëèñü 10 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ, êîòîðûå áûëè óñïåøíûìè â 2003 ã., â 2005 ã. – 16, áûâøèõ óñïåøíûìè â 2004 ã., â 2006 ã. – 11, áûâøèõ óñïåøíûìè â 2005 ã. Â èòîãå íà 26 ó÷àñòêàõ çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå â îáà ãîäà, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü íà 10 èç íèõ (38,46%) ôèëèíû ðàçìíîæàëèñü â ñâîèõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïîâòîðíî çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â áîëüøèõ íèøàõ íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ (n=7; 85,71%). Íà ðàêóøå÷íèêîâûõ îáðûâàõ èç 3-õ ãí¸çä ïîâòîðíî ôèëèíû ãíåçäèëèñü ëèøü â îäíîì (33,33%). Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä â ïðåæíåì ãíåçäå íàáëþäàëîñü ëèøü íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ èç 16 (18,75%) (ðèñ. 10). Ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî íà ìåëîâûõ îáðûâàõ êðóïíûå íèøè íà îòâåñíûõ ñòåíàõ çàíèìàþòñÿ ôèëèíàìè èç ãîäà â ãîä. Íà ãëèíÿíûõ îáðûâàõ, ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â ïîäíîæèè îáðûâîâ, êàæäûé ãîä ïòèöû âûáèðàþò íîâîå ìåñòî äëÿ óñòðîéñòâà ãíåçäà. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâÿçàíî, âèäèìî, ñ ïîñòîÿííûì ïîñåùåíèåì ïîäíîæèé îáðûâîâ ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè â ïîèñêàõ îñòàòêîâ äîáû÷è ôèëèíîâ. Ýòè ïîñåùåíèÿ, åñòåñòâåííî, áåñïîêîÿò âçðîñëûõ ïòèö, òåì ñàìûì âûíóæäàÿ èõ ìåíÿòü ãí¸çäà. Íà÷àëî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ â ðå-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ôèëèíû ñ ïòåíöàìè â ãí¸çäàõ. Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 9, 11 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Eagle Owls with nestlings in nests. Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 9, 11 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ãèîíå ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà ÿíâàðü–ôåâðàëü è õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ àêòèâèçàöèåé áðà÷íîé âîêàëèçàöèè. Ñðîêè âîêàëèçàöèè ñèëüíî ðàñòÿíóòû, âïëîòü äî ìàÿ, çà ñ÷¸ò àêòèâíîãî áðà÷íîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ îäèíî÷íûõ ñàìöîâ íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ëèáî ïàð, ïîòåðÿâøèõ ïåðâûå êëàäêè, èëè ïîçäíî ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ. Â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ àêòèâèçàöèÿ òîêîâîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñïàðèâàíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ ó ïàð, èìåþùèõ êëàäêè ëèáî óæå ïòåíöîâ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ ðåçêèì óâåëè÷åíèåì êîðìîâîé áàçû (íàïðèìåð, ñ âûõîäîì èç íîð æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà Spermophilus fulvus íà ôîíå íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîé è ïîëóäåííîé ïåñ÷àíîê Rhombomys

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ opimus, Meriones meridianus). Â öåëîì æå äëÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ôèëèíà õàðàêòåðíî áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ñèíõðîííîå íà÷àëî ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïðè÷¸ì íà þãå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà îíî, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà ìåñÿö ðàíüøå, ÷åì íà ñåâåðå. Õîòÿ â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ â òó èëè äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó, è èíîãäà íà Þæíîì è Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà ñòàíîâÿòñÿ îäèíàêîâûìè. Ïîäîáíîå íàáëþäàëîñü â 2004 ã. Âñå êëàäêè â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ïåðèîä äî 30 àïðåëÿ è, íàäî ñêàçàòü, îòíîñèëèñü ê ïîçäíèì. Íà Ñåâåðíîì Óñòþðòå (÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó) äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæàÿ êëàäêà (äî 7 äíåé íàñèæèâàíèÿ) áûëà îáíàðóæåíà 30 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã. – ýòî íàèáîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå. Ñåìü êëàäîê, îáíàðóæåííûõ 15–19 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. â Ïðèàðàëüå, áûëè íà÷àòû â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 10 àïðåëÿ. Â òîò ãîä â Ïðèàðàëüå áûëà àíîìàëüíî õîëîäíàÿ è ìíîãîñíåæíàÿ çèìà è ñíåæíèêè â ëîãàõ íà Àðàëüñêîì ÷èíêå äåðæàëèñü äî 20-õ ÷èñåë àïðåëÿ, ÷òî è âûçâàëî ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ, êàê ìèíèìóì, íà íåäåëþ. Â òîò æå ãîä íà Þæíîì Óñòþðòå â 10-õ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ áûëè ïòåíöû â âîçðàñòå îò 10 äî 20 äíåé, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ðàçíèöó â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñ Ïðèàðàëüåì â 40–50 äíåé. Íàèáîëåå ðàííèå ñë¸òêè, äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîõî, íî âñ¸ æå ëåòàþùèå (â âîçðàñòå îêîëî 60 äíåé), âñòðå÷åíû 13, 16 è 18 ìàÿ 2004 ã. íà 5 ó÷àñòêàõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Áåéíåó (ñàìûé ñåâåðíûé ó÷àñòîê Çàïàäíîãî ÷èíêà Óñòþðòà è þãî-çàïàä Ñåâåðíîãî Óñòþðòà). Ó÷èòûâàÿ ñðîêè âûëåòà ìîëîäûõ è íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè (îêîëî 35–40 äíåé) ôèëèíû íà ýòèõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïðèñòóïèëè ê êëàäêå â ïåðèîä ñ 5 ïî 10 ôåâðàëÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ðåãèîíå ó ôèëèíîâ ïåðèîä êëàäêè ÿèö ðàñòÿíóò ñ 5 ôåâðàëÿ ïî 20 àïðåëÿ, ïðè÷¸ì, ìàññîâàÿ îòêëàäêà íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà þãå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà â ïåðèîä ñ 15 ïî 25 ôåâðàëÿ, íà ñåâåðå – ñ 15 ìàðòà ïî 1 àïðåëÿ. Íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Çàïàäíîì Óñòþðòå îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ôèëèíîâ îòêëàäûâàåò ÿéöà â ïåðèîä ñ 20 ôåâðàëÿ ïî 15 ìàðòà. Àíàëîãè÷íûå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ïðèâîäÿò è äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè: Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé è Ý.Ð. Ôîòòåëåð (1985) óêàçûâàþò, ÷òî âðåìÿ íà÷àëà ìàññîâîé îòêëàäêè ÿèö íà Ìàíãûøëàêå è Óñòþðòå ïðèóðî÷åíî ê êîíöó ôåâðàëÿ – íà÷àëó ìàðòà, õîòÿ íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ìîãóò ïðèñòóïàòü ê ðàçìíî-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

Ðèñ. 11. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ôèëèíà. Fig. 11. Clutch and brood sizes of the Eagle Owl.

æåíèþ â íà÷àëå ôåâðàëÿ, Â.Ï. Øóáåíêèí (1984) äëÿ Êàïëàíêûðà è Þæíîãî Óñòþðòà óêàçûâàåò ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó ìàðòà, à Â.Ô. Ãàâðèí (1962) è À.Ï. Êóçÿêèí (2005) äëÿ Ïðèàðàëüÿ – êîíåö ìàðòà – íà÷àëî àïðåëÿ. Â Ïðèàðàëüå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê ñðîêàì åãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íà Þæíîì Óðàëå (Êàðÿêèí, 1998) è Ñðåäíåé Âîëãå (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007) è, âèäèìî, õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ âñåé öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà âèäà, îò ñåâåðíûõ ïîëóïóñòûíü äî þæíîé òàéãè. Ïòåíöû ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà â ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîãóò ðåãèñòðèðîâàòüñÿ íà÷èíàÿ ñ 15 ìàðòà è âïëîòü äî 25–30 èþëÿ (èç ïîçäíèõ àïðåëüñêèõ êëàäîê). Ñë¸òêè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ, êàê ýòî óæå îòìå÷åíî âûøå, ñ 13–18 ìàÿ, â ìàññå íà þãå ðåãèîíà – ñ 25 ìàÿ ïî 3 èþíÿ, íà ñåâåðå – ñ 22 èþíÿ ïî 8 èþëÿ. Îáû÷-

íûå ñðîêè ïîÿâëåíèÿ ñë¸òêîâ ôèëèíîâ íà Ìàíãûøëàêå ëåæàò ãäå-òî ìåæäó 25 ìàÿ è 25 èþíÿ. Íåñêîëüêî ïîçäíèå ñðîêè ïîäú¸ìà ôèëèíîâ íà êðûëî íà ïðèìîðñêèõ ÷èíêàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàñïèÿ ïðèâîäèò Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962): 29 èþíÿ 1955 ã. íà ìûñå Ñêàëèñòîì áûë ïîéìàí äîâîëüíî êðóïíûé ïòåíåö â ìåçîïòèëå, êîòîðûé òîëüêî íà÷àë ïåðåïàðõèâàòü, 30 èþíÿ 1955 ã. íà ìûñå Ìåëîâîì áûë âñòðå÷åí âûâîäîê èç 4-õ ôèëèíÿò, êîòîðûå óæå õîðîøî ëåòàëè, õîòÿ èõ ìàõè îòðîñëè íå ïîëíîñòüþ. Ñîâåðøåííî íåðåàëüíûå ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëÿ êàçàõñêîãî ôèëèíà ïðèâîäèò Â.Í. Áîñòàíæîãëî (1911), à ñëåäîì, öèòèðóÿ åãî, è Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) – â ñåðåäèíå èþëÿ ìîëîäûå óõîäÿò èç ãíåçäà, à â êîíöå èþëÿ óæå ñìåíÿþò ìåçîïòèëü. Ëèáî çà 100 ëåò äåéñòâèòåëüíî ïðîèçîøëî ñìåùåíèå ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà íà áîëåå ðàííèå, ëèáî ðå÷ü èäåò îá àíîìàëüíî ïîçäíèõ ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, íàáëþäàâøèõñÿ â ãîä èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà. Èç 122 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä (áåç ó÷¸òà ñòàðûõ, äàâíî íå çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ôèëèíàìè) â 85 (69,67%) áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî ðàçìíîæåíèå â ãîä íàáëþäåíèÿ: 14 ãí¸çä ñîäåðæàëè êëàäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå 4 – ïîãèáøèå, 55 ãí¸çä ñîäåðæàëè âûâîäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 – ïîãèáøèé, è 16 æèëûõ ãí¸çä îñìîòðåíî íå áûëî – â íèõ ôèëèíû, ñóäÿ ïî ñðîêàì, íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè (10 ãí¸çä) ëèáî ãðåëè ïóõîâèêîâ â âîçðàñòå äî 1 íåäåëè (6 ãí¸çä). Â 14 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ êëàäêàìè îáíàðóæåíî 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,0±0,96 ÿéöà: ïî 35,71% êëàäîê ñîäåðæàëè 2 è 3 ÿéöà, 21,43% êëàäîê – 4 ÿéöà è â îäíîé êëàäêå (7,14%) îáíàðóæåíî 5 ÿèö. Äëÿ îáùåãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î ðàçìåðàõ êëàäêè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå ýòè äàííûå, êîíå÷íî æå, íåëüçÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü, òàê êàê áîëüøèíñòâî êëàäîê – ýòî ïîçäíèå ñëó÷àè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ïî êîðìîâûì è/èëè êëèìàòè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì ãîäû. Äàæå ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ðàçìåðîâ êëàäêè âíóòðè ýòîé ãðóïïû ðàçíèöà áóäåò çàìåòíà: êëàäêè, îáíàðóæåííûå â Ïðèàðàëüå â 2005 ã. (n=7), ñîäåðæàëè 2–3, â ñðåäíåì 2,43±0,53 ÿéöà, êëàäêè, îáíàðóæåííûå íà ïëàòî Óñòþðò â 2003–2004 ãã. (n=7), ñîäåðæàëè 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,57±0,98 ÿéöà. Äëÿ îáúåêòèâíîé îöåíêè ðàçìåðà êëàäêè èìååò ñìûñë èñïîëüçîâàòü è ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ â âîçðàñòå äî 7 äíåé, êîãäà çàòàïòûâàíèå èëè âûêàòûâàíèå ÿèö èç ãíåçäà äîñòîâåðíî íå ïðîèñõîäèò. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðàçìåð êëàäêè âàðüèðóåò îò 2 äî 5 ÿèö, ñîñòàâ-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=33) 3,36±0,86 ÿéöà (ðèñ. 11). Êëàäîê èç 6 ÿèö, èçâåñòíûõ èç äðóãèõ ðàéîíîâ Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ìû â ðåãèîíå íå íàõîäèëè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðåçêîãî óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè è/èëè äîñòóïíîñòè ïèùè âî âðåìÿ íàñèæèâàíèÿ êëàäêè ôèëèíû ñïîñîáíû îòêëàäûâàòü äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ÿéöà â ñèëüíî íàñèæåííûå êëàäêè ëèáî óæå ïðè ìåëêèõ

Êëàäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç): ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 30 àïðåëÿ 2003 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 3 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Ïðèàðàëüå, 16 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã., Ïðèàðàëüå, 19 àïðåëÿ 2005 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches of the Eagle Owl (from up to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 30 April 2003, cliff-faces of the Western Usturt, 3 April 2004, Aral Sea region, 16 April 2005, Aral Sea region, 19 April 2005. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ïóõîâèêàõ (Êàðÿêèí, 2009). Â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå èçâåñòíî 3 òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿ (5,45% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âûâîäêîâ): â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïî 1 ÿéöó áûëî äîëîæåíî â êëàäêè èç 2 ÿèö íà ïîñëåäíåé ñòàäèè íàñèæèâàíèÿ è â îäíîì ñëó÷àå 1 ÿéöî áûëî äîëîæåíî óæå ïðè ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöàõ, ÷òî âûÿñíåíî ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîñåùåíèè ãíåçäà. Ïðè ðåçêîì óìåíüøåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè è/èëè äîñòóïíîñòè

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïèùè âî âðåìÿ ÿéöåêëàäêè ïîëíîöåííûå êîïóëÿöèè ïðåêðàùàþòñÿ, è â èòîãå âî ìíîãèõ êëàäêàõ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ ñ íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûìè ÿéöàìè (9 èç 10) îáíàðóæåíû â 2004 ã. (îäíî ãíåçäî ñ íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûì ÿéöîì îáíàðóæåíî â 2006 ã.). Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî çà îãðîìíûé ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé ôèëèíà â Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, ëèøü â 3 ãí¸çäàõ

Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà: (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ëåâîé ñòîðîíå) ÷èíê ÄîíûçÒàó, 9 ìàÿ 2006 ã., óñòóïû Êóëàíäû, 19 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., ÷èíê íàä ïåñêàìè Áîñòàíêóì, 14 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., îáðûâû Êàðàêûç-Êîãàíûç, Ìàíãûøëàê, 24 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã, (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå) âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû, 21 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 16 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Êàñïèéñêèé ÷èíê Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, 10 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., âïàäèíà Áàñãóðëû, 21 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): Donyz-Tau cliff-faces, 9 May 2006, Kulandy cliffs, 19 April 2004, cliff-faces above the Bostankum sands, 14 April 2004, Karakyz-Koganyz cliff-faces of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, 24 April 2004, Basgurly Depression, 21 April 2004, KinderliKayasanskoe Plateau, 16 April 2004, Caspian cliff-faces of the Kinderli-Kayasanskoe Plateau, 10 April 2004, Basgurly Depression, 21 April 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

èç 22 áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ðåäêîñòè ýòîãî ÿâëåíèÿ. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê, â êîòîðûõ íàìè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûå ÿéöà (n=10), âàðüèðîâàë îò 2 äî 4 ÿèö, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 3,6±0,7 ÿèö. Íà êëàäêó ïðèõîäèëîñü îò 1 äî 2, â ñðåäíåì 1,1±0,32 íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûõ ÿèö è îò 1 äî 3, â ñðåäíåì 2,5±0,71 îïëîäîòâîð¸í-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 íûõ. Ïî îäíîìó íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííîìó ÿéöó ñîäåðæàëè 1 êëàäêà èç 2-õ ÿèö, 2 êëàäêè èç 3-õ ÿèö è 6 êëàäîê èç 4-õ ÿèö. Â îäíîé êëàäêå èç 4-õ ÿèö áûëî 2 íåîïëîäîòâîð¸ííûõ ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð ÿèö ôèëèíà (n=16) ñîñòàâëÿåò 54,8–62,2õ46,7–51,2 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 58,67±1,83õ48,44±1,27 ìì. Âñå èçìåðåííûå íàìè êëàäêè îáíàðóæåíû íà ÷èíêàõ Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî è ïëàòî

Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç): Êèíäåðëè-Êàÿñàíñêîå ïëàòî, 22 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., óñòóïû Êóëàíäû, 19 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., âïàäèíà Æàçãóðëû, 23 àïðåëÿ 2004 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 2 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Eagle Owl (from up to bottom): KinderliKayasanskoe Plateau, 22 April 2004, Kulandy cliffs, 19 April 2004, Zhazgurly Depression, 23 April 2004, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 2 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Óñòþðò (â Ïðèàðàëüå ÿéöà íå èçìåðÿëè). Â Êûçûëêóìàõ ðàçìåð ÿèö ôèëèíà âàðüèðóåò â ãîðàçäî áîëåå øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ (n=17) 52,0–61,5õ46,1–50,6 ìì, â ñðåäíåì 57,03õ48,16 ìì (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), ïðè ýòîì ðàçìåðû ÿèö ôèëèíà ñ äðóãèõ òåððèòîðèé Êàçàõñòàíà (Ïðèàðàëüå, Êàðàòàó, Êàçàõñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê è Òÿíü-Øàíü) óêëàäûâàþòñÿ â ïðåäåëû êûçûëêóìñêîé ñåðèè (Ñïàíãåíáåðã,

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Ôåéãèí, 1936; Òþðèí, 1961; Ãàâðèí, 1962; Êîâøàðü, Ëåâèí, 1982). Ïðè îäèíàêîâîì ðàçìåðå âûáîðîê îáðàùàþò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå íåñêîëüêî áîëüøèå ðàçìåðû ÿèö ôèëèíà ñ Óñòþðòà. Â 55 îñìîòðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ ñ âûâîäêàìè îáíàðóæåíî îò 1 äî 5, â ñðåäíåì 3,13±0,79 ïòåíöîâ. Â ïîäàâëÿþùåì áîëüøèíñòâå âûâîäêîâ (47,27%) íàáëþäàëîñü 3 ïòåíöà, 30,91% âûâîäêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 4-õ

Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç): ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 9 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 4 ìàÿ 2006 ã., ÷èíê Äîíûç-Òàó, 12 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Ñåâåðíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 7 ìàÿ 2006 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 9 May 2006, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 4 May 2006, cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 12 May 2006, Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 7 May 2006. Photos by I. Karyakin.

ïòåíöîâ, 18,18% – èç 2-õ. Îäèí âûâîäîê (1,82%) ñîñòîÿë èç 1 ïòåíöà è åù¸ îäèí – èç 5 ïòåíöîâ. Ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ðàçìåðîâ âûâîäêîâ ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè è îïåðåííûìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè ðàçíèöà õîòü è íå çíà÷èòåëüíà, íî âñ¸ æå çàìåòíà. Â âûâîäêàõ ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè (n=22) 2–5, â ñðåäíåì 3,23±0,87 ïòåíöà, â âûâîäêàõ ñ îïåðåííûìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè (n=33) 1–4, â ñðåäíåì 3,06±0,75 ïòåíöà. Â ïî-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 ñëåäíåé ãðóïïå îïðåäåë¸ííî äîìèíèðóþò âûâîäêè èç 3-õ ïòåíöîâ (ðèñ. 12). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè ñðåäíåé êëàäêå (n=33) 3,36±0,86 ÿèö, âûâîäêè ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè ñîäåðæàò (n=22) â ñðåäíåì 3,23±0,87 ïòåíöà, à âûâîäêè ñ îïåðåííûìè ïòåíöàìè è ñë¸òêàìè – (n=33) â ñðåäíåì 3,06±0,75 ïòåíöà. Ñîîòíîøåíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ èç 3-õ è 4-õ ïòåíöîâ (ðèñ. 11) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âîçìîæíî êîëè÷åñòâî

Âûâîäêè ôèëèíà (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ëåâîé ñòîðîíå): ÷èíê ÄîíûçÒàó, 10 ìàÿ 2006 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 10 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 12 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 13 ìàÿ 2004 ã., (ñâåðõó âíèç ïî ïðàâîé ñòîðîíå) Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 9 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 10 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Þæíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 11 ìàÿ 2004 ã., Çàïàäíûé ÷èíê Óñòþðòà, 13 ìàÿ 2004 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Broods of the Eagle Owl (from top to bottom): cliff-faces Donyz-Tau, 10 May 2006, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 10 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 12 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 13 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 9 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 10 May 2004, Southern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 11 May 2004, Western cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau, 13 May 2004. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ êëàäîê èç 4-õ ÿèö áîëüøå, ÷åì ìû íàáëþäàëè â õîäå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð êëàäêè â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê 4 ÿéöàì. Ïî äàííûì, îáîáù¸ííûì Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèì, íà Ìàíãûøëàêå, Óñòþðòå è â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèàðàëüå êëàäêà ôèëèíà ñîñòîèò (n=7) â ñðåäíåì èç 4,14 ÿèö, âûâîäîê ñ ïòåíöàìè äî íà÷àëà îïåðåíèÿ (n=9) – èç 3,78 ïòåíöîâ, âûâîäîê ñ îïåð¸ííûìè ïòåíöà-

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 12. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêîâ ôèëèíà c ðàçíûìè âîçðàñòíûìè ãðóïïàìè ïòåíöîâ. Fig. 12. Brood sizes of the Eagle Owl with nestlings of different age.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ìè (n=10) – èç 2,7 ïòåíöîâ (Áîñòàíæîãëî, 1911; Ãàâðèí, 1962; Çàëåòàåâ, 1962; Øóáåíêèí, 1984; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå âûáîðêà ïðåäñòàâëåíà, â îñíîâíîì, ñëó÷àéíûìè íàáëþäåíèÿìè çà 100-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä, ïîýòîìó å¸ òðóäíî ñðàâíèâàòü ñ íàøèìè äàííûìè, òåì íå ìåíåå, ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ âïå÷àòëåíèå, ÷òî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè àðàëî-êàñïèéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè

ôèëèíîâ äîñòàòî÷íî ðîâíûå è îòõîä ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ ó óñïåøíî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ìèíèìàëüíûé. Âûñîêèå ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ïóñòûíÿõ Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè ñâÿçûâàþò ñ ïîïóëÿöèîííûì ìåõàíèçìîì, êîìïåíñèðóþùèì îòñóòñòâèå ðåãóëÿðíîãî åæåãîäíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó 30–70% ïàð â ïîïóëÿöèè ïî ïðè÷èíå íåäîñòàòêà êîðìà è/èëè ïëîõèõ ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, êîëè÷åñòâî ñë¸òêîâ â âûâîäêàõ ôèëèíîâ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå âûøå, ÷åì â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ (òàáë. 4), íî ñâÿçàíî ýòî îáúåêòèâíî ñ âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ. Ïðè ñîêðàùåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàññîâûõ ãðûçóíîâ â êîëîíèÿõ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ôèëèíîâ â ïóñòûííîé çîíå èõ ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê ñðåäíèì ïî àðåàëó âèäà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ íåðàçìíîæåíèå ìíîãèõ ïàð â «äåïðåññèâíûå» ãîäû, ñóììàðíàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíîâ çà îïðåäåë¸ííûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè áóäåò ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê ñðåäíåé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïî àðåàëó âèäà.

Òàáë. 4. Ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå è íà ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Table 4. Breeding rates of the Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian region and adjacent territories. Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå Average n brood size

Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â ëåòíîì âûâîäêå Average number of young per pair

Àâòîðû / Authors

Ðåãèîí Region

Ñòðàíà Country

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian region

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

2003– 2006 33

3.36 22

3.23 33

3.06

Àâòîðû ñòàòüè Authors of the paper

Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèé ðåãèîí Aral-Caspian region

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

1911– 1984

4.14

3.78 10

2.70

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007

Öåíòðàëüíûå Êûçûëêóìû Central Kyzylkum sands

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

1986– 1990 13

3.0

2.62

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007

Áàññåéí Ñàðûñó Sarysu river basin

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

3.0

2.67

Ñàìàðñêàÿ îáëàñòü Samara district

Ðîññèÿ Russia

1995– 2007

2.47

Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2007

Ëåñîñòåïü Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Ðîññèÿ Çàóðàëüÿ Russia Forest-steppe of the Pre-Ural Mountains and Trans-Ural Mountains

1994– 1998

2.2 47

1.8

Êàðÿêèí, 1998

Òÿíü-Øàíü Tien-Shan Mountains

1906– 1986

1.67

Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007

Êàçàõñòàí Kazakhstan

Ãîä Year

Ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêå Average n clutch size

5 8

2.6 19 2.5

Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008

Çàïàäíûé Óðàë è áàññåéí Ðîññèÿ Êàìû Russia Western Ural Mountains and Kama river basin

1977– 1988

2.3

1.5

1.3

Øåïåëü, 1992

Ãîðû Óðàëà è áàññåéí Êàìû Ðîññèÿ Ural Mountains and Kama Russia river basin

1989– 1996 72

2.3 72

1.7 72

1.4

Êàðÿêèí, 1998

1995 11

1.7 23

1.5

Óôèìñêîå ïëàòî Ufimskoe Plateau

Ðîññèÿ Russia

Êàðÿêèí, 1998

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Ìíîãîëåòíèå ãí¸çäà ôèëèíîâ, ïóñòóþùèå ïî ïðè÷èíå íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö (ñëåâà) è âûâîäîê ôèëèíà íà þãî-âîñòîêå ÊèíäåðëèÊàÿñàíñêîãî ïëàòî, óíè÷òîæåííûé øàêàëîì (Canis aureus) (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Perennial nests of the Eagle Owl were empty because birds not bred (left) and brood of the Eagle Owl killed by a Jackal (Canis aureus) in southeast of the Kinderly-Kayasanskoe Plateau (right). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èç 122 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä 80 îêàçàëèñü óñïåøíûìè (65,57%), à 37 (30,33%) – áåçóñïåøíûìè, ïðè÷¸ì ëèøü äëÿ 4,1% ãí¸çä óñòàíîâëåíà ãèáåëü êëàäêè (4 ãíåçäà) èëè âûâîäêà (1 ãíåçäî), à â 26,23% ñëó÷àåâ ãí¸çäà ïóñòîâàëè ïî ïðè÷èíå íåðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïòèö ëèáî ðàííåé ãèáåëè êëàäêè, ñëåäû êîòîðîé â ãíåçäå îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. Äëÿ 106 àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä, â òîì ÷èñëå 64 óñïåøíûõ, áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî èõ ñîäåðæèìîå, ÷òî äà¸ò âîçìîæíîñòü ïðèêèíóòü ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Çà 4 ãîäà (ñ 2003 ïî 2006 ãã.), ñ ó÷¸òîì ïåðåðûâîâ â ðàçìíîæåíèè îòäåëüíûõ ïàð è ãèáåëè ïîòîìñòâà, ôèëèíû ïðîèçâîäèëè íà ñâåò â ñðåäíåì 1,87 ïòåíöîâ íà àêòèâíîå ãíåçäî. Èìåííî ýòà îöåíêà ðåçóëüòàòèâíîñòè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïîëîæåíà â îñíîâó ðàñ÷¸òà ñðåäíåé ïîñëåãíåçäîâîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ôèëèíà â ðåãèîíå (ñì. ñòð. 70).

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Â îñíîâå ãèáåëè êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ëåæèò õèùíè÷åñòâî ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî øàêàëîâ (Canis aureus) è ëèñèö (Vulpes vulpes), ðåæå âîëêîâ (Canis lupus). Íà äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ êëàäêà è âûâîäîê áûëè äîñòîâåðíî óíè÷òîæåíû øàêàëàìè, òàê êàê èõ ñëåäû íàáëþäàëèñü â íèøàõ. Â îñíîâíîì ñòðàäàþò íàèáîëåå äîñòóïíûå ãí¸çäà, ðàñïîëîæåííûå â íèæíèõ ÿðóñàõ ÷èíêîâ, îäíàêî, â öåëîì ïî ðåãèîíó, óíè÷òîæåíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ ôèëèíîâ ÷åòâåðîíîãèìè õèùíèêàìè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì ÿâëåíèåì. Ïèòàíèå Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962) îòìå÷àë, ÷òî ïèòàíèå ôèëèíîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ìîðñêèõ ïîáåðåæüÿõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàñïèÿ, ñîñòîèò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî èç ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå âîäîïëàâàþùèõ. Â æåëóäêàõ 10 äîáûòûõ èì ôèëèíîâ áûëè îñòàòêè ïòèö (â òîì ÷èñëå ÷åðíåòè Aythya fuligula, ïóñòåëüãè Falco

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 13. Ïèòàíèå ôèëèíà â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 13. Diet of the Eagle Owl in the AralCaspian region.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16

ñòâó îáúåêòîâ (n=242, 73,14%), ìàññà äîáûòûõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è ïòèö ôàêòè÷åñêè îäèíàêîâàÿ – ïòèöû äàæå èìåþò áîëüøóþ áèîìàññó â ðàöèîíå ôèëèíà (52,42% ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 47,58%) (ðèñ. 13). Ïðè÷¸ì, ñðåäè ïòèö íåâîçìîæíî âûäåëèòü ÷¸òêèõ äîìèíàíòîâ, êàê ñðåäè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ. Èç ïòèö îáû÷íî ôèëèíû äîáûâàþò ìàññîâûå âèäû âîäîïëàâàþùèõ (óòêè, ëûñóõè Fulica atra è êàìûøíèöû), êóðèíûõ (êåêëèê Alectoris chukar) è âñåõ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè õèùíèêîâ. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ìíîãèå ó÷àñòêè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è êóðãàííèêà (Buteo hemilasius), íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â òåõ æå óùåëüÿõ, ÷òî è ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà, ðàíî èëè ïîçäíî ïåðåõîäÿò â ðàçðÿä ïóñòóþùèõ ëèáî íà íèõ ïðîèñõîäèò ðåãóëÿðíîå èçúÿòèå ïòåíöîâ è ÷àñòàÿ ñìåíà ñàìîê (ñàìöû ìåíåå óÿçâèìû, òàê êàê ôèëèíû ëîâÿò õèùíûõ ïòèö ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ãí¸çäàõ). Èçâåñòíû äâà ñëó÷àÿ äîáû÷è ïòåíöîâ ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) èç ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ ïîä ÷èíêîì â 85 è 120 ì îò ãí¸çä ôèëèíà è ïî îäíîìó – çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) è áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos), óäà-

tinnunculus, õîõëàòîãî Galerida cristata è ñåðîãî æàâîðîíêîâ Calandrella rufescens), ó 6 ôèëèíîâ òàêæå áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàòêè óøàñòûõ åæåé (Hemiechinus auritus), ó 2-õ – âîäÿíûå óæè (Natrix tesselatta) è îñòàòêè áîëüøèõ ïåñ÷àíîê (Rhombomys opimus). Íà ïðèñàäàõ ôèëèíîâ âñòðå÷àëèñü îñòàòêè õîõëàòûõ ÷åðíåòåé, ÷èðêîâ-ñâèñòóíêîâ (Anas crecca), ãîãîëåé (Bucephala clangula), êðÿêâ (Anas platyrhynchos) è êàìûøíèö (Gallinula chloropus). Ïîãàäêè ôèëèíîâ ñîäåðæàëè ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî êîñòè ïòèö è èãëû åæåé. Õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ïèòàíèå ôèëèíà â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå â öåëîì, ïðåæäå âñåãî ñëåäóåò àêöåíòèðîâàòü âíèìàíèå íà åãî òðîôè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçÿõ ñ ìàññîâûìè ìëåêîïèòàþùèìè ìåëêîãî è ñðåäíåãî ðàçìåðà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî êîëîíèàëüíûìè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îãðîìíûé ðàçáðîñ ñïåêòðà äîáûâàåìûõ âèäîâ, îò áåëîçóáîê (Crocidura sp.) äî êîðñàêîâ (Vulpes corsac), îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ôèëèíà ñîñòàâëÿþò íåñêîëüêî ôîíîâûõ âèäîâ – ïîëóäåííàÿ (Meriones meridianus) è òàìàðèñêîâàÿ (M. tamariscinus) ïåñ÷àíêè, óøàñòûé ¸æ è æ¸ëòûé ñóñëèê (Spermophilus fulvus). ÍåñìîÇàëåæè äîáû÷è â ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíà ñ ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. òðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìëåêîïèòàþùèå Stock of preys in the nests of Eagle Owls with nestlings. Photos by I. Karyakin. ÿâíî äîìèíèðóþò ïî êîëè÷å-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16

Òàáë. 5. Ïèòàíèå ðàçíûõ ïàð ôèëèíîâ. Table 5. Diet of different pairs of the Eagle Owl.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ë¸ííûõ îò ãí¸çä ôèëèíà íà 60 è 170 ì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Çàìå÷åíî, ÷òî ìëåêîïèòàþùèå ñîñòàâëÿþò îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ, ïðè÷¸ì, êàê ïî êîëè÷åñòâó, òàê è ïî ìàññå. Äî 2-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà ïèùà ïòåíöîâ ñîñòîèò â îñíîâíîì èç ìàññîâûõ âèäîâ ãðûçóíîâ (òàáë. 5, ãí¸çäà 1, 2, 5, 8). Â ýòîò ïåðèîä â ãí¸çäàõ íàèáîëåå óñïåøíûõ ïàð ìîãóò îáðàçîâûâàòüñÿ öåëûå çàëåæè – äî 20–30 òóøåê æåðòâ. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 2-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà ðàöèîí ïòåíöîâ ðàçáàâëÿåòñÿ ïòèöàìè, ïðè÷¸ì ìåñÿ÷íûì ïòåíöàì âçðîñëûå ôèëèíû íà÷èíàþò ïðèíîñèòü äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíûõ ïòèö. Èç èíòåðåñíûõ íàáëþäåíèé ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ñëåäóþùåå: â 2006 ã. íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðà â ïåðèîä, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé êëàäêå, â êîòîðîé ñàìåö êîðìèë ñàìêó, ñèäÿùóþ íà ïóñòîé ëóíêå â íèøå – âîêðóã íå¸ â õîäå ðèòóàëà «ïðèêàðìëèâàíèÿ» ñêîïèëîñü 34 ÷àñòè÷íî ñúåäåííûõ òóøêè óøàñòûõ åæåé (òàáë. 5, ãíåçäî 11). ¨æ, âèäèìî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ñî-äîìèíàíòîâ ïèòàíèÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö – äî 20–30% ðàöèîíà, îäíàêî â ïèòàíèè ïòåíöîâ â âîçðàñòå äî ìåñÿöà

äîëÿ åæåé ñîñòàâëÿåò 6,4%, íî óæå â ìåñÿ÷íîì âîçðàñòå îíà âîçðàñòàåò è ê ìîìåíòó âûëåòà ôèëèíÿòà ïîòðåáëÿþò åæåé ñòîëü æå ÷àñòî, êàê è âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ øêóðêè åæåé, âûâåðíóòûå ìåçäðîé íàðóæó, ÿâëÿþòñÿ èíäèêàòîðîì ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíà â ÀðàëîÊàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå è ñëóæàò õîðîøèì îðèåíòèðîì äëÿ ïîèñêà ãí¸çä – íà ñêëîíàõ ìåëîâûõ ÷èíêîâ øêóðêè âûïîòðîøåííûõ åæåé, êàê ïðàâèëî, âèäíû â áèíîêëü ñ äîâîëüíî áîëüøîãî ðàññòîÿíèÿ. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïèùè äîáûâàåòñÿ ôèëèíàìè íî÷üþ, òåì íå ìåíåå, íàì íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðèõîäèëîñü âñïóãèâàòü ôèëèíîâ ñðåäè ðîâíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè ïëàòî â 200–500 ì îò ÷èíêîâ âî âðåìÿ èõ îõîòû íà êîëîíèÿõ áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè èëè â ïîñåëåíèÿõ æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà. Âî âðåìÿ äíåâíûõ îõîò ôèëèíû ñêðàäûâàþò äîáû÷ó, ïðÿ÷àñü ïîä êóñòàìè òàìàðèñêà (Tamarix sp.) èëè ñàêñàóëà (Haloxylon sp.). Òðèæäû íàáëþäàëèñü äíåâíûå ïðèë¸òû ôèëèíîâ ñ äîáû÷åé ê ãíåçäó, ïðè÷¸ì â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ îíè ïîñëóæèëè ñòèìóëîì ê ïîèñêó è íàõîæäåíèþ ãí¸çä. Ïî ìíåíèþ Î.Â. Ìèòðîïîëüñêîãî æ¸ëòûå

Ñîäåðæèìîå ãíåçäà Contents of the nest

Ãí¸çäà ôèëèíà / Nests of the Eagle Owl Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ Total ind. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà / Brood size

¨æ óøàñòûé (Hemiechinus auritus)

Çàÿö-òîëàé (Lepus tolai)

Òóøêàí÷èê (Alactaga jaculus)

Ñóñëèê æ¸ëòûé (Spermophilus fulvus)

Ïåñ÷àíêè ìàëûå (Meriones meridianus, M. tamariscinus)

2.45**

3 7

Ïåñ÷àíêè áîëüøèå (Rhombomys opimus)

1 23

Øèðîêîíñêà (Anas clypeata)

Êåêëèê (Alectoris chukar)

Êàìûøíèöà (Gallinula chloropus)

Õîäóëî÷íèê (Himantopus himantopus)

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ïòåíöû / nestlings

Ëóíü ïîëåâîé (Circus cyaneus), ñàìêà / female

Ïóñòåëüãà ñòåïíàÿ (Falco naumanni)

Ïóñòåëüãà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Falco tinnunculus)

Ñîâà áîëîòíàÿ (Asio flammeus)

Ãîëóáü (Columba sp.)

Ñîðîêà (Pica pica)

Âñåãî îáúåêòîâ / Total ind.

125

* – ãíåçäî äî íà÷àëà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ñàìåö íîñèò äîáû÷ó ñàìêå / nest before the starting of breeding, a male brings preys to the female; ** – ñðåäíåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêå / average brood size.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ñóñëèêè â îáû÷íûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñðåäè æåðòâ ôèëèíà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ôîòòåëåð, 1985), íî ïðè äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ïåñ÷àíîê ðîëü ýòîãî âèäà, êîòîðîãî ìîæíî äîáûòü òîëüêî äí¸ì, â ïèòàíèè âîçðàñòàåò äî 4,2–17,0% âñòðå÷, êàê ýòî îòìå÷åíî äëÿ ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíîâ Òóðêìåíèè (Ùåðáèíà è äð., 1986). Íàøè äàííûå ïîçâîëÿþò ïåðåñìîòðåòü âçãëÿäû íà äîáû÷ó ôèëèíîì æ¸ëòûõ ñóñëèêîâ è áîëüøèõ ïåñ÷àíîê, âåäóùèõ äíåâíîé îáðàç æèçíè. Äîáû÷à èõ ôèëèíîì íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ äåïðåññèÿìè ìàëûõ ïåñ÷àíîê, è äàæå êîãäà ãí¸çäà ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè çàâàëåíû ìàëûìè ïåñ÷àíêàìè, ñðåäè òóøåê âñåãäà ïðèñóòñòâóþò òóøêè æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà. Åñëè àíàëèçèðîâàòü «çàïàñû» ôèëèíà â ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè äî 4-íåäåëüíîãî âîçðàñòà (òàáë. 5), òî äîëÿ æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà â íèõ ñîñòàâëÿåò (n=125) 10,4% – è ýòî â ãîäû âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàëûõ ïåñ÷àíîê. Áîëüøàÿ ïåñ÷àíêà äîáûâàåòñÿ ðåæå è ýòî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñâÿçàíî ñ ïîñòîÿííîé îõîòîé íà å¸ êîëîíèÿõ îðëîâ, êîòîðûå ïðè âèäå ôèëèíà íà÷èíàþò àêòèâíî ïðåñëåäîâàòü åãî. Ðàçáîð ïîãàäîê ñë¸òêîâ òàêæå ïîêàçàë ïðèñóòñòâèå â íèõ êîñòåé æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà, ÷òî äà¸ò îñíîâàíèå ïîëàãàòü, ÷òî äí¸ì âçðîñëûå ôèëèíû îõîòÿòñÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ãíåçäîâîãî ïåðèîäà. Ïðåñìûêàþùèåñÿ â ðàöèîíå ôèëèíà îñîáîé ðîëè íå èãðàþò. Íà ÷èíêàõ, óäàë¸ííûõ îò âîäî¸ìîâ, äàæå â ãîäû äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ êîðìîâ, êîãäà êóðãàííèêè è ìîãèëüíèêè ïåðåêëþ÷àþòñÿ íà ïèòàíèå ïîëîçàìè (Elaphe quatuorlineata, E. dione) è àãàìàìè (Trapelus sanguinolentus), íàìè íå âûÿâëåíî ñëó÷àåâ äîáû÷è ôèëèíîì ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ. Ëèøü íà ïðèìîðñêèõ ÷èíêàõ ôèëèíû ïåðèîäè÷åñêè äîáûâàþò âîäÿíûõ óæåé, íà ÷òî óêàçûâàë åù¸ Â.Ñ. Çàëåòàåâ (1962). Â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ òàêæå ñâåäåíèÿ î ðåäêîé äîáû÷å ôèëèíîì ìîëîäûõ ÷åðåïàõ (Agrionemys horsfieldii) (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007), íî íàìè ýòî ÿâëåíèå òàêæå íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Â îäíîì ãíåçäå ñ ïóõîâûìè ïòåíöàìè, íà îáðûâàõ íàïðîòèâ ïåñêîâ Áîñòàíêóì, â 2004 ã. áûëà íàéäåíà ìîëîäàÿ ÷åðåïàøêà, îäíàêî îíà áûëà æèâàÿ è õîðîøî ïåðåìåùàëàñü ïî ãíåçäó. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî îíà áûëà íå ïðèíåñåíà òóäà âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, à çàïîëçëà ñàìà. Ëèíüêà Èìååòñÿ óñòîÿâøååñÿ ìíåíèå î òîì, ÷òî ëèíüêà ñðåäíåàçèàòñêèõ ôèëèíîâ ïðîèñõîäèò ñ èþíÿ ïî äåêàáðü (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951). Â Òóðêìåíèè èíòåíñèâíî ëèíÿþ-

ùèå âçðîñëûå ñàìêè äîáûâàëèñü 24 èþíÿ 1937 ã. è 12 àâãóñòà 1945 ã. (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1952; Äåìåíòüåâ è äð., 1955). Íà îñíîâàíèè äîáû÷è íåðàçìíîæàþùåéñÿ ñàìêè ôèëèíà, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî ãîäîâàëîãî âîçðàñòà, íà Ìàíãûøëàêå 21 ìàÿ 1964 ã., ñ ëèíüêîé ïåðâîñòåïåííûõ ìàõîâûõ è êîíòóðíîãî ïåðà ïî âñåìó òåëó, ñäåëàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì, ÷òî íåïîëîâîçðåëûå ïòèöû ëèíÿþò â áîëåå ðàííèå ñðîêè (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007). Íàì íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðèõîäèëîñü íàõîäèòü ëèííûå ïåðüÿ ñàìîê ôèëèíà â ãí¸çäàõ, íà÷èíàÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû àïðåëÿ è âïëîòü äî âûëåòà ïòåíöîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ó ðàçíûõ ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ñàìîê ëèíüêà ïðîèñõîäèò àñèíõðîííî è îòäåëüíûå ïòèöû íà÷èíàþò å¸ â àïðåëå, äðóãèå â ìàå, òðåòüè â èþíå. Ñàìöû íà÷èíàþò ëèíÿòü, âèäèìî, ñ ñåðåäèíû èþíÿ è çàêàí÷èâàþò ëèíüêó ê ñåíòÿáðþ. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951) òàêæå îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî â ñåíòÿáðå íàáëþäàëèñü êàçàõñêèå ôèëèíû â ñâåæåì ïåðå. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü îá îáû÷íîñòè ôèëèíà òîëüêî â ÷èíêîâîé çîíå Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ãäå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ýòîãî âèäà, âèäèìî, îäíè èç ñàìûõ âûñîêèõ â ìèðå. Îäíàêî, åñëè ðàññìàòðèâàòü âñþ òåððèòîðèþ ðåãèîíà, âêëþ÷àÿ îáøèðíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïëàòî Óñòþðò è ðàâíèí Ïðåäóñòþðòüÿ è Ïðèàðàëüÿ, òî ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü ôèëèíà çäåñü ñîñòàâëÿåò 5–6 ïàð/1000 êì2 îáùåé ïëîùàäè, ÷òî ñðàâíèìî ñ ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïëîòíîñòè äëÿ ìíîãèõ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè Óðàëà è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíà (Êàðÿêèí, 1998; 2007), à òàêæå çàðóáåæíîé Åâðîïû, â ÷àñòíîñòè, Ôèíëÿíäèè, Ôðàíöèè è Èñïàíèè (Saurola, 1985; Cugnasse, 1983; Garzon, 1977). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷åëîâåê àêòèâíî îñâàèâàåò Óñòþðò, ÷òî ìîæåò ñòàòü óãðîçîé äëÿ áëàãîïîëó÷íîãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ óñòþðòñêèõ ôèëèíîâ. Àêòèâíî ðàçâèâàþùèéñÿ íåôòåãàçîäîáûâàþùèé êîìïëåêñ «îáðàñòàåò» èíôðàñòðóêòóðîé ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ) è íîâûìè äîðîãàìè, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî âåðøèíàì è ïîäíîæèÿì ÷èíêîâ, êîòîðûå äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàâàëèñü íåäîñòóïíûìè. Óæå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû ñëó÷àè ãèáåëè ôèëèíîâ íà íîâûõ ËÝÏ áëèç Áåéíåó è íà àâòîòðàññå Øåòïå – Àêòàó. Â 2003, 2004 è 2005 ãã. áûëè îòìå÷åíû ñëó÷àè îòñòðåëà ôèëèíîâ ôåðìåðàìè äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ èç ïåðüåâ àìóëåòîâ – ïðè ýòîì îáùèïàííûå òóøêè áûëè ïîïðîñòó âûáðîøåíû íà ñúå-

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 äåíèå ñîáàêàì. Ïîêà ïðèðîäîîõðàííîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî Êàçàõñòàíà îñòà¸òñÿ àáñòðàêöèåé, íàïèñàííîé ÷èíîâíèêàìè äëÿ ñàìèõ ñåáÿ, ïðèõîäèòñÿ ëèøü íàäåÿòüñÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïðîãðåññ â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå áóäåò äâèãàòüñÿ ìåäëåííûìè òåìïàìè è íå çàòðîíåò îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíîâ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áîñòàíæîãëî Â.Í. Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôàóíà Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêèõ ñòåïåé. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîë. 1911. Âûï. 11. Ñ. 1–410. Ãàâðèí Â.Ô. Îòðÿä ñîâû. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. Àëìà-Àòà, 1962. Ñ. 708–779. Ãóáèí Á.Ì. Âñòðå÷è íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïòèö íà ï-îâå Áóçà÷è è Ìàíãûøëàêå â ìàå 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû, 2004. Ñ. 20–23. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Ïòèöû Òóðêìåíèñòàíà. Àøõàáàä, 1952. 547 ñ. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê., Ñïàíãåíáåðã Å.Ï. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíå íàçåìíûõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîé Òóðêìåíèè. – Òðóäû Òóðêìåíñêîãî ñ.-õ èíñòèòóòà. Ò. 7. 1955. Ñ. 125–183. Çàëåòàåâ Â.Ñ. Êàñïèéñêèé ôèëèí (Bubo bubo gladkovi subsp. nov.) – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Âûï. 4. Ì., 1962. Ñ. 190–193. Èâàíîâ À.È., Êîçëîâà Å.Â., Ïîðòåíêî Ë.À., Òóãàðèíîâ À.ß. Ïòèöû ÑÑÑÐ. ×. 2. Ì.–Ë., 1953. 344 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ôèëèíà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ¹10. 2007. C. 17–36. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Îá îòêëàäûâàíèè ôèëèíàìè äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ÿèö â êëàäêè íà ïîñëåäíåé ñòàäèè èíêóáàöèè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. C. 122–124. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè â Êàçàõñòàí â 2005 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2005. Àëìàòû, 2006. Ñ. 16–23. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Áàðàáàøèí Ò.Î., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â. Êðóïíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû áàññåéíà Ñàðûñó. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. ¹13. 2008. C. 48–87. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ðåçóëüòàòû ðîññèéñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè íà çàïàäå Êàçàõñòàíà â 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû, 2004. Ñ. 24–27. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Ôèëèí â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹10. C. 37–46. Êîâøàðü À.Ô., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Êàòàëîã îîëîãè÷åñêîé êîëëåêöèè Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè ÀÍ ÊàçÑÑÐ. Àëìà-Àòà, 1982. 102 ñ. Êóçÿêèí À.Ï. Çàìåòêè î ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèöàõ ñåâåðíîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ Àðàëüñêîãî ìîðÿ. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû, 2005. Ñ. 205–207. Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåäèöèè íà Ìàíãûøëàê è Óñòþðò â 2004 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû, 2005. Ñ. 14–19. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê. Ôèëèí. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Ò. 1. Àëìàòû, 2007. Ñ. 423–431. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ôîòòåëåð Ý.Ð. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è áèîëîãèÿ ôèëèíà â Êûçûëêóìàõ. – Ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ ïîçâîíî÷íûõ Óçáåêèñòàíà. Òàøêåíò, 1985. Ñ. 33–36. Íåðó÷åâ Â.Â., Ìàêàðîâ Â.È. Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ãíåçäîâîé ôàóíå è íàñåëåíèþ ïòèö íèæíåé Ýìáû. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Âûï. 17. Ì., 1982. Ñ. 125–129. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êîðæåâ Ä.À. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû ïëàòî Øàãûðàé, Êàçàõñòàí. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹7. Ñ. 56–61. Ïîñëàâñêèé À.Í., Ïîñòíèêîâ Ã.Á., Ñàìàðèí Å.Ã. Î çèìîâêàõ ïòèö íà Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèêàñïèè è íà Ìàíãûøëàêå. – Òðóäû Èíñòèòóòà çîîëîãèè ÀÍ ÊàçÑÑÐ. 1964. Ò. 24. Ñ. 157–180. Ñïàíãåíáåðã Å.Ï., Ôåéãèí Ã.À. Ïòèöû íèæíåé Ñûðäàðüè è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâ. – Ñáîðíèê òðóäîâ Çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìóçåÿ ÌÃÓ. Ì., 1963. Ò. 3. Ñ. 41–184. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1990. 728 ñ. Òþðèí Ï.Ñ. Íîâûå äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ ãèìàëàéñêîãî ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo hemachalanus Hume) â Òÿíü-Øàíå. – Èçâåñòèÿ ÀÍ ÊèðãÑÑÐ. Ñåð. áèîë. íàóê. Ò. 3, âûï. 1. 1961. Ñ. 25–30. Øåïåëü À.È. Õèùíûå ïòèöû è ñîâû Ïåðìñêîãî Ïðèêàìüÿ. Èðêóòñê, 1992. 296 ñ. Øóáåíêèí Â.Ï. Ê ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè ôèëèíà íà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Óñòþðòå. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà çàïîâåäíûõ îáúåêòîâ. Àëìà-Àòà, 1984. Ñ. 48–49. Cugnasse J. Contribution a l’etude du Hibou grand-duc, Bubo bubo, dans le sud du Massif Central. – Nos oiseaux. 1983. 37. ¹392. P. 117–128. Dementiev G.P. Accipitres – Striges – Passeres. – Systema Avium Rossicarum. Paris, 1935. Vol. 1. I–VI. P. 1–288. Garzon J. Birds of prey in Spain, the present situation. – Proceedings of World Conference on Birds of Prey, International Council for Bird Preservation, Vienna, Austria, 1–3 October 1975. Basingstoke, 1977. P. 159–170. Konig C., Weick F. Owls of the Worlds. Second Edition. London, 2008. 528 p. Saurola P. Finnish birds of prey: status and population changes. – Ornis fenn. 1985. ¹2. P. 64–72. Vaurie C. The birds of the Palearctic Fauna, Non-Passeriformes. London, 1965. 763 p.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Some Records About Breeding Biology of the Ural Owl in Vicinities of Biysk, Altai Kray, Russia НЕКОТОРЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ПО ГНЕЗДОВОЙ БИОЛОГИИ ДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ НЕЯСЫТИ В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ БИЙСКА, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F., Makarov A.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Важов С.В., Бахтин Р.Ф., Макаров А.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ òåë.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Ðîìàí Áàõòèí bahtin_rf.biysk@mail.ru Contact: Sergey Vazhov tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Roman Bachtin bahtin_rf.biysk@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ êðàòêèå ðåçóëüòàòû íàáëþäåíèé 2005–2009 ãã. çà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis) â Áèéñêèõ áîðàõ. Âûÿâëåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Íàéäåíî 6 æèëûõ ãí¸çä. Âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ ÿñòðåáèíûõ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîâû, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract There are short results of surveys of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) in the Biya pine forests in 2005–2009. 8 breeding territories were discovered; 6 occupied nests were found. All found nests were provided by different species of Accipitridae. Keywords: Owls, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, breeding biology.

Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â 2005–2009 ãã. â ïðèðå÷íîì ñîñíîâîì áîðó ïî ð. Áèÿ è ó åãî îïóøåê, â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà è ñåë Ëåñíîå, Çàîç¸ðíîå è Ñâåòëîîç¸ðñêîå. Íàéäåíî âîñåìü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis): äâà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ëåñíîå, ïÿòü ìåæäó ã. Áèéñêîì è ñ. Çàîç¸ðíîå è îäèí â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ñâåòëîîç¸ðñêîå. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ñîñòàâèëà 1,43–2,02 êì, â ñðåäíåì 1,69±0,24 êì. Îáíàðóæåíî 6 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, êîòîðûå ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ ÷¸ðíûõ êîðøóíîâ (Milvus migrans) è êàíþêîâ (Buteo buteo): ïÿòü èç íèõ (83%, n=6) áûëè óñòðîåíû íà ñîñíàõ (Pinus sylvestris) â áîðó è îäíî (17%) íà áåð¸çå (Betula pendula) â êîëêå ñðåäè ïàñòáèùà, â 1,5 êì îò îïóøêè áîðà. Åæåãîäíî íàáëþäàëàñü ñìåíà õîçÿåâ â ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêàõ. Îäíî èç ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííîå ìåæäó Áèéñêîì è ñ. Çàîç¸ðíîå, â 2005 ã. çàíèìàëîñü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, â 2006 – êàíþêîì, â 2007 – ñíîâà íåÿñûòüþ, â 2008 è 2009 – ÷¸ðíûì êîðøóíîì. Äðóãîå ãíåçäî â 2005 ã. çàíèìàëîñü íåÿñûòüþ, â 2006 – êàíþêîì, â 2007 – íåÿñûòüþ. Íåÿñûòè, ïðîÿâëÿþùèå ïðèçíàêè ãíåçäîâîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ó ñâîèõ ãí¸çä â êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö íà÷èíàåòñÿ â íà÷àëå àïðåëÿ. Ïòåíöû âïåðâûå ïîêèäàþò ãí¸çäà â êîíöå ìàÿ, åù¸ íå óìåÿ ëåòàòü. Òàê, 22 ìàÿ 2007 ã. ïîä

The observation was carried out in 2005– 2009 in a river pine forest alongside the Biya river in vicinities of Biysk and Lesnoe, Zaozernoe, Svetloozerskoe villages. Eight breeding territories of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) were found. Two of them were located near the Lesnoe village, 5 – between Biysk and Zaozernoe and 1 – in vicinities of the Svetloozerskoe village. In a pine forest alongside the Biya river for the nesting the Ural Owl occupy old

Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis). Ôîòî Ð. Áàõòèíà. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis). Photo by R. Bachtin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) â Áèéñêèõ áîðàõ. Fig. 1. Breeding territories of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) in the Biya pine forests.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ãíåçäîì áûë íàéäåí íà÷àâøèé îïåðÿòüñÿ ïòåíåö, êîòîðûé 26 ìàÿ îêàçàëñÿ â 15 ì îò ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà. Äâà äðóãèõ ñèäåëè â ãíåçäå. Â äðóãîì ãíåçäå 1 èþíÿ 2007 ã. åù¸ íàõîäèëñÿ ìëàäøèé ïòåíåö, à ñòàðøèé ñèäåë íà âåòêå ó ãíåçäà. Íà êðûëî ìîëîäûå âñòàþò â íà÷àëå – ñåðåäèíå èþíÿ. Èçâåñòíûå âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–3-õ ïòåíöîâ. Ïîâåäåíèå âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íå îòëè÷àëîñü îñîáîé àãðåññèâíîñòüþ. Ïðè îñìîòðå ãí¸çä ñ ïóõîâûìè è îïåðÿþùèìèñÿ ïòåíöàìè îíè ëåòàëè âîêðóã ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà ñ êðèêàìè, ñàìêè ÷àñòî èìèòèðîâàëè àòàêè, ïðîëåòàÿ â 1–2 ì îò ÷åëîâåêà, íî óäàðîâ íå íàíîñèëè. Âî âíåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä, â õîäå ðåãóëÿðíîãî (êàæäûå 7–15 äíåé) ïðîõîæäåíèÿ 12–15-êèëîìåòðîâûõ ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòîâ, ïðîëîæåííûõ ïî ïðèðå÷íîìó áîðó è åãî îïóøêàì, ïðîñëåæåíà äèíàìèêà âñòðå÷àåìîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (òàáë. 1). Íàèáîëüøåå ÷èñëî âñòðå÷ ýòîé ñîâû çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî îñåíüþ, â íà-

nests of Black Kites (Milvus migrans) and Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) in pinetrees (Pinus sylvestris) (5 nests) and birches (Betula pendula) (1 nest). Every year the hosts of nests change. In 2005, one of the nests located between Biysk and Zaozernoe was occupied by the Ural Owl, in 2006 – by the Common Buzzard, in 2007 – by the Ural Owl again, in 2008 and 2009 – by the Black-Eared Kite. Another nest in 2005 was occupied by the Ural Owl, in 2006 – by the Common Buzzard, in 2007 – by the Ural Owl again. The Ural Owl starts to occupy nests in March. The young are observed to fledge at the beginning of June. According with our observations the brood size was varied from 2 to 3 nestlings. During the regular pedestrian counts the occurrence of the Ural Owl was calculated for different periods of the post-breeding season (table 1). The greatest occurrence of the owl was noted in autumn, at the beginning of winter (October – November) and at the end of winter (March). In the middle of winter (December – January) it is practically impossible to observe an Ural Owl.

Òàáë. 1. Âñòðå÷è äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé (Strix uralensis) â áîðó ïî Áèè âî âíåãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä (2005–2008 ãã.). Table 1. Records of Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in the Biya pine forest in nonbreeding season (2005–2008).

Ïòåíåö äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ó ãíåçäà, 26.05.2007. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà.

Êîëè÷åñòâî âñòðå÷ Records

Äîëÿ îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà âñòðå÷ (%) Portion (%)

Nestling of the Ural Owl near the nest, 26/05/2007. Photo by S. Vazhov.

35.71

Íîÿáðü / November

28.57

Äåêàáðü / December

7.14

ßíâàðü / January

3.57

Ôåâðàëü / February

10.71

Ìàðò / March

14.29

Âñåãî / Total

100

÷àëå çèìû (îêòÿáðü – íîÿáðü) è â êîíöå çèìû (ìàðò). Â ñåðåäèíå çèìû (äåêàáðü – ÿíâàðü) íåÿñûòè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, îíè îòêî÷¸âûâàþò â ìåíåå ñíåæíûå ìåñòà, ãäå ëåã÷å äîáûâàòü êîðì, õîòÿ è âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî íåÿñûòè îñòàþòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, íî çàìåòíîñòü èõ ïàäàåò â ñâÿçè ñî ñíèæåíèåì àêòèâíîñòè.

Ìåñÿö Month Îêòÿáðü / October

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

About Subspecies and Scientific Name of the Saker Falcon in NorthWestern Middle Asia К ВОПРОСУ О ПОДВИДОВОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ И НАУЧНОМ НАЗВАНИИ БАЛОБАНОВ, НАСЕЛЯЮЩИХ СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАД СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Pfeffer R. (Greifvogelzoo “Bayerischer Jagdfalkenhof”, Schillingsfürst, Germany) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Пфеффер Р. (Зоопарк хищных птиц «Баварский соколиный двор», Шиллингсфюрст, Германия)

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ralf Pfeffer Otto-Stumpf-Weg 14, 69181 Leimen Germany tel.: +4 962 24 926 630 ralf.pfeffer@gmx.net

Àáñòðàêò Ñòàòüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíåíèåì ê ðàíåå îïóáëèêîâàííîé â æóðíàëå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ¹16 ðàáîòå Ð. Ïôåôôåðà «Ê âîïðîñó î ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè áàëîáàíîâ», àíàëèçèðóåò ïîäâèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìåæäó Êàñïèåì è Àðàëîì, è ðàñêðûâàåò ïðè÷èíû âûáîðà íàó÷íîãî íàçâàíèÿ âûäåëåííîãî ïîäâèäà – ÷èíêîâûé áàëîáàí. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ñîêîëû, áàëîáàí, Falco cherrug, ïîäâèäû, çîîãåîãðàôèÿ, ñèñòåìàòèêà. Abstract The paper adds the article of Pfeffer R. “About Geographic Variances of the Saker Falcon” published earlier in the issue 16 of Raptors Conservation. There is the analysis of distribution of Saker subspecies (Falco cherrug), inhabiting the area between Aral and Caspian Seas, and reasons of a choice of the distinguished subspecies scientific name – Aralocaspian [Chink] Saker Falcon. Keywords: birds of prey, falcons, Saker Falcon, Falco cherrug, subspecies, zoogeography, systematics.

Ïîäâèäîâàÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü áàëîáàíîâ (Falco cherrug), íàñåëÿþùèõ ñåâåðî-çàïàä Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, äîëãîå âðåìÿ îñòàâàëàñü ïðåäìåòîì äèñêóññèé, â ñâÿçè ñî ñëàáîé îáñëåäîâàííîñòüþ ýòîãî ðåãèîíà. Ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíîâ íà âîñòî÷íîì ïîáåðåæüå Êàñïèÿ è â Ïðèàðàëüå, âïëîòü äî ñîâðåìåííîãî ïåðèîäà, íå áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, à âñå êîëëåêöèîííûå ìàòåðèàëû, ïîñòóïàâøèå èç Ñðåäíåé Àçèè è îòëè÷àâøèåñÿ îò òèïè÷íûõ ôîðì áàëîáàíîâ, îïèñàííûõ â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ, èíòåðïðåòèðîâàëèñü èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè ïî-ðàçíîìó. Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñòàëè ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ îòäåëüíûå ðàçðîçíåííûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè áàëîáàíîâ íà Óñòþðòå è Êàïëàíêûðå, çàïîëíÿÿ «áåëîå ïÿòíî» â èõ àðåàëå, ðàçíûìè èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè íà äàííóþ òåððèòîðèþ «íàòÿãèâàëèñü» àðåàëû òî íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà (F. ch. cherrug), òî òóðêåñòàíñêîãî (F. ch. coatsi) (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Ñòåïàíÿí, 1990). Ýòî, â ïîñëåäñòâèè, íåèçáåæíî ïîâëåêëî çà ñîáîé îøèáêè â èíòåðïðåòàöèè ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà Óñòþðòå è â Ïðèàðàëüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåííî ÿñíî, ÷òî ïóñòûííóþ çîíó ñåâåðî-çàïàäà Ñðåäíåé Àçèè íàñåëÿåò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïòèö êîòîðîãî ãíåçäèòñÿ

As a result of the poor surveying of territories the subspecies identity of Sakers (Falco cherrug) inhabiting north-west of Central Asia was being discussed for a long time. Skills collected in Central Asia and differed from typical forms of Sakers were interpreted by researchers differently. After the obtaining of some data on the Saker breeding in the Ustyurt Plateau, different researchers “stretched” home ranges of nominal (F. ch. cherrug) or Turkistan (F. ch. coatsi) subspecies on that territory (Dementiev, 1951; Stepanyan, 1990).

Àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé [÷èíêîâûé] áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Aralocaspian [Chink] Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug aralocaspius). Usturt Plateau. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ãíåçäîâîé àðåàë àðàëîêàñïèéñêîãî [÷èíêîâîãî] áàëîáàíà. Breeding range of the Aralocaspian [Chink] Saker Falcon.

íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ îáðûâàõ ïëàòîîáðàçíûõ âîçâûøåííîñòåé – «÷èíêàõ», ïðîòÿíóâøèõñÿ íà îãðîìíîé òåððèòîðèè ìåæäó Êàñïèåì è Àðàëîì. Íî áûë ëè ýòîò ïîäâèä êîãäà-òî îïèñàí? Àíàëèç ëèòåðàòóðû XIÕ– XX ñòîëåòèé ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî áàëîáàíû äàííîãî ïîäâèäà îïèñûâàëèñü, îäíàêî, èç-çà íåäîñòàòêà êîëëåêöèîííîãî ìàòåðèàëà è ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå âèäà â Àçèè, ýòè îïèñàíèÿ ñâîäèëèñü ê ñèíîíèìàì. Ëèøü ñïóñòÿ áîëåå ñòà ëåò ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì îáúåêòèâíî ãîâîðèòü î âûäåëåíèè áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ïóñòûíè ñåâåðî-çàïàäà Ñðåäíåé Àçèè, â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä, òàê êàê íàêîïèëñÿ äîñòàòî÷íûé ìàòåðèàë ïî ìîðôîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ñîêîëîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ìåæäó Êàñïèåì è Àðàëîì. Ïðåäëîæåíèå î âûäåëåíèè ïîäâèäà, òàê íàçûâàåìîãî «÷èíêîâîãî» áàëîáàíà, íàñåëÿþùåãî ïóñòûííóþ çîíó âñåãî Êàñïèéñêî-Àðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà, îïóáëèêîâàíî â æóðíàëå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà», ¹16 (Ïôåôôåð, 2009). Â êà÷åñòâå íàó÷íîãî íàçâàíèÿ ïðåäëîæåíî F. ch. aralocaspius, íî îáúÿñíåíèå ýòîãî âûáîðà îñòàëîñü çà ðàìêàìè ïóáëèêàöèè. Â äàííîì ñîîáùåíèè õîòåëîñü áû èñïðàâèòü ýòî óïóùåíèå è ïîäðîáíåå îñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà âûáîðå íàó÷íîãî íàçâàíèÿ ïîäâèäà. Ïåðâûì ïðåòåíäåíòîì íà íàó÷íîå èìÿ âûäåëÿåìîãî ïîäâèäà, ïîæàëóé, ÿâëÿåòñÿ Falco [Gennaia] saker gurneyi Menzbier, 1888 (Menzbier M. Ornithologie du Turkestan, 1888–1893, p. 286). Îïèñàííàÿ Ì. Ìåíçáèðîì áëåäíàÿ ôîðìà áàëîáàíà, ïîçæå îïèñàííàÿ åù¸ ðàç Øòåãìàíîì, ëèøü â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ïðèâëåêëà ê ñåáå âíèìàíèå â ñâåòå èññëåäîâàíèé Îòòî Êëÿéíøìèäòà. Íåìåöêèé òåîëîã, íî âìåñòå ñ òåì è àêòèâíûé îðíèòîëîã, ýâîëþöèî-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Now it is absolutely clear, that an independent subspecies inhabit the desert zone of north-west of Central Asia. Analyzing the publications of XIÕ–XX centuries we can assume, that Sakers of that subspecies were described, however because of lack of skulls and data on the species breeding range, those descriptions were reduced to synonyms. Only now we can objectively judge about subspecies independence of Sakers, inhabiting deserts of north-west of Central Asia. The offer to distinguish the “Chink” Saker subspecies inhabiting a desert zone of the Aral-Caspian region has been published in the journal “Raptors conservation” ¹16 (Pfeffer, 2009). As the scientific name it was offered F. ch. aralocaspius. However the explanation of this choice remained behind frameworks of the publication. We would correct this omission in this paper. The first pretender to a scientific name of distinguished subspecies seemed to be Falco [Gennaia] saker gurneyi Menzbier, 1888 (Menzbier M. Ornithologie du Turkestan, 1888–1893, p. 286). Later O. Kleinshmidt divided Sakers into 2 groups: “western” and “eastern”. Unfortunately, that time his ideas were recognized as anti-evolutionary, as at the time there was no concept of a genotype, and it was not possible to determine the nature of variations of colour and shape of birds, but it appears that in his works he outlined the modern genetic approach to the understanding of the systematcs of large falcons. Dividing Sakers into “western” and “eastern” O. Kleinshmidt was essentially ahead the time; but lacking of collected skulls and the information on the Saker breeding range he was not be able to do make some correct conclusions. In his collection there was a pale bird having the colour of light clay with weakly developed horizontal markings on upperparts. That falcon was shot in winter grounds in Lenkoran and as O. Kleinshmidt correctly noticed, the bird was not from Caucasus but bred in certain territories to the north between Caspian and Aral Seas. That individual was used as a typical to describe Falco hierofalco aralocaspius. Already much later, analyzing variations of western Sakers O. Kleinshmidt had concluded that in the southern part of the Western Saker breeding range which in his opinion was located somewhere in a steppe zone of Eurasia, the colour of falcons should be paler. He supposed that locations of the Saker colour morphs were similar with the Merlin, a pale form of which Falco aesalon christiani-ludovici (now F. columbarius pallidus) inhabited a steppe

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 íèñò è îòëè÷íûé õóäîæíèê-àíèìàëèñò, Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ïîíèìàë, ÷òî âèä â ñâî¸ì ðàçâèòèè ìîæåò äîñòè÷ü ñòàäèè, êîãäà êëàññè÷åñêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î í¸ì ñòàíîâèòñÿ «òåñíûì», à îáðàçóþùèå åãî ïîäâèäû ïðèîáðåòàþò ìíîãèå ïðèçíàêè íàñòîÿùèõ âèäîâ è ïðåäëîæèë â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîäâèíóòûé ïîäõîä â ñèñòåìàòèêå – îí ââ¸ë íîâûé òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèé ðàíã – «êðóãîâàÿ ôîðìà» (Formenkreis) èëè «íàäâèä», â ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè. Íàèëó÷øèìè ïðèìåðàìè òàêèõ íàäâèäîâ èëè «êðóãîâ ôîðì» îí ñ÷èòàë êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ, à òàêæå ëþäåé. Ïîñëåäíåå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, âîçìîæíî, ïðèâåëî ê òîìó, ÷òî ýòî íå íàøëî øèðîêîãî ïðèçíàíèÿ. Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê êðóïíûì ñîêîëàì, êðóã ôîðì «Hierofalco» îáúåäèíèë êðå÷åòîâ, áàëîáàíîâ è àëòàéñêèõ ñîêîëîâ (Kleinschmidt, 1901), à ïîçæå è ëàííåðîâ (Falco Biarmicus), ëàããàðîâ (Falco jugger) è ìåêñèêàíñêèõ ñîêîëîâ (Falco mexicanus). Äëÿ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòà íåèçìåíÿåìûìè âåùàìè áûëè ïðîïîðöèè òåëà, è âñå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ñ îïðåäåë¸ííûì òèïîì ïðîïîðöèé òåëà ìîãëè èìåòü çíà÷èòåëüíûå âàðèàöèè â îêðàñêå îïåðåíèÿ. Â ñâåòå ñâîåãî ïîäõîäà ê êëàññèôèêàöèè ñîêîëîâ è àíàëèçà êîëëåêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ïîäåëèë áàëîáàíîâ íà «çàïàäíûõ» è «âîñòî÷íûõ». Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â òî âðåìÿ åãî èäåè áûëè ïðèçíàíû àíòèýâîëþöèîííûìè, òàê êàê îòñóòñòâîâàëî ïîíÿòèå ãåíîòèïà, è íåâîçìîæíî áûëî îïðåäåëèòü ïðèðîäó âàðèàöèé îêðàñêè è ïðîïîðöèé òåëà, íî, êàê îêàçàëîñü ïîçæå, â ñâîèõ ðàáîòàõ îí ïðåäâîñõèòèë ñîâðåìåííûé ãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä ê ñèñòåìàòèêå êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ. Â ñâî¸ì äåëåíèè áàëîáàíîâ íà «çàïàäíûõ» è «âîñòî÷íûõ» Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ñóùåñòâåííî îïåðåäèë âðåìÿ, íî íåäîñòàòîê êàê êîëëåêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, òàê è èíôîðìàöèè î ãíåçäîâîì àðåàëå áàëîáàíîâ, íå ïîçâîëèë åìó ñäåëàòü ðÿä ïðàâèëüíûõ âûâîäîâ. Â åãî êîëëåêöèè èìåëàñü áëåäíàÿ ïòèöà ñ ãëèíèñòûìè òîíàìè â îêðàñêå è íàìå÷àþùèìñÿ ðàçâèòèåì ïîïåðå÷íîé ïîëîñàòîñòè íèæíåé ÷àñòè âåðõà òåëà. Ýòîò ñî-

Òèïè÷íûé ýêçåìïëÿð àðàëîêàñïèéñêîãî [÷èíêîâîãî] áàëîáàíà èç êîëëåêöèè Çîîìóçåÿ ÇÈÍ ÑÏá. Èíâ. ¹75567/137-935. 3 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1934 ã. Çàêàñïèéñêàÿ îáë., Áóëüìóäçèåð (ê þãî-âîñòîêó îò Êàðà-Áîãàç-Ãîëà). Êîëëåêòîð Ìèíèí. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Typical individual of the Aralocaspian [Chink] Saker Falcon from the collection of Zoological Museum of Zoological Institute RAS, SPb. ¹75567/137-935. 3 September 1934. Zakaspiyskaya district., Bulmudzier (to south-east from the Kora-Bogaz-Gol Gulf). Collector Minin. Photos by A. Kovalenko.

zone. As a result O. Kleinshmidt reduced “aralocaspius” as a synonym with “gurneyi” and “cherrug” (last was described by him in 1923) (Kleinschmidt, 1939). During the same time Herman Grote (Grote, 1939) basing on traditional views on systematics, concluded that “gurneyi” was an atypical variation but not the independent form. Now it is clear, that views on distribution of “aralocaspius” were erroneous. In a steppe zone light colored but without any horizontal markings sakers inhabited only narrow wood lines in the river flood lands and steppe pine forests. They nested on trees and were migratory. Thus it is more correctly to recognize such birds as “cherrug” form. As to “aralocaspius” this subspecies has appeared to inhabit grounds to the south, just in the AralCaspian region (in a zone of semidesert and desert), as it is reflected in its name. Today it is absolutely clear, that Chink Sakers inhabiting Mangyshlak, Ustyurt and Aral Sea region are closer to Eastern Sakers, than to Western, that the difference between adult and juvenile plumages with weakly developed horizontal markings has confirmed. Thus this subspecies seems to be an intermediate form between Eastern and Western Sakers. Being sedentary and nesting on cliff-faces Chink Sakers also seems to be closer to the Eastern form, also this affinity was endorsed by the results of genetic research (Nittinger, 2004). It is rather probable that it was birds of this subspecies, that were described as “gurneyi” and “aralocaspius” forms. We would correct this mistake now. It is better to use F. ch. àralocaspius offered by O. Kleinshmidt as the Latin name of the Chink Saker. It precisely enough depicts area of the Chink Saker distribution though originally it was offered for the pale morph of Western Sakers. As this name in the ornithological literature concerning Western Sakers was not used, we believe that its repeated application for new subspecies – the Chink Saker Falcon is convenient.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Àðàëîêàñïèéñêèé [÷èíêîâûé] áàëîáàí íà ãíåçäå. Ïëàòî Óñòþðò. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Aralocaspian [Chink] Saker Falcon in the nest. Usturt Plateau. Photos by I. Karyakin.

êîë áûë äîáûò íà çèìîâêå â Ëåíêîðàíè è, êàê ïðàâèëüíî çàìåòèë Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò, ýòà ïòèöà ïðîèñõîäèëà íå ñ Êàâêàçà, à ñ òåððèòîðèé îòêóäà-òî ñåâåðíåå, ìåæäó Êàñïèåì è Àðàëîì. Äàííàÿ îñîáü ïîñëóæèëà òèïîâûì ýêçåìïëÿðîì ê îïèñàíèþ Falco hierofalco aralocaspius. Óæå çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîçæå, àíàëèçèðóÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ïðèø¸ë ê âûâîäó, ÷òî â þæíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûé, ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, ëåæàë ãäå-òî â ñòåïíîé çîíå Åâðàçèè, îêðàñêà ñîêîëîâ äîëæíà áûòü áîëåå áëåäíîé. Èì ïðîâîäèëàñü àíàëîãèÿ ñ áëåäíîé ôîðìîé äåðáíèêà Falco aesalon christianiludovici (íûíå F. columbarius pallidus). Â èòîãå Î. Êëÿéíøìèäò ñâ¸ë «aralocaspius» â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìà ñ «gurneyi» è «cherrug» (ïîñëåäíèé áûë îïèñàí èì æå â 1923 ã.), ïðè ýòîì îí ïðåäïîëàãàë, ÷òî âûäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà çàíèìàåò ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå ïîëîæåíèå ìåæäó «saceroides» è «danubialis» è íàñåëÿåò, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, òåððèòîðèþ ãäå-òî îò Âîëãè äî Àëòàÿ (Kleinschmidt, 1939). Â ýòî æå âðåìÿ Ãåðìàí Ãðîòå (Grote, 1939), îñíîâûâàÿñü íà óñòîÿâøåéñÿ ñèñòåìàòèêå, îòí¸ñ «gurneyi» ê íåòèïè÷íîé âàðèàöèè, à íå ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ôîðìå. Â ñâåòå ñîâðåìåííûõ äàííûõ ÿñíî, ÷òî ñóæäåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè «aralocaspius» áûëè îøèáî÷íû. Â ñòåïíóþ çîíó ïðîíèêàëè ëèøü ïî óçêèì ëåñíûì êîðèäîðàì â ïîéìàõ ðåê è ñòåïíûì áîðàì ñâåòëîîêðàøåííûå, íî áåç ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà, áàëîáàíû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ è âåäóùèå ïåðåë¸òíûé îáðàç æèçíè, è èõ ïðàâèëüíåå îòíîñèòü ê ôîðìå «cherrug». Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ÷èíêîâûå áàëîáàíû, íàñåëÿþùèå Ìàíãûøëàê, Óñòþðò è Ïðèàðàëüå, îòíîñÿòñÿ ê âîñòî÷íûì áàëîáàíàì, íà ÷òî óêàçûâàåò ðàçíèöà ìåæäó âçðîñëûì è þâåíèëüíûì íàðÿäàìè, âûðàæàþùàÿñÿ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ñëàáî âûðàæåííîãî ïîïåðå÷íîãî ðèñóíêà. Ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ ê ãðóïïå âîñòî÷íûõ ïîäâèäîâ ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ è

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ áèîëîãè÷åñêè â ñðàâíèòåëüíîé îñ¸äëîñòè (çèìîé ýòè ïòèöû ïåðåìåùàþòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ïîäâèäà), óñòðîéñòâîì ãí¸çä â îáðûâàõ è ñêàëàõ, è ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ òàêæå ãåíåòè÷åñêèìè èññëåäîâàíèÿìè (Nittinger, 2004). Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî íàðÿäó ñî ñâåòëûìè ýêçåìïëÿðàìè îáûêíîâåííûõ áàëîáàíîâ, ê «gurneyi» è «aralocaspius» áûëè ñâåäåíû è íåêîòîðûå ýêçåìïëÿðû ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ, êîòîðûå êàê ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè, òàê è ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçíûì ìîñòîì ìåæäó çàïàäíûìè è âîñòî÷íûìè áàëîáàíàìè. Îòñóòñòâèå äîñòàòî÷íîé èíôîðìàöèè íå ïîçâîëèëî èññëåäîâàòåëÿì òîãî âðåìåíè ñäåëàòü íåîáõîäèìûå âûâîäû. Ëîãè÷íî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èñïðàâèòü ýòó îøèáêó. Â êà÷åñòâå ëàòèíñêîãî íàçâàíèÿ ÷èíêîâîãî áàëîáàíà ëó÷øå âñåãî ïîäõîäèò èìÿ F. ch. àralocaspius, ïðåäëîæåííîå Î. Êëÿéíøìèäòîì. Îíî äîâîëüíî òî÷íî îáðèñîâûâàåò îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÷èíêîâûõ áàëîáàíîâ, õîòÿ èçíà÷àëüíî è áûëî ïðåäëîæåíî äëÿ ñâåòëîé ôîðìû çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó ýòî íàèìåíîâàíèå â îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå è ïðàêòèêå â îòíîøåíèè çàïàäíûõ áàëîáàíîâ íå ïðèâèëîñü, êàæåòñÿ âïîëíå ïðàâîìî÷íûì åãî ïîâòîðíîå ïðèìåíåíèå äëÿ íîâîãî ïîäâèäà – ÷èíêîâîãî áàëîáàíà. Ëèòåðàòóðà Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû ÑÑÑÐ. Ò. 1. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 70–341. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå: ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé 2003–2004 ãã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹2. Ñ. 42–55. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1990. 728 ñ. Grote H. Bemerkungen über einige russische Falken. – Falco. 1939. XXXV. Nr. 2. P. 17–22. Kleinschmidt O. Der Formenkreis Falco hierofalco und die stellung der ungarischhen wurgfalcen in demselben. – Aquila. Nr. 8. P. 1–49. Kleinschmidt O. Sichere Namen für die beiden westlichen Würgfalkenrassen. – Falco. 1939. XXXV. Nr. 2. P. 27–29. Nittinger F. DNA-Analysen zur Populationsstruktur des Sakerfalken (Falco cherrug) und zu seiner systematischen Stellung innerhalb des Hierofalkenkomplexes. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften an der Fakultät fur Lebenswissenschaften der Universität Wien. Wien, 2004. 123 p.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Kleptoparasitism – One of Hunting Technique of the Peregrine Falcon that Became Common under Condition of the Increase in its Number in the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia КЛЕПТОПАРАЗИТИЗМ – ОДИН ИЗ РАСПРОСТРАНЁННЫХ СПОСОБОВ ДОБЫЧИ ПРОПИТАНИЯ САПСАНАМИ В УСЛОВИЯХ РОСТА ИХ ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ НА ЮЖНОМ УРАЛЕ, РОССИЯ Moshkin A.V. (Center of Field Studies, Kurgan, Russia) Мошкин А.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Курган, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Àëåêñàíäð Ìîøêèí 641130 Ðîññèÿ Êóðãàíñêàÿ îáëàñòü ñ. Àëüìåíåâî óë. Ëåíèíà, 59 Moshkin_Alex@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðà â 2005 è 2009 ãã. â áàññåéíå ð. Ñàêìàðà (Þæíûé Óðàë). Â õîäå ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) âûÿâëåíû ÷àñòûå ñëó÷àè êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà ñîêîëîâ íà ìîãèëüíèêàõ (Aquila heliaca), à òàêæå ñêîïå (Pandion haliaetus). Îáñóæäàþòñÿ ïðè÷èíû ÷àñòîãî êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà, â îñíîâå êîòîðîãî ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ óñèëåíèå êîíêóðåíöèè ñàïñàíà ñ äðóãèìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â ðåçóëüòàòå ðîñòà åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, ñîêîë, ñàïñàí, Falco peregrinus, êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçì, ïèòàíèå.

Contact: Alex Moshkin Lenina str., 59 Almenevo Kurgan District 641130 Russia Moshkin_Alex@mail.ru

Abstract The results of the author’s field studies in 2005 and 2009 in the Sakmara river basin (Southern Ural) are presented in the paper. During the monitoring of the Peregrin (Falco peregrinus) breeding groups, frequent cases of kleptoparasitism between Falcons, Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) were recorded. The reasons behind this phenomenon will be discussed, with particular reference to the rising competition between Falcons and other raptors, generally as a result of an increasing population of Falcons. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, falcons, Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, kleptoparasitism, feeding.

Ââåäåíèå Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíî âîññòàíîâèë ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîñëå êðàõà ïîïóëÿöèè â ñåðåäèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ðåäêîñòè íà ðåêàõ Þæíîãî Óðàëà, èçîáèëóþùèõ ñêàëüíûìè îáíàæåíèÿìè. Ïî äàííûì ïîñëåäíèõ ó÷¸òîâ â Áàøêèðèè îáèòàåò 478 ïàð (Êàðÿêèí, 2005). Îäíà èç 10 êðóïíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñàïñàíà íà Þæíîì Óðàëå ïðèóðî÷åíà ê äîëèíå ð. Ñàêìàðà (âêëþ÷àÿ ïðèòîêè Çèëàèð è Êðåïîñòíîé Çèëàèð). Â 1997 ã. íà 150-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå ð. Ñàêìàðà ó÷òåíî 14 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 9,3 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè, íà 60-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå ð. Çèëàèð – 5 ïàð, ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 8,3 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998). Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà Ìíîé, â ðàìêàõ ìîíèòîðèíãà ñàïñàíà íà Þæíîì Óðàëå, ð. Ñàêìàðà (âêëþ÷àÿ íèæíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Çèëàèð) ïîñåùàëàñü â ìàå 2005 ã. è â èþíå 2009 ã. Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ñïëàâà êàæäûé ãîä ñîñòàâëÿëà 249 êì, èç êîòîðûõ ïî ð. Ñàêìàðà ïðîõîäèëîñü 224 êì. Ñïëàâ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ íà 4-ìåñòíîé ðåçèíîâîé ëîäêå. Ïîèñê ãí¸çä ñàïñàíà îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ñ âîäû, ñîãëàñíî ìåòîäèêå,

Towards the end of the 20th century the population of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the Ural region successfully recovered. According to recent observations around 478 pairs currently breed in Bashkiria (Karyakin, 2005). Large breeding groups of Peregrine Falcons in the Southern Ural Mountains inhabit a valley along the river of Sakmara. In 1997 across a 150 kilometer stretch of this river, 14 pairs of Falcons were recorded to breed. This means that for every 100 km of river there are 9.3 pairs of Peregrine Falcons. On a 60 kilo-

Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus). Ôîòî À. Ìîøêèíà. Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Photo by A. Moshkin.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ñàïñàí àòàêóþùèé ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) ñ äîáû÷åé. Ôîòî À. Ìîøêèíà. Peregrine Falcon attacks an Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) with a prey. Photo by A. Moshkin.

ïðåäëîæåííîé È.Â. Êàðÿêèíûì (2004): ïðîïëûâàÿ ìèìî ñêàëû ÿ îñìàòðèâàë â áèíîêëü å¸, à òàêæå ðàñòóùèå íà íåé äåðåâüÿ, ïðèñëóøèâàëñÿ ê çâóêàì è îáíàðóæèâàë ñèäÿùèõ èëè êðè÷àùèõ ïòèö, ëèáî ïîì¸ò íà ñêàëàõ. Ïîñëå îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïòèö èëè èõ ïîì¸òà ÿ â¸ë çà ñêàëîé íàáëþäåíèå, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü ïî ïîâåäåíèþ ïòèö, â êàêîé íèøå íàõîäèòñÿ ãíåçäî. Ïîñëå îáíàðóæåíèÿ íèøè ñ ãíåçäîì ëèáî, åñëè ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäà áûëî î÷åâèäíî è ïòåíöû åãî åù¸ íå ïîêèíóëè, ïîäíèìàëñÿ íà ñêàëó è ïî âåðåâêå ñïóñêàëñÿ â íàìå÷åííóþ íèøó. Â ãíåçäîâîé íèøå ÿ ïîäñ÷èòûâàë êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ è ñîáèðàë îñòàíêè ñúåäåííûõ ñîêîëàìè ïòèö äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðàöèîíà ñàïñàíîâ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé Â õîäå äâóõ ýêñïåäèöèé íà îñìîòðåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðåê ìíîé áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 30 ïàð ñàïñàíîâ (31 ïàðà ñ ó÷¸òîì ó÷àñòêà, íà êîòîðîì ñàìêà ñàïñàíà áûëà ñúåäåíà ôèëèíîì (Bubo bubo) â 2005 ã., è ê 2009 ã. ïàðà ñîêîëîâ íå âîññòàíîâèëàñü ïî ïðè÷èíå ðåãóëÿðíîãî õèùíè÷åñòâà ôèëèíà – îñòàòêè ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà 2-õ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö áûëè îáíàðóæåíû â ãíåçäå ýòîãî íî÷íîãî õèùíèêà) (ðèñ. 1, òàáë. 1). Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 12,45 ïàð/100 êì ðåêè. Åñëè ñðàâíèâàòü äàííûå ìîèõ ó÷¸òîâ ñ äàííûìè ó÷¸òîâ È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (1998) íà 150-êèëîìåòðîâîì ó÷àñòêå Ñàêìàðû, ãäå îíà ïðîòåêàåò ïî ãîðíî-ëåñíîé çîíå, òî çà ïîñëåäíèå 13 ëåò ïðîèçîøëî ïðàêòè÷åñêè 2-êðàòíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà (÷èñëåííîñòü óâåëè÷èëàñü â 1,8

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ meter stretch of the river Zilair 5 pairs were recorded, this means that there are 8.3 pairs for every 100 of km of this river (Karyakin, 1998). By me the river of Sakmara and the lower reaches of the river Zilair were visited in May 2005 and in June 2009. The length of the trip made every year was 249 km. During two expeditions to the river of Sakmara I discovered 30 pairs of Peregrine Falcons (31 including a pair within which the female Falcon had been eaten by an Eagle Owl – Bubo bubo) (fig. 1, table 1). Therefore in this stretch of river there are 12.45 pairs per 100 of km of river. Comparing this data to the data collated over the pass 13 years by I.V. Karyakina (1998), one can see that the Peregrine population has increased by 1.8 times. The falcons have begun to nest on rocks and in the steppes of the valley of Sakmara which was previously not observed. Due to this increase in population, the Peregrine Falcons have begun to nest on almost all available sites. As a result of this the Peregrine have began to enter into competitive relations with other raptors, in particular the Eagle Owl, the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). 22 (71%) of the 31 breeding territories which we discovered, reside within the breeding territories of other raptors, most commonly Eagle Owls (fig. 2). 16 of these breeding territories were found to reside within the limits of breeding territories of Eagle Owls, and for 8 of which it was not well known whether the nests were active or whether breeding had been successful. In the 8 other territories Peregrines successfully bred, and in 6 cases they reused the old nests of Eagle Owls. In 2005 we recorded that a Golden Eagle caught a juvenile falcon in its own territory. The Imperial Eagle and Osprey are attacked by Falcons, but do not themselves attack the Peregrins. In 2005 in a nest of Peregrines on the river Zilair, I discovered the remains of 6 raptors of 4 different species – Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) and the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis), and also the remains of sousliks (Spermophilus major). All this prey had been taken by Falcons from Imperial Eagles. During 9 days of observation of a Peregrine nest on the Zilair river, I observed 12 attacks of Peregrines on a male Imperial Eagle, and in 10 cases the eagle took the prey. In 3 cases the Imperial Eagle dropped the prey and the falcon caught it in mid air and brought it to its own nest.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Òàáë. 1. Äàííûå ó÷¸òà ñàïñàíîâ (Falco peregrinus) íà ðåêàõ Ñàêìàðà è Çèëàèð â 2005 è 2009 ãã. Table 1. Count data of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) on Sakmara and Zilair rivers in 2005 and 2009.

Íàçâàíèå ðåêè River Çèëàèð Zilair Ñàêìàðà Sakmara Âñåãî Total

Äëèíà ðåêè (êì) Length of Ãí¸çäà river (km) Nests 25

224

249

Ïàðû Pairs

Ïëîòíîñòü (ïàð/100 êì ðåêè) Âñåãî Density (pairs/ Total 100 km of river) 3

12.0

12.5

12.45

In 2009 near the Krepostnoy Zilair river, I twice managed to glimpse an attack of a falcon on Ospreys. The falcon was attempting to steal fish from Ospreys. After this I examined the nest of this pair of falcons and in it found scatterings of fish scales alongside some feathers. In one another falcon nest on the Sakmara river, not far from Yantyshevo, I discovered the remains of 3 sousliks and a hare (Lepus sp.). This also implies the collection and hoarding of food by the Imperial Eagle. Nests of 3 pairs of eagles were within sight of a breeding territory of Falcons. The described cases of kleptoparasitism suggest that Peregrine Falcons, during hunting sorties put active pressure upon the large raptors nesting nearby. They have begun to settle in the river valley and are nesting closer and closer to one another. Different pairs of Peregrine Falcons have began to render a strong predatory pressure on other raptors nesting in the river valleys, and the lack of food has probably caused the increase in theft of food from Eagles, Ospreys and, probably other smaller raptors.

ðàç). Ïðè÷¸ì, ýòîò ñîêîë ñòàë ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ñêàëàõ è â ñòåïíîé ÷àñòè äîëèíû Ñàêìàðû, ÷åãî ðàíåå íå íàáëþäàëîñü. Ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà âûçâàë çàñåëåíèå èì ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõ íàèáîëåå óäîáíûõ ñêàë, è, â èòîãå, âèä ñòàë âñòóïàòü â îñòðûå êîíêóðåíòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ äðóãèìè õèùíèêàìè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ôèëèíîì, áåðêóòîì (Aquila chrysaetos) è ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca). Èç 31 ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà ñàïñàíîâ 22 (71%) ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ôèëèíà (ðèñ. 2). Ôèëèí ïåðèîäè÷åñêè óíè÷òîæàåò ñàïñàíîâ íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Èç 16 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñàïñàíà, ëåæàùèõ â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ôèëèíîâ íà 8 ðàçìíîæåíèå îòñóòñòâîâàëî è àêòèâíûõ ãí¸çä íàéòè íå óäàëîñü, ïðè÷¸ì, íà îäíîì èç íèõ ïàðà áûëà ðàñôîðìèðîâàíà. Íà äðóãèõ 8 ó÷àñòêàõ ñàïñàíû óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàëèñü, ïðè÷¸ì â 6 ñëó÷àÿõ – â ñòàðûõ ãí¸çäàõ ôèëèíà. Áåðêóò â 2005 ã. äîáûë íà ñâîåì ó÷àñòêå ñë¸òêà ñàïñàíà, ïðè ýòîì çäåñü ÿ íàáëþäàë äâàæäû, êàê ñàïñàíû ïðåñëåäîâàëè áåðêóòà è èçãîíÿëè åãî ñî ñâîåãî ó÷àñòêà. Íî, âèäèìî, â îñíîâíîì ñ îðëàìè ó ñàïñàÐèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) íà ð. Ñàêìàðà. íîâ ñêëàäûâàþòñÿ äðóãèå îòFig. 1. Breeding territories of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) íîøåíèÿ. on the Sakmara river. Â 2005 ã. â ãíåçäå ñàïñàíà íà ð. Çèëàèð ÿ îáíàðóæèë îñòàíêè 6 õèùíûõ ïòèö 4-õ âèäîâ – êîðñóñëèêîâ (Spermophilus major). Ýòî îêàøóíà (Milvus migrans), òåòåðåâÿòíèêà (Acçàëîñü ñëèøêîì óäèâèòåëüíûì, òàê êàê äî cipiter gentilis), êàíþêà (Buteo buteo) è íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè òàêèõ êðóïíûõ õèùäëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis), à íûõ ïòèö, à òåì áîëåå ñóñëèêîâ, ó ñàïñàíà òàêæå óñûõàþùèå è ñâåæèå îñòàíêè 4-õ â ïèòàíèè íå îáíàðóæèâàëîñü. Ïî äàííûì

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 2. Ñêàëû, çàíÿòûå ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ ñàïñàíàìè ñîâìåñòíî ñ äðóãèìè êðóïíûìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè. Fig. 2. Cliffs, used for nesting by Peregrine Falcons together with other large raptors.

È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (1998) ëèøü ó íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå â ïèòàíèè âñòðå÷åíû õèùíûå ïòèöû êàê ñëó÷àéíûå îáúåêòû – ýòî áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) è ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco), à èç ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ëèøü îäíàæäû – ëåòó÷àÿ ìûøü (Nyctalus sp.). ß íè ðàçó íå íàáëþäàë îõîòó ñàïñàíà íà ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è íè ðàçó â åãî ãí¸çäàõ íå íàõîäèë èõ ñâåæèõ îñòàíêîâ, ïîýòîìó âñå êîñòíûå îñòàíêè ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â íèøàõ, çàíèìàåìûõ ñàïñàíîì, îòíîñèëèñü ìíîé ê ñëó÷àÿì ïðîøëîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ôèëèíà. Òèïè÷íûé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï ñàïñàíà â ëåñîñòåïíîé ÷àñòè áàññåéíà Ñàêìàðû (íèçîâüÿ ð. Çèëàèð) è ãíåçäà ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo), ñàïñàíà è ìîãèëüíèêà íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ôîòî À. Ìîøêèíà. Typical habitat of Peregrines in a foreststeppe of the Sakmara river (lower reach of the Zilair river) and nests of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Peregrine and Imperial Eagle in that area. Photos by A. Moshkin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ïèòàíèå ïàðû â ýòîì ãíåçäå âûçâàëî èíòåðåñ, è ÿ ñòàë âíèìàòåëüíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü îñòàòêè. Â èòîãå íà îäíîé èç ëàï êàíþêà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû õàðàêòåðíûå îæîãè, ÷òî ìîãëî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü î òîì, ÷òî ýòà ïòèöà ïîãèáëà íà ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ËÝÏ). ß ñäåëàë ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ñàïñàí ïîäáèðàåò òðóïû õèùíûõ ïòèö èç-ïîä ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿíóâøåéñÿ íåäàëåêî îò ãíåçäà. Äàííàÿ ËÝÏ ìíîé áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà, íî öåëûõ òðóïîâ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. ×òîáû ïîäòâåðäèòü ãèïîòåçó ÿ ðåøèë îòñòðåëÿòü íåñêîëüêî âîðîí (Corvus cornix) è, âûëîæèâ èõ ïîä îïîðàìè ËÝÏ, ïðîñëåäèòü, êàê ñîêîë áóäåò ïîäáèðàòü èõ. Íà äâå îïîðû ñ âûëîæåííûìè 3-ìÿ òðóïàìè âîðîí áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû 2 êàìåðû, ïåðåäàþùèå èçîáðàæåíèå â ÓÊÂäèàïàçîíå íà âèäåîðåãèñòðàòîð. Â òå÷åíèå äíÿ âñå òðóïû áûëè ïîäîáðàíû, íî, ê âåëèêîìó ìîåìó ñîæàëåíèþ, íå ñàïñàíàìè, à ìîãèëüíèêîì, ãíåçäî êîòîðîãî íàõîäèëîñü â ïîëóêèëîìåòðå îò ýòîé ËÝÏ. Íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü ìíå ïîñ÷àñòëèâèëîñü íàáëþäàòü, êàê ñàïñàí àòàêîâàë ìîãèëüíèêà è, îòîáðàâ ó íåãî äîáû÷ó, ïîëåòåë ñ íåé íà ãíåçäî. Ïîñëå îñìîòðà îñòàíêîâ äîáû÷è â ãíåçäå ìîãèëüíèêà è ïîä íèì è ïîâòîðíîãî îñìîòðà ñîñåäíåãî ñ íèì ãíåçäà ñàïñàíîâ ÿ îêîí÷àòåëüíî óòâåðäèëñÿ â ñâîåì ìíåíèè, ÷òî îñòàíêè õèùíûõ ïòèö, ñóñëèêîâ, à ïîçæå è êðûñû (Rattus norvegicus) â ãíåçäå ñàïñàíà – ýòî ðåçóëüòàò êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà. Ïîñëå òð¸õäíåâíûõ íàáëþäåíèé çà ýòîé ïàðîé ñàïñàíîâ íà Çèëàèðå â 2005 ã.,

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 à çàòåì 6-äíåâíûõ íàáëþäåíèé â 2009 ã. ìíå óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü 12 àòàê ñàïñàíîâ íà ñàìöà ìîãèëüíèêà, ïðè÷¸ì â 10 ñëó÷àÿõ îð¸ë í¸ñ äîáû÷ó. Â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîãèëüíèê áðîñàë äîáû÷ó, ñîêîë ïîäáèðàë å¸ â âîçäóõå è í¸ñ íà ãíåçäî. Îñíîâíûå «âîçäóøíûå áàòàëèè» ìåæäó ìîãèëüíèêîì è ñàïñàíîì ðàçâîðà÷èâàëèñü òîãäà, êîãäà îð¸ë óäà÷íî äîáûâàë ïèùó â ðàéîíå ËÝÏ è íà îêðàèíå äåðåâíè, ïðè ýòîì êàæäûé ðàç ïåðåñåêàÿ ó÷àñòîê ñàïñàíîâ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ÷àñòóþ ïîòåðþ äîáû÷è ïî âèíå ñîêîëîâ, ìîãèëüíèêè äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíî äîáûâàëè ïðîïèòàíèå íà ËÝÏ è ó äåðåâíè, ïîýòîìó äî ñèõ ïîð íå áðîñèëè ýòîò îõîòíè÷èé ó÷àñòîê. Â 2009 ã. áëèç Êðåïîñòíîãî Çèëàèðà ìíå äâàæäû óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü àòàêó ñàïñàíà íà ñêîïó, ëåòÿùóþ ñ ðûáîé, ïðè÷¸ì, êîãäà ñêîïà âûëåòàëà íà îõîòó è «øëà» áåç ðûáû, ñîêîëû íå ïðîÿâëÿëè ê íåé èíòåðåñà. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ãíåçäî ýòîé ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ áûëî îñìîòðåíî, â í¸ì, íàðÿäó ñ ïåðüÿìè ïòèö, ìíîé áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ÷åøóÿ ðûá (âåðîÿòíî ãîëàâëåé) è êóñîê ðûáîëîâíîé ñåòêè êèòàéñêîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà. Åù¸ â îäíîì ãíåçäå ñàïñàíîâ, íà ð. Ñàêìàðà áëèç ñ. ßíòûøåâî, óæå ïîñëå âûëåòà ñë¸òêîâ, ìíîé áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ñóõèå îñòàíêè 3-õ ñóñëèêîâ è çàéöà (Lepus sp.), ÷òî òàêæå êîñâåííî ìîæåò ãîâîðèòü î ñëó÷àÿõ îòáèðàíèÿ ïèùè ó ìîãèëüíèêîâ, ãí¸çäà 3-õ ïàð êîòîðûõ íàõîäÿòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ âèäèìîñòè ñ ãíåçäîâîé ñêàëû ñàïñàíîâ. Îáñóæäåíèå Îïèñàííûå ñëó÷àè êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà ãîâîðÿò î òîì, ÷òî ñàïñàí âî âðåìÿ êîðìîäîáû÷è îêàçûâàåò àêòèâíîå äàâëåíèå íà êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïîáëèçîñòè îò íåãî. Çà ðóáåæîì èçâåñòíû ñëó÷àè íàïàäåíèÿ ñàïñàíîâ, ñ öåëüþ îòú¸ìà äîáû÷è, íà êðàñíîõâîñòûõ êàíþêîâ (Buteo jamaicensis), ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé (Circus cyaneus), áåðêóòîâ è ñêîï, îäíàêî ýòî íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìîé äëÿ âèäà (Ratcliffe, 1993; Enderson et al., 1995; Hayes, Buchanan, 2001). Ñëó÷àè îòú¸ìà ñàïñàíàìè ðûáû ó ÷¸ðíûõ àèñòîâ (Ciconia nigra) è ñêîïû èçâåñòíû òàêæå â Ðîññèè (â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå) (Êàðòàøîâ, 2003; Êàðÿêèí, Íèêîëåíêî, 2009). Ëèøü äëÿ îäíîé ïàðû â Èñïàíèè îïèñàí ðåãóëÿðíûé îòú¸ì ñàïñàíàìè ïèùè ó ÷¸ðíûõ âîðîí (Corvus corone) (Zuberogoitia et al., 2002). Ìîè íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ð. Ñàêìàðà ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçì ó îòäåëüíûõ ïàð ñàïñàíîâ – ÷àñòîå ÿâëåíèå. Íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, íîâîå ýòî ÿâëåíèå äëÿ ðåãèîíà èëè íåò, íî, òàê êàê ïîäîáíûå ñëó÷àè åù¸ íå

áûëè îïèñàíû äëÿ ñîêîëîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ÿ ñâÿçûâàþ ó÷àùåíèå íàáëþäåíèé êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçìà ñ ðîñòîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ñàïñàíà. Ðàññåëÿÿñü ïî ðå÷íûì äîëèíàì è ãíåçäÿñü âñ¸ áîëåå ïëîòíî äðóã ê äðóãó, ðàçíûå ïàðû ñàïñàíîâ ñòàëè îêàçûâàòü ñèëüíûé õèùíè÷åñêèé ïðåññ íà ïòèö, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â ðå÷íûõ äîëèíàõ, è èñïûòûâàòü íåäîñòàòîê â åäå, ÷òî, âèäèìî, è âûçâàëî óâåëè÷åíèå ïîïûòîê îòú¸ìà ïèùè ó îðëîâ, ñêîï è, âîçìîæíî, äðóãèõ, áîëåå ìåëêèõ, õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Ñàïñàí. Ôîòî À. Ìîøêèíà. Peregrine Falcon. Photo by A. Moshkin.

Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðòàøîâ Í.Ä. Ê ýêîëîãèè ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus Tunst.) â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òûâà. – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû II Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. ×. 2. ÓëàíÓäý, 2003. Ñ. 128–133. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà: Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ñàïñàí (Falco peregrinus) â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2005. ¹1. Ñ. 43–56. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ñàïñàí â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹16. Ñ. 96–128. Enderson J.H., Lanabee J., Jones Z., Peper C., Lepisto C. Behavior of Peregrine Falcon in winter in South Texas. – Journal of Raptor Research, 1995. 29. P. 93–98. Hayes G.E., Buchanan J.B. Draft Washington State status report for the Peregrine Falcon. Washington Dept. Fish and Wildlife, Olympia. 2001. 105 p. Ratcliffe D. The Peregrine Falcon. Second Edition. T. & A.D. Poyser. London, 1993. 454 p. Zuberogoitia I., Iraeta A., Martinez J.A. Kleptoparasitism by Peregrine Falcon on Carrion Crows. – Ardeola, 2002. 49 (1). P. 103–104.

Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Merlin in the Altai-Sayan Region, Russia ДЕРБНИК В АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå, íà îñíîâàíèè èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 1999–2009 ãã., ïðèâîäèòñÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè, ÷èñëåííîñòè è îñîáåííîñòÿõ áèîëîãèè äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius) â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Â ðåãèîíå óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 3-õ ïîäâèäîâ: íîìèíàëüíîãî (F. c. aesalon), ñòåïíîãî (F. c. pallidus) è öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî (F. ñ. lymani). Â âèäó îñ¸äëîñòè öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî äåðáíèêà è èçîëèðîâàííîñòè àëòàéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ýòîãî ïîäâèäà, ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ å¸ âûäåëåíèå â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäâèä â êà÷åñòâå àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî, àëòàéñêîãî è îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå èçîëèðîâàíû øèðîêèì ïîÿñîì òàéãè, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïîäâèäû íå ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ. Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäÿòñÿ ñòåïíûå äåðáíèêè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 123–364 ì, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 230,6±66,82 ì, àëòàéñêèå – îò 872 äî 2613 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=55) 2017±307,1 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Ê 2009 ã. â ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåíî 75 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äåðáíèêîâ, íà 55 (73,3%) èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïòèöû àëòàéñêîãî ïîäâèäà, íà 14 (18,7%) – ñòåïíîãî è íà 6 (8,0%) – íîìèíàëüíîãî. Ïëîùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 126 òûñ. êì2 (42,4% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà), àëòàéñêîãî – 26 òûñ. êì2 (85,25% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà), ñòåïíîãî – 25 òûñ. êì2 (26,6% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà). ×èñëåííîñòü â ðåãèîíå íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äåðáíèêîâ íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 546–2058 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 1302 ïàðû, ñòåïíîãî – 517–617 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 567 ïàð, âîçìîæíî äî 800 ïàð, àëòàéñêîãî – â 3097–3981, â ñðåäíåì 3539 ïàð. Èç 62-õ ãí¸çä äåðáíèêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, 48 (77,4%) ïðèíàäëåæàò àëòàéñêîìó äåðáíèêó, 11 (17,7%) – ñòåïíîìó è 3 (4,8%) – îáûêíîâåííîìó. Â êëàäêå äåðáíèêà îò 2 äî 5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=17) 3,76±0,9 ÿéöà, â âûâîäêàõ îò 1 äî 5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 3,21±0,96 ïòåíöîâ. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññëåäîâàíèé ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê ðåêîìåíäîâàí äëÿ âíåñåíèÿ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, äåðáíèê, Falco columbarius, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract Basing on author’s research in 1999–2009 the paper contains information on subspecies, distribution, numbers and breeding biology of the Merlin (Falco columbarius) in the Altai-Sayan region. Three subspecies, Ñommon (F. c. aesalon), Steppe (F. c. pallidus) and Centralasian (F. ñ. lymani), are discovered to breed in the region. Due to sedentary way of life of the Centralasian Merlin and isolation of the Altai population of this subspecies it is offered to recognize that population as independent subspecies and to name it Altai Merlin. Habitats of Steppe, Altai and Common Merlins in the region are isolated with a wide zone of taiga, thus breeding ranges of different subspecies seem to have no zone of contact. The average elevation, where the Steppe Merlin prefers to nest was 230.6±66.82 m (n=14; range 123–364 m), for Altai Merlins the average elevation was 2017±307.1 m (n=55; range 872–2613 m). By 2009 75 breeding territories of Merlins have been discovered, 55 (73.3%) of which were occupied by Altai Merlins, 14 (18.7%) – by Steppe Merlins and 6 (8.0%) – by Common Merlins. The total area of habitats of the Common Merlin is 126000 km2 (42.4% of a total area of the subspecies range), Altai Merlin – 26000 km2 (85.25% of a total area of the subspecies range), Steppe Merlin – 25000 km2 (26.6% of the total area of the subspecies range). A total of 546–2058 pairs (averaging 1302 pairs) of common subspecies are estimated to breed in the region, the steppe subspecies – 517–617 pairs, averaging 567 pairs, perhaps up to 800 pairs, and the Altai subspecies – 3097–3981 pairs, averaging 3539 pairs. We found 62 nests of Merlins in the Altai-Sayan region, 48 (77.4%) of which were occupied by the Altai Merlin, 11 (17.7%) – by the Steppe Merlin and 3 (4.8%) – by the Common Melin. The average clutch size was 3.76±0.9 eggs (n=17; range 2–5 eggs); the average brood size was 3.21±0.96 nestlings (n=28; range 1–5 nestlings). Following the results of surveys the Steppe Merlin is recommended to be included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Merlin, Falco columbarius, distribution, number, breeding biology.

Ââåäåíèå Íåñìîòðÿ íà äîâîëüíî øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â Åâðàçèè, â ñèëó îñîáåííîñòåé áèîëîãèè è íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè, íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè àðåàëà äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) îñòà¸òñÿ ìàëîèçó÷åííûì âèäîì. Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêèé ðåãèîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì áåëûì ïÿòíîì íà êàðòå èçó÷åííîñòè âèäà, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü äåðáíèêà çäåñü ìåñòàìè äîâîëüíî âûñîêà. Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêîé îáîáùèòü ñâîä äàííûõ, íàêî-

Introduction The Merlin (Falco columbarius) is a poorly studied species in the Altai-Sayan region. This article is an attempt to generalize the data that has been accumulated on this falcon in the region over the last decades. Methods The region under consideration occupies the territory of the Altai-Sayan mountain region and adjacent flatlands within the bounds of Novosibirsk and Kemerovo dis-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

ïëåííûõ ïî ýòîìó ñîêîëó â ðåãèîíå çà ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ. Ìåòîäèêà Ðàññìàòðèâàåìûé â ñòàòüå ðåãèîí çàíèìàåò òåððèòîðèþ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîðíîé îáëàñòè è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàâíèí (Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ è Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáëàñòè, Êðàñíîÿðñêèé è Àëòàéñêèé êðàÿ, ðåñïóáëèêè Àëòàé, Òûâà è Õàêàñèÿ). Ïëîùàäü âûäåëåííîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 751379,7 êì2. Ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòîâ Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñîêîëà-áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug) è îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), ôèíàíñèðîâàâøèõñÿ çà ñ÷¸ò ñðåäñòâ Èíñòèòóòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîêîëîâ (Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ), ïðîåêòà ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ «Ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ýêîðåãèîíà» è ðÿäà äðóãèõ îðãàíèçàöèé. Â 1999–2009 ãã. îáñëåäîâàíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ñòåïíûå êîòëîâèíû, à òàêæå íåêîòîðûå òà¸æíûå è âûñîêîãîðíûå ðàéîíû, â ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà. Â õîäå ðàáîòû, ïðîõîäèâøåé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ìàå–èþëå, îáñëåäîâàëèñü òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðûõ âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî îáèòàíèå äåðáíèêà. Íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ, âîäíûõ è ïåøèõ ìàðøðóòàõ âèçóàëüíî ôèêñèðîâàëèñü âñå âñòðå÷è ñ ñîêîëàìè. Ïîñëå ðåãèñòðàöèè ïòèö îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü ïîïûòêè ïîèñêà ãí¸çä. Äëÿ íàáëþäåíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèíîêëè 12– 60x. Ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ïòèö è èõ ãí¸çä ôèêñèðîâàëèñü ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíèêîâûõ íàâèãàòîðîâ Garmin è âíîñèëèñü â áàçó äàííûõ (Íîâèêîâà, Êàðÿêèí, 2008). Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ýêñïåäèöèîííûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà áîëåå 90 òûñ. êì. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 3670 êì. Â ðàçíûå ãîäû èññëåäîâàíèé çàëîæåíî 48 ïëîùàäîê, îáùàÿ ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü êîòîðûõ ñîñòàâèëà 47657,9 êì2. Ñ ó÷¸òîì ìàðøðóòîâ (ïðè øèðèíå ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû 0,6 êì) ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü ñîñòàâèëà 49859,9 êì2. Íà ïëîùàäêàõ îñóùåñòâëÿëñÿ ó÷¸ò êðóïíûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïîýòîìó ïðîïóñêè äåðáíèêà âåñüìà âåëèêè èç-çà íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ìåòîäèê îáíàðóæåíèÿ öåëåâûõ âèäîâ è ìåòîäèêè îáíàðóæåíèÿ ìåëêèõ ñîêîëîâ. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïëîùàäîê íàìè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ëèøü äëÿ àíàëèçà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ äåðáíèêà – òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñêè, äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü, ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ ýòîò âèä â çîíå ó÷¸òà èëè íåò. Îñíîâíîé ó÷¸ò ñîêîëîâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ íà íåîãðàíè÷åííîé ïîëîñå ñ ôèêñèðîâàíèåì ðàäèàëüíûõ

Ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius lymani). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Altai Merlin (Falco columbarius lymani). Photo by I. Karyakin.

tricts, Krasnoyarsk Kray and Altai Kray, Republics of Altai, Tyva and Khakassia. The region area is 751,379.7 km2. In 1999–2009 the authors surveyed virtually every steppe depression, as well as certain taiga and high mountain regions in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. During the research that was predominantly carried out from May to July the territories where habitation of Merlin is most likely were surveyed. The total length of survey routes was more than 90,000 km. In different research years we set up 48 study plots and 46 count routes with a total area of 49,859.9 km2. The population calculation was performed using GIS software (ArcView 3.3 ESRI) based on the map of typical habitats obtained through the verification of Landsat ETM+ space images and analysis of 1:200,000 scale topographic maps and Digital Elevation Model. Subspecies According to Stepanyan (1990) in the Altai-Sayan region ranges of three Merlin subspecies interface. Common Merlin (common subspecies) (Falco columbarius aesalon) inhabits the entire forest zone of Eastern Siberia in the east to the Transbaikalia inclusive, to the south up to Northeastern Altai and Sayan; Steppe [Kazakhstan] Merlin (F. c. pallidus) inhabits the entire steppe zone of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia to Altai inclusive; Centralasian Merlin (F. ñ. lymani), inhabits Republics of Altai and Tyva, to the north up to the Sayan. During surveys it has been ascertained that the territories of different Merlin subspecies in the region have no zone of contact, which is

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ðàññòîÿíèé äî âñòðå÷åííûõ ïòèö. Ïîëó÷åííûå ïîêàçàòåëè ïëîòíîñòè ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàëèñü íà òå áèîòîïû, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäèëè ìàðøðóòû (Êàðÿêèí, 2004). Ðàñ÷¸ò ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ (ArcView 3.3 ESRI) íà îñíîâå êàðòû ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ïîäãîòîâëåííîé â ðåçóëüòàòå äåøèôðîâêè êîñìîñíèìêîâ Landsat ETM+, îáðàáîòêè öèôðîâîé ìîäåëè ðåëüåôà (ÖÌÐ) è àíàëèçà òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò Ì 1:200000. Ïèòàíèå èçó÷àëîñü ïóò¸ì àíàëèçà îñòàíêîâ è ïîãàäîê íà ãíåçäå è ïðèñàäàõ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö (âñåãî 66 îáúåêòîâ) íà 12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ â Òóâå è Àëòàå.

Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius), âûÿâëåííûå â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå â 1999–2009 ãã. Fig. 1. Breeding territories of different subspecies of the Merlin (Falco columbarius) in the Altai-Sayan Region in 1999–2009.

Ïîäâèäû Ñîãëàñíî ñâîäêå Ë.Ñ. Ñòåïàíÿíà (1990), â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñòûêóþòñÿ àðåàëû 3-õ ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêîâ: îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê (íîìèíàëüíûé ïîäâèä) (Falco columbarius aesalon) íàñåëÿåò âñþ ëåñíóþ çîíó Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: íà âîñòîêå äî Çàáàéêàëüÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî, ê þãó äî ÑåâåðîÂîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ è Ñàÿíà; ñòåïíîé [êàçàõñòàíñêèé] äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) íàñåëÿåò âñþ ñòåïíóþ çîíó Êàçàõñòàíà è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, äî Àëòàÿ âêëþ÷èòåëüíî; Àëòàé è Òóâó, ê ñåâåðó äî Ñàÿíà, íàñåëÿåò öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani). Â ñâåòå ýòîãî, â ðåãèîíå ïðåäïîëàãàëàñü îáøèðíàÿ çîíà èíòåðãðàäàöèè ìåæäó òðåìÿ ïîäâèäàìè, îäíàêî âî âðåìÿ èññëåäîâàíèé äàííàÿ ãèïîòåçà áûëà îïðîâåðãíóòà. Àðåàëû ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå íå ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî ÷¸òêîé áèîòîïè÷åñêîé èçîëÿöèåé (ðèñ. 1). Ó÷èòûâàÿ øèðîêèé ðàçðûâ â àðåàëå öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî äåðáíèêà ìåæäó Àë-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ stipulated by distinct habitat isolation (fig. 1). Taking into consideration the wide gap in the territory of Centralasian Merlin between Altai and Tien-Shan populations, one may consider their species to be independent. It is still unknown whether “Altai” Merlin is an individual subspecies. Though, describing the way of life of the birds of Altai population of Centralasian Merlin, we will stick to the name “Altai Merlin”, thus emphasizing the possibility of its species independence. Distribution 75 Merlin breeding territories have been found in the region by 2009; on 55 of those the Altai subspecies breeds, on 14 (18.7%) and 6 (8.0%), respectively, Steppe and Common subspecies breed (fig. 1). Common Merlin (F. c. aesalon) The Common Merlin habitats the taiga zone of Western Siberia, however, in the Altai-Sayan region it is rather dispersal and is observed predominantly in open areas. We recorded the Common Merlin 12 times in the region; and only 3 times the breeding birds were registered (2 occupied nests and a single bird near an empty nest) and in three other cases the breeding was possible. Steppe Merlin (F. c. pallidus) As early as in the beginning of XX century P.P. Sushkin (1938) pointed that the Steppe Merlin was distributed only as far as up to the western edge of Altai. Today this subspecies inhabits the Southern Baraba, Kulunda and Prealtai plains, although in steppe foothills already no breeding Merlins were actually observed. The only nest of the Steppe Merlin in steppe foothills of Altai was found on May 15, 2003 on the right bank of the Alei river (Altai Kray). The range of elevations at which the Steppe Merlin prefers to nest is 123–364 m, averaging (n=14) 230.6±66.82 m. Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) P.P. Sushkin (1938) has noted the Altai Merlin as a common species in Southeastern Altai and Northwestern Mongolia, as well as wide distribution in various habitats at elevations of at least 1750 m. During the survey period we observed 136 individuals of this subspecies, among them 112 were found at 55 breeding territories. The nests were found at 48 breeding territories. The same as before, the breeding range of the Altai Merlin in the Altai-Sayan re-

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gion is limited by South-Eastern Altai and South-Western Tuva. Outside the system of mountain ranges in South-Western Tuva and South-Eastern Altai, breeding Merlin was observed only at 4 territories in Tuva. The range of elevations at which Altai Merlin prefers to nest, varies from 872 to 2613 m, averaging at (n=55) 2017±307.1 m (fig. 2).

Ñàìêà äåðáíèêà èç êîëëåêöèè À.Í. Ñåâåðöîâà. R-4507, êîëëåêöèîííûé ôîíä ÇÌÌÓ. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Female of the Merlin from the collection of A.N. Severtzov. R-4507, ZMMU. Photos by A. Kovalenko.

òàéñêîé è Òÿíü-Øàíñêîé ïîïóëÿöèÿìè, ïðåäïîëàãàëàñü èõ ïîäâèäîâàÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòü, îäíàêî âîïðîñ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè «àëòàéñêèé» äåðáíèê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ïîäâèäîì, äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàâàëñÿ îòêðûòûì. Ïîïûòêà âûäåëåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïîäâèäà «òÿíü-øàíüñêîãî» äåðáíèêà áûëà ïðåäïðèíÿòà Í.À. Ñåâåðöîâûì åù¸ â 1873 ã. Â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè â Ñèíüöçÿí-Óéãóðñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã èì áûëî äîáûòî 5 ýêçåìïëÿðîâ, ïî êîòîðûì îïèñàíà ôîðìà Falco columbarius [aesalon] alaudarius Severtzov, 1873. Ïîçæå òèïîâûå ýêçåìïëÿðû áûëè óòåðÿíû. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ, ïûòàÿñü ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â âîïðîñå, êàêèì èç ñëåäóþùèõ ñòàðåéøèõ ñèíîíèìîâ èìÿ «alaudarius» äîëæíî áûòü çàìåíåíî â êîëëåêöèè Çîîìóçåÿ ÌÃÓ (ÇÌÌÓ), íàø¸ë ýêçåìïëÿð èç Êóëüäæè îò 26.10.1875 ã., èç ñáîðîâ Í.À. Ñåâåðöîâà (R-4507, ñàìêà, Ãóëüäæà, Ñèíöçÿí-Óéãóðñêèé àâòîíîìíûé îêðóã, Êèòàé, 14[26].10.1875, êîëëåêòîð Í.À. Ñåâåðöîâ). Ïîçæå ýòîò ýêçåìïëÿð áûë óêàçàí êàê «òèï» (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1939), íî î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî îí íå îòíîñèòñÿ ê òèïîâîé ñåðèè, òàê êàê áûë äîáûò ïîçæå ïåðâîîïèñàíèÿ (Áîðèñåíêî è äð., 2001). Îñìîòð ýòîãî ýêçåìïëÿðà ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ýòî ñàìêà èç ðàñû ñåâåðíûõ äåðáíèêîâ, áóðîé îêðàñêè, ñ íàìå÷àþùèìñÿ ïîïåðå÷íûì ðèñóíêîì âåðõà òåëà, ñ øèðîêèìè (îäèíàêîâîé øèðèíû) ïîëîñàìè íà õâîñòå è íå èìååò íè÷åãî îáùåãî ñ òèïîì, îïèñàííûì Í.À. Ñåâåðöîâûì. Àíàëèç êîëëåêöèîííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ èç ÇÌÌÓ è Ìóçåÿ Çîîëîãè÷åñêîãî èíñòèòóòà «àëòàéñêèõ» è «òÿíü-øàíüñêèõ» äåðáíèêîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü î ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè îáåèõ ôîðì, è, âèäèìî, ýòî óæå âîïðîñ äàëüíåéøèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, òàê êàê òðåáóåò ïåðåîïèñàíèÿ è ïðèäàíèÿ ñòàòóñà

Numbers On the major part of the territory of the Altai-Sayan region the Merlin is a rare breeding species. It is rather regularly accounted only on the left bank of the Ob’ river in the Altai Kray (Steppe subspecies) and in the system of mountain ranges in South-Eastern Altai and South-Western Tuva (Centralasian subspecies). The habitat area of the Common Merlin is 126,000 km2 (42.4% of the habitat area of the subspecies), of the Altai Merlin – 26,000 km2 (85.25% of the habitat area of the subspecies), and of the Steppe Merlin – 25,000 km2 (26.6% of the habitat area of the subspecies) (fig. 3). The number of records of the Common Merlin per the total number of Merlin records in the region was 10.62% (the same ratios for Steppe and Altai Merlins, respectively, were 19.74 and 69.91) (fig. 4). Common Merlin (F. c. aesalon) This falcon has incidentally appeared in the counts. We did not find it during the repeat visit at the territories where it has been observed earlier. The density is 1.03±0.6 observations (pairs)/100 km2. The number of Merlins was estimated to be 546–2058 breeding pairs, averaging 1302 pairs. The largest breeding group was found in the northern part of the region, predominantly on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Kray. Steppe Merlin (F. c. pallidus) It has been regularly counted along margins of steppe pine forests and forest lines in the left bank of the Ob’ river in the Altai Kray. The density was 2.27±0.2 records (pairs)/100 km2. On the plots in the Altai pine forests 7 pairs were counted, which made 0.55 pairs/100 km of surveyed forest margin. A total of 517–617 pairs, averaging 567 pairs, are estimated to breed in the region, the number seems undoubtedly to be underestimated. The assessment of breeding population of the Steppe Merlin on the left bank of the Ob’ of 600–800 pairs seems to be the most plausible.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) Comparing to other subspecies, we observed the Altai Merlin in the region most frequently, which partially results from the fact that the largest amount of plots were located within its habitat. The density of the Altai Merlin in typical habitats is 30.83±1.1 pairs/100 km2. In moderately afforestated valleys, such as Barlyk, Mogen-Buren, Buguzun there is actually a pair per 3.5 km2 of slopes covered with sparse larch forests. Apparently analogous density is noted in the Tarkhata and Dzhazator river valleys. The number of Altai Merlins in typical habitats was estimated to be 2577–2767 breeding pairs, averaging 2672 pairs; among those 1356–1456, averaging 1406 pairs breed in Altai, and 1220–1311, averaging 1266 pairs, – in Tuva. On the other territory of the Southwestern Tuva and partially Southeastern Altai we recorded 13 Merlin pairs. The density was 5.0±2.0 pairs/100 km2. The number of Altai Merlins for 17,333 km2 of suboptimal habitats was estimated to be 520–1213, averaging 867 breeding pairs; among those 104–243, averaging 173 pairs breed in Altai and 416–971, averaging 693 pairs – in Tuva. A total of 3097–3981, averaging 3539 pairs are assessed to breed in the Altai-Sayan region (fig. 5). The distance between nearest neighbors varies from 1.6 to 3.5 km. It seems that the greater part of Merlins prefers to nest at the distance of 2 km from each other.

Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèå äåðáíèêè (Falco columbarius lymani) èç êîëëåêöèè Çîîìóçåÿ ÇÈÍ. Âåðõíèé ðÿä íà íèæíåé è âåðõíåé ôîòîãðàôèÿõ – «òÿíü-øàíüñêàÿ» ôîðìà «alaudarius», íèæíèé ðÿä íà íèæíåé è âåðõíåé ôîòîãðàôèÿõ – «àëòàéñêàÿ» ôîðìà «lymani». Ñëåâà ñàìöû, ñïðàâà ñàìêè. Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî. Centralasian Merlins (Falco columbarius lymani) from the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute. Upper row on the upper and bottom images – “Tien-Shan” form “alaudarius”, bottom row on the upper and bottom images – “Altai” form “lymani”. Males are at the left, females are at the right. Photos by A. Kovalenko.

ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïîäâèäà èìåííî «òÿíüøàíüñêîãî» äåðáíèêà. Äëÿ àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ è áàçèðîâàëîñü îïèñàíèå «lymani», óìåñòíî ïðèíÿòü ðóññêîå íàçâàíèå «àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê». Äàëåå, îïèñûâàÿ îáðàç æèçíè ïòèö àëòàéñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîãî äåðáíèêà, ìû áóäåì ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ íàçâàíèÿ «àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê», àêöåíòèðóÿ òåì ñàìûì âíèìàíèå íà åãî ïîäâèäîâîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè. Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê (F. c. aesalon) Íàèáîëåå ìåëêèé ïîäâèä. Äëèíà êðûëà ñàìöîâ 192–210 ìì, ñàìîê – 214–228 ìì.

Habitat and landscape preferences The Merlin is a bird of semiopen spaces and even in taiga prefers the territories with open landscapes to nest. Common Merlin (F. c. aesalon) Common Merlins prefer to breed in thinned larch forests in the periphery of steppe depressions. V. S. Zhukov (2006) observed Merlins in the Krasnoyarsk Kray predominantly in forest-steppe and floodplain landscapes. Steppe Merlin (F. c. pallidus) The greatest number of Steppe Merlins was noted in the dry steppe zone with a large amount of subsaline lakes and alkaline lands (solonchak), with sparse tree vegetation. By virtue of the fact that we mainly surveyed the near-margin part of the Altai pine forests of the Altai Kray, the majority of Merlins were observed in the margin zone; moreover, of 11 pairs only the half were breeding in pine forests directly, the rest were breading in for-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 Ñàìêè îêðàøåíû ñâåðõó â ò¸ìíî-áóðûå òîíà, íà áóðûõ êðîþùèõ óçêèå îõðèñòûå êà¸ìêè ïî êðàþ. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ðàçâèò ñëàáî. Óñ õîðîøî ðàçâèò. Ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà èç êðóïíûõ áóðûõ ïÿòåí, õîðîøî ðàçâèò. Íà õâîñòå ïîëîñû øèðîêèå, îäèíàêîâîé øèðèíû ñ êîíöåâîé ïîëîñîé. Ñàìöû îêðàøåíû â ÿðêèå ñèçûå òîíà. Ãîëîâà, ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ñïèíû è ïëå÷è ñèçîñåðûå, òåìíåå ïîÿñíèöû. Íà ãîëîâå øèðîêèå ÷¸ðíûå íàñòâîëüÿ, ÿðêèå íàñòâîëüÿ íà ñïèííîé ñòîðîíå. Óñ õîðîøî âûðàæåí, ÿðêàÿ áåëàÿ áðîâü. Ïðîäîëüíûå ïåñòðèíû íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ÷¸òêèå è ÿðêèå, ôîí áåë¸ñûé (êàê ïðàâèëî, ðûæåâàòûå òîëüêî øåÿ, ãðóäü è øòàíû). Àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani) Íàèáîëåå êðóïíûé è ñàìûé äëèííîêðûëûé ïîäâèä. Äëèíà êðûëà ñàìöîâ 226–242 ìì, ñàìîê – 241–252 ìì. Ñàìêè îêðàøåíû ñâåðõó â áóðîâàòî-ñåðûå òîíà, íà êðîþùèõ óçêèå ðûæèå èëè áóðûå êà¸ìêè, áëèçêèå ê ñåðîâàòî-áóðîìó ôîíó ïåðà. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ðàçâèò ñëàáî. Óñ ðàçâèò ñëàáî è â îñíîâíîì ñôîðìèðîâàí ðûæåâàòûìè ïåñòðèíàìè. Ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà èç êðóïíûõ áóðûõ ïÿòåí, õîðîøî ðàçâèò. Íà õâîñòå ïîëîñû óçêèå, ïðè÷¸ì êîíöåâàÿ ïîëîñà íàèáîëåå øèðîêàÿ. Ñàìöû îêðàøåíû â ÿðêèå ñèçûå òîíà. Ãîëîâà, ïåðåäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ñïèíû è ïëå÷è ñèçî-ñåðûå, òåìíåå ïîÿñíèöû. Íà ãîëîâå óçêèå ÷¸ðíûå íàñòâîëüÿ, íàñòâîëüÿ íà ñïèííîé ñòîðîíå âûðàæåíû ñëàáî. Óñ ïëîõî âûðàæåí, ëèáî îòñóòñòâóåò, ÿðêàÿ áåëàÿ áðîâü. Ïðîäîëüíûå ïåñòðèíû íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà íå÷¸òêèå è óçêèå, ôîí ðûæåâàòûé. Ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) Íàèáîëåå ñâåòëàÿ ðàñà, ïî ðàçìåðàì çàíèìàþùàÿ ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå ïîëîæåíèå ìåæäó îáûêíîâåííûì è àëòàéñêèì äåðáíèêàìè (áëèæå ê ïåðâîìó). Äëèíà êðûëà ñàìöîâ 206–214 ìì, ñàìîê – 208–233 ìì. Ñàìêè îêðàøåíû ñâåðõó â áëåäíûå ïåñî÷íûå èëè ãëèíèñòûå òîíà. Ïîïåðå÷íûé ðèñóíîê íà âåðõíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà ðàçâèò õîðîøî, ïîïåðå÷íûå ïîëîñû øèðîêèå, îõðèñòîãî öâåòà. Óñ ïëîõî âûðàæåí èëè îòñóòñòâóåò. Ðèñóíîê íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà èç áëåäíî-áóðûõ óçêèõ ïåñòðèí, ðàçâèò ïëîõî. Ñàìöû áëåäíî-ñèçûå. Êðîþùèå âåðõà ñ óçêèìè îõðèñòûìè êà¸ìêàìè. Ïðîäîëüíûå ïåñòðèíû íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå òåëà íå÷¸òêèå è óçêèå, ôîí îõðèñòûé ëèáî áåëûé.

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est lines and small birch forests that border on the pine forest margin. It is possible to assume the Steppe Merlin in the region as a bird breeding in small forests among the steppe of Kulunda and forest lines among the fields instead of steppe. Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) The Altai Merlin’s preferable landscape is larch forests with sparse trees along the slopes of the river valleys at altitudes above 1500 m in South-Eastern Altai and South-Western Tuva. In such habitats 86.3% records of the Merlin (n=79) were made. A small number of the Merlin breeds in lowmountain larch forests at the periphery of steppe depressions (3.8%), willow forests with sparse trees along the slopes of the river valleys in high-mountain belt (2.5%), floodplain larch and willow forests in highmountain belt (5.0%). The record of a nest on the margin of the Balgazynskiy pine forest in the Tuva depression and the record of a nest in dwarf birch (Betula rotundifolia) bushes on the plateau along southeastern bank of Khindiktig-Khol’ lake are known as an exception (fig. 6). Nests Of 62 Merlin nests recorded in the AltaiSayan region 48 (77.4%) belong to Altai Merlin, 11 (17.7%) and 3 (4.8%), respectively, to Steppe and Common Merlins. Regardless of the subspecies the most part of Merlin nests on trees were provided by crows (87.1% of nests). Larch (Larix sibirica) absolutely predominates among trees as a nesting site of the Merlin in the region (n=61); 72.13% of all Merlin nests in the region were surveyed there (fig. 7). The distance between the nest of Merlin and the forest margin varied from 0 to 50 m. Notably, whereas the nesting tree location on the very edge of the forest was usual, the distance between the tree and the margin at 40 and 50 m was the exception. In one case a Steppe Merlin nest was found inside a small birch forest in the nest of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), while in another case an Altai Merlin nest was discovered at the distance from the margin in a large slope larch forest in the nest of the Black Kite (Milvus migrans). The height of nests found on the trees varied from 1.5 m (on willows) to 25–28 m (on pines in steppe pine forests). Usually the Merlin nests placed 5–9 m above the ground.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå Ñîâðåìåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îáóñëîâëåíî ïðèóðî÷åííîñòüþ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ ê òèïè÷íûì äëÿ íèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì, èçîëèðîâàííûì äðóã îò äðóãà ìíîãèìè äåñÿòêàìè êèëîìåòðîâ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêà íà Àëòàå áûëî îïèñàíî åù¸ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíûì (1938) è ñ òåõ ïîð íå ïðåòåðïåëî ñóùåñòâåííûõ èçìåíåíèé. Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2009 ã. â ðåãèîíå âûÿâëåíî 75 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äåðáíèêîâ, íà 55 (73,3%) èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïòèöû àëòàéñêîãî ïîäâèäà, íà 14 (18,7%) – ñòåïíîãî è íà 6 (8,0%) – íîìèíàëüíîãî (ðèñ. 1).

Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius aesalon) â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (ââåðõó) è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (F. c. lymani) â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Habitats of the Common Merlin (Falco columbarius aesalon) in the Minussinskaya Depression (upper) and the Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) in the Tuvinskaya Depression (bottom). Photos by E. Nikolenko.

Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê (F. c. aesalon) Íîìèíàëüíûé ïîäâèä íàñåëÿåò òà¸æíóþ çîíó Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, ãäå äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷åí â Âàñþãàíèè è ñåâåðíåå, íî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå óæå ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í êðàéíå ñïîðàäè÷íî è ñâÿçàí çäåñü ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñ îòêðûòûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè. Ìû ðàñïîëàãàåì èíôîðìàöèåé î 12 âñòðå÷àõ äåðáíèêà íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà â ðåãèîíå, èç íèõ ëèøü 3 âñòðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãíåçäîâûì (2 æèëûõ ãíåçäà è îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà ó ïóñòóþùåãî ãíåçäà) è åù¸ â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîæåò èäòè ðå÷ü î ãíåçäîâàíèè. Òàê, â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè, íà ñåâåðíîì ìàêðîñêëîíå Ñàëàèðà, ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ã. Óëàíòîâà 10 àâãóñòà 1999 ã. îáíàðóæåíû ñèäêè äåðáíèêà ñ ïåðüÿìè ñàìöà è ñàìêè è õàðàêòåðíûå ìåñòà ðàçäåëûâàíèÿ äîáû÷è (Êàðÿêèí è äð.,

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ The hosts for nest-usurping Merlins are mainly Crows (Corvus corone, C. cornix). More than the half of all Merlin nests discovered in the region (51.61%) had been originally built by crows (fig. 8). 32.26% of nests of the falcon were found in nests of the Magpie (Pica pica). Occasionally, the Merlin occupies nests of raptors, however, this phenomenon is not typical. Approximately the half of found nests of the Steppe Merlin was provided by the Magpie (n=11; 45.45%), while only a third of Altai Merlin pairs (n=48; 31.25%) occupied the nests of the Magpie. The only Merlin nest built on the ground was found in the highlands of Southwestern Tuva near Khindiktig-Khol’ lake and belonged to the Altai subspecies. It was placed in a hollow under dwarf birch bushes and was located in the middle of vast tundra plateau that gently descended to the lake. Clutches The average clutch size of the Merlin was 3.76±0.9 eggs (n=17; range 2–5 eggs). All clutches that consisted of 2 eggs were those found in the nests of Steppe Merlin. The average clutch size of Steppe Merlin was 3.2±1.3 eggs (n=5; range 2–5 eggs), the average clutch size of Altai Merlin was 4.09±0.54 eggs (n=11; range 3–5 eggs). Broods The average brood size of the Merlin was 3.21±0.96 chicks per successful nest (n=28; range 1–5 chicks). The average brood size of Steppe Merlin was 2.75±0.96 chicks (n=4; range 2–4 chicks), of Altai Merlin – 3.3±0.97 chicks (n=23; range 1–5 chicks). It should be noted that of 3 broods of Altai Merlin that consisted of 2 chicks, 2 broods were observed in Southeastern Altai in 2009. All broods that consisted of 5 chicks were found in the Saglinskaya depression (Tuva) in 2001, the same year with the clutches of 5 eggs. Breeding Success We have not studied the breeding success. The birds near empty nests were recorded only at 4 territories of 75 (Altai Merlins were in 3 cases and Common Merlin – in one case). Breed death was recorded at 3 nests, in all the cases these nests having been found failed. In two cases the chicks and in one case a female of the Merlin on a newly started clutch consisting of one egg were eaten by a mammalian predator of mustelids.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 2000), 14 àâãóñòà 1999 ã. â äîëèíå ð. Êàóðàê áûëà ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàíà ïàðà äåðáíèêîâ, àòàêóþùèõ êàíþêà (Buteo buteo), êîòîðûå ëèøü ñïóñòÿ ïàðó ëåò áûëè èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû êàê äåðáíèêè ïî ôîòîãðàôèè. Â Àëòàå ýòîò ïîäâèä â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ íàìè íå íàáëþäàëñÿ. Ïî äàííûì Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938) íîìèíàëüíûé ïîäâèä äåðáíèêà (ñèí. F. c. regulus) íàéäåí èì ëåòîì è âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî îêðàèíàì òàéãè Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, èìåþòñÿ ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Íèæíåì ×óëûøìàíå. Îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä êàêèõëèáî ñâèäåòåëüñòâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äåðáíèêà â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå íå ïîëó÷åíî. Åãî íå íàøëè çäåñü íè À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) â 60-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, íè Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèí (1973) è Â.À. Ñòàõååâ (2000) â 70-õ ãã. Â Õàêàñèè îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê ðàíåå íàáëþäàëñÿ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè êàê â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, òàê è â Ñàÿíàõ, âñòðå÷åí â ïðåäãîðüÿõ íà ñòûêå Àëòàÿ è Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà áëèç Òàøòûïà (Ñóøêèí, 1938). Íàìè çà 10 ëåò ïîëåâûõ ðàáîò äåðáíèê íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îáíàðóæåí ëèøü íà 2-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â ×óëûìñêîé âïàäèíå (ñåâåðî-çàïàä Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû): âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà áëèç îç. Îøêîëü 24 ìàÿ 2000 ã. è æèëîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî 27 ìàÿ 2008 ã. áëèç õóò. Ïîäëèñòâåíêè (9,5 êì ê ñåâåðî-çàïàäó îò ñ. Èþñ). Ëåòíèå âñòðå÷è îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû êàê â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, òàê è â Ñàÿíàõ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, 11 ìàÿ 2000 ã. ñàìêà äåðáíèêà áûëà âñïóãíóòà ñ äîðîãè â õîäå ïåøåãî ìàðøðóòà ê ãîðíî-ñòåïíîìó ìàññèâó ã. Îãëàõòû, 12 èþíÿ 2000 ã. ñàìåö íàáëþäàëñÿ íà àâòîìàðøðóòå ïðè ïîäú¸ìå â ãîëüöû ïî òðàññå Àáàçà – ÀêÄîâóðàê (îí ïåðåñ¸ê òðàññó íà áðåþùåì ïîë¸òå è ñêðûëñÿ ñðåäè êåäðîâîãî ðåäêîëåñüÿ). Ñ.Ì. Ïðîêîôüåâ ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2000) óêàçûâàþò íà âñòðå÷è äåðáíèêà â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä â Ìèíóñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, îäíàêî ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî âèäà çäåñü íèãäå íå áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, îíî ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü äëÿ Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà íà òåððèòîðèè ó÷àñòêà Õàêàññêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Ìàëûé Àáàêàí». Â Òóâå äåðáíèê íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà âñòðå÷åí íàìè åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå: 13 èþíÿ 2000 ã. íà ïåøåì ìàðøðóòå â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàðà-Ñóã íà ãîðå, ïîêðûòîé ìîõîâîëèøàéíèêîâîé, êîáðåçèåâî-åðíèêîâîé òóíäðîé è ëèñòâåííè÷íî-êåäðîâûìè êðèâîëåñüÿìè, âñòðå÷åíà ñàìêà áëèç ãíåçäà. Ãíåçäîâàíèå äåðáíèêà óñòàíîâëåíî â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå (Êðàñíîÿðñêèé êðàé) – æèëîå ãíåçäî îáíàðóæåíî 23

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In two cases the reason for nest failure was the killing of females by the Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) and the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug). Phenology In the Altai-Sayan region the Merlin is a wintering species that was pointed out by P.P. Sushkin (1938). There is up-to-date information on winter records of the Merlin for vicinities of Biysk (Vazhov, Bakhtin, 2009). P.P. Sushkin (1938) considered the Altai Merlin wintering in Altai mainly, while steppe regions seemed to be the wintering grounds of both Steppe and Common Merlin. The Steppe Merlin returns at breeding grounds and starts to nest definitely earlier than other Merlin subspecies. According to observations in 2003–2004 in the Altai Kray, at all territories with Steppe Merlin nests observed the females were noted sitting on clutches in the different stages of incubation in late May. It seemed that most egg-laying took place in the period between 10 and 20 May. The Altai Merlin started to lay eggs later, apparently after 20 May. After 5 June we observed only incubated clutches in all the nests. The nestlings of the Steppe Merlin were hatching in the middle of June, mainly on 10–30 June, and fledged after 15 July, mostly in late July. The latest broods learning to fly were observed by us up to 5 August. The Altai Merlin nestlings were hatching after 20 June, mostly on 25 June – 5 July, and fledged from 30 July to 10 August. P.P. Sushkin (1938) observed nestlings in Southeastern Altai at the middle of July, while young birds delivered at the end of July were already fledged, however, had primaries and rectrices only two thirds of their normal length. Primaries of a young bird that he kept in captivity grew to their normal length only by 20 August. Behavior A typical feature of the Merlin in the Ural region that has been noted as far back as in 1990s is the behavior of leading a man or a dog away from the nest (Karyakin, 1998), which argues for the fact that it is originally a raptor breeding on the ground. However, whereas such behavior is observed for solitary pairs in the Ural, in the Altai-Sayan region it was observed more frequently for Altai Merlins that bred low above the ground (n=62; 12.9% of all cases). The females in all pairs nesting on willows, as well as a female

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ìàÿ 2001 ã. â íèçîâüÿõ ð. Èäæèì â 7 êì ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò ñ. Âåðõíåóñèíñêîå. Â.Ñ. Æóêîâ (2006) â õîäå ñâîèõ ðàáîò ïî ó÷¸òàì ïòèö íàáëþäàë äåðáíèêîâ â ëåòíåå âðåìÿ íà Áåð¸çîâñêîì ñòàöèîíàðå ñåâåðíåå Øàðûïîâî è â Êàííñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Êðàñíîÿðñêèé êðàé). Âèäèìî, îáëàñòü ñòàáèëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà â Ñèáèðè ëåæèò íåñêîëüêî ñåâåðíåå Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, à åãî ñïîðàäè÷íîå è íåðåãóëÿðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåãèîíå, âåðîÿòíî, íîñèò ñëó÷àéíûé õàðàêòåð. Âûñîêî â ãîðû îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê íå ïîäíèìàåòñÿ. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938) íà Àëòàå ýòîò ñîêîë íå âñòðå÷àëñÿ âûøå 900 ì. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå íàøè ðåãèñòðàöèè îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëåæàò â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò îò 400 äî 700 ì, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ó÷àñòêà, ëîêàëèçîâàííîãî â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Êàðà-Ñóã. Çäåñü äåðáíèê íàáëþäàëñÿ íà âûñîòå 1953 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ.

Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà (Falco columbarius pallidus) â ïðèîïóøå÷íîé ÷àñòè ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Habitats of the Steppe Merlin (Falco columbarius pallidus) in the Altai pine forests. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) Åù¸ â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) óêàçûâàë íà òî, ÷òî ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê ëèøü äîõîäèò â ñâî¸ì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè äî çàïàäíîãî êðàÿ Àëòàÿ, îñíîâûâàÿñü íà ýêçåìïëÿðàõ, äîáûòûõ áëèç ñ. Íîâåíñêîå â 1911 è 1923 ãã. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòîò ïîäâèä íàñåëÿåò Þæíóþ Áàðàáó, Êóëóíäó è Ïðåäàëòàéñêóþ ðàâíèíó, íî óæå â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ôàêòè÷åñêè îò-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ nesting on the ground under dwarf birch bushes, at the first contact with a man tried to lead him away from the nest. To do so, the bird was sitting down at a rock several tens of meters away from the nest and, having hunched and lowered its wings started to quiver imitating being injured and making squeaking sounds. When the attempts to approach it were made, it flew away by a certain distance and repeated the “imitation of an injured bird”. When not being chased, it understood rather soon that the tactics of leading away from the nest was unsuccessful and started to show alarmed behavior – to fly around the nest and chirp. Such behavior of “leading away from the nest” for the pairs that bred on larches was observed only in three cases (n=44), which is 6.82% of all cases. The hunting behavior of the Merlin is quite unvaried: of 18 records of hunting birds 16 (88.9%) happened to be the falcons taking preys by surprise approaching in a fast, rocket-like flight, prior to attacking 14 birds hiding under protection of bushes of pea-shrub (Caragana sp.), chee grass (Stipa splendens) or feathergrass (Stipa sp.), while 2 – sitting on the rocks unhiding. In 2 cases we observed the Merlin approaching in a low-level flight attacked rock sparrows (Petronia petronia) and larks (Alauda arvensis) – the falcon flushed a flock and tried to catch the nearest bird. Feeding No intentional studies on the Merlin feeding have been carried out by us, however, according to the remains collected on perches near the nests, we may conclude that the preys were mostly bird species of open habitats: Larks (Alauda arvensis, Eremophila alpestris), Pipits (Anthus sp.), Wheatears (Oenanthe sp.), Rock Sparrow (Petronia petronia), Twite (Acanthis flavirostris), Buntigs (Emberiza sp.), Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros), Chats (Saxicola sp.), Wagtails (Motacilla sp.), Blue-throated Robin (Luscinia svecica), Shrikes (Lanius sp.) being the most common in the breeding territory of a certain pair. The numerous remains of Starling fledglings were observed on nesting sites of 2 pairs of Altai Merlins that bred near the Rosy Starling (Sturnus roseus) colonies near Ak-Khol’ lake and on the Tannu-Ola mountain ridge. Conclusion The studies of the Merlin in the Altai-Sayan region point out that it is a rather typical

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ñóòñòâóåò. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà â ïðåäãîðíûõ ñòåïÿõ Àëòàÿ îáíàðóæåíî 15 ìàÿ 2003 ã. â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Àëåÿ áëèç ñ. Óñòüÿíêà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ È.Ý. Ñìåëÿíñêèì (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî â ýòîì æå ãîðíîñòåïíîì ìàññèâå, â 2-õ êì îò ìåñòà îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåçäà 2003 ã., ñàìöà äåðáíèêà íàáëþäàëè 26 èþíÿ 2001 ã., ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåñêîëüêèõ ïàð ñîêîëîâ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ïàðà áåñïîêîÿùèõñÿ ïòèö íàáëþäàëàñü íàìè 17 èþëÿ 2002 ã. â ãîðíî-ñòåïíîì ìàññèâå áëèç ñ. Îãíè, îäíàêî íàéòè ãíåçäî çäåñü íå óäàëîñü. Ñîáñòâåííî, ýòèìè òðåìÿ íàáëþäåíèÿìè îãðàíè÷åíû âñå âñòðå÷è ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ. Â ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè Îáñêîãî ëåâîáåðåæüÿ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ äåðáíèê, â íîðìå, ãíåçäèòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè Ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (F. c. lymani) â ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. ïî âñåé òåððèòîðèè, îäíàêî âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè íèãäå íå Habitats of the Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) in South-Western Altai. Photos by E. Nikolenko and I. Karyakin. äîñòèãàåò. Â êîíöå ìàÿ è íà÷àëå èþëÿ 2003 ã., ïðè îáñëåäîâàíèè ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ, â èõ ïðèîïóøå÷species of pre-Altai steppes and highlands íîé çîíå âûÿâëåíî 11 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ of South-Eastern Altai and South-Western äåðáíèêîâ, 9 èç êîòîðûõ ïîäòâåðæäåíû íàTuva. Only the Altai Merlin can be considõîäêàìè ãí¸çä, à â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè âñòðåered common for the region, however, tak÷åíî 26 ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ â 18 ïóíêòàõ. ing into account its isolation and the small Åù¸ îäèí ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê, ïîäòâåðæä¸íarea of its habitats, it cannot be regarded to íûé íàõîäêîé ãíåçäà, âûÿâëåí â Ñåâåðíîé be common countrywide, although it canÊóëóíäå â íèçîâüÿõ Áóðëû 21 ìàÿ 2003 ã. not be related to rare and threatened speÎ íåîäíîêðàòíûõ ëåòíèõ âñòðå÷àõ äåðáíècies, as well. The Steppe Merlin indeed is êà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êóëóíäèíñêîãî îçåðà â a rare and vulnerable species. The habitat 1984 ã. ïèøåò Ê.Â. Òîðîïîâ (2008). area of Altai and Steppe Merlin in the region Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäÿòñÿ being comparable, however the population ñòåïíûå äåðáíèêè, ñîñòàâëÿåò 123–364 ì, number of the latter is lower in 4–7 times â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 230,6±66,82 ì. than that of Altai subspecies. The number of the entire population of the Steppe Merlin Àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani) in Russia probably is comparable to that of Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) îòìå÷àë îáû÷íîñòü the Altai Merlin, or maybe even lower. On ýòîãî äåðáíèêà â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå the aggregate basis of a series of populaè Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè è øèðîêîå tion characteristics the Steppe Merlin is a ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïî ñàìûì ðàçíîîáðàçreal candidate to be listed in the Red Data íûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿì íà âûñîòàõ íå íèæå Book of the Russian Federation. 1750 ì. Â åãî êîëëåêöèè èìåëèñü ïòèöû, äîáûòûå â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè, â äîëèíàõ Acknowledgements ×àãàí-Áóðãàçû è ×àãàí-Óçóíà, â íèçîâüÿõ We are grateful to A. Barashkova, R. BekÅëàíãàøà, íà Óêîêå. À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) mansurov, M. Grabovskiy, A. Kovalenko, òàêæå íàáëþäàë àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà M. Kozhevnikov, R. Lapshin, A. Semenov, òîëüêî íà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, íî ïðî A. Shestakova, S. Vazhov and others.

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Ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Altai Merlin. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (F. c. lymani). Fig. 2. Distribution of the Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani).

åãî øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îáû÷íîñòü íå ïèøåò. Â Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâå äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íàáëþäàë À.À. Áàðàíîâ (1996): åìó áûëè èçâåñòíû 4 ïàðû â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå è 2 ïàðû â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû. Ïî äàííûì Â.Â. Ïîïîâà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) â 80-õ ãã. íå ìåíåå 2-õ ïàð äåðáíèêîâ ãíåçäèëîñü â äîëèíå Êàðãû è 2 ïàðû – â äîëèíå ð. Áàðëûê. Â 2000 ã. íà Àëòàå ãí¸çäà äåðáíèêîâ îáíàðóæåíû 19 èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Áîãîÿø (Ë.È. Êîíîâàëîâ, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå) è 23 èþíÿ â äîëèíå ð. Òàðà-Òàë (Ernst, 2008). Íàìè çà ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé âñòðå÷åíî 136 îñîáåé äàííîãî ïîäâèäà, â òîì ÷èñëå 112 íà 55 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Íà 48 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà. Êàê è ïðåæäå, îáëàñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îãðàíè÷åíà Þãî-Âîñòî÷íûì Àëòàåì è Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâîé. Çäåñü îí îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè íà Òàíó-Îëà, â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Óëóã-Õîíäåðãåé, áëèç ã. ÀëäûûÀðûã (2 ïàðû), íà ïåðåâàëå Ñàï (1 ïàðà), íà ïåðåâàëå â Ñàãëèíñêóþ äîëèíó èç äîëèíû ð. Õîðóìíóã-Îé (2 ïàðû), ïî ïåðèôåðèè Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíû (7 ïàð), â äîëèíå Àðçàéòû (2 ïàðû), â äîëèíå Áàðëûêà (5 ïàð), â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû è ïî ïåðèôåðèè Êàðãèíñêîé êîòëîâèíû (8 ïàð), íà âîäîðàçäåëå ð. Äóðóã-Ñóã è îç. ÕèíäèêòèãÕîëü (1 ïàðà), â äîëèíå ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåí è íèçîâüÿõ å¸ ïðèòîêîâ (5 ïàð), â äîëèíå ð. Áóãóçóí (5 ïàð), â ïîéìå ð. Þñòûò (2 ïàðû), íà Êóðàéñêîì õðåáòå â Òàáîæêå (1 ïàðà), â äîëèíå ×àãàí-Óçóíà (1 ïàðà), íà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Þæíî-×óéñêîì õðåáòå â äîëèíàõ Èðáèñòó (1 ïàðà), Òàðõàòû (2 ïàðû), Äæàçàòîðà (3 ïàðû), â íèçîâüÿõ Óñàÿ (1 ïàðà) è â âåðõîâüÿõ Æóìàëû (1 ïàðà). Çà ïðåäåëàìè ãîðíîãî óçëà, â ÞãîÇàïàäíîé Òóâå è Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, äåðáíèê îáíàðóæåí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ëèøü íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Òóâå: 30 ìàÿ 2001 ã. ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé îáíàðóæåíî â Áàëãàçûíñêîì áîðó, 14 èþíÿ 2000 ã. ïàðà âñòðå÷åíà â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêå íà ã. Ñàðûã-Õàÿ (ñåâåðíûé áîðò Ýäåãåéñêîé êîòëîâèíû îêîëî Àê-Äîâóðàêà), 13 èþíÿ 2002 ã. ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé îáíàðóæåíî â ëåñîñòåïíûõ ãîðàõ â ëåâîáåðåæüå Íàðûíà, 28 èþíÿ 2008 ã. ãíåçäî ñ ïòåíöàìè îáíàðóæåíî â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêå ïî ñåâåðîâîñòî÷íîìó ñêëîíó õð. Àäàð-Äàø (þæíûé áîðò êîòëîâèíû Ñåñåãå). Âûñîòíûé äèàïàçîí, â êîòîðîì ãíåçäÿòñÿ àëòàéñêèå äåðáíèêè, âàðüèðóåò îò 872 äî 2613 ì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=55) 2017±307,1 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ (ðèñ. 2). Åñëè íå ñ÷èòàòü ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùèåñÿ â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, çà ïðåäåëàìè ãîðíîãî óçëà â Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâå è ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå, òî âñå îñòàëüíûå ãí¸çäà ëåæàò íà âûñîòå âûøå 1,5 òûñ. ì. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ïàð àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, êàê è âî âðåìåíà Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà, ãíåçäèòñÿ âûøå 1,7 òûñ. ì. ×èñëåííîñòü Íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà äåðáíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì. Äîñòàòî÷íî ðåãóëÿðíî â ó÷¸òû îí ïîïàäàåò òîëüêî â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (ñòåïíîé ïîäâèä) è â ãîðíîì óçëå íà þãîâîñòîêå Àëòàÿ è þãî-çàïàäå Òóâû (öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêèé ïîäâèä). Àíàëèç êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ â ñðåäå ÃÈÑ ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü îáëàñòè âîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ (àðåàë) è îáëàñòè, ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ (ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ) äåðáíèêà, èñõîäÿ èç ñïåöèôèêàöèè òî÷åê ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà. Ýòèì ìåòîäîì äëÿ êàæäîãî ïîäâèäà ìû ðàññ÷èòàëè ïëîùàäü åãî àðåàëà è ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïëîùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà ñîñòàâèëà 126 òûñ. êì2 (42,4% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà), àëòàéñêîãî – 26 òûñ. êì2 (85,25% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà), ñòåïíîãî – 25 òûñ. êì2 (26,6% îò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà) (ðèñ. 3). Ðàçíèöà ìåæäó ïëîùàäüþ àðåàëà è ïëîùàäüþ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îáóñëîâëåíà àíòðîïîãåííîé íàðóøåííîñòüþ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è â îñíîâíîì ïîêàçûâàåò, íàñêîëüêî âèä

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 3. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïëîùàäåé àðåàëà è ìåñòîîáèòàíèé äåðáíèêîâ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ. Fig. 3. Relation between areas of breeding range and habitats of different Merlin subspecies.

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ÿâëÿåòñÿ óÿçâèìûì. Äëÿ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ýòà ðàçíèöà âåëèêà – ïëîùàäü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé áîëåå ÷åì â 3,5 ðàçà ìåíüøå ïëîùàäè àðåàëà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ ñðàâíèìû ïî ïëîùàäè, ñòàòóñ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà âûãëÿäèò áîëåå áëàãîïîëó÷íûì, òàê êàê ïëîùàäü åãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïëîùàäè àðåàëà ïîäâèäà. Òî åñòü, àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê çàñåëÿåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñþ òåððèòîðèþ, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíóþ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Àíàëèç îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé äåðáíèêîâ è èõ âñòðå÷àåìîñòè íà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìàëüíûì è ëèøü íîìèíàëüíûé ïîäâèä îòñóòñòâóåò íà ìíîãèõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ â çîíå, ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Äîëÿ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäåé â ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 20,8%. Äëÿ ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ñîñòàâëÿåò 15,37% è 63,83%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ïðè ýòîì, äîëÿ âñòðå÷ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷ äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâèëà 10,62%. Äëÿ ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ñîñòàâëÿåò 19,47% è 69,91%, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî (ðèñ. 4). Ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñòðå÷ íà âñåõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ ïëîòíîñòü ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,33 ïàð/100 êì2, àëòàéñêîãî – 0,29 ïàð/100 êì2 è îáûêíîâåííîãî – 0,13 ïàð/100 êì2. Ýêñòðàïîëèðîâàòü ýòè äàííûå, êîíå÷íî æå, íåëüçÿ, òàê êàê, âî-ïåðâûõ, ðå÷ü èä¸ò î ñëó÷àéíûõ ðåãèñòðàöèÿõ, à íå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîì ó÷¸òå âèäà, âî-âòîðûõ, â çîíå ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ëåæàò

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è òå òåððèòîðèè, ãäå äåðáíèê íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì. Íàïðèìåð, ïîòåíöèàëüíûì ìåñòîîáèòàíèåì äëÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ Òóâèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, îäíàêî çäåñü íà 36% ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ (ôàêòè÷åñêè òðåòü ïëîùàäè ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé) âñòðå÷åíî 3 ïàðû ñîêîëîâ, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò ëèøü 3,8% îò îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà âñòðå÷ àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ îáùåé ñèòóàöèè ñ ïîäâèäàìè. Äëÿ ðàñ÷¸òà ÷èñëåííîñòè íàìè âûáðàíû ëèøü òå äàííûå ìàðøðóòíûõ è ïëîùàäî÷íûõ ó÷¸òîâ, íà êîòîðûõ â¸ëñÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííûé ó÷¸ò äåðáíèêîâ è âåðîÿòíîñòü èõ ïðîïóñêà áûëà ñâåäåíà äî ìèíèìóìà, íàñêîëüêî ýòî áûëî âîçìîæíî (ñì. ãëàâó «Ìåòîäèêà» íà ñòð. 99). Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ãîäîâûõ êîëåáàíèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòè îòñóòñòâóåò. Êàê áûëî îòìå÷åíî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâûì (1951), äåðáíèê – îðíèòîôàã è ó íåãî, «êàê è ó äðóãèõ ïòèöåÿäíûõ õèùíèêîâ, ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ êîëåáàíèé ÷èñëåííîñòè, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå áûâàåò». Ìû òàêæå ñêëîííû ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ ýòèì. Âèäèìî, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, ñòðóêòóðà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ýòîãî ñîêîëà, âêëþ÷àÿ çàíÿòîñòü ó÷àñòêîâ, â ðàçíûå ãîäû áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îäèíàêîâà è èçìåíÿåòñÿ ëèøü óñïåøíîñòü ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Ïàðû äåðáíèêîâ ïîñòîÿííû è îäíè è òå æå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè, â ïðåäåëàõ çîíû îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, çàíèìàþòñÿ ïàðàìè íà ïðîòÿæåíèè èõ æèçíè èç ãîäà â ãîä. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, ýòî îòìå÷åíî äëÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Íà 3-õ ó÷àñòêàõ â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå è îäíîì ó÷àñòêå â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû (Òóâà) äåðáíèêè íàáëþäàëèñü íàìè â òå÷åíèå âñåõ ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé, ñ 1999 ïî 2008 ãã. Ïî ñòåïíîìó äåðáíèêó ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì íàáëþäåíèÿìè çà îäíèìè è òåìè æå ó÷àñòêàìè â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò, íî âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ñèòóàöèÿ ñ íèì àíàëîãè÷íà àëòàéñêîìó. Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê â îáñëåäîâàííîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîì, â ñâÿçè ñ ÷åì ïîñòîÿíñòâà ó÷àñòêîâ íå âûÿâëåíî. Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê (F. c. aesalon) Ýòîò ñîêîë â ó÷¸òû ïîïàäàë ñîâåðøåííî ñëó÷àéíî. Ïðè ïîâòîðíûõ ïîñåùåíèÿõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ îí ðàíåå íàáëþäàëñÿ, åãî âñòðåòèòü íå óäàâàëîñü. Åñëè ñóììèðîâàòü äàííûå ïî ó÷¸òàì íà ìàðøðóòàõ â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà (1935 êì ïðè øèðèíå ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû 0,6 êì), áåç ó÷¸òà ïëîùà-

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Ðèñ. 4. Ñîîòíîøåíèå ñòåïåíè îáñëåäîâàííîñòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è âñòðå÷àåìîñòè íà íèõ ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêîâ. Fig. 4. Relation between areas of study plots set up in habitats of different Merlin subspecies per total area of study plots in habitats of Merlin in the region (1), and number of records of different Merlin subspecies per total number of records of Merlin in the region (2).

äîê, ãäå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíû ïðîïóñêè âèäà, òî ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèò 1,03±0,6 âñòðå÷ (ïàð)/100 êì2. Ðàñ÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè, îñíîâàííûé íà ýòèõ äàííûõ, ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî â ðåãèîíå ãíåçäèòñÿ 546–2058 ïàð äåðáíèêîâ íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà, â ñðåäíåì 1302 ïàðû. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà òåððèòîðèè Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ. Íàñêîëüêî îáúåêòèâíà ýòà îöåíêà, ïîêàæåò âðåìÿ, íî ìèíèìàëüíûé ïîðîã ýòîé îöåíêè îäíîçíà÷íî ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü íåêèì ìèíèìàëüíûì ïîðîãîì ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäâèäà â ðåãèîíå. Ïî äàííûì Â.Ñ. Æóêîâà (2006), ó÷èòûâàâøåãî ïòèö â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå ïî ìåòîäèêå Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèíà (1967), ïëîòíîñòü äåðáíèêà íà íåñêîëüêèõ ëåñîñòåïíûõ ñòàöèîíàðàõ âàðüèðîâàëà îò 0,0005 äî 0,1 îñîáåé/êì2, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì çà ëåòî 0,04–0,07 îñîáåé/êì2, à îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü äëÿ ëåñîñòåïè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè îöåíåíà èì â 1–5, â ñðåäíåì 3, òûñ. îñîáåé. Ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) Ðåãóëÿðíî îòìå÷àëñÿ â ó÷¸òàõ âäîëü îïóøåê ñòåïíûõ áîðîâ è ëåñîïîëîñ â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ïî äàííûì ìàðøðóòíûõ ó÷¸òîâ â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà (1102 êì ïðè øèðèíå ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû 0,6 êì) ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,27±0,2 âñòðå÷ (ïàð)/100 êì2. Íà ïëîùàäêàõ â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ó÷òåíî 7 ïàð, ÷òî â ïåðåñ÷¸òå íà îáñëåäîâàííóþ îïóøêó ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,55 ïàð/100 êì. Åñòåñòâåííî, ÷òî íà ìàðøðóòàõ âäîëü áîðîâûõ îïóøåê, îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ íà ïîèñê êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ, ïðîïóñê äåðáíèêîâ áûë âåñüìà âåëèê, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, âåñüìà âåëèê îí áûë è íà ìàðøðóòàõ âäîëü ëåñîïîëîñ è â êîëî÷íîé ñòåïè. Òåì íå ìåíåå, äðóãèìè ó÷¸òíûìè äàííûìè ìû íå ðàñïîëàãàåì. Ýêñòðàïîëÿöèÿ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïëîòíîñòè íà îáùóþ ïëîùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäïîëàãàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåãèîíå 517–617 ïàð ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ, â ñðåäíåì 567 ïàð, ÷òî, íåñîìíåííî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàíèæåííîé îöåíêîé. Íàèáîëåå âåðîÿòíîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Îáñêîì ëåâîáåðåæüå â 600–800 ïàð. Ê.Â. Òîðîïîâ (2008), ó÷èòûâàâøèé ïòèö â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå ïî ìåòîäèêå Þ.Ñ. Ðàâêèíà (1967), îòìå÷àë äåðáíèêà áëèç Êóëóíäèíñêîãî îçåðà ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ 0,2 îñîáåé/ êì2. Ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ðàçíûìè ïàðàìè ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ óñòàíîâèòü íå óäàëîñü â ñâÿçè ñ òåì, ÷òî â íàøèõ ó÷¸òàõ íå áûëî òåððèòîðèé, ãäå áû ìû ãàðàíòèðîâàííî íàøëè âñå ñîñåäíèå ïàðû. Ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ðàçíûìè ïàðàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò, â îñíîâíîì, 30–40 è áîëåå êèëîìåòðîâ. Ëèøü â ëåñîïîëîñå ìåæäó áîðîâûìè ëåíòàìè â Óãëîâñêîì ðàéîíå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü 2 ãíåçäà äåðáíèêîâ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 10,5 êì äðóã îò äðóãà, îäíàêî ýòî òàêæå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýëåìåíòîì ñëó÷àéíîñòè è íå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ýòî ìèíèìàëüíîå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè. Àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani) Âïåðâûå õîòü êàêèå-òî ó÷¸òíûå äàííûå ïî ýòîìó ïîäâèäó áûëè ïîëó÷åíû À.À. Áàðàíîâûì (1996) äëÿ Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíû è äîëèíû ð. Êàðãû â Òóâå â 1975–1980 ãã.: â äîëèíå ð. Êàðãû â 1975–79 ãã. íàáëþäàëîñü 2 ïàðû äåðáíèêîâ, ïëîòíîñòü îïðåäåëåíà â 2,3 îñîáåé/100 êì2, â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå â 1976–80 ãã. íàáëþäàëîñü 2–4 ïàðû äåðáíèêîâ, à ïëîòíîñòü äëÿ âñåé Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíû îïðåäåëåíà â 1,1–2,2, â ñðåäíåì 1,62, îñîáåé/100 êì2. Íàìè àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî îòìå÷àëñÿ â ðåãèîíå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ïîäâèäàìè, ÷òî îò÷àñòè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì íàèáîëüøåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäîê, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â çîíå åãî âîçìîæíîãî îáèòàíèÿ. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâèëà 633 êì, ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü íà ìàðøðóòàõ – 379,8 êì2. Òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïîäâèäà ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû

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A – ñàìöû äåðáíèêîâ (Falco columbarius): ñòåïíîé (F. c. pallidus) (ñëåâà), îáûêíîâåííûé (F. c. aesalon) (â öåíòðå) è àëòàéñêèé (F. c. lymani) (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî À. Êîâàëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. B – ñàìêè äåðáíèêîâ: àëòàéñêîãî (ñëåâà) è îáûêíîâåííîãî (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Ñ – âûâîäêè àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíû (Corvus corone) íà ëèñòâåííèöå (ââåðõó) è â ïîñòðîéêå ñîðîêè (Pica pica) íà èâå (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. D – òèïè÷íûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà (ñâåðõó âíèç): äîëèíà ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåí (Òóâà), ð. Áóãóçóí, ïîéìà ð. Þñòûò è âåðõîâüÿ ð. Äæàçàòîð (Àëòàé). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. A – Males of the Merlin (Falco columbarius): Steppe Merlin (F. c. pallidus) (at the left), Common Merlin (F. c. aesalon) (in the center) and Altai Merlin (F. c. lymani) (at the right). Photos by A. Kovalenko and I. Karyakin. B – Females of the Merlin: Altai Merlin (at the left) and Common Merlin (at the right). Photos by I. Karyakin and O. Belyalov. Ñ – broods of the Altai Merlin in a nest of the Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) on a larch (upper) and in a nest of Magpie (Pica pica) on a willow (bottom). Photos by E. Nikolenko and I. Karyakin. D – typical habitats of the Altai Merlin (from up to bottom): Mogen-Buren river valley (Republic of Tyva), Buguzun river, Yustyt river floodlands and the upper reach of the Dzhazator river (Republic of Altai). Photos by E. Nikolenko.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Àëòàéñêèå äåðáíèêè (Falco columbarius lymani): ñàìêà, ð. Ìîãåí-Áóðåí, 2008 ã. (ââåðõó ñëåâà), ñàìåö, ð. Þñòûò, 2008 ã. (ââåðõó ñïðàâà), ñàìêà, îç. Àê-Õîëü, 2008 ã., (â öåíòðå ñïðàâà), ñàìêà, ð. Òàðõàòà, 2009 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Altai Merlins (Falco columbarius lymani): female, Mogen-Buren river, 2008 (upper at the left), male, Yustyt river, 2008 (upper at the right), female, Ak-Khol lake, 2008 (center at the right), female, Tarkhata river, 2009 (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin and R. Bekmansurov.

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Ìèíèìàëüíûå äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè âàðüèðóþò îò 1,6 äî 3,5 êì. Îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà äåðáíèêîâ, âèäèìî, ñòàðàåòñÿ äèñòàíöèðîâàòüñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà íà 2 êì. Òàêèå ðàññòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó ïàðàìè íàáëþäàëèñü ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà âñåõ ïëîùàäêàõ, ãäå ìû ñòàðàëèñü âûÿâèòü áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé, â ÷àñòíîñòè, â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå, äîëèíå Áàðëûêà, â âåðõîâüÿõ Êàðãû è Ìîãåí-Áóðåí.

Ðèñ. 5. Ïëîùàäü ìåñòîîáèòàíèé è ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçíûõ ïîäâèäîâ äåðáíèêîâ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 5. Areas of habitats and numbers of different Merlin subspecies in the AltaiSayan region.

ëèøü íà òðåòè òåððèòîðèè ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (8666,7 êì2), ãäå ïðîéäåíî âñåãî 200 êì ó÷¸òíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ, à ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü ñîñòàâëÿåò 120,0 êì2. Ïëîòíîñòü àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà â òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 30,83±1,1 ïàð/100 êì2. Â óìåðåííî îáëåñåííûõ äîëèíàõ, òàêèõ êàê Áàðëûê, Ìîãåí-Áóðåí, Áóãóçóí, 1 ïàðà ïðèõîäèòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè íà êàæäûå 3,5 êì2 ñêëîíîâ, ïîêðûòûõ ðåäêèìè ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàìè. Âèäèìî àíàëîãè÷íàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàáëþäàåòñÿ è â äîëèíàõ Òàðõàòû è Äæàçàòîðà, îäíàêî ïîäòâåðäèòü ýòî íàì íå óäàëîñü èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî ìû íå ïðîâåëè çäåñü ïîëíîöåííûõ ó÷¸òîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ îïðåäåëåíà â 2577–2767 ïàð, â ñðåäíåì 2672 ïàðû, èç êîòîðûõ 1356–1456, â ñðåäíåì 1406, ïàð ãíåçäÿòñÿ â Àëòàå è 1220–1311, â ñðåäíåì 1266, ïàð – â Òóâå. Íà îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâû è îò÷àñòè Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ íà ìàðøðóòàõ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 433 êì (ó÷¸òíàÿ ïëîùàäü 259,8 êì2) ó÷òåíî 13 ïàð äåðáíèêîâ. Ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 5,0±2,0 ïàð/100 êì2. ×èñëåííîñòü àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè äëÿ 17333 êì2 ìåñòîîáèòàíèé îöåíåíà â 520–1213, â ñðåäíåì 867, ïàð, 104–243, â ñðåäíåì 173, ïàðû èç êîòîðûõ ãíåçäèòñÿ â Àëòàå è 416–971, â ñðåäíåì 693, ïàðû – â Òóâå. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 3097–3981, â ñðåäíåì 3539, ïàð (ðèñ. 5).

Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû Äåðáíèê – ïòèöà ïîëóîòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ, è äàæå â òàéãå íà ãíåçäîâàíèè òåñíî ñâÿçàí ñ îòêðûòûìè áèîòîïàìè. Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå òÿãîòåíèå äåðáíèêà ê îòêðûòûì áèîòîïàì ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ äîâîëüíî ÷¸òêî. Îí íàì íè ðàçó íå ïîïàäàëñÿ â çîíå ñïëîøíûõ ëåñîâ. Ñîáñòâåííî òà¸æíàÿ çîíà Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî, Ñåâåðíîãî, Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ, Çàïàäíîãî è Âîñòî÷íîãî Ñàÿíà êàê ðàç ÿâëÿåòñÿ áàðüåðîì, ðàçäåëÿþùèì ïîäâèäû. Çàìåòíà ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äåðáíèêà ê ðå÷íûì äîëèíàì, õîòÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ïîéìå âèä ãíåçäèòñÿ êðàéíå ðåäêî. Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê (F. c. aesalon) Äåðáíèêè íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà â ðåãèîíå òÿãîòåþò íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ê ðàçðåæåííûì ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàì ïî ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí. Èç îáùåãî êîëè÷åñòâà íàõîäîê âûäåëÿþòñÿ âñòðå÷è íà Ñàëàèðå, ãäå äåðáíèêè íàáëþäàëèñü â ìîçàè÷íûõ ðàçðåæåííûõ ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ ñ ÿâíûì äîìèíèðîâàíèå áåð¸çû, è â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå, ãäå ñîêîëû òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ çîíîé êðèâîëåñèé â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ. Ñóäÿ ïî òîìó, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ îáëàñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà ëåæèò â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî åãî îñíîâíûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè çäåñü ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçðåæåííûå ëåñà ñ ïðèñóòñòâèåì ëèñòâåííèöû è äîìèíèðîâàíèåì áåð¸çû è ïåðåëåñêè â çîíå ëåñîñòåïè (Íàçàðîâñêàÿ è Êàííñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïè). Â.Ñ. Æóêîâ (2006) â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå íàáëþäàë äåðáíèêîâ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ëåñîñòåïíûõ è ïîéìåííûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, âèä áûë íàèáîëåå îáû÷åí â Êàííñêîé ëåñîñòåïè, íà ïîéìåííûõ è ñóõîäîëüíûõ ïàñòáèùíûõ ëóãàõ ñ êîëêàìè. Ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê (F. c. pallidus) Â ñâî¸ âðåìÿ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) íàáëþäàë ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà â ñòåïíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ê çàïàäó îò Àëòàÿ, ãäå «èìåþòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ ñóõèõ ñòåïåé

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ñòàöèè: ïÿòíà ñîëîí÷àêîâ, ñîëîíîâàòûå îçåðêè». Ñ òåõ ïîð îáëèê òèïè÷íûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà íå èçìåíèëñÿ – íàèáîëüøåé ÷èñëåííîñòè ýòîò ïîäâèä äîñòèãàåò â çîíå ñóõèõ ñòåïåé, ñ ìàññîé ñîëîíîâàòûõ îç¸ð è ñîëîí÷àêîâ, ãäå ïðè ýòîì ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ äðåâåñíàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü. Â ñèëó òîãî, ÷òî íàìè îáñëåäîâàëàñü â îñíîâíîì ïðèîïóøå÷íàÿ ÷àñòü ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ðåãèñòðàöèé äåðáíèêîâ ëåæèò êàê ðàç â çîíå îïóøêè, ïðè÷¸ì èç 11 ïàð òîëüêî ïîëîâèíà ãíåçäèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â áîðàõ, îñòàëüíûå – â ëåñîïîëîñàõ è áåð¸çîâûõ êîëêàõ, ïðèìûêàþùèõ ê áîðîâîé îïóøêå. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ÷àñòîòó ðåãèñòðàöèé ýòîãî ñîêîëà çà ïðåäåëàìè îïóøåê áîðîâ è ïëîùàäü íå áîðîâûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ðåãèîíå ñâÿçàíà ñ íàòèâíûì êîëî÷íûì ëàíäøàôòîì Êóëóíäû è ëåñîïîëîñàìè ñðåäè ïîëåé íà ìåñòå ñòåïè. Â êóëóíäèíñêèõ êîëêàõ äåðáíèêà íàáëþäàëè è äðóãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè (Òîðîïîâ, 2008; Áàêêà, Ãðàáîâñêèé, íåîïóáë. äàííûå).

Ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ó ãíåçäà. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Altai Merlin near the nest. Photo by I. Karyakin.

Àëòàéñêèé äåðáíèê (F. c. lymani) Äîñòàòî÷íî ÷¸òêî ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà îõàðàêòåðèçîâàë Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) – ýòî ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè âûøå 1750 ì. Îí ïèñàë, ÷òî â ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå «äåðáíèê äåðæèòñÿ â ñóáàëüïèéñêîé è àëüïèéñêîé çîíàõ ïðè âåñüìà ðàçíîîáðàçíîì õàðàêòåðå èõ: â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè, ãäå îí ïîñåùàåò ñàìûå ïóñòûííûå ó÷àñòêè, ïî ëèñòâåííè÷íûì êîëêàì ×óéñêîé ñòåïè è ãîðíûõ äîëèí, íà àëüïèéñêèõ ëóãàõ äàëåêî çà ïðåäåëàìè ëåñà è äàæå â îáëàñòè àëüïèñêîé áåð¸çêè, íî ãí¸çäà äåðáíèêà ïîêà âñ¸ æå íàõîäèëè òîëüêî íà äåðåâüÿõ». Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ñ óâåðåííîñòüþ ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ðàçðåæåííûå ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí â ÞãîÂîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå è Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâå íà âûñîòàõ áîëåå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ðèñ. 6. Ãíåçäîâûå áèîòîïû àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Fig. 6. Nesting biotopes of the Altai Merlin.

1500 ì – ýòî îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äåðáíèêà. Â òàêèõ áèîòîïàõ ïðîèçîøëî (n=79) 86,3% âñòðå÷ ñ äåðáíèêàìè. Â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå äåðáíèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â íèçêîãîðíûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ ïåðèôåðèè ñòåïíûõ êîòëîâèí (3,8%), ðàçðåæåííûõ èâíÿêàõ ïî ñêëîíàì ðå÷íûõ äîëèí â âûñîêîãîðíîì ïîÿñå (2,5%), ïîéìåííûõ ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ è èâíÿêàõ â ïîÿñå âûñîêîãîðèé (5,0%). Êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå, èçâåñòíà íàõîäêà ãíåçäà íà îïóøêå Áàëãàçûíñêîãî áîðà â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå è íàõîäêà ãíåçäà â çàðîñëÿõ êàðëèêîâîé áåð¸çêè (Betula rotundifolia) íà ïëàòî âäîëü þãî-âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ îç. Õèíäèêòèã-Õîëü (ðèñ. 6). Ãí¸çäà Èç 62-õ ãí¸çä äåðáíèêîâ, îáíàðóæåííûõ â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, 48 (77,4%) ïðèíàäëåæàò àëòàéñêîìó äåðáíèêó, 11 (17,7%) – ñòåïíîìó è 3 (4,8%) – îáûêíîâåííîìó. Âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîäâèäà îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà äåðáíèêîâ óñòðàèâàåò ãí¸çäà íà äåðåâüÿõ â ïîñòðîéêàõ âðàíîâûõ (87,1% ãíåçä). Ñðåäè ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ äåðáíèêà â ðåãèîíå (n=61) àáñîëþòíî äîìèíèðóåò ëèñòâåííèöà (Larix sibirica) – íà íåé óñòðîåíî 72,13% ãí¸çä äåðáíèêà, îáíàðóæåííûõ â ðåãèîíå (ðèñ. 7). Äîìèíèðîâàíèå ãí¸çä íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ ïðÿìî ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî îñíîâíàÿ ìàññà ãí¸çä ïðèíàäëåæèò àëòàéñêèì äåðáíèêàì, ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ íà òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ëèñòâåííèöà ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûì âèäîì, ôîðìèðóþùèì äðåâîñòîé. Àíàëèç ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ïî âèäàì äåðåâüåâ íå ïîçâîëÿåò âûäåëèòü ñòîëü ÿâíîãî äîìèíàíòà, êàê â ñëó÷àå ñ àëòàéñêèì äåðáíèêîì. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî äðåâåñíàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü â çîíå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ìíîãî áîãà÷å è ó íåãî åñòü ïðåêðàñíûé

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 7. Ãíåçäîâûå äåðåâüÿ äåðáíèêà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 7. Nesting trees of the Merlin in the Altai-Sayan region.

âûáîð. Îòñþäà è ñèëüíûé ðàçáðîñ âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà – ñîñíà (Pinus sylvestris), áåð¸çà (Betula pendula) è êàðàãà÷ (Ulmus foliacea) – ïî 3 ãíåçäà (ïî 27,27%), îñèíà (Populus tremula) – 2 ãíåçäà (18,18%). Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãíåçäà, çàíÿòîãî äåðáíèêîì, äî îïóøêè ëåñà âàðüèðóåò îò 0 äî 50 ì, ïðè÷¸ì, åñëè íàõîæäåíèå ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà íà ñàìîì êðàþ ëåñà ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü íîðìîé, òî óäàë¸ííîñòü îò îïóøêè íà 40 è 50 ì – ýòî èñêëþ÷åíèå èç ïðàâèëà, íàáëþäàâøååñÿ äâàæäû. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü âíóòðè áåð¸çîâîãî êîëêà â ïîñòðîéêå êàíþêà (Buteo buteo), â äðóãîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â óäàëåíèè îò îïóøêè, â êðóïíîì ñêëîíî-

Ðèñ. 8. Ïîñòàâùèêè ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ äåðáíèêà â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå. Fig. 8. Producers of nests for the Merlin in the Altai-Sayan region.

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âîì ëèñòâåííè÷íèêå â ïîñòðîéêå êîðøóíà (Milvus migrans). Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, óñòðîåííûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ, ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò îò 1,5 ì (íà èâàõ) äî 25–28 ì (íà ñîñíàõ â ñòåïíûõ áîðàõ). Â íîðìå äåðáíèêè ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà âûñîòå 5–9 ì. Îñíîâíûì ïîñòàâùèêîì ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîåê äëÿ äåðáíèêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîðîíà (Corvus corone, C. cornix) – â å¸ ïîñòðîéêàõ îáíàðóæåíî áîëåå ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä äåðáíèêîâ, íàéäåííûõ â ðåãèîíå (51,61%) (ðèñ. 8). Äîñòàòî÷íî ñóùåñòâåí âêëàä ñîðîêè (Pica pica) â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà äëÿ äåðáíèêà – â å¸ ïîñòðîéêàõ îáíàðóæåíî 32,26% ãí¸çä ýòîãî ñîêîëà. Äåðáíèêè èçðåäêà ãíåçäÿòñÿ â ïîñòðîéêàõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îäíàêî ýòî ÿâëåíèå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íîðìàëüíûì. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ è Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâû, ãäå èìååòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñòàðûõ ïîñòðîåê êîðøóíîâ, äåðáíèê ÿâíî èõ èçáåãàåò. Â ëèñòâåííè÷íèêàõ ïî Áóãóçóíó è ÌîãåíÁóðåí, ãäå âìåñòå ãíåçäèëèñü êîðøóíû è äåðáíèêè, äåðáíèê óñòðàèâàë ãí¸çäà â ïîñòðîéêàõ âîðîí, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä âîðîí áûëî â 4–6 ðàç ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïîñòðîåê êîðøóíà. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òî, ÷òî â ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê îáíàðóæåíî îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ (n=11; 45,45%) è òîëüêî òðåòü ãí¸çä àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ (n=48; 31,25%). Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî â àðåàëå àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ñîðîêà áîëåå ðåäêà, òîãäà êàê â àðåàëå ñòåïíîãî îíà äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íà â ëåñîïîëîñàõ, ãäå âñå âûÿâëåííûå ãí¸çäà äåðáíèêîâ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ ñîðîê. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ïîñòðîéêè ñîðîê, âèäèìî, áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíû äëÿ äåðáíèêà, òàê êàê òàì, ãäå èìåþòñÿ ïóñòóþùèå ñîðî÷üè ïîñòðîéêè íàðÿäó ñ âîðîíüèìè, äåðáíèê ïðåäïî÷èòàåò çàíèìàòü ñîðî÷üè. Î ñêëîííîñòè äåðáíèêà ãíåçäèòüñÿ â çàêðûòûõ ñâåðõó ïîñòðîéêàõ ãîâîðèò òàêæå è ôàêò îáíàðóæåíèÿ ãíåçäà â íèøå, âûãíèâøåé â âåòêàõ âíóòðè ñòàðîé ïîñòðîéêè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) íà Òàííó-Îëà. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî äåðáíèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà çåìëå, îáíàðóæåíî â âûñîêîãîðüÿõ Þãî-Çàïàäíîé Òóâû áëèç îç. ÕèíäèêòèãÕîëü, ïðèíàäëåæàùåå àëòàéñêîìó ïîäâèäó. Îíî áûëî óñòðîåíî â ÿìêå, ïîä ïðèêðûòèåì êóñòîâ êàðëèêîâîé áåð¸çêè è ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ñðåäè îáøèðíîãî òóíäðîâîãî ïëàòî, ïîëîãî ñïóñêàþùåãîñÿ ê îçåðó. Î íàõîäêå ãíåçäà ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà, óñòðîåííîãî íà çåìëå, èìååòñÿ ñîîáùå-

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 íèå Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938). Äëÿ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà ãíåçäîâàíèå íà çåìëå áîëåå õàðàêòåðíî, îíî èíîãäà íàáëþäàåòñÿ â Êàçàõñòàíå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå âåñüìà âåðîÿòíû íàõîäêè ïîäîáíûõ ãí¸çä â áåçëåñíûõ ðàéîíàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Êóëóíäû, îäíàêî, äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè, öåëåíàïðàâëåííûì âûÿâëåíèåì äåðáíèêà çäåñü íèêòî íå çàíèìàëñÿ. Ãí¸çä äåðáíèêà íà ñêàëàõ â ðåãèîíå íå âûÿâëåíî. Êëàäêè Â êëàäêå äåðáíèêà îò 2 äî 5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=17) 3,76±0,9 ÿéöà. Âñå êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç 2-õ ÿèö, îáíàðóæåíû â ãí¸çäàõ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà, äâå êëàäêè èç 5 ÿèö îáíàðóæåíû â ãí¸çäàõ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî êëàäîê èç 5 ÿèö áûëî îáíàðóæåíî âñåãî 3, ïðè÷¸ì äâå èç íèõ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ãí¸çäàõ ñîêîëîâ, âûÿâëåííûõ çà ïðåäåëàìè çîíû îïòèìàëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà: ãíåçäî àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ñ êëàäêîé èç 5 ÿèö îáíàðóæåíî 30 ìàÿ 2001 ã. â Áàëãàçûíñêîì áîðó â Òóâèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, â 250 êì îò îáëàñòè ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ âèäà íà Òàíó-Îëà, ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ñ òàêîé æå êëàäêîé íàéäåíî â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ (åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî, èçâåñòíîå èç ïðåäãîðèé) 15 ìàÿ 2003 ã. â 80 êì îò áëèæàéøåé ïëîòíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè. Åñëè ñðàâíèâàòü ðàçìåðû êëàäîê ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ ìåæäó ñîáîé, òî êàðòèíà ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ñëåäóþùàÿ: â êëàäêàõ

Êëàäêà ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà â ñâåæåì ãíåçäå âîðîíû (Corvus cornix), 22 ìàÿ 2003 ã. (ââåðõó) è êëàäêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà â ñòàðîì ãíåçäå âîðîíû, èñïîëüçîâàííîì â òåêóùåì ñåçîíå óøàñòîé ñîâîé (Asio otus), 30 ìàÿ 2001 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutch of the Steppe Merlin in a new nest of crow (Corvus cornix), 22 May 2003 (upper) and clutch of the Altai Merlin in an old nest of crow, occupied during the current season by the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), 30 May 2001 (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà îò 2 äî 5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 3,2±1,3 ÿéöà, â êëàäêàõ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà îò 3 äî 5 ÿèö, â ñðåäíåì (n=11) 4,09±0,54 ÿéöà. Äàííûõ ïî ñòåïíîìó äåðáíèêó ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íî, è âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ðàçíèöà â ñðåäíåì êîëè÷åñòâå ÿèö â êëàäêàõ ñòåïíîãî è àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêîâ îáóñëîâëåíà òåì, ÷òî ñåçîí 2003 ã. – êîãäà â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ìàêñèìàëüíîå ÷èñëî ãí¸çä ñ êëàäêàìè ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ – áûë íå î÷åíü óäà÷íûì äëÿ ýòèõ ñîêîëîâ. Ïîõîæàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ íàáëþäàëàñü â 2009 ã. â ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé, ãäå â ãí¸çäàõ àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ áîëüøèíñòâî êëàäîê, ñóäÿ ïî âûâîäêàì, òàêæå ñîñòîÿëè èç 3-õ ÿèö (ñì. íèæå). Åäèíñòâåííîå îñìîòðåííîå íàìè ãíåçäî ñ êëàäêîé äåðáíèêà íîìèíàëüíîãî ïîäâèäà ñîäåðæàëî 3 ÿéöà. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951), ññûëàÿñü íà ðàçíûå èñòî÷íèêè, ïðèâîäèò äëÿ àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà ðàçìåð êëàäêè – 3–4 ÿéöà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê äëÿ ñòåïíîãî – 2–6 ÿèö. Ïîìèìî Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâà (1951), êëàäêè èç 6 ÿèö ïðèâîäèò äëÿ äåðáíèêà À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976), îäíàêî ïîäîáíûõ êëàäîê â ðåãèîíå, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è çà åãî ïðåäåëàìè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ìû íå íàõîäèëè. Îêðàñêà ÿèö äîâîëüíî ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò îò ïåñî÷íîé, ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç ïÿòåí, äî ÿðêîé áóðîé, èíîãäà äàæå êðàñíîâàòîé, ïðèáëèæàÿñü òåì ñàìûì ê îêðàñêå ÿèö ïóñòåëüãè. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ íà ñêîðëóïå îòñóòñòâóþò êðóïíûå ò¸ìíûå ïÿòíà, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ ÿèö ïóñòåëüãè. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåãäà íà ñêîðëóïå èìåþòñÿ ãëóáîêèå ò¸ìíî-áóðûå òî÷êè, ÷àñòî áîëåå ïëîòíî ëåæàùèå â èíôóíäèáóëÿðíîé çîíå ÿéöà. Âûâîäêè Â âûâîäêàõ äåðáíèêîâ îò 1 äî 5 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 3,21±0,96, ïòåíöîâ. Âûâîäêè ñòåïíûõ äåðáíèêîâ ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–4, â ñðåäíåì (n=4) 2,75±0,96, ïòåíöîâ, âûâîäêè àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ – èç 1–5, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 3,3±0,97, ïòåíöîâ. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî èç 3-õ âûâîäêîâ àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, ñîñòîÿùèõ èç 2-õ ïòåíöîâ, 2 îáíàðóæåíû â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå â 2009 ã. (â îäíîì èç ãí¸çä ïîìèìî 2-õ ïòåíöîâ íàõîäèëîñü ÿéöî-áîëòóí). Âñå âûâîäêè èç 5 ïòåíöîâ îáíàðóæåíû â Ñàãëèíñêîé äîëèíå (Òóâà) â 2001 ã., â òîò æå ãîä, êîãäà è êëàäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç 5 ÿèö. Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ Óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íàìè íå èçó÷åí. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ãí¸çäà ïîñåùàëèñü ëèáî îäíîêðàòíî, ëèáî ïîâòîðíîå ïîñåùåíèå îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü óæå ïîñëå âûëåòà ïòåí-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 öîâ, êîãäà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòü îïðåäåëèòü áûëî êðàéíå òðóäíî. Åäèíñòâåííîå ãíåçäî îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêà, íàéäåííîå â Óñèíñêîé êîòëîâèíå, ïîñåùàëîñü äâàæäû â íîðìàëüíûå ðåïðîäóêòèâíûå ñðîêè – èç íåãî óñïåøíî âûëåòåëè 3 ïòåíöà. Ïòèöû áëèç ïóñòóþùèõ ãí¸çä âñòðå÷åíû ëèøü íà 4-õ ó÷àñòêàõ èç 75 (â 3-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ýòî áûëè àëòàéñêèå äåðáíèêè, â îäíîì – îáûêíîâåííûé). Ãèáåëü ïîòîìñòâà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà íà 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ, ïðè÷¸ì âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ ýòè ãí¸çäà óæå áûëè íàéäåíû ïîãèáøèìè: õèùíèêîì ñåìåéñòâà êóíüèõ â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ñúåäåíû ïòåíöû, â îäíîì ñëó÷àå – ñàìêà íà òîëüêî íà÷àâøåéñÿ êëàäêå èç îäíîãî ÿéöà. Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðè÷èíîé ãèáåëè ãí¸çä ÿâèëîñü óáèéñòâî ñàìîê òåòåðåâÿòíèêîì (Accipiter gentilis) è áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug). Ôåíîëîãèÿ Äåðáíèê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ çèìóþùèì âèäîì, íà ÷òî âíèìàíèå îáðàùàë åù¸ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938). Îäíàêî À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) î çèìíèõ âñòðå÷àõ äåðáíèêà â Àëòàå íè÷åãî íå ñîîáùàåò, îòìå÷àÿ, ÷òî âåñíîé ñîêîëà ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàíî – â ïîéìå Áèè â 1963 ã. îí âñòðåòèë äåðáíèêà 5 ìàðòà. Î çèìíèõ âñòðå÷àõ äåðáíèêà èìååòñÿ ñîâðåìåííàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ äëÿ ðàéîíà Áèéñêà (Âàæîâ, Áàõòèí, 2009). Ïîäâèäîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü çèìóþùèõ ïòèö â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íèêòî íå âûÿñíÿë. Ïî ìíåíèþ Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèíà (1938), íà Àëòàå çèìóþò â îñíîâíîì ìåñòíûå ïòèöû, à â ñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ âåðîÿòíû çèìîâêè êàê ñòåïíîãî, òàê è îáûêíîâåííîãî äåðáíèêîâ. Îáûêíîâåííûé äåðáíèê îïðåäåë¸í-

Âûâîäêè àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ: â ïîñòðîéêå âîðîíû, 15 èþëÿ 2009 ã. (ââåðõó) è â ïîñòðîéêå ñîðîêè, 9 èþëÿ 2008 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Broods of Altai Merlins in a nest of crow, 15 July 2009 (upper) and in a nest of magpie, 9 July 2008 (bottom). Photos by E. Nikolenko.

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Ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà, óáèòàÿ ÷åòâåðîíîãèì õèùíèêîì ñåì. Êóíüèõ, ïðÿìî íà êëàäêå â ïîñòðîéêå ñîðîêè (ââåðõó) è ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà, äîáûòàÿ áàëîáàíîì (Falco cherrug) (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Female of the Altai Merlin was killed by a mammalian predator of mustelids during incubation in a nest of magpie (upper); a female of the Altai Merlin was a prey to the Saker (Falco cherrug) (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

íî çèìóåò â ñòåïíîé çîíå Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è, âèäèìî, â äîñòàòî÷íîì êîëè÷åñòâå, íî îñòà¸òñÿ ëè çäåñü ñòåïíîé – íå ÿñíî. Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951), õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ôåíîëîãèþ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà, ïèøåò, ÷òî «â îòëè÷èå îò ãîðíîãî ïîäâèäà (F. ñ. lymàni), ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê – íàñòîÿùàÿ ïåðåë¸òíàÿ ïòèöà, ïîñëå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â èþëå–àâãóñòå ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê ïåðåìåùàåòñÿ ê ñòåïíûì îç¸ðàì è ñîðàì, ãäå â ýòî âðåìÿ ñêàïëèâàþòñÿ ìåëêèå ïòèöû». Ñòåïíûå äåðáíèêè îïðåäåë¸ííî ðàíüøå îñòàëüíûõ ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ. Îòêëàäêå ÿèö ïðåäøåñòâóåò òîêîâàíèå â òå÷åíèå êàê ìèíèìóì íåäåëè, â õîäå êîòîðîãî ñîêîëà äîâîëüíî ëåãêî âûÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî êðèêàì. Â ñòåïíîé çîíå Êàçàõñòàíà íà øèðîòå Àñòàíû (51–52° ñ.ø.) ñòåïíûå äåðáíèêè ïðèñòóïàþò ê êëàäêå óæå â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ìàÿ, íî â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ñòîëü ðàííèõ ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ. Ïî íàáëþäåíèÿì 2003–2004 ãã. â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ íà âñåõ âûÿâëåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñ ãí¸çäàìè ñàìêè ñèäåëè íà êëàäêàõ ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè íàñèæåííîñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæèå. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïåðèîä ìàññîâîé îòêëàäêè ÿèö çäåñü ïðîèñõîäèò ñ 10 ïî 20 ìàÿ. Àëòàéñêèå äåðáíèêè ïðèñòóïàþò ê êëàäêå íåñêîëüêî ïîçæå – âèäèìî òîëüêî â

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Ñàìöû àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Males of the Altai Merlin. Photos by I. Karyakin.

20-õ ÷èñëàõ ìàÿ. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, âî âñåõ ãí¸çäàõ ïîñëå 5 èþíÿ ìû íàõîäèëè òîëüêî íàñèæåííûå êëàäêè. Ïòåíöû ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà âûëóïëÿþòñÿ â ñåðåäèíå èþíÿ, â îñíîâíîì ñ 10 ïî 30 èþíÿ, à âñòàþò íà êðûëî ïîñëå 15 èþëÿ, â îñíîâíîì â 20-õ ÷èñëàõ èþëÿ. Ïîçäíèå, ïëîõî ëåòàþùèå âûâîäêè ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü âïëîòü äî 5 àâãóñòà. Ïòåíöû àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ïîñëå 20 èþíÿ, â îñíîâíîì 25 èþíÿ – 5 èþëÿ, à âñòàþò íà êðûëî ñ 30 èþëÿ ïî 10 àâãóñòà. Ï.Ï. Ñóøêèí (1938) â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àëòàå íàõîäèë ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöîâ â ñåðåäèíå èþëÿ, à ìîëîäûå, äîñòàâëåííûå åìó â êîíöå èþëÿ, óæå âïîëíå îïåðèëèñü, íî ìàõîâûå è ðóëè äîñòèãàëè ëèøü 2/3 íîðìàëüíîé âåëè÷èíû. Ó ìîëîäîé ïòèöû, êîòîðóþ îí äåðæàë æèâîé, ìàõîâûå äîðîñëè ëèøü ê 20 àâãóñòà. Â ðàçíûå ãîäû, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò õîäà âåñíû, ñðîêè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äåðáíèêà ìîãóò ñäâèãàòüñÿ â òó èëè äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó íà íåäåëþ, íî â öåëîì îíè äîñòàòî÷íî ñòàáèëüíû. Ñðîêè ìèãðàöèè è âåðòèêàëüíûõ êî÷¸âîê äåðáíèêîâ íå âûÿñíåíû, íî âèäèìî îíè ïðîèñõîäÿò â ñåíòÿáðå, òàê êàê ê êîíöó ìåñÿöà íà ìåñòàõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîò ñîêîë ïðîïàäàåò. Ïîâåäåíèå Áîëüøèíñòâî àâòîðîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ïîâåäåíèå áåñïîêîéñòâà äåðáíèêîâ ó ãíåçäà, îòìå÷àåò óìåðåííóþ àãðåññèþ ñîêîëîâ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó. Â.Ê. Ðÿáèöåâ (2001) ïèøåò, ÷òî «íà ÷åëîâåêà äåðáíèêè

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ òîëüêî êðè÷àò, ëåòàÿ â ñòîðîíå, íåêîòîðûå ïèêèðóþò, ÷àñòü îñòà¸òñÿ ó ãíåçäà, íå ïîäàâàÿ ãîëîñà». Äåéñòâèòåëüíî, ïîâåäåíèå ðàçíûõ ïàð ìîæåò ñèëüíî ðàçëè÷àòüñÿ, îò ïîëíîãî ìîë÷àíèÿ è èãíîðèðîâàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà äàæå âî âðåìÿ êîëüöåâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ íà ãíåçäå, äî àêòèâíîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà è èìèòàöèè àòàê. Íî ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåãäà àêòèâíî áåñïîêîèòñÿ òîëüêî ñàìêà. Â ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñàìåö êðè÷èò, íàõîäÿñü ãäå-íèáóäü ïîîäàëü îò ãíåçäà, îáû÷íî æå îí ñïîêîéíî ñèäèò íà ïðèñàäå, íàáëþäàÿ çà ãíåçäîì, õîòÿ â àòàêàõ íà õèùíûõ ïòèö è âðàíîâûõ îí ïðèíèìàåò àêòèâíîå ó÷àñòèå. Õàðàêòåðíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ, îòìå÷åííîé åù¸ â 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ó äåðáíèêîâ â Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîâåäåíèå îòâîäà îò ãíåçäà ÷åëîâåêà èëè ñîáàêè (Êàðÿêèí, 1998), ÷òî ãîâîðèò â ïîëüçó òîãî, ÷òî èçíà÷àëüíî ýòî íàçåìíîãíåçäÿùèéñÿ õèùíèê. Íî åñëè íà Óðàëå òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ ó åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð, òî â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îíî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ áîëåå ÷àñòî ó àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íèçêî íàä çåìë¸é (n=62; 12,9% ñëó÷àåâ). Ñàìêè âî âñåõ ïàðàõ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà èâàõ, à òàêæå ñàìêà, ãíåçäÿùàÿñÿ íà çåìëå â çàðîñëÿõ êàðëèêîâîé áåð¸çêè, ïðè ïåðâîì êîíòàêòå ñ ÷åëîâåêîì ïûòàëèñü îòâîäèòü åãî îò ãíåçäà. Äëÿ ýòîãî ïòèöà ïðèñàæèâàëàñü íà êàìåíü â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìå-

Êëàäêà (ââåðõó) è âûâîäîê (âíèçó) àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà â ãíåçäå ñîðîêè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutch (upper) and brood (bottom) of the Altai Merlin in a nest of magpie. Photos by I. Karyakin.

Raptor Research

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À.Ï. Êó÷èí (1976) ïèøåò, ÷òî äåðáíèê «çà ïòèöàìè îõîòèòñÿ íàêîðîòêå â óãîí èëè ïîäêàðàóëèâàåò äîáû÷ó, ë¸æà íåïîäâèæíî íà çåìëå». Ïîñëåäíåå íàì íàáëþäàòü íå ïðèõîäèëîñü, õîòÿ äëÿ ýòîãî âèäà òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî. Ìû äâàæäû íàáëþäàëè ñàìîê àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, êîòîðûå íàõîäèëèñü íà ñâîèõ ïðèñàäàõ áëèç ãíåçäà, óñòðîåííûõ íà êàìíÿõ, íî íå ñèäåëè íà íèõ, êàê ýòî õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ñîêîëîâ, à ëåæàëè, êàê îáû÷íî ëåæèò ïòèöà íà êëàäêå. Ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî òàêòèêà îõîòû è õàðàêòåð îõîòíè÷üåãî ïîë¸òà àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ î÷åíü õîðîøî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò òàêîâûõ íîìèíàëüíîãî è ñòåïíîãî ïîäâèäîâ. Ó àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà îòñóòñòâóåò õàðàêòåðíûé ïðàêòè÷åñêè äëÿ âñåõ ïîäâèäîâ «âîëíîâîé» îõîòíè÷èé ïîë¸ò, íàïîìèíàþùèé ïîë¸ò äÿòëà èëè äîìîâîãî ñû÷à (Athene noctua). Âèäèìî ñêëîííîñòü ïîäâèäà îõîòèòüñÿ â áûñòðîì áðîñêå «â óãîí» îïðåäåëèëî è åãî ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå îòëè÷èÿ (íàèáîëåå äëèííûå êðûëüÿ).

Ñàìêè àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà: ïèêèðóþùàÿ íà ÷åëîâåêà (ââåðõó) è îòâîäÿùàÿ îò ãíåçäà (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Females of the Altai Merlin: attacking a man (upper) and bringing away from a nest (bottom). Photos by I. Karyakin.

òðîâ îò ãíåçäà è, ñãîðáèâøèñü è ïðèïóñòèâ êðûëüÿ, íà÷èíàëà òðåïûõàòüñÿ, êàê ðàíåííàÿ è èçäàâàòü ïèùàùèå çâóêè. Ïðè ïîïûòêå ïîäîéòè îíà îòëåòàëà íà íåêîòîðîå ðàññòîÿíèå è ïîâòîðÿëà «èìèòàöèþ ðàíåíîé ïòèöû». Åñëè æå ïòèöó íå ïðåñëåäîâàòü, òî îíà äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî ïîíèìàëà, ÷òî òàêòèêà îòâîäà îò ãíåçäà íå ðàáîòàåò, è íà÷èíàëà àêòèâíî áåñïîêîèòüñÿ – ëåòàòü êðóãàìè âîêðóã ãíåçäà è êðè÷àòü. Ó ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íà ëèñòâåííèöàõ, òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå «îòâîäà îò ãíåçäà» íàáëþäàëîñü ëèøü òðèæäû – (n=44) 6,82% ñëó÷àåâ. Îõîòíè÷üå ïîâåäåíèå äåðáíèêà êðàéíå îäíîîáðàçíî: èç 18 ðåãèñòðàöèé îõîòèâøèõñÿ ïòèö 16 (88,9%) ïðèõîäèëîñü íà ñîêîëîâ, ñêðàäûâàþùèõ äîáû÷ó, ïðè÷¸ì 14 ïòèö ïåðåä àòàêîé ïðÿòàëèñü ïîä ïðèêðûòèåì êóñòîâ êàðàãàíû (Caragana sp.), ÷èÿ (Stipa splendens) èëè êîâûëÿ (Stipa sp.), à 2 (îáà ðàçà ñàìöû) ñèäåëè ñîâåðøåííî îòêðûòî íà êàìíÿõ. Â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ íàáëþäàëàñü àòàêà äåðáíèêà íà êàìåííûõ âîðîáü¸â (Petronia petronia) è æàâîðîíêîâ (Alauda arvensis) ñ áðåþùåãî ïîë¸òà – ñîêîë âñïóãèâàë ñòàéêó è ïûòàëñÿ ñõâàòèòü áëèæàéøóþ ê íåìó ïòèöó. Òàêæå, â ×óéñêîé ñòåïè â 2000 ã., ìû íàáëþäàëè, êàê ñàìêà àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà áåçóñïåøíî ïûòàëàñü ïîéìàòü â óãîí òîëñòîêëþâîãî çóéêà (Charadrius leschenaultii), îäíàêî êàê ïðîèçîøëà àòàêà, òîãäà ïðîñëåäèòü íå óäàëîñü – ïòèöà áûëà çàìå÷åíà óæå â ïîãîíå, êîòîðàÿ ïðîäîëæàëàñü îêîëî 4-õ ìèíóò.

Ïèòàíèå Ïèòàíèå äåðáíèêîâ íàìè ñïåöèàëüíî íå èçó÷àëîñü, îäíàêî ïî îñòàíêàì, ñîáðàííûì íà ìåñòàõ îùèïûâàíèÿ æåðòâ áëèç ãí¸çä, ìîæíî ñóäèòü, ÷òî ýòî â îñíîâíîì ïòèöû îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ, ïðè÷¸ì íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûå â ðàéîíå ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êîíêðåòíîé ïàðû – æàâîðîíêè (Alauda arvensis, Eremophila alpestris), êîíüêè (Anthus sp.), êàìåíêè (Oenanthe sp.), êàìåííûå âîðîáüè, ãîðíûå ÷å÷¸òêè (Acanthis flavirostris), îâñÿíêè (Emberiza sp.), ãîðèõâîñòêè÷åðíóøêè (Phoenicurus ochruros), ÷åêàíû (Saxicola sp.), òðÿñîãóçêè (Motacilla sp.), âàðàêóøêè (Luscinia svecica) è ñîðîêîïóòû (Lanius sp.). Ó 2-õ ïàð àëòàéñêèõ äåðáíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ áëèç êîëîíèé ðîçîâûõ ñêâîðöîâ (Sturnus roseus), îêîëî îç. ÀêÕîëü è íà Òàíó-Îëà, ñðåäè îñòàòêîâ ïèùè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå îñòàíêè ñë¸òêîâ ñêâîðöîâ. Íî â öåëîì äëÿ âèäà ïèòàíèå ðîçîâûìè ñêâîðöàìè íåõàðàêòåðíî, ÷òî, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñâÿçàíî ñ òåì, ÷òî â óñëîâèÿõ Àëòàÿ è Òóâû ìåñòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ êîëîíèé ðîçîâûõ ñêâîðöîâ íåïîñòîÿííû è áîëüøèíñòâî äåðáíèêîâ, âèäèìî, íå â ñîñòîÿíèè «íàðàáîòàòü ïðàêòèêó» óñïåøíîé äîáû÷è ýòèõ ïòèö. Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ðàáîòû ïî èçó÷åíèþ äåðáíèêà â ÀëòàåÑàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî õàðàêòåðíûì âèäîì ïðåäàëòàéñêèõ ñòåïåé è âûñîêîãîðèé

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Ñàìåö àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà. Ôîòî Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà. Male of the Altai Merlin. Photo by R. Bekmansurov.

Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ è ÞãîÇàïàäíîé Òóâû. Îáû÷íûì â ðåãèîíå ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü òîëüêî àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà, îäíàêî, ó÷èòûâàÿ èçîëèðîâàííîñòü è ìàëóþ ïëîùàäü åãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, â ìàñøòàáàõ ñòðàíû åãî íåëüçÿ ñ÷èòàòü îáû÷íûì, íî è ê ðåäêèì è óãðîæàåìûì âèäàì îí ìîæåò áûòü îòíåñ¸í «ñ íàòÿæêîé». Ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåàëüíî ðåäêèì è óÿçâèìûì âèäîì. Ïðè ñðàâíèìîé ïëîùàäè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé àëòàéñêîãî è ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêîâ â ðåãèîíå, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîñëåäíåãî â 4–7 ðàç ìåíüøå, ÷åì àëòàéñêîãî. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ÷èñëåííîñòü âñåé ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà â Ðîññèè ñðàâíèìà ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ïîïóëÿöèè àëòàéñêîãî äåðáíèêà, à ìîæåò äàæå è íèæå. Óãðîçû âèäó â ðåãèîíå íå èçó÷åíû. Àëòàéñêîìó äåðáíèêó â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîãóò óãðîæàòü ëèøü ïîæàðû è ðóáêè, óíè÷òîæàþùèå âûñîêîãîðíûå ëèñòâåííè÷íèêè, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Òóâå, îäíàêî â çîíå íàèáîëåå ïëîòíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî ñîêîëà ïîæàðû ðåäêè, à ðóáêè ëèñòâåííèöû âåäóòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â ïîéìàõ, ãäå ãíåçäèòñÿ î÷åíü íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäâèäà. Áëàãîïîëó÷èå ñòåïíîãî äåðáíèêà ÿâíî çàâèñèò îò ñèòóàöèè â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå: ïîñêîëüêó âèä ïåðåæèë òîòàëüíóþ ðàñïàøêó è àäàïòèðîâàëñÿ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ â ëåñîïîëîñàõ, ïðè ñîâðåìåííîé ñèòóàöèè åìó âðÿä ëè ÷òî-òî óãðîæàåò. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè ðÿäà ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñòåïíîé äåðáíèê ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåàëüíûì êàíäèäàòîì äëÿ âíåñåíèÿ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè. Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Â çàêëþ÷åíèå õî÷åòñÿ ïîáëàãîäàðèòü êîëëåã, âñåöåëî ïîìîãàâøèõ â ýêñïåäèöèÿõ è äåëèâøèõ ñ àâòîðàìè êàê ïîëåâûå ðàäîñòè, òàê è íåâçãîäû: À. Áàðàøêîâó, Ð. Áåêìàíñóðîâà, Ñ. Âàæîâà, Ì. Ãðàáîâñêîãî, Ì. Êîæåâíèêîâà, Ð. Ëàïøèíà, Ë. Íîâèêîâó, À. Îðëåíêî, À. Ïóðåõîâñêîãî, À. Ñåì¸íîâà è À. Øåñòàêîâó. Îòäåëüíàÿ áëàãîäàðíîñòü À. Êîâàëåíêî, ïîìîãàâøåìó ðàçáèðàòüñÿ â òîíêîñòÿõ ñèñòåìàòèêè äåðáíèêîâ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàðàíîâ À.À. ×èñëåííîñòü õèùíûõ ïòèö â Þæíîé Òûâå. – Ôàóíà è ýêîëîãèÿ æèâîòíûõ Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Ìåæâóçîâñêèé ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ. Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1996. Ñ. 7–17. Áîðèñåíêî À.Â., Âàñèëüåâà Å.Ä., Âåðèãèíà

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ È.À., Äóíàåâ Å.À., Êàëÿêèí Ì.Â., Êîáëèê Å.À., Êðóñêîï Ñ.Â., Îðëîâà Â.Ô., Ïàâëèíîâ È.ß., Ðåäüêèí ß.À., Ñàçîíîâ Þ.È., Ñïàññêàÿ Í.Í., Òîìêîâè÷ Ï.Ñ. Òèïû ïîçâîíî÷íûõ â Çîîëîãè÷åñêîì ìóçåå Ìîñêîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Ì., 2001. 250 ñ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô. Âñòðå÷è ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ãîðîäà Áèéñêà, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2009. ¹15. Ñ. 112–113. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. Æóêîâ Â.Ñ. Ïòèöû ëåñîñòåïè Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2006. 492 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Óðàëüñêîãî ðåãèîíà: Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûå (Falconiformes), Ñîâîîáðàçíûå (Strigiformes). Ïåðìü, 1998. 483 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè (ìåòîäè÷åñêèå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî èçó÷åíèþ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ). Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2004. 351 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Âàñåíüêîâ Ä.À., Äóáûíèí À.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïòèö, ïðåäëàãàåìûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè, â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû I Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Óëàí-Óäý, 2000. Ñ. 226–229. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Áàðíàóë, 1976. 232 ñ. Íîâèêîâà Ë.Ì., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ñáîðó ïîëåâûõ äàííûõ, èõ ââîäó â áàçû äàííûõ, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé êàìåðàëüíîé îáðàáîòêå è âûâîäó ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îò÷åòîâ è Ëåòîïèñè ïðèðîäû. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2008. 116 ñ. Ïðîêîôüåâ Ñ.Ì., Êóñòîâ Þ.È., Äåâÿòêèí Ã.Â. Íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå æèâîòíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Õàêàññêèé» (àííîòèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê). – Íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå åíèñåéñêèõ çàïîâåäíèêîâ. Øóøåíñêîå, 2000. Ñ. 27–76. Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ. Ê ìåòîäèêå ó÷¸òà ïòèö ëåñíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. – Ïðèðîäà î÷àãîâ êëåùåâîãî ýíöåôàëèòà íà Àëòàå. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1967. Ñ. 66–75. Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ. Ïòèöû Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Àëòàÿ. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 1973. 374 ñ. Ðÿáèöåâ Â.Ê. Ïòèöû Óðàëà, Ïðèóðàëüÿ è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè: Ñïðàâî÷íèê-îïðåäåëèòåëü. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2001. 608 ñ. Ñòàõååâ Â.À. Ïòèöû Àëòàéñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Èòîãè èíâåíòàðèçàöèè îðíèòîôàóíû â 1970– 1979 ãã. Øóøåíñêîå, 2000. 192 ñ. Ñòåïàíÿí Ë.Ñ. Êîíñïåêò îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ôàóíû ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1990. 728 ñ. Ñóøêèí Ï.Ï. Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Àëòàÿ è ïðèëåæàùèõ ÷àñòåé Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Ìîíãîëèè. Ò. 1–2. Ì.–Ë., 1938. 754 ñ. Òîðîïîâ Ê.Â. Ïòèöû êîëî÷íîé ñòåïè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2008. 356 ñ. Ernst S. [Fourth contribution on the bird life of the eastern and central Altai (Tarchata Valley and South Chuja Mountains)]. – Acta ornithoecologica. 2008. Jena 6.2/3. P. 67–113.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

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Distribution and Number of the Short-Toed Eagle in the N. Novgorod District, Russia РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ И ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ ЗМЕЕЯДА В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Bakka S.V. (Russian Bird Conservation Union, N. Novgorod, Russia) Kiseleva N.Yu. (State Pedagogical University, N. Novgorod Brunch, Russia) Бакка С.В. (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Киселёва Н.Ю. (Государственный педагогический университет, Н. Новгород, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Áàêêà Íàäåæäà Êèñåë¸âà Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä à/ÿ 631 Ýêîöåíòð «Äðîíò» òåë.: +7 831 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru Contact: Sergey Bakka Nadezhda Kiseleva The N. Novgorod branch of RBCU Ecocenter “Dront” P.O. Box 631 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 434 46 79 sopr@dront.ru

Àáñòðàêò Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåäåíû ðåçóëüòàòû àíàëèçà ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äàííûõ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè è ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðàìè ýòîãî âèäà â 1985–2009 ãã. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè îöåíåíà â 15–20 ïàð. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, çìååÿä, Circaetus gallicus, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü. Abstract The results of analysis of published data on the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) distribution in the Nizny Novgorod district and results of author’s surveys of the species in 1985–2009 are presented in the paper. Now a total of 15–20 pairs are estimated to breed in the N. Novgorod district. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Short-Toed Eagle, Circaetus gallicus, distribution, population status.

Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) – âèä, ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî òðóäíûé äëÿ âûÿâëåíèÿ è èçó÷åíèÿ. Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü áîëüøèì îõîòíè÷üèì ó÷àñòêîì è î÷åíü ìàëûìè ðàçìåðàìè ãíåçäà äëÿ òàêîé êðóïíîé ïòèöû. Îïðåäåëèòü ãíåçäî çìååÿäà, íå çàíÿòîå â äàííûé ìîìåíò ïòèöàìè, ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî. Â ðåçóëüòàòå çà âåñü ïåðèîä îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäî çìååÿäà íå áûëî íàéäåíî íè ðàçó. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ðåãóëÿðíûå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèÿõ, ôàêòû õàðàêòåðíîãî ïåðåíîñà âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè ïîëóïðîãëî÷åííîé äîáû÷è ïîçâîëÿþò îòíåñòè ýòîò âèä õèùíûõ ïòèö ê ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ. Ìû ðàçäåëèëè èñòîðèþ èçó÷åíèÿ âèäà íà òðè ïåðèîäà: 1) 1900–1970 ãã.; 2) 1985–1999 ãã.; 3) 2000–2009 ãã. Äëÿ ïåðâîãî ïåðèîäà ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûé àíàëèç ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè çìååÿäà â îáëàñòè áûë ïðîâåä¸í ïî îïóáëèêîâàííûì ìàòåðèàëàì è êàòàëîãàì ìóçåéíûõ êîëëåêöèé. Èíôîðìàöèÿ âî âòîðîé è òðåòèé ïåðèîäû ñîáðàíà íàìè â õîäå ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Âñå ôàêòû ðåãèñòðàöèé çìååÿäà âíåñåíû â ýëåêòðîííóþ áàçó äàííûõ è ÃÈÑ-òåìó. Äëÿ õðàíåíèÿ ýëåêòðîíÇìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus). Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè. Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus). Photo by S. Bakka.

The Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) is one of the most difficult species to discover. As a result, during all the period of ornithological surveys in the N. Novgorod district no nest of the species has been found yet. The N. Novgorod district is located in the northern part of the Short-Toed Eagle breeding range. Probably it is a reason that the species was always rare here. Information about records of the species in the district in 1900–1970, 1985–1999 and in 2000–2009 is summarized in the table 1. In 1985–1999, 9–12 breeding territories of the species were discovered. After 1985, 12–17 possible breeding territories of the eagle were found in the territory of the N. Novgorod district (table 1). Now a total of 15–20 pairs are estimated to breed in the N. Novgorod district. Now wet-lands are the main breeding habitats of the Short-Toed Eagle in the region.

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Òàáë. 1. Ðåãèñòðàöèè çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 1900–2009 ãã. Table 1. Records of the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) in the N. Novgorod district in 1900–2009.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

×èñëî ðåãèñòðàöèé âèäà Records Ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé (ãã.) Years

âåðîÿòíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå possible breeding

âîçìîæíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå probable breeding

ïðîë¸ò migration

1900–1970

1985–1999

2000–2009

1985–2009

ïðåäïîëàãàåìûé ìèíèìóì prospective minimum

ïðåäïîëàãàåìûé ìàêñèìóì prospective maximum

íåò äàííûõ / no data

íîé èíôîðìàöèè è îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ èñïîëüçîâàëè ArcView GIS 3.2a ESRI. Àíàëèç ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ñäåëàí â ðàìêàõ äàííîé ðàáîòû âïåðâûå. Íèæåãîðîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü ëåæèò â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà çìååÿäà. Âåðîÿòíî ïîýòîìó âèä â ðåãèîíå âñåãäà áûë ðåäîê. Èíôîðìàöèÿ î ðåãèñòðàöèÿõ âèäà â îáëàñòè çà òðè âûäåëåííûõ íàìè ïåðèîäà èçó÷åíèÿ çìååÿäà ïðèâåäåíà â òàáë. 1. Â òå÷åíèå ïåðâîãî ïåðèîäà âûÿâëåíî 11 ôàêòîâ ðåãèñòðàöèè âèäà íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè (ðèñ. 1). Âñå ìåñòà íàõîäîê ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â å¸ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îðíèòîôàóíà Ñåâåðíîãî Çàâîëæüÿ èçó÷àëàñü â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà Á.Ä. Êèðïè÷íèêîâûì (1915), â 1920–30-å ãã. – Å.Ì. Âîðîíöîâûì (1967), çìååÿä íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè íå áûë îáíàðóæåí. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà çìååÿäà ïðîõîäèëà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ñîâïàäàÿ ñ þæíîé ãðàíèöåé ò¸ìíîõâîéíîé òàéãè (ãðàíèöà Ñåâåðíîãî è Þæíîãî Çàâîëæüÿ). Ïî ýòîé ëèíèè ãðàíèöó àðåàëà ïðîâîäèë Ã.Ï. Äåìåíòüåâ (1951). Ïî èçâåñòíûì ôàêòàì îáíàðóæåíèÿ çìååÿäà î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî âèä áûë ðåäîê. Ìû èìååì âîçìîæíîñòü îöåíèòü òîëüêî äîñòîâåðíûé ìèíèìóì åãî ÷èñëåííîñòè (òàáë. 1). Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü, áåçóñëîâíî, áûëà çíà÷èòåëüíî âûøå, íî ñòåïåíü èçó÷åííîñòè òåððèòîðèè â òî âðåìÿ íå ïîçâîëÿåò äàòü å¸ ýêñïåðòíóþ îöåíêó. Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå ôàêò íàëè÷èÿ ó÷àñòêà çìååÿäà â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè îò îáëàñòíîãî Òèïè÷íûé ãíåçäîâîé áèîòîï çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (ñëåâà) è âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà íà ïðèñàäå (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî Ñ. Áàêêè. Typical breeding habitat of the Short-Toed Eagle in the N. Novgorod district (left) and adult bird at a perch (right). Photos by S. Bakka.

Îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè (êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ) Estimated number (breeding territories)

öåíòðà â 1908 è 1909 ãã. Îòñóòñòâóåò èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêàõ çìååÿäà â ïåðèîä ñ ñåðåäèíû 1960-õ äî ñåðåäèíû 1980-õ ãã. Ýòî áûë ïåðèîä çàòèøüÿ ìåæäó ýòàïîì èíâåíòàðèçàöèè æèâîòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ðåãèîíà è íà÷àëîì ñîâðåìåííîãî ýòàïà ñîñòàâëåíèÿ êàäàñòðà è âåäåíèÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà æèâîòíîãî ìèðà. Êðîìå òîãî, â ñåðåäèíå ÕÕ âåêà èçó÷åíèå âèäîâ, íå èìåþùèõ áîëüøîé õîçÿéñòâåííîé çíà÷èìîñòè, â íàøåé ñòðàíå áûëî ìàëîðåàëüíûì. Â ñâÿçè ñ ðîñòîì èíòåðåñà ê ðåäêèì âèäàì æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ è ñîçäàíèåì ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ, â ñåðåäèíå 1980-õ ãã. íà÷àëñÿ ñëåäóþùèé ýòàï ñáîðà èíôîðìàöèè î êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèöàõ. Â òå÷åíèå 15 ëåò ýêñïåäèöèÿìè áûëè îõâà÷åíû äâàæäû âñå ðàéîíû îáëàñòè. Øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿëèñü ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû ñáîðà èíôîðìàöèè (îïðîñû è àíêåòèðîâàíèÿ ðàáîòíèêîâ îõîòíè÷üåãî è ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, çíàòîêîâ è ëþáèòåëåé ïðèðîäû). Âñåãî áûëî îïðîøåíî áîëåå òûñÿ÷è ÷åëîâåê. Áîëüøèíñòâî ñâåäåíèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ îò êîððåñïîíäåíòîâ, áûëè ïðîâåðåíû ñïåöèàëèñòàìè. Çìååÿä îáíàðóæåí íà òåððèòîðèè îðãàíèçîâàííîãî â ýòè ãîäû Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (Êóðî÷êèí, Êîðøóíîâ, 2002). Íàõîäêè çìååÿäà, ñäåëàííûå â ýòîò ïåðèîä, ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ðèñ. 2. Õàðàêòåð ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ âèäà ïðèíöèïèàëüíî èçìåíèëñÿ. Â öåíòðàëüíîé, íàèáîëåå íàñåë¸ííîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè, âèä íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ. Ìåñòà âñòðå÷ ïðèóðî÷åíû ê íàèáîëåå êðóïíûì è õîðîøî ñîõðàíèâøèìñÿ ìàññèâàì ïðèðîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåì

Raptor Research

Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus) â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 1900–1970 ãã. Fig. 1. Distribution of the Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) in the N. Novgorod district in 1900–1970. Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 1985–1999 ãã. Fig. 2. Distribution of the Short-Toed Eagle in the N. Novgorod district in 1985–1999.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

(ÿäðàì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî êàðêàñà ðåãèîíà). Çìååÿä íåîäíîêðàòíî ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ â Ñåâåðíîì Çàâîëæüå êàê â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ, òàê è íà ïðîë¸òå. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, â òå÷åíèå ÕÕ âåêà ãðàíèöà ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ñìåñòèëàñü ê ñåâåðó ìèíèìóì íà 200–300 êì ïîä âëèÿíèåì íåñêîëüêèõ ôàêòîðîâ: ñìÿã÷åíèå êëèìàòà, ðàñøèðåíèå àíòðîïîãåííîé ëåñîñòåïè è ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå êîðìîâûõ îáúåêòîâ. Äî ñåðåäèíû ÕÕ âåêà îáûêíîâåííàÿ ãàäþêà (Vipera berus) áûëà áîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé â Ïðåäâîëæüå (Ïóçàíîâ è äð., 1955). Ïî íàøèì íàáëþäåíèÿì, â êîíöå ÕÕ âåêà â áîëüøèíñòâå ðàéîíîâ Ïðåäâîëæüÿ ãàäþêà áûëà ðåäêà, à òåððèòîðèè ñ å¸ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ îòìå÷åíû ëèøü â Çàâîëæüå.

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Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Âåðõíåâîëæñêîì ðåãèîíå ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü òðè ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè çìååÿäà. Ñåâåðíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà çàíèìàåò íàèáîëåå îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Êîñòðîìñêîé è Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, â ëåñîáîëîòíîì ìàññèâå, ïðîòÿíóâøåìñÿ âäîëü ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, îò íèæíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Óíæè ÷åðåç ñðåäíåå òå÷åíèå ð. Âåòëóãè äî ñðåäíåãî òå÷åíèÿ ð. Âÿòêè (ÂåòëóæñêîÓíæåíñêîå ïîëåñüå è ìåæäóðå÷üå Âåòëóãè è Âÿòêè) (Êóçíåöîâ, 1985; Ñîòíèêîâ, 1999; Àâäàíèí, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå). Çàïàäíàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà íàñåëÿåò ëåñà Áàëàõíèíñêîé íèçèíû è ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèé íà ãðàíèöå Èâàíîâñêîé, Âëàäèìèðñêîé è Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòåé, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ìåæäóðå÷üå ðåê Êëÿçüìà è Ëóõ (Ãåðàñèìîâ è äð., 2000; Âîëîøèíà, 2005; Ìåëüíèêîâ è äð., 2007; Ìåëüíèêîâ, 2008; Ìåëüíèêîâ è äð., 2009). Âîñòî÷íàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íà Âîëãî-Âåòëóæñêîé íèçèíå, íà Êàìñêî-Áàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ, âåðîÿòíî ïðîäîëæàÿñü íà òåððèòîðèþ Ðåñïóáëèêè Ìàðèé Ýë. Â þæíûõ, ïëîòíî íàñåë¸ííûõ è îñâîåííûõ ÷åëîâåêîì, ðàéîíàõ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ñîõðàíèëîñü òåððèòîðèé ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ. Â ýòèõ ðàéîíàõ îòìå÷åíû ëèøü åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è çìååÿäîâ íà ïðîë¸òå. Íà îñíîâàíèè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ âñòðå÷ ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü íàëè÷èå 9–12 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Îäíàêî, êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ïîñëåäóþùèé àíàëèç, ýòà öèôðà íåñêîëüêî çàíèæåíà. Â ÕÕI âåêå âñå âñòðå÷è çìååÿäà ïðèóðî÷åíû ê êëþ÷åâûì ïðèðîäíûì òåððèòîðèÿì, ñëóæàùèì ìîäåëüíûìè ïëîùàäêàìè äëÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà îðíèòîôàóíû (ÊàìñêîÁàêàëäèíñêèå áîëîòà, ñåâåð Ñîêîëüñêîãî ðàéîíà, Ïóñòûíñêèé çàêàçíèê, Âåëåòüìèíñêèé ïðóä) (ðèñ. 3). Â ýòîò ïåðèîä â ðàéîíàõ èññëåäîâàíèé âûÿâëåíû 3–5 ó÷àñòêîâ çìååÿäà, äîïîëíÿþùèõ ïåðå÷åíü, óñòàíîâëåííûé â ïðåäûäóùèå ãîäû. Ìîíèòîðèíã êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ÊàìñêîÁàêàëäèíñêèõ áîëîòàõ ïîçâîëèë îöåíèòü ñóùåñòâóþùóþ íà äàííîé ÊÎÒÐ ãíåçäîâóþ ãðóïïèðîâêó çìååÿäà â 5–8 ïàð. ×èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â ïåðèîä ñ 80-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ äî 2007 ã. îöåíèâàëàñü â äèàïàçîíå îò 6–9 ïàð (Áàêêà, Áàêêà, 1997; Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 2003) äî 6–12 ïàð (Áàêêà, Êèñåëåâà, 2007). Êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2000–2009 ãã. Fig. 3. Distribution of the Short-Toed Eagle in the N. Novgorod district in 2000–2009.

ÃÈÑ-ìåòîäîâ ïîçâîëèë ñêîððåêòèðîâàòü ñäåëàííûå ðàíåå îöåíêè. Ïîñëå 1985 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè îêàçàëîñü âûÿâëåíî 12–17 âåðîÿòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ çìååÿäà (òàáë. 1). Äàæå ñ ó÷¸òîì âûñîêîé èçó÷åííîñòè êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, ìû íå ìîæåì ñ÷èòàòü ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ çìååÿäà â ðåãèîíå ïîëíîñòüþ âûÿâëåííûìè. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà â ðåãèîíå ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà â 15–20 ïàð. Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî óðîâåíü ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíåãî ñòîëåòèÿ èçìåíèëñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíî, õîòÿ è ïðîèçîøëî çàìåòíîå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, â ñèëüíî îñâîåííûõ ðàéîíàõ þãà è öåíòðà îáëàñòè çìååÿä ñîêðàòèë ÷èñëåííîñòü èëè èñ÷åç, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ðàññåëèëñÿ â Çàâîëæüå. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îñíîâíûå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ çìååÿäà â ðåãèîíå ïðèóðî÷åíû ê ïîëåñüÿì íà çàíäðîâûõ ðàâíèíàõ, ãäå ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ñîñíîâûå ëåñà, îáøèðíûå ãàðè è âûðóáêè íà ïåñ÷àíûõ ãðèâàõ ñ áîëüøèìè âåðõîâûìè è ïåðåõîäíûìè áîëîòàìè, êàê îáëåñåííûìè, òàê è îòêðûòûìè. Ýòè òåððèòîðèè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, íàèìåíåå íàñåëåíû, ñ äðóãîé – çäåñü íàèáîëåå âûñîêà ïëîòíîñòü ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ (â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ïðûòêîé ÿùåðèöû Lacerta agilis è îáûêíîâåííîé ãàäþêè). Ëèòåðàòóðà Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Áàêêà À.È. Ñîñòîÿíèå è îõðàíà íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ôàóíà, ýêîëîãèÿ è îõðàíà ðåäêèõ ïòèö Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ: Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé ïî ìàòåð. Âñåðîñ. íàó÷íî-ïðàêò. êîíô.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ «Ðåäêèå ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ». Ñàðàíñê, 1997. Ñ. 13–16. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. Îðíèòîôàóíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: äèíàìèêà, àíòðîïîãåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ, ïóòè ñîõðàíåíèÿ: Ìîíîãðàôèÿ. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2007. 124 ñ. Âîëîøèíà Î.Í. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà çìååÿäîì âî Âëàäèìèðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. Ì., 2005. Âûï. 32. Ñ. 117–119. Âîðîíöîâ Å. Ì. Ïòèöû Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1967. 166 ñ. Ãåðàñèìîâ Þ.Í., Ñàëüíèêîâ Ã.Ì., Áóñëàåâ Ñ.Â. Ïòèöû Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ì., 2000. 125 ñ. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ò. 1. Ì., 1951. Ñ. 70–341. Çèìèí Í.È. Ïòèöû. – Ïðèðîäà Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ãîðüêèé, 1974. Ñ. 319–365. Êèðïè÷íèêîâ Á.Ä. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ïîçíàíèþ ïòèö Êîñòðîìñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåð. ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèéñêîé Èìïåðèè. Îòä. çîîëîãè÷åñêèé. Âûïóñê 14. Ì., 1915. Ñ. 380–435. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Ò. 1. Æèâîòíûå. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2003. 380 ñ. Êóçíåöîâ À.Â. Ãíåçäîâàíèå çìååÿäà â ìåæäóðå÷üå Óíæè è Âåòëóãè. – Îðíèòîëîãèÿ. 1985. Âûï. 20. Ñ. 129–132. Êóðî÷êèí Ä.Â., Êîðøóíîâ Å.Í. Àííîòèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê ïòèö Êåðæåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. – Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ôàóíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî Çàâîëæüÿ. Òðóäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ïðèðîäíîãî çàïîâåäíèêà «Êåðæåíñêèé». Ò. 2. Í. Íîâãîðîä, 2002. Ñ. 31–49. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í. Äèíàìèêà ÷èñëåííîñòè äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Ìàò-ëû V ìåæäóíàð. êîíô. ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè. Èâàíîâî, 2008. Ñ. 269–273. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í., Êîñòèí À.Á., Ìèùåíêî À.Ë., Ï÷åëèíöåâ Â.Ã. Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Íå÷åðíîçåìíîì öåíòðå. – Ðåäêèå âèäû ïòèö Íå÷åðíîçåìíîãî öåíòðà Ðîññèè. Ìàòåðèàëû IV ñîâåùàíèÿ «Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ýêîëîãèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ ïòèö Íå÷åðíîçåìíîãî öåíòðà Ðîññèè» (Ìîñêâà, 12–13 äåêàáðÿ 2009 ã.). Ì., 2009. Ñ. 56–76. Ìåëüíèêîâ Â.Í., ×óäíåíêî Ä.Å., Êèñåëåâ Ð.Þ., Áàðèíîâ Ñ.Í., Ðîìàíîâà Ñ.Â., Ìåëüíèêîâà Ã.Á., Åñåðãåïîâ À.À., Ãðèäíåâà Â.Â. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà àâèôàóíû Áàëàõíèíñêîé íèçèíû. – Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé âåñòíèê ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. Âûï. 57. Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íîïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Èçó÷åíèå ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Âîëæñêî-êàìñêîãî êðàÿ» 24–26 ìàðòà 2007 ã. ã. ×åáîêñàðû ×óâàøñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè. ×åáîêñàðû, 2007. Ñ. 226–229. Ïóçàíîâ È.È., Êîçëîâ Â.È., Êèïàðèñîâ Ã.Ï. Æèâîòíûé ìèð Ãîðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè: (Ïîçâîíî÷íûå). 2-å äîï. èçä. Ãîðüêèé, 1955. 432 ñ. Ñåðåáðîâñêèé Ï.Â. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èçó÷åíèþ îðíèòîôàóíû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé ãóáåðíèè. – Ìàòåð. ê ïîçíàíèþ ôàóíû è ôëîðû Ðîññèè. Îòä. çîîë. Ì., 1918. Âûï. 15. Ñ. 23–134. Ñîòíèêîâ Â.Í. Ïòèöû Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèé. Ò. 1. Íåâîðîáüèíûå. ×. 1. Êèðîâ, 1999. 432 ñ.

Raptor Research

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Results of Monitoring of Greater Spotted Eagle and Imperial Eagle Breeding Groups in the Altai Pine Forests in 2009, Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ГРУППИРОВОК БОЛЬШОГО ПОДОРЛИКА И МОГИЛЬНИКА В АЛТАЙСКИХ БОРАХ В 2009 ГОДУ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Bekmansurov R.H. (NP “Nizhnyaya Kama”, Elabuga, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Бекмансуров Р.Х. (Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Республика Татарстан, Россия)

Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Ðèíóð Áåêìàíñóðîâ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà» 423600 Ðîññèÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí ã. Åëàáóãà ïð. Íåôòÿíèêîâ, 175 òåë.: +7 85557 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Àáñòðàêò Ñòàòüÿ ïðèâîäèò ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé àâòîðîâ â 2009 ã. Ïðîâåðåíî 12 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ è îáíàðóæåíî 2 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca). Äëèòåëüíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü íåâûñîêîé: çà ïÿòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâèÿ íàáëþäåíèé ðàçðóøèëèñü ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà íà 41,7% ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïîëîâèíà ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà. Îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòàëè ñèëüíûå âåòðà. Óñïåøíûìè îêàçàëèñü ëèøü 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà èç 12 (33,33%), ïðè÷¸ì íà âñåõ æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ íàáëþäàëîñü ïî 1 îïåðåííîìó ïòåíöó. Ïðîâåðåíî 6 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (Aquila clanga), íà ïÿòè èç êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, è âûÿâëåíî 6 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ. Â âûâîäêàõ ïîäîðëèêà â 2009 ã. íàáëþäàëîñü 1–2 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,33±0,58 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî èëè 1,0±0,82 íà çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2009 ã. ïîäòâåðäèëè íàëè÷èå æ¸ñòêèõ êîíêóðåíòíûõ îòíîøåíèé çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà âíåøíåé îïóøêå áëèç îç¸ð ìåæäó ìîãèëüíèêîì è ïîäîðëèêîì: äâà íîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ ïîÿâèëèñü êàê ðàç íà îïóñòåâøèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ñòàðûõ ñîñíÿêàõ áëèç îç¸ð. Ìîíèòîðèíã áîðîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ïîäîðëèêà è ìîãèëüíèêà â ñåçîí ñ äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîõèìè ïîãîäíûìè è êîðìîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè ïîêàçàë èõ ñòàáèëüíîñòü è îòíîñèòåëüíîå áëàãîïîëó÷èå. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: õèùíûå ïòèöû, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, Aquila clanga, ìîãèëüíèê, Aquila heliaca. Abstract Paper based on data from research of authors in 2009. 12 breeding territories known earlier were monitored and 2 new territories of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) were found. It turned out that time of the perennial nest existence was little: during 5 years of our monitoring, old nests were destroyed in 41.7% territories namely a half of all nests. In many cases the destruction of nests was caused by wind. Only 4 out of 12 (33.33%) breeding territories were successful, and the brood size was only nestling in all observed nests. Also 6 breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) known earlier were monitored: nests were discovered in 5 territories and 6 new territories were found. In 2009 the average brood size was 1.33±0.58 nestling per successful nest or 1.0±0.82 nestling per occupied nest (n=3; range 1–2). Research in 2009 confirmed the severe competition between Imperial Eagles and Spotted Eagles for habitats located on the edges of forests near lakes: 2 pairs of Greater Spotted Eagles have occupied empty breeding territories of Imperial Eagles located in old pine forests near lakes. The monitoring of breeding groups of Spotted and Imperial Eagles in the Altai pine forests has shown their stability and relative well-being despite difficult weather conditions and poor feeding. Keywords: birds of prey, raptors, Greater Spotted Eagle, Aquila clanga, Imperial Eagle, Aquila heliaca.

Ìåòîäèêà Ñ 22 ïî 27 èþëÿ 2009 ã. ýêñïåäèöèîííîé ãðóïïîé Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è Ñèáèðñêîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî öåíòðà ïîñåùàëèñü àëòàéñêèå ëåíòî÷íûå áîðû (Áàðíàóëüñêàÿ è Êàñìàëèíñêàÿ ëåíòû) ñ öåëüþ ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) è ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) è ñáîðà ïåðüåâîãî ìàòåðèàëà äëÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Îñìîòðåíà âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà áîðîâ íà íåáîëüøîì ó÷àñòêå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 347,3 êì â ïðåäåëàõ 6 àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûõ ðàéîíîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ: Âîë÷èõèíñêîãî, Åãîðüåâñêîãî, Ìàìîíòîâñêîãî, Íîâè-

A field party of the Center of Field Studies and the Siberian Environmental Center surveyed the Altai pine forests to monitor the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) and Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) populations and collect feathers for genetic research since 22 July till 27 July 27, 2009. A small site (347.3 km) of pine forest borders were observed within 6 administrative regions of the Altai Kray. The season 2009 was poor concerning prey items for the Greater Spotted Eagle (low number of Water Voles Arvicola terrestris) and the Imperial Eagle (depression of Red-Cheeked Sousliks Spermophilus erythrogenys number). Neverthe-

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Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Rinur Bekmansurov National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama” Neftyanikov str., 175 Elabuga Republic of Tatarstan 423600 Russia tel.: +7 85557 4 33 56 rinur@yandex.ru

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

÷èõèíñêîãî, Ðîìàíîâñêîãî è Óãëîâñêîãî. Ïî õîäó ìàðøðóòà ïîñåùàëèñü ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà è ìîãèëüíèêà è îñìîòðåíà ÷àñòü îïóøêè, ãäå âåðîÿòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëîâ, íî â ïðåæíèå ãîäû èññëåäîâàíèé èõ ãí¸çä îáíàðóæåíî íå áûëî. Ðåçóëüòàòû Ñåçîí 2009 ã. îêàçàëñÿ íå ñëèøêîì óäà÷íûì ïî êîðìîâûì óñëîâèÿì êàê äëÿ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (íèçêàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âîäÿíîé ïîë¸âêè Arvicola terrestris), òàê è äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà (äåïðåññèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà Spermophilus erythrogenys). Òåì íå ìåíåå, áîëüøèíñòâî ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ îáîèõ âèäîâ îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè, è óõóäøåíèå êîðìîâûõ óñëîâèé ñêàçàëîñü ëèøü íà ñíèæåíèè óñïåõà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà è, â îñîáåííîñòè, ìîãèëüíèêà. Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Ïðîâåðåíî 12 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ìîãèëüíèêîâ – 6 â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå è 6 – â Áàðíàóëüñêîé. Íà äâóõ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (íàéäåííûå â 2003–2004 ãã.) ðàçðóøèëèñü (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ãíåçäî ðàçðóøåíî ñîòðóäíèêàìè ëåñõîçà âî âðåìÿ ñáîðà ñåìåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà) è íàéòè íîâûõ ãí¸çä íå óäàëîñü, êàê, ñîáñòâåííî, è âñòðåòèòü ïòèö íà ýòèõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Îäèí ó÷àñòîê îêàçàëñÿ ïóñòóþùèì ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè îäíîãî èç ïàðòí¸ðîâ íà ïòèöåîïàñíîé ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÏÎ ËÝÏ), ïðîõîäÿùåé áëèç ãíåçäà. Åù¸ íà òð¸õ ó÷àñòêàõ ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ãí¸çäà ðàçðóøèëèñü, íî áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íîâûå ïîñòðîéêè, çàíÿòûå îðëàìè, íà èõ ïðåæíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ (íå äàëåå 560 ì îò ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä). Â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî 2 íîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ìîãèëüíèêîâ, íà îäíîì èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûå ïîñòðîéêè, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò åãî ñóùåñòâîâàíèå áîëåå 3-õ ëåò, íà äðóãîì – äîñòàòî÷íî ñâåæåå ãíåçäî (íå ñòàðøå 2-õ ëåò). Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûøåïðèâåäåííûå äàííûå, ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü îòíîñèòåëüíóþ ñòàáèëüíîñòü ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà íà èññëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè: 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïðåêðàòèëè ñâî¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå, ïîÿâèëèñü 2 íîâûõ è íà îäíîì ó÷àñòêå äåðæèòñÿ îäèíîêàÿ ïòèöà ïî ïðè÷èíå ãèáåëè ïàðòí¸ðà íà ÏÎ ËÝÏ. Äëèòåëüíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ìíîãîëåòíèõ ãí¸çä îêàçàëàñü íåâûñîêîé: çà ïÿòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâèÿ íàáëþäåíèé ðàçðóøèëèñü ñòàðûå ãí¸çäà íà 41,7% ãíåçäîâûõ

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Photo by E. Nikolenko.

less, the majority of eagle’s breeding territories were found occupied, and shortage of prey items affected only the decreasing of their breeding success. We monitored 12 breeding territories already known to us and discovered 2 new territories of the Imperial Eagle. From this data we can confirm the stability of the Imperial Eagle population in the surveyed territory: 2 breeding territories have become extinct, but we have found 2 new breeding territories and a territory with only one bird, due to electrocution of the partner on a power line. It turned out that the time span of the perennial nest is short: during 5 years of our monitoring, old nests were destroyed in 41.7% territories namely a half of all nests. In many cases the destruction of nests was caused by wind. Only 4 of 12 breeding territories (33.33%) were successful and in all checked occupied nests broods contained only a nestling. Also we recorded the nest with a dead clutch and the nest with a dead brood, in another case of unsuccessful breeding we noted that a bird from a pair died from electrocution. In 5 sites we found nests had been renewed and we registered birds near to the nests, confirming the fact that the breeding had begun. However we did not detect at what stage the posterity had died. The diet of Imperial Eagles who bred successfully in 2009 was rather interesting. All 4 of the successful nests which we found

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ó÷àñòêîâ, òî åñòü, ôàêòè÷åñêè, ïîëîâèíà ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà. Îñíîâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ðàçðóøåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñòàëè ñèëüíûå âåòðà. Ëèøü â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ïðè÷èíîé ðàçðóøåíèÿ ÿâèëñÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñêèé ôàêòîð, ïðè÷¸ì, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ìîãèëüíèêè ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê. Óñïåøíûìè îêàçàëèñü ëèøü 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà èç 12 (33,33%), ïðè÷¸ì íà âñåõ æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ íàáëþäàëîñü ïî 1 îïåðåííîìó ïòåíöó. Íà îäíîì ãíåçäå äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëà êëàäêà, íà äðóãîì – âûâîäîê (òðóï ïòåíöà â âîçðàñòå îêîëî ìåñÿöà îáíàðóæåí ïîä ãíåçäîì), íà òðåòüåì ðàçìíîæåíèå íå ñîñòîÿëîñü èç-çà ãèáåëè ïàðòí¸ðà íà ïòèöåîïàñíîé ËÝÏ. Åù¸ íà ïÿòè ó÷àñòêàõ ãí¸çäà áûëè ïîäíîâëåíû, â íèõ èìåëèñü ñâåæèå âåòêè, ïóõ è ïåðüÿ îðëîâ, îñòàíêè

Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) è ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), îñìîòðåííûå â 2009 ã. â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Fig. 1. Breeding territories of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) and the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) surveyed in the Altai pine forests in 2009.

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were located at the edges of pine forests and close to lakes, (distance from lakes were 260–660 m) this probably promoted the successful breeding of the eagles. Besides usual remains of crows (Rooks Corvus frugilegus, Magpies Pica pica) under three of the 4 inhabited nests we found remains of Common Cranes (Grus grus), and both adult and young birds (under a nest in the Kasmalinskiy pine forest opposite to the Gorkie Lakes remains of 3 cranes were recorded), Gulls (Larus sp.) and Muskrats (Ondatra zibethica). During our monitoring of Spotted Eagles we visited 6 known breeding territories, nests were discovered in 5 out of the 6 territories, and in addition 6 new territories were found. 5 of the previously known territories were confirmed to be occupied. Successful breeding was noted in only one of the nests which were previously known to us. Compared with data from 2003–2004 locations of Spotted Eagle’s breeding, territories have dramatically changed near lakes in the vicinity of Silvestrovo village, undoubtedly caused by the increase of human disturbance. At the same time in that area a new breeding territory occupied by Imperial Eagles earlier was also noted. Also we can confirm another new breeding territory of Spotted Eagles has appeared after the destruction of the Imperial Eagle’s nest by employees of the Forestry Service in 2004. In that territory we observed two fledglings flying badly on 27 July, the youngest was with down on its head. The brood size ranged from 1 to 2 nestlings in 2009, averaging (n=3) 1.33±0.58 nestling per successful nest or 1.0±0.82 per occupied nest. The diet of Spotted Eagles during the season of 2009 didn’t noticeably differ from earlier observed diets in this territory: there were hemipodes, gulls, ducks and Water Voles (Karyakin, 2008). Only one nest contained many fish remains and remains of a Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea). The monitoring of breeding groups of Spotted and Imperial Eagles in the Altai pine forests has shown their stability and relative well-being despite difficult weather conditions and poor feeding. Surveys in 2009 have confirmed presence of hard competitive relations between the Imperial Eagle and the Greater Spotted Eagle for habitats located on forest borders close to lakes: two new territories of Spotted Eagles have appeared on empty territories of Imperial Eagles in old pine forests near lakes.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

Ãí¸çäà ìîãèëüíèêà â áîðàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nests of the Imperial Eagle in the Altai pine forests. Photos by I. Karyakin.

èõ æåðòâ, ìîãèëüíèêè ïðîäîëæàëè äåðæàòüñÿ áëèç ãí¸çä, ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëî î íà÷àëå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, îäíàêî íà êàêîì ýòàïå ïðîèçîøëà ãèáåëü ïîòîìñòâà, îñòàëîñü íå èçâåñòíî. Äîñòàòî÷íî èíòåðåñíîé â ñåçîí 2009 ã. âûãëÿäåëà ñèòóàöèÿ ñ ïèòàíèåì ìîãèëüíèêîâ, êîòîðûì óäàëîñü âûêîðìèòü ïòåíöîâ. Âñå 4 ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà áîðîâûõ îïóøêàõ, â óäàëåíèè îò îç¸ð íà 260–660 ì, ÷òî, âèäèìî, è ïîçâîëèëî îðëàì óñïåøíî âûêîðìèòü ïîòîìñòâî. Íàðÿäó ñ òðàäèöèîííûìè îñòàíêàìè âðàíîâûõ ïòèö (ãðà÷ Corvus frugilegus, ñîðîêà Pica pica), ïîä òðåìÿ ãí¸çäàìè èç ÷åòûð¸õ æèëûõ îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè ñåðûõ æóðàâëåé (Grus grus), ïðè÷¸ì, êàê âçðîñëûõ, òàê è ìîëîäûõ (ïîä

îäíèì ãíåçäîì, â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå íàïðîòèâ Ãîðüêèõ îç¸ð, îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè òð¸õ ñåðûõ æóðàâëåé), ÷àåê (Larus sp.) è îíäàòð (Ondatra zibethica). Ïðè âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ñóñëèêîâ â 2003 ã. è íåêîòîðîì ñïàäå èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè â 2004 ã. ñòîëü íåòðàäèöèîííûå äëÿ ìîãèëüíèêà îáúåêòû ïèòàíèÿ ïîä åãî ãí¸çäàìè â òå ãîäû íå îáíàðóæèâàëèñü. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) Ïðîâåðåíî 6 ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, íà ïÿòè èç êîòîðûõ áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, è âûÿâëåíî 6 íîâûõ, ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåðêè ðàíåå èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ óäàëîñü ïîäòâåðäèòü

Raptor Research ïðåáûâàíèå ïòèö íà ïÿòè èç íèõ. Ëèøü â îäíîì ðàíåå èçâåñòíîì ãíåçäå, â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå ó îç. Èãíàõèíî, íàáëþäàëîñü óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå. Íà îç¸ðàõ áëèç ñ. Ñåëèâåðñòîâî ðåçêî èçìåíèëàñü ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ïîäîðëèêîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 2003– 2004 ãã. Ýòî íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíî ñ óñèëèâøèìñÿ ôàêòîðîì áåñïîêîéñòâà. Ðàíåå òóò áûëè âûÿâëåíû ãí¸çäà ó òð¸õ ïàð, ðàñïîëàãàâøèåñÿ íà îïóøÁîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga). êå áîðà ïî áåðåãó îçåðà â Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. 50–100 ì îò ãðóíòîâîé äîðîGreater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Photo by I. Karyakin. ãè, êîòîðàÿ â òåêóùèé ñåçîí îêàçàëàñü ñèëüíî íàêàòàííîé îòäûõàþùèìè, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ó âñåõ ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûõ ãí¸çä ïîÿâèëèñü ñòîÿíêè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîèçîøëî ñìåùåíèå ïîäîðëèêîâ ñ äâóõ ó÷àñòêîâ âãëóáü ëåñà è èõ ïåðåìåùåíèå îò ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä âäîëü îçåðà íà 1,9 è 1,8 êì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íà îäíîì èç ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ â òå÷åíèå äâóõ äíåé óäàëîñü íàáëþäàòü òîêîâàíèå è ðåãóëÿðíûå îõîòû ñàìöà è ïåðèîäè÷åñêîå ïîÿâëåíèå ñàìêè íà å¸ ïîñòîÿííîé ïðèñàäå, íà äðóãîì (ó îç. Ìîëîêîâî) – òîëüêî îõîòó ñàìöà (ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà íà ïîñëåäíåì ó÷àñòêå îêàçàëîñü çàíÿòûì ïàðîé êîðøóíîâ Milvus migrans). Íà òðåòüåì ó÷àñòêå ïîäòâåðäèòü ïðåáûâàíèå ïòèö íå óäàëîñü – 2 èçâåñòíûõ íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå ñòàðûõ ãíåçäà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû äàæå íå ïîäíîâëÿëèñü ïòèöàìè. Â òî æå âðåìÿ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïîÿâèëñÿ íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê íà ïóñòóþùåì ó÷àñòêå ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî ýòà ïàðà ïîäîðëèêîâ ðàçìíîæàëàñü â óäàëåíèè îò îïóøêè, íî å¸ ãíåçäà îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. Ñàìåö èç ýòîé ïàðû îõîòèëñÿ ñ ïðèñàäû, óñòðîåííîé âñåãî â 200 ì îò ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Íà ó÷àñòêå ó îç. ×àè÷üå áëèç ñ. Óñòü-Âîë÷èõà ïîäòâåðæäåíî ïðèñóòñòâèå ïîäîðëèêà (âñòðå÷åíà ñàìêà íà ïðèñàäå), íî ãíåçäî íå èñêàëîñü. Íà ó÷àñòêå ó îç. Âàëîâîå ðàíåå èçâåñòíîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà, íàõîäèâøååñÿ íà îïóøêå, íå çàíèìàëîñü ïîäîðëèêàìè óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Ïðè åãî îñìîòðå áûëî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ åãî çàíèìàë Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. ÷¸ðíûé àèñò (Ciconia nigra), à â Greater Spotted Eagle. òåêóùèé ãîä ïûòàëñÿ ðàçìíîPhoto by I. Karyakin.

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

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æàòüñÿ êîðøóí, îñòàíêè êîòîðîãî, ñúåäåííîãî ôèëèíîì (Bubo bubo), áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ïðÿìî ïîä ãíåçäîì. Ïîäîðëèêè, âèäèìî, ïåðåìåñòèëèñü íà ãíåçäîâàíèå âãëóáü ëåñà íà 500–800 ì, íî èõ íîâîãî ãíåçäà îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, â òå÷åíèå ïàðû ÷àñîâ íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå ïîñ÷àñòëèâèëîñü íàáëþäàòü è ñàìöà, è ñàìêó ñ äîáû÷åé, ïðîëåòàâøèõ âãëóáü ëåñà. Ïåðåìåùåíèå äàííîé ïàðû ïîäîðëèêîâ äàëüøå îò îïóøêè ìû ñâÿçûâàåì ñ óñèëèâøåéñÿ êîíêóðåíöèåé ñ îðëàíîì-áåëîõâîñòîì (Haliaeetus albicilla), ïàðà êîòîðûõ çàíÿëà ó÷àñòîê âñåãî â 600 ì îò ñòàðîãî ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ. Âîçìîæåí òàêæå óõîä ïîäîðëèêîâ èç-çà áëèçêîãî ñîñåäñòâà ñ ôèëèíîì, êîòîðûé ðàíåå ãíåçäèë-

Ïòåíöû áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ãí¸çäàõ 2009 ã. Ôîòî Ý. Íèêîëåíêî è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nestlings of the Greater Spotted Eagle in the nests, 2009. Photos by E. Nikolenko and I. Karyakin.

ñÿ â 750 ì îò ãíåçäà ïîäîðëèêîâ, íî, â ñâÿçè ñ âûðóáêîé ñòàðûõ ñîñåí íà åãî ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå, ïåðåìåñòèëñÿ íà ãðèâó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ âñåãî â 270 ì, è ãíåçäèëñÿ íà íåé â òå÷åíèè ïîñëåäíèõ íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò, âêëþ÷àÿ 2009 ã. Èíòåðåñíî òî, ÷òî â òåêóùèé ñåçîí â ðàäèóñå 300 ì îò ñâîåãî ãíåçäà ôèëèí óíè÷òîæèë ïî îäíîé ïàðå òåòåðåâÿòíèêîâ (Accipiter gentilis), êàíþêîâ (Buteo buteo) è êîðøóíîâ (ïîñëåäíèå ïûòàëèñü çàíèìàòü ñòàðîå ãíåçäî ïîäîðëèêà), ïîýòîìó óõîä ïîäîðëèêà ñ äàííîãî ó÷àñòêà áîëåå ÷åì îïðàâäàí. Ðàíåå íåèçâåñòíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñò-

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

êè ïîäîðëèêîâ âûÿâëåíû ó îç. Ãîðüêîå áëèç ñ. Ãóñåëåòîâî, ó îç. Ãîðüêîå áëèç ñ. Ñåëèâåðñòîâî, ó îç. Òîïêîå áëèç ñ. Óñòü-Âîë÷èõà (Êàñìàëèíñêàÿ ëåíòà) è áëèç ñ. Òèòîâêà (Áàðíàóëüñêàÿ ëåíòà). Ëèøü äëÿ ïîñëåäíåãî ó÷àñòêà ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî îí ñôîðìèðîâàëñÿ ïîñëå 2004 ã., òàê êàê ðàíåå çäåñü ãíåçäèëñÿ ìîãèëüíèê, ãíåçäî êîòîðîãî áûëî ðàçðóøåíî ñîòðóäíèêàìè ëåñõîçà. Íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå 27 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíû 2 ïëîõî ëåòàþùèõ ñë¸òêà, ìëàäøèé èç êîòîðûõ áûë ñ ïóõîì íà ãîëîâå. Íà ó÷àñòêå áëèç îç. Òîïêîå îáíàðóæåíî ìíîãîëåòíåå ãíåçäî áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà, óñòðîåííîå íà áåð¸çå, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèëñÿ îïåðÿþùèéñÿ ïòåíåö. Íà ó÷àñòêå ó îç. Ãîðüêîå áëèç ñ. Ñåëèâåðñòîâî îáíàðóæåíî ìíîãîëåòíåå ãíåçäî íà ñîñíå, ïîä êîòîðûì íàéäåíû îñòàòêè ñêîðëóïû ÿèö ýòîãî ãîäà (âèäèìî, ïîãèáëà êëàäêà). Â âûâîäêàõ ïîäîðëèêà â 2009 ã. íàáëþäàëîñü 1–2 Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (ââåðõó) è åãî ãíåçäî ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) íà áåð¸çå (âíèçó). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. 1,33±0,58 ïòåíöà íà óñïåøGreater Spotted Eagle near the nest íîå ãíåçäî èëè 1,0±0,82 íà (upper) and his nest on a birch (bottom). çàíÿòîå ãíåçäî. Photos by I. Karyakin. Àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ëåíòî÷íûõ áîðàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà ñîñíàõ (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005), ïîýòîìó îáíàðóæåíèå æèëîãî ãíåçäà íà áåð¸çå áëèç ñ. Óñòü-Âîë÷èõà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îïðåäåë¸ííûé èíòåðåñ. Äàííîå ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü ñðåäè çàáîëî÷åííîãî áåðåçíÿêà äèàìåòðîì îêîëî 250–300 ì, îêðóæåííîãî ìîçàè÷íûì áîðîì, ïåðåìåæàþùèìñÿ ñ ñåíîêîñàìè, â 400 ì îò âíåøíåé îïóøêè áîðà, ãðàíè÷àùåé ñ íèçèííûì òðîñòíèêîâûì áîëîòîì, â 1,4 êì îò îòêðûòîãî âîäíîãî çåðêàëà îçåðà Òîïêîå. Ïîñòðîéêà óñòðîåíà â ðàçâèëêå â âåðõíåé òðåòè ñòâîëà íà âûñîòå 7 ì. Çàìåòíîñòü ãíåçäà êðàéíå íèçêàÿ – ïðè ëèñòâå ïîñòðîéêà ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ ñ 4–6 ì. Ïèòàíèå ïîäîðëèêîâ â ñåçîí 2009 ã. çàìåòíî íå îòëè÷àëîñü îò ðàíåå íàáëþäàâøåãîñÿ íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè (Êàðÿêèí, 2008): â ïèòàíèè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ïàñòóø-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ êîâûå, ÷àéêè, óòêè è âîäÿíàÿ ïîë¸âêà. Ëèøü íà ãíåçäå áëèç ñ. Îñòðîâíîå îáíàðóæåíà äîâîëüíî âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ îñòàòêîâ ðûáû, êàê ñðåäè ïîåäåé â ãíåçäå (2 ýêç.), òàê è â ïîãàäêàõ (3 ýêç.) è îñòàíêè ñåðîé öàïëè (Ardea cinerea). Îáñóæäåíèå Ìîíèòîðèíã áîðîâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ïîäîðëèêà è ìîãèëüíèêà â ñåçîí ñ äîñòàòî÷íî ïëîõèìè ïîãîäíûìè è êîðìîâûìè óñëîâèÿìè ïîêàçàë èõ ñòàáèëüíîñòü è îòíîñèòåëüíîå áëàãîïîëó÷èå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðåãóëÿðíûå âûáîðî÷íûå ðóáêè è óíè÷òîæåíèå ñòàðûõ äåðåâüåâ, óâåëè÷åíèå ïðåññà íåðåãóëèðóåìîé ðåêðåàöèè è ïîñòîÿííîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå èíûõ íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, òàêèõ, êàê ÏÎ ËÝÏ, ïðîòÿíóâøèåñÿ âäîëü áîðîâ â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ, ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà è ìîãèëüíèêà íà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè íå îòìå÷åíî. Íåêîòîðûå èçìåíåíèÿ â ñõåìå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îáîèõ âèäîâ ëåæàò â ïðåäåëàõ íîðìû. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2009 ã. ïîäòâåðäèëè íàëè÷èå æ¸ñòêèõ êîíêóðåíòíûõ îòíîøåíèé çà ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà âíåøíåé îïóøêå áëèç îç¸ð ìåæäó ìîãèëüíèêîì è ïîäîðëèêîì, âûñêàçàííûå ðàíåå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005): äâà íîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ ïîÿâèëèñü êàê ðàç íà îïóñòåâøèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîãèëüíèêîâ â ñòàðûõ ñîñíÿêàõ áëèç îç¸ð. Â ñâåòå ïîÿâëåíèÿ íîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âñ¸ æå ðàíî ãîâîðèòü î íåêîòîðîì ðîñòå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäîðëèêà. Ñêîðåå âñåãî, çäåñü èìååò ìåñòî ïåðåìåùåíèå ïòèö èç ãëóáèíû áîðà, ñ íåáîëüøèõ áîëîòèñòûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà îïóøêó, êàê áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíóþ ïî ñâîèì ãíåçäîâûì è êîðìîâûì óñëîâèÿì. Âåðîÿòíî ðàíåå, ïðè íàëè÷èè æèëûõ ãí¸çä ìîãèëüíèêîâ íà îïóøêå, ïîäîðëèêè çäåñü íå îõîòèëèñü è ïîýòîìó áûëè ïðîïóùåíû â õîäå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ òåððèòîðèè. Ê òîìó, æå óõîä ïîäîðëèêîâ ñ áåðåãà îçåðà âãëóáü áîðà ïî ïðè÷èíå ôàêòîðà áåñïîêîéñòâà â Êàñìàëèíñêîé ëåíòå ëèøíèé ðàç äåìîíñòðèðóåò äîñòàòî÷íóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü âèäà â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè. Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê â Ïîâîëæüå, íà Óðàëå è â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2008. ¹11. Ñ. 23–69. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 28–51.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

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Some Records of Raptors in the East Kazakhstan НЕКОТОРЫЕ НАХОДКИ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ НА ВОСТОКЕ КАЗАХСТАНА Barashkova A.N., Smelansky I.E., Tomilenko A.A. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Akentiev A.G. (Eastern-Kazakhstan State University, Ust’-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan) Барашкова А.Н., Смелянский И.Э., Томиленко А.А. (Сибирский экологический центр, Новосибирск, Россия) Акентьев А.Г. (Восточно-Казахстанский государственный университет, УстьКаменогорск, Казахстан)

Êîíòàêò: Àííà Áàðàøêîâà Èëüÿ Ñìåëÿíñêèé Àíäðåé Òîìèëåíêî ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» 630090 Ðîññèÿ Íîâîñèáèðñê, à/ÿ 547 òåë./ôàêñ: +7 383 363 00 59 yazula@yandex.ru steppe.bull@gmail.com

Àáñòðàêò Ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå ïî ãíåçäîâàíèþ è âñòðå÷àì ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà – â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå è Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (â ÷àñòíîñòè, ×èíãèñòàó), ñîáðàííûå â õîäå ýêñïåäèöèè â èþíå 2009 ã. Îòìå÷åíî 15 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è 4 âèäà ñîâîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus), ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus), çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius), ÷åãëîê (Falco subbuteo), ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) è ñïëþøêà (Otus scops). Äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ îïèñàíû îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è ïèòàíèÿ. Äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà äàíû îöåíêè ïëîòíîñòè è ÷èñëåííîñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêèé ìåëêîñîïî÷íèê, Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèáàëõàøüå, ôàóíà è íàñåëåíèå ïòèö, ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè, õèùíûå ïòèöû, Falconiformes, Strigiformes.

Àðò¸ì Àêåíòüåâ 492025 Êàçàõñòàí Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñê óë. 30-é Ãâàðäåéñêîé äèâèçèè, 34, ÂÊÃÓ, êàôåäðà çîîëîãèè òåë.: +7 777 3777 866

Abstract Data on the birds of prey and owls in the East of Kazakhstan – in the Northern Balkhash area and Eastern-Kazakhstan Upland (particularly in the Chingystau Ridge) obtained in the June 2009 are presented. A total of 15 species of birds of prey and 4 species of owls were registered: Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), BlackEared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Merlin (Falco columbarius), Hobby (Falco subbuteo), Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus), Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) and Scops Owl (Otus scops). Some data on the breeding biology for several species are also presented. For the Steppe Eagle a breeding density and total number have been calculated. Keywords: Eastern-Kazakhstan Upland, Northern Balkhash, spatial distribution, birds of prey, raptors, Falconiformes, Strigiformes.

Contact: Anna Barashkova Ilya Smelansky Andrey Tomilenko NGO Siberian Environmental Center P.O. Box 547 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia tel./fax: +7 383 363 00 59 yazula@yandex.ru steppe.bull@gmail.com Artem Akentiev Eastern-Kazakhstan State University, Zoology department 30 Gvardeyskoy divizii str., 34 Ust’-Kamenogorsk 492025 Kazakhstan tel.:+7 777 3777 866

Â ïåðèîä ñ 1 ïî 20 èþíÿ 2009 ã. áûëè îáñëåäîâàíû íåêîòîðûå ó÷àñòêè íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà: â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå – ïîáåðåæüå ï-îâà Êîðæûíòîáå íà îç. Áàëõàø è ìàññèâû õîëìîâ âîñòî÷íåå ã. Ñàÿê Êàðàãàíäèíñêîé îáëàñòè – Òóëüêèëè, Êîëìàãàíáåëü, Øóáàðòàó, áóãîð Æàêñûáóëàê â ïðåäåëàõ Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè; â Âîñòî÷íîÊàçàõñòàíñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå – ãðàíèòíûå ãîðû Ýìåëüòàó è Àðêàò, ìàññèâ õîëìîâ ïî ïðàâîìó áîðòó äîëèíû ð. Äàãàíäàëû, áàññåéí ð. Áàéêîøêàð íà þæíîì ñêëîíå ãðÿäû ×èíãèñòàó, ðÿä ïóíêòîâ ìåæäó ïîñ. Êàðàóë, Àðêàò è ã. Æàíãèçòîáå â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íîÊàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè. Ïðèðîäíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òåððèòîðèè Ðåãèîí îòëè÷àåòñÿ ðàçíîîáðàçíûì ðåëüåôîì, îòðàæàþùèì ñëîæíîñòü åãî ãåîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñòðîåíèÿ. Õàðàêòåðíû

During 1–20 June 2009 we surveyed some territories in the East of Kazakhstan: in the Northern Balkhash area – the shore of the Korzhintobe Peninsula of the Balkhash Lake and the hills to the east from the Sayak town (Tulkili, Kolmaganbel, Shubartau, Zhaksybulak) within the Almaty district); in the Eastern-Kazakhstan Upland – the granite massifs Emeltau and Arkat, the hills on the right side of the Dagandaly River, the Baikoshkar valley at the south slope of the Chingystau Ridge, some areas between the Karaul, Arkat and Zhangyztobe settlements within Eastern Kazakhstan district. This is a semi-arid, water-short region with open landscapes. The area is covered with dry steppe and semidesert grasslands and low shrubs; the more high altitude the more mesic grassland is presented. Watersheds are completely treeless, but small gallery

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ forests and groves are presented alongside of main rivers. Small and medium-sized colonial rodents are very numerous and diverse in grasslands here. There are Pikas (Ochotona pusilla, O. pallasi), Sousliks (Spermophilus spp.), Gerbils (Meriones spp.) and Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus). They all are important preys for raptors. We observed 15 species of birds of prey and 4 species of owls at the territory under consideration: Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), Golden Eagle (A. chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (A. heliaca), Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus), Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus), Hen Harrier (C. cyaneus), Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), Lesser Kestrel (F. naumanni), Common Kestrel (F. tinnunculus), Merlin (F. columbarius), Hobby (F. subbuteo), Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), ShortEared Owl (Asio flammeus), Long-Eared Owl (A. otus) and Scops Owl (Otus scops).

Òèïè÷íûå ëàíäøàôòû èññëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè: ãðàíèòíûé ìàññèâ Ýìåëüòàó (ââåðõó), äîëèíà ð. Áàêàíàñ âáëèçè ïîñåëêà Áàéêîøêàð (â öåíòðå) è õîëìû Òóëüêèëè â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî è À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Characteristic landscapes of the surveyed region: the granite massif Emeltau (upper), the Bakanas river valley near the Baikoshkar village (center) and the Tulkili Hills in the Northern Balkhash lake area. Photos by I. Smelansky and A. Barashkova.

ìåëêîñîïî÷íûå è õîëìèñòûå ìàññèâû, ðàçäåë¸ííûå îáøèðíûìè âûðîâíåííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè äåíóäàöèîííîé ðàâíèíû. Êðóïíåéøèé ìàññèâ – õðåáåò ×èíãèñòàó – ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ýëåìåíòîì íèçêîãîðíîãî îá-

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) The eagle inhabits all the territory under consideration. We discovered 33 breeding territories. A total of 43 nests were registered (38 were inspected in details). Broods were observed in 15 nests. Almost all observed nests were built on the ledges of rocks and stones – except two cases when the birds nested on the low elms (Ulmus pumila). 64.7% of nests were located on the south slopes (from SW to ESE). The average altitude of nest location was 659±118 m (range 385–830 m). Sizes of nests were 1.56±0.33×1.34±0.32 m, and height 0.45±0.21 m (range 0.08–1.0 m). In the lining we usually found anthropogenic materials such as ropes’ scraps, rubber, rags, polyethylene, and also the wool, dry grass (often of wild onion Allium galanthum); dung (almost in all nests). The breeding success was recorded in all occupied nests that we inspected. The average size of offspring was 1.9±0.5 eggs or nestlings per nest (n=15). Only in one case the number of eggs and nestlings was more than 2 (notably 3) and only in two cases – less than 2. The majority of nestlings had the second down plumage and in only nest (12 June) we found the first down plumage nestling and the incubated egg. The eggs found in the nests with elder nestlings were probably dead. Also the uncommon young nestlings in the first down plumage were found in one nest on the elm on 20 June.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ðàìëåíèÿ ãîðíîãî ïîäíÿòèÿ Òàðáàãàòàÿ. Îí ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáøèðíîå ïîäíÿòèå, ïðîñòèðàþùååñÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè ñåâåðî-çàïàä – þãî-âîñòîê. Ðåëüåô ×èíãèñòàó èìååò ÿðóñíóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ: 2–3 ïîâåðõíîñòè âûðàâíèâàíèÿ, îòäåë¸ííûå äðóã îò äðóãà óñòóïàìè âûñîòîé îêîëî 200 ì. Êðàåâûå îáëàñòè õðåáòà èìåþò ìåëêîñîïî÷íîå ðàñ÷ëåíåíèå, çäåñü ÷àñòû ñóõèå äîëèíû, îáû÷íû ðåçêèå ñêëîíû ñ îáèëèåì ñêàë è îñûïåé; äëÿ îñåâîé ÷àñòè õðåáòà îáû÷íû îòíîñèòåëüíî ñïîêîéíûå ôîðìû âîäîðàçäåëîâ, äëÿ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí õàðàêòåðíî ÷åðåäîâàíèå øèðîêèõ ìåàíäðèðóþùèõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ ãëóáîêî âðåçàííûìè êàíüîíàìè. Òèïè÷íû äëÿ ðåãèîíà ãðàíèòíûå ìåëêîñîïî÷íûå ìàññèâû. Îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ýðîäèðîâàííûå ãðàíèòíûå èíòðóçèè, âûðàæåííûå â ðåëüåôå êàê ðåçêî âîçâûøàþùèåñÿ íàä îêðóæàþùåé ðàâíèíîé êðóòîñêëîííûå õîëìû, ðàçáèòûå íà õàîòè÷åñêîå íàãðîìîæäåíèå ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ãðÿä äîëèííîé ñåòüþ òåêòîíè÷åñêîãî ãåíåçèñà. Äëÿ òàêèõ ìàññèâîâ òèïè÷íî îáèëèå ñêàë, ñîñòîÿùèõ èç ìàòðàöåâèäíûõ îòäåëüíîñòåé è îáðàçóþùèõ îñòàíöû è öåëûå ñêàëüíûå áàñòèîíû, âåí÷àþùèå áîëüøèíñòâî ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ãðÿä. Õàðàêòåðíûì ýëåìåíòîì ðåëüåôà ðåãèîíà, â îñîáåííîñòè åãî çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåíåïëåíèçèðîâàííûå ìàññèâû íåâûñîêèõ ïîëîãîñêëîííûõ õîëìîâ. Íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè îç. Áàëõàø ñ ñåâåðà ïðèìûêàåò ñëàáî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííàÿ ïîëîãîâîëíèñòàÿ ïåñ÷àíèñòàÿ ðàâíèíà, ìåñòàìè ñ íåáîëüøèìè ìàññèâàìè ïåñêîâ (îáøèðíûå ïåñêè ïðîñòèðàþòñÿ þæíåå óñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð. Àÿãóç è îç. Áàëõàø – âíå îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè). Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ îòíîñèòñÿ ê áàññåéíó îç. Áàëõàø è äðåíèðîâàíà ñèñòåìîé ðåê Àÿãóç è Áàêàíàñ ñ ïðèòîêàìè. Îäíàêî áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèè (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ×èíãèñòàó) íå îáëàäàåò ðàçâèòîé ðå÷íîé ñåòüþ, îáøèðíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëèøåíû ðåê è ôàêòè÷åñêè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ëîêàëüíûì áåññòî÷íûì áàññåéíàì ñ ñîëîí÷àêàìè è ñîë¸íûìè îç¸ðàìè. Òåððèòîðèÿ ëåæèò â ïðåäåëàõ ñóõîñòåïíîé ïîäçîíû ñòåïíîé è ñåâåðíî-ïóñòûííîé ïîäçîíû ïóñòûííîé çîí. Ãðàíèöà ìåæäó ñòåïíîé è ïóñòûííîé çîíàìè ïðîõîäèò â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà îêîëî 47º ñ.ø., â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè – îêîëî 48º ñ.ø. Ñòåïåíü àíòðîïîãåííîé ïðåîáðàçîâàííîñòè íåâûñîêà è áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè ïîêðûâàþò åñòåñòâåííûå ñòåïíûå è ïóñòûííûå ðàñòèòåëüíûå ñîîáùåñòâà. Â ïóñòûííîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ

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In some nests we observed the remains of preys: Red-Cheeked Sousliks (Spermophilus erythrogenys, in 5 nests), Black-Bellied Sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis, feathers in one nest), Long-Eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus, skin in the empty nest). The density was calculated for two types of landscapes in the Northern Balkhash area: semi-deserted low hills and uplands and granite massifs and plains around (the Emeltau massif, as an example). The breeding density in the first type of landscape was 4.1 pairs/100 km2, in the second – 8.3 pairs/100 km2. Thus a total of 300 pairs of the Steppe Eagle are estimated to breed in the first type of landscapes (about 160 pairs in the sector of the Eastern Kazakhstan district and 140 pairs – in the sector of the Almaty district); and about 166 pairs (only in the Eastern Kazakhstan district) are estimated to breed in the second type of landscapes. We suggest the surveyed territory would be recognized as an important area for the Steppe Eagle characterized high breeding density. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) We found 2 breeding territories. One of them was certainly occupied. The nest with 2 nestlings was placed in the granite niche in the Emeltau massif. The nest was almost inaccessible for carnivores and was more than 1.5 m in diameter. There were the green twigs of juniper in the lining. Another breeding territory was discovered at the Bakanas river valley: an unoccupied but occasionally used nest was found, and 2 adults were registered. Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) The only nest was found on the electric pole alongside of the road between Ayagoz and Madeniet. An adult was in the nest with brood undoubtedly but we didn’t inspect it. Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) An adult was registered in the Emeltau granite massif (13 June), probably at the breeding territory. It is the new record for Northern Balkhash. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) Two birds were observed in the Bakanas river valley in the Chingystau ridge on 16 June. Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) The species inhabits all the territory under consideration. No less than 19 breeding ter-

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ïðåîáëàäàþò êîêïå÷íî-áîÿëû÷íûå ïóñòûíè è ïóñòûííûå ñòåïè ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì êîâûëåé êàâêàçñêîãî è òûðñèêà. Òèïè÷íî ó÷àñòèå êðóïíûõ çîíòè÷íûõ (ôåðóë ñ òîëùèíîé ñòåáëÿ äî 5 ñì). Â ïðåäåëàõ ñòåïíîé çîíû ïðåîáëàäàþò òûðñèêîâûå ïóñòûííûå ñòåïè è êîâûëêîâûå ñóõèå ñòåïè, çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò êîâûëü âîñòî÷íûé (Stipa orientalis). Ïðè ýòîì, çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü ðåãèîíà çàíèìàþò âîçâûøåííîñòè, íåñóùèå áîëåå ìåçîôèëüíûå âàðèàíòû ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè – âïëîòü äî ëóãîâî-ñòåïíîé â ñóõîñòåïíîé ïîäçîíå (õð. ×èíãèñòàó) è ñóõîñòåïíîé â ñåâåðíî-ïóñòûííîé ïîäçîíå (õîëìû Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ). Ïî âñåìó ðåãèîíó çíà÷èòåëüíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ñîëîí÷àêîâ çàíÿòû ãàëîôèòíûìè ñî÷íîñîëÿíêîâûìè ïóñòûíÿìè è ñàçîâûìè ñòåïÿìè ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ÷èÿ (Lasiagrostis splendens) è âèäîâ îñòðåöà (Leymus spp.). Íåáîëüøèå ëåñà ðàçâèòû ïî äîëèíàì ðåê â ×èíãèñòàó è Ïðèáàëõàøüå, ïðè÷¸ì õàðàêòåð ýòèõ äîëèííûõ ëåñîâ ìåíÿåòñÿ îò òèïè÷íî óð¸ìíîãî íà ñåâåðå ðåãèîíà äî ñåâåðíîãî îáåäí¸ííîãî âàðèàíòà òóãàéíûõ ëåñîâ íà þãå. Äëÿ âñåé òåððèòîðèè õàðàêòåðíî øèðîêîå ðàçâèòèå è áîëüøîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñîîáùåñòâ ñòåïíûõ è ïóñòûííî-ñòåïíûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ. Ìàðøðóò Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ïåðååçä îò ã. ÓñòüÊàìåíîãîðñê äî ã. Àÿãîç: ïî òðàññå Àÿãîç– Ìàäåíèåò (òðàññà À-345) äî ïîâîðîòà íà ïîñ. Îðêåí – ïîñ. Îðêåí – äîëèíà ð. Êîêñàëà – äîëèíà ð. Áàêàíàñ – îòâîðîò îò äîëèíû Áàêàíàñà íà þã-þãî-çàïàä (ïðèìåðíî â 10 êì ê ñåâåðó îò ã. Àÿêêàðàóë) – áóãîð Æàêñûáóëàê (442 ì) – îç. Áàëõàø (ï-îâ Êîðæûíòîáå) – þæíûé ôàñ ãîð Øóáàðòàó – ãîðû Àéãûðæàë – ïîñ. Òóðàíãó (ðàçð.) – õîëìû Êîëìàãàíáåëü – õîëìû Òóëüêèëè – ñîïêà Êîòáàñ (ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íàÿ îêðàèíà õîëìîâ Òóëüêèëè) – ïî ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîìó ôàñó õîëìîâ Òóëüêèëè è äàëåå íà þãîçàïàä äî óðî÷èùà Êàðàøàò – ãîðà Óøîçåê (603 ì) – ãîðîä Ñàÿê – íà ñåâåð äî ãîð Òóëüêèëè – ãîðû Êûçûë-Òóëüêèëè – îñòàíåö Æàíãûçòàó (838 ì) – ãîðû Ýìåëüòàó – ãîðû Àðêàðëû – ãîðà Êàðàîçåê (762 ì) – óð. Ñàðûáóëàê – ïîñ. Êàðàáóëàê – äîëèíà ð. Äàãàíäàëû – áóãîð Øóáàðòîáå – òðàññà À-345 – ïåðååçä äî ïîñ. Áàðøàòàñ – äîëèíà ð. Áàêàíàñ – äîëèíà ð. Áàëãà – ãîðû Êûçûëêàéûí – óðî÷èùå Áóðàòèñåí – çèì. Òàéáàëûòàñ – þæíûé ôàñ ãîð Êàðàøîêû (â ñèñòåìå ×èíãèñòàó) – äîëèíà ð. Áàðøàòàñ – äîëèíà ð. Áóòàêàí – äîëèíà ð. Ñóûêáóëàê – ïîñ. Êûçûëòàñ – ïîñ. Êàðàóë – îç. Óëü-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ritories were discovered. We registered 53 nests (including 12 occupied). Almost all found nests (75.5%, 40 nests) were placed on the ledges of rocks and granite niches, 11% – on the electric poles (6 nests), 8% – on the trees (in 3 cases on poplars and in one case on the saxaul), and only 2 nests (4%) were built almost on the ground – on the tops of hills. The elevation interval is narrower than of Steppe Eagle’s nests locations – the average altitude was 632.5±117.4 m (range 405–791 m). The nests built on eastern and western slopes prevailed (about 70%). The average nest sizes were 0.99±0.27×0.76±0.12 m, the height 0.49±0.27 m (range 0.2–1.0 m). The breeding success was recorded in all nests that we have inspected (2.3±1.1 eggs and nestlings per occupied nest). In the most nests there were nestlings and fledglings (9 nests). In one nest in Northern Balkhash we found 5 fledglings while two eggs were recorded in the nearest neighbor nest (probably the second clutch after first one died). There were fledglings in two more nests. We observed the remains of preys in two nests: Tamarisk Gerbil (Meriones tamariscinus) and Red-Cheeked Souslik (Spermophilus erythrogenys). We estimated about 200 breeding pairs (with density about 2.8 pairs/100 km2) of the Long-Legged Buzzard in the low hills and uplands in the Northern Balkhash (about 96 breeding pairs in the sector of Eastern Kazakhstan district and 104 pairs – in the sector of the Almaty district). Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) Males were registered at the lower Bakanas river valley (5 June), small depressions between hills of Northern Balkhash (8–9 June), Emeltau (13 and 14 June), Baikoshkar river valley in Chingystau (18 June), and the hilly area on the left side of Suikbulak River (19 June). Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) The species was recorded on the Korzhintobe Peninsula, in the Emeltau and Arkat Mountains, in Chingystau. We found 3 eggs in a nest in the Balga river valley on 17 June. Black-Eared Kite (Milvus migrans lineatus) There were recorded 3 living nests: 2 in the lower Bakanas river on the Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) surrounded Siberi-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 êåíñîð – ïîñ. Àðêàò – ãîðû Êàðàãàéëû – ñåâåðíûé ôàñ ãîð Àðêàò (äî çèì. Êàðàòîáå) – ã. Ñàáàë (649 ì) – ïîñ. Áåëüòåðåê – ïî òðàññå äî ã. Æàíãèçòîáå – ÓñòüÊàìåíîãîðñê. Ðåçóëüòàòû è èõ îáñóæäåíèå Âñåãî îòìå÷åíî 15 âèäîâ ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è 4 âèäà ñîâîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis), áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca), ÷¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus), êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus), ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus), ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus), çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus), ÷åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus), ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus), áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug), ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni), îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus), äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius), ÷åãëîê (Falco subbuteo), ôèëèí (Bubo bubo), áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus), óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) è ñïëþøêà (Otus scops).

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an Salt Trees (Halimodendron halodendron) and one on the Aspen (Populus tremula) in foothills of the Emeltau Mountains. There were 2 and 1 nestlings in two inspected nests. Birds were registered also on the Bakanas and Baikoshkar river valleys in the Chingystau where they nested probably on trees in the gallery forests. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) We discovered 9 breeding territories. We inspected 7 nests, 5 of which were occupied. The main nest provider was the Long-Legged Buzzard (Imperial Eagle in only case possibly). Nests are placed on ledges of rocks and in granite niches (3 nests), and on electric poles (4 nests). The average altitude was 666.7±82.4 m (range 538–742 m). The breeding success was recorded in all occupied nests: the average brood size was 3.6±0.9 nestlings per nest (4 nestlings in 4 nests and 2 in one). Fledglings were noted in the nests on electric poles on 14–15 June. At the same time there were nestlings of 1–3 days in the only observed nest on a rock in the Northern Balkhash (10 June). An average distance between the nests on electric poles was about 10.3 km (8.1 km, 10.3 km, and 12.5 km respectively). The extension of the power line inspected was about 37 km and the density of the Saker Falcon was 11 breeding pairs per 100 km of a power line here. Long-Legged Buzzards occupied nests on electric poles between Saker Falcons’ ones, and the Steppe Eagle nested on the ground alongside of this power line – thus the average distance between living nests of these species was 4.5±1.7 km.

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) Îòìå÷àëñÿ íà âñåé îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè. Ëîêàëèçîâàíî ñ òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíüþ äîñòîâåðíîñòè 33 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Èç íèõ íåñîìíåííî æèëûìè ÿâëÿëèñü 16, â òîì ÷èñëå íà 15 îòìå÷åíû âûâîäêè; ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî çàíÿòûìè áûëè 17 ó÷àñòêîâ, èç íèõ 8 – ñ âûñîêîé âåðîÿòíîñòüþ (âñòðå÷è ïàð ó ïîñåùàåìûõ ãí¸çä è ò.ï.). Âñåãî îòìå÷åíî 43 ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, èç íèõ îñìîòðåíî 38. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ ðàñïîëàãàëàñü íà ñêàëüíûõ ðàçâàëàõ, ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ è óñòóïàõ ñêàë, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì äâóõ, êîòîðûå áûëè ïîñòðîåíû íà íåáîëüøèõ êàðàãà÷àõ (Ulmus pumila). Ïî÷òè äâå òðåòè (64,7%) îòìå÷åííûõ ãí¸çä íàõîäèëèñü íà ñêëîíàõ þæíîé ýêñïîçèöèè (ðóìáû ÞÇ–ÂÞÂ). Ãí¸çäà ðàçìåùàëèñü â äèàïàçîíå 385–830 ì í.ó.ì., â ñðåäíåì 659±118 ì í.ó.ì. Â ïðåäåëàõ ýòîãî äèàïàçîíà ðàçìåùåíèå ãí¸çä íå ïðèóðî÷åíî ê êàêîìó-òî îïðåäåë¸ííîìó èíòåðâàëó âûñîò. Çàìåòèì, ÷òî îáùèé ðàçìàõ ïåðåïàäà âûñîò íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîÑòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) íà ãíåçäå. 08.06.2009. ðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 363 ì (áåÔîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. ðåã Áàëõàøà) äî 1089 ì í.ó.ì. The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the nest. 08/06/2009. (âåðøèíà Ýìåëüòàó), ïðè÷¸ì Photo by A. Barashkova.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17

Ðèñ. 1. Ðåãèñòðàöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis). Fig. 1. Records of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis).

îñíîâíûå ïîâåðõíîñòè âûðàâíèâàíèÿ îòìå÷åíû âûñîòàìè 400–450 è 600–800 ì í.ó.ì. Ðàçìåðû îáñëåäîâàííûõ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóþò îò 2,2 ì ïî áîëüøåé ñòîðîíå äî 0,5 ì ïî ìåíüøåé, â ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿÿ 1,56±0,33×1,34±0,32 ì, ïðè âûñîòå ãíåçäà â ñðåäíåì 0,45±0,21 (îò 0,08 äî 1,0 ì). Ëîòîê, êàê ïðàâèëî, õîðîøî âûðàæåí – â ñðåäíåì îí óãëóáë¸í íà 9±5 ñì è èìååò äèàìåòð 0,61±0,11×0,55±0,11 ì. Â çàïîëíåíèè ëîòêà òèïè÷íû òàêèå àíòðîïîãåííûå ìàòåðèàëû, êàê îáðûâêè âåð¸âêè, ðåçèíà, òðÿïêè, ïîëèýòèëåí, òàêæå îáû÷íû øåðñòü (îñîáåííî ÷àñòî îâå÷üÿ), ñóõîé ðàñòèòåëüíûé ìàòåðèàë (õàðàêòåðíû ÷åøóè ëóêîâèö äèêîãî ëóêà Allium galanthum), ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íàâîç (ÊÐÑ, êîíñêèé, îâå÷èé). Âî âñåõ ãí¸çäàõ, ãäå îòìå÷åíî ðàçìíîæåíèå â òåêóùåì ãîäó, îíî áûëî óñïåøíûì (íà ìîìåíò îñìîòðà). Ïîãèáøèõ êëàäîê èëè âûâîäêîâ íå âñòðå÷åíî. Â ãí¸çäàõ íàõîäèëèñü ÿéöà è ïòåíöû â êîëè÷åñòâå, â ñðåäíåì, (n=15) 1,9±0,5, ôàêòè÷åñêè òîëüêî îäèí ðàç ÷èñëî ÿèö è ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäå áûëî áîëüøå äâóõ (3) è òîëüêî äâàæäû – ìåíüøå äâóõ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ãí¸çä áûëè ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû, èìåëè òðóáêè ìàõîâûõ è êðîþùèõ (310–440 ìì, ðàçðåç ðòà 40–70 ìì). Ëèøü â îäíîì ãíåçäå (12 èþíÿ) íàéäåí ïóõîâè÷îê âîçðàñòà 2–3 äíÿ è æèâîå ÿéöî. Åù¸ â òð¸õ ãí¸çäàõ, ïîìèìî îòíîñèòåëüíî âçðîñëûõ ïòåíöîâ, íàéäåíû ÿéöà (áîëòóíû èëè ïîãèáøèå). Òàêæå íåîáû÷íî ìîëîäûå

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) There were 18 records of 36 individuals; nests were observed 3 times. There were 10 records of lonely birds, 5 records of pairs, and 3 records of nesting colonies (at least 2 breeding pairs were noted in one colony and no less 3 pairs – in two). The species was noted to prefer for breeding different ruined adobe or stone constructions surrounded grasslands, and rarely rocks. We recorded one pair in the Northern Balkhash in spite of potential breeding habitats were numerous there. We registered two breeding territories and a bird on the periphery of Emeltau massif, the colony (3 pairs) in vicinities of the Belterek village; also there were 4 records between Emeltau massif and Dagandaly river, 9 records on the south-western slopes of Chingystau. In Chingystau we recorded 6 single males, 2 pairs and one colony with no less than 3 breeding pairs, with an average distance between records about 5 km. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) It was recorded in the lower Bakanas river, the Arkarly Mountains (to the north from Emeltau), and the Baikoshkar river valley. Merlin (Falco columbarius) It was recorded only in the Chingystau: 8 km to the south from the Orken village in the Koksala river valley and in the Bakanas river valley. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) Hobby was recorded in the upper reaches of the Bakanas river, the Baikoshkar river valley, and Buratisen hills (Chingystau), the Emeltau massif, as well as the Shubartau Hills and the lower Bakanas river within Northern Balkhash. Short-Eared Owl (Asio flammeus) The owl was recorded on the Balkhash shore (in the Korzhintobe Peninsula) and the Saryoba Hills to the north from Emeltau. Status of the species in Northern Balkhash is still unclear. Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) A vocalized brood was recorded in the Aigyz river valley on 4 June. A probably breeding adult was found in a poplar spinney (Populus diversifolia) in a dry valley in the Shubartau hills (Northern Balkhash). Earlier there were no virtual data on this species in Northern Balkhash.

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû, äàæå áåç òðóáîê, íàõîäèëèñü 20 èþíÿ â ãíåçäå áëèç ã. Æàíãèçòîáå (â àíàëîãè÷íîì ñîñåäíåì ãíåçäå ïòåíöû áûëè íåäåëè íà 2 ñòàðøå). Â íåêîòîðûõ ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷åíû îñòàíêè æåðòâ. Òå èç íèõ, êîòîðûå ìîãëè áûòü èäåíòèôèöèðîâàíû, ïðèíàäëåæàëè êðàñíîùåêîìó ñóñëèêó (Spermophilus erythrogenys) – â 5 ãí¸çäàõ, ÷åðíîáðþõîìó ðÿáêó (Pterocles orientalis) – ïåðüÿ, â îäíîì ãíåçäå, óøàñòîìó åæó (Hemiechinus auritus) – øêóðêà, â íåæèëîì ãíåçäå. Êàê è â ðàíåå îáñëåäîâàííûõ ìåñòíîñòÿõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, äëÿ âçðîñëûõ ïòèö ïðè îñìîòðå ãí¸çä õàðàêòåðíà î÷åíü ìàëàÿ äèñòàíöèÿ âñïóãèâàíèÿ – îêîëî 10 ì. Â îäíîì ñëó÷àå ñàìêà íå ñíÿëàñü ñ ãíåçäà (ãäå íàõîäèëñÿ ïóõîâîé ïòåíåö) è äàæå íå äåìîíñòðèðîâàëà áåñïîêîéñòâî, õîòÿ àâòîìîáèëü ïðèáëèçèëñÿ ê ãíåçäó íà ðàññòîÿíèå 10–15 ì è îñòàâàëñÿ íà ìåñòå îêîëî 10 ìèí. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà áûëà îöåíåíà äëÿ äâóõ òèïîâ ëàíäøàôòîâ â ïðåäåëàõ îáñëåäîâàííîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ. (1) Íèçêèå ïîëóïóñòûííûå (îò ñóõîé ñòåïè äî ñåâåðíîé ïóñòûíè) õîëìû è ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè. Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ìàðøðóò ïî ãíåçäîâûì ñòàöèÿì ñîñòàâèë çäåñü 220 êì (áåç ó÷¸òà ïåðååçäîâ), ëîêàëèçîâàíî 9 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (5 ñ âûâîäêàìè). Ïðèíèìàÿ øèðèíó ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû â 1 êì, ïëîòíîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 4,1 ïàð/100 êì2. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ëàíäøàôòîâ ïîäîáíîãî òèïà â ïðåäåëàõ Àëìàòèíñêîé è Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòåé – îêîëî 7400 êì2 (3430 è 3970 êì2, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Ýêñòðàïîëèðóÿ, ïîëó÷àåì îêîëî 300 ïàð ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà, èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 160 ðàñïîëîæåíî â Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé è îêîëî 140 â Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè. (2) Ãðàíèòíûå ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè è îêðóæàþùàÿ èõ ðàâíèíà ñ ðàçáðîñàííûìè ïî íåé îñòàíöàìè (íà ïðèìåðå ìàññèâà Ýìåëüòàó). Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ìàðøðóò ïî ãíåçäîâûì ñòàöèÿì – 60 êì (áåç ó÷¸òà ïåðååçäîâ), ëîêàëèçîâàíî 5 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (4 ñ âûâîäêàìè). Ïðè òåõ æå äîïóùåíèÿõ, ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 8,3 ïàðû/100 êì2. Íî â ñàìîì ìàññèâå ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ãíåçäèòñÿ, âñå ó÷àñòêè ðàñïîëîæåíû ïî åãî ïåðèôåðèè (äî 16 êì îò öåíòðà ìàññèâà). Ïîäîáíûå ìàññèâû ïðåäñòàâëåíû â ïðåäåëàõ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ òîëüêî â Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé è Êàðàãàíäèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, â Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè

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Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) Signs of the species (pellets, feathers) were found in the low hills of the Northern Balkhash – in the Tulkili, Shubartau, Karashat, Zhangyztau Hills, as well as in the lower reaches of the Balga River (the right tributary of the Bakanas river in Chingystau). Status of the Eagle Owl in Northern Balkhash was unclear but now we can claim it is resident here. Scops Owl (Otus scops) A bird was registered in the Baikoshkar river valley on 18 June.

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà âåðøèíå õîëìà â îòðîãàõ ñîïêè Æàíãûçòàó, 12.06.2009 (ââåðõó), è ïòåíöû â ðàçëè÷íûõ ãí¸çäàõ 12.06.2009 (â öåíòðå) è 15.06.2009 (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé è È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Nest of the Steppe Eagle on the top of a hill in the Zhangyztaur Hills, 12/06/2009 (upper), and nestlings 12/06/2009 (center) and 15/06/2009 (bottom). Photos by A. Barashkova and I. Smelansky.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 îòñóòñòâóþò. Çàíèìàåìàÿ èìè (ñ ïåðèôåðèåé) ïëîùàäü ñîñòàâëÿåò (âåñüìà ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî) â Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè îêîëî 2000 êì2, ÷òî äà¸ò îöåíêó ÷èñëåííîñòè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â 166 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ. Èòîãî, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî îðëà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæåò áûòü îöåíåíà, ïðèìåðíî, â 320 ïàð, â ïðåäåëàõ Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòè – â 140 ïàð. Ýòî ñêîðåå âåðõíÿÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè, íî åäâà ëè îíà ñóùåñòâåííî çàâûøåíà. Âûøåóêàçàííûå ïëîòíîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè è ðàñ÷¸òíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà ñîïîñòàâèìû ñ òåìè, ÷òî ðàíåå îïðåäåëåíû äëÿ Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðüåâ Êàëáèíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006, 2008) – ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå îáñëåäîâàííîé â 2009 ã. òåððèòîðèè. Ïðè ýòîì, íåëüçÿ íå îòìåòèòü êîíòðàñò ñ çàïàäíîé ÷àñòüþ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ. Ïî äàííûì À.Ñ. Ëåâèíà (Ëåâèí, 2005, Ëåâèí è äð., 2007), â ýòîì ðåãèîíå (âîñòîê Áåòïàêäàëû) ñòåïíîé îð¸ë âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òîëüêî åäèíè÷íî. Ýòîò âèä çàíÿë ïîñëåäíåå ìåñòî ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè (1,1% âñòðå÷) ñðåäè 10 äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îòìå÷åííûõ èì â îêòÿáðå 2004 ã.; â àïðåëå 2005 ã. òàêæå îòìå÷åíà ëèøü îäíà ïàðà ýòîãî îðëà (äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ – â òîò æå ïåðèîä ýòèìè àâòîðàìè îáíàðóæåíî 55 æèëûõ ãí¸çä êóðãàííèêà). Òàêæå ëþáîïûòíî, ÷òî 7 èç 9 âñòðå÷ ñòåïíîãî îðëà, îòìå÷åííûõ â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ Î.Â. Áåëÿëîâûì è Ý.È. Ãàâðèëîâûì (2004) â õîäå ïðîòÿæ¸ííîãî ìàðøðóòà (4500 êì), âêëþ÷àâøåãî âîñòîê Áåòïàêäàëû è âñ¸ Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèáàëõàøüå, ïðèøëèñü íà îòíîñèòåëüíî íåáîëüøîé îòðåçîê âîñòî÷íåå ã. Ñàÿê. Ïî ñòàðûì äàííûì (Êîðåëîâ, 1962), íà âîñòîêå Áåòïàêäàëû è çàïàäå Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ãíåçäèëñÿ, íî áûë ñïîðàäè÷åí è ìàëî÷èñëåí; ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè â âîñòî÷íîé ïîëîâèíå Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ îòñóòñòâîâàëè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü, ÷òî íèçêèå ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêè è õîëìèñòûå ìàññèâû Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà – îò ×èíãèñòàó íà çàïàäå äî çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðèé Êàëáû íà âîñòîêå è äî âîñòî÷íîé ïîëîâèíû Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ íà þãå (ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà ïðîõîäèò, âèäèìî, â ïðåäåëàõ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ Ðîññèè) – ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì î÷àãîì îáèòàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ãäå îí ïîääåðæèâàåò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü è ãíåçäèòñÿ ñ âûñîêîé ïëîò-

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Acknowledgements We are extremely grateful to the British Ornithologists’ Union for the financial support of our field work. We also sincerely thank Dr. Sergey Sklyarenko (Association for Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan, Almaty), Dr. Yuriy Zinchenko (Eastern Kazakhstan Regional Museum of History and Local Lore, Ust-Kamenogorsk), Mr./Mrs. Evgeniy and Valentina Yurchenkov (NGO “Eco-Altai”, Ust-Kamenogorsk) for their outstanding organizational help.

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà êàðàãà÷å â óðî÷èùå Êàðàîçåê (îêðåñòíîñòè ïîñ. Æàíãèçòîáå). 20.06.2009. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Nest of the Steppe Eagle on the Elm, the Karaozek tract, vicinities of the Zhangyztobe village. 20/06/2009. Photo by I. Smelansky.

íîñòüþ íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîãî ðåãèîíà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûå ãíåçäîâûå è êîðìîâûå ñòàöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà, äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíû âûñîêèå îáèëèå, ðàçíîîáðàçèå è äîñòóïíîñòü åãî êîðìîâûõ îáúåêòîâ (îñíîâíûå èç êîòîðûõ – êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñëèê, äâà âèäà ïèùóõ, îò÷àñòè ïåñ÷àíêè, öîêîð, óøàñòûé ¸æ, êóðèíûå ïòèöû è äð.). Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áåðêóòà, èç êîòîðûõ îäèí äîñòîâåðíî æèëîé, äðóãîé – ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî. Íà çàíÿòîì ó÷àñòêå â ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó íàéäåíî äâå ãíåçäîâûõ ïîñòðîéêè. Â æèëîì ãíåçäå íàõîäèëîñü 2 ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà (13 èþíÿ). Ïî õàðàêòåðó ðàçìåùåíèÿ

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

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óùåëüÿ. Ãíåçäî ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåäîñòóïíî äëÿ ÷åòâåðîíîãîãî õèùíèêà. Äèàìåòð ïîñòðîéêè – áîëåå 1,5 ì, ëîòîê âûñòëàí âåòî÷êàìè ìîææåâåëüíèêà. Äðóãîé ó÷àñòîê âûÿâëåí â äîëèíå ð. Áàêàíàñ, þæíåå ïîñ. Áàéêîøêàð: íàéäåíî íåæèëîå ïîñåùàåìîå ãíåçäî, âáëèçè êîòîðîãî îòìå÷åíî äâå âñòðå÷è âçðîñëûõ ïòèö. Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà óñòóïå â ïðèðå÷íîì ñêàëüíîì îáíàæåíèè ÞÞÇ ýêñïîçèöèè, íà ýðîçèîííîì ñêëîíå ÞÂ ýêñïîçèöèè, ðàçìåðû ãíåçäîâîé ïîñòðîéêè 1,5×1,4 ì, âûñîòà îêîëî 1,2 ì, ëîòîê âûïîëíåí òîëñòîé ïîäóøêîé èç ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

Ðèñ. 2. Ðåãèñòðàöèè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) è ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca). Fig. 2. Records of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca).

ýòî ãíåçäî àíàëîãè÷íî ãí¸çäàì áåðêóòà, ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûì â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ ãîð Äåëüáåãåòåé â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå (Ñìåëÿíñêèé, Òîìèëåíêî, 2005) è Ãîðíîé Êîëûâàíè â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå Ðîññèè (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2005). Ãíåçäîâàÿ ïîñòðîéêà ðàñïîëàãàëàñü ïî÷òè öåëèêîì ïîä øèðîêèì, íèçêî íàâèñàþùèì, êîçûðüêîì â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè îòâåñíîé ñòåíêè ãðàíèòíîãî áàñòèîíà â öåïè, îáðàçóþùåé áîðò

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) Åäèíñòâåííîå îáíàðóæåííîå ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà òðàâåðñå îïîðû ËÝÏ áëèç òðàññû Àÿãîç-Ìàäåíèåò (ìåæäó ðåêàìè Åñïå è Áóðãåí). Ïòèöà íàõîäèëàñü íà ãíåçäå, íåñîìíåííî ñ âûâîäêîì, íî ïòåíöîâ îñìîòðåòü íå óäàëîñü. Ðàíåå âûñêàçûâàëîñü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî ìîãèëüíèê î÷åíü ðåäîê â Âîñòî÷íîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå (âêëþ÷àÿ è ×èíãèñòàó) (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2008). Äàííàÿ íàõîäêà – âèäèìî ïåðâûé ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûé ñëó÷àé ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîãî îðëà â ïðåäåëàõ Âîñòî÷íîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà çà ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò, ïðè÷¸ì è îíà îòíîñèòñÿ ñêîðåå ê òåððèòîðèè, ïåðåõîäíîé ìåæäó îáëàñòüþ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêà è ðàâíèíîé Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ. Íóæíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà íà ËÝÏ èçâåñòíî â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ (Ëåâèí, 2005), à òàêæå îòìå÷àëîñü íàìè ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íåå äàííîé íàõîäêè – â çàïàäíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Êàëáèíñêîãî íàãîðüÿ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006). Çìååÿä (Circaetus gallicus) Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà â ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó 13 èþíÿ. Äåðæàëàñü ó ñêëîíà ñ çàðîñëÿìè ñòåïíûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ, âáëèçè îò èâîâîé ðîùèöû ïî äíèùó ëîãà. Ãíåçäî íå íàéäåíî. Áëèæàéøèå ðàíåå èçâåñòíûå ìåñòà âñòðå÷ ýòîãî âèäà â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå – äîëèíà ð. Êóðàéëû íà þæíîì Ãí¸çäà íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ: êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus), 15.06.2009 (ñëåâà ââåðõó), áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug), 16.06.2009 (ñëåâà âíèçó) è ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), 05.06.2009 (ñïðàâà). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé è È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Nests on the electric poles: Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), 15/06/2009 (upper at the left), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), 16/06/2009 (bottom at the left) and Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), 05/06/2009 (right). Photos by A. Barashkova and I. Smelansky.

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Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ

ñêëîíå ×èíãèñòàó â 180 êì âîñòî÷íåå (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2008; Áåð¸çîâèêîâ è äð., 2009). Â Áàëõàøñêîé êîòëîâèíå çìååÿäà â ïîñëåäíèå 100 ëåò îòìå÷àëè òîëüêî ó þãî-çàïàäíîé è âîñòî÷íîé îêîíå÷íîñòåé Áàëõàøà, åãî íàõîäêè ñåâåðíåå îçåðà íåèçâåñòíû (Áåðåçîâèêîâ, Ëåâèí, 2009). ×¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) Äâà ÷¸ðíûõ ãðèôà íàáëþäàëè â äîëèíå Áàêàíàñà (þãî-çàïàäíûé ôàñ ×èíãèñòàó) 16 èþíÿ.

Ðèñ. 3. Ðåãèñòðàöèè êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus). Fig. 3. Records of the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus).

Êóðãàííèê (Buteo rufinus) Êóðãàííèê îòìå÷åí íà âñåé îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè (â 40 òî÷êàõ). Ëîêàëèçîâàíî íå ìåíåå 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 53 ãíåçäà, èç íèõ 12 æèëûõ. Òðè ÷åòâåðòè âñåõ ãí¸çä (75,5%, 40 ãí¸çä) ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà ñêàëüíûõ óñòóïàõ è â ãðàíèòíûõ íèøàõ, 11% – íà òðàâåðñàõ îïîð ËÝÏ (6 ãí¸çä), 8% – íà äåðåâüÿõ (â òð¸õ ñëó÷àÿõ íà òîïîëå, îäíàæäû – íà ñàêñàóëå) è òîëüêî 2 ãíåçäà (4%) áûëè âûñòðîåíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè íà çåìëå – íà âåðøèíàõ ñîïîê (íà ñêàëüíîì ðàçâàëå è ó îñíîâàíèÿ ñëîæåííîãî èç êàìíåé òóðà). Ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â áîëåå óçêîì, ÷åì ó ñòåïíîãî îðëà, èíòåðâàëå âûñîò – 405–791 ì í.ó.ì. (â ñðåäíåì 632,5±117,4 ì í.ó.ì.). Ãí¸çäà ðàçìåùàþòñÿ íà ñêëîíàõ ðàçëè÷íîé ýêñïîçèöèè, íî ïðåîáëàäàþò âîñòî÷íûå è çàïàäíûå ðóìáû – ê íèì ïðèóðî÷åíî â ñóììå îêîëî 70% âñåõ ãí¸çä. Ðàçìåðû ãí¸çä âàðüèðóþò îò 1,6 ì ïî áîëüøåé ñòîðîíå äî 0,6 ì ïî ìåíüøåé ñòîðîíå, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì 0,99±0,27×0,76±0,12 ì, ïðè âûñîòå â ñðåäíåì 0,49±0,27 ì (îò 0,2 äî 1 ì). Ëîòîê,

Àííà Áàðàøêîâà è Àðò¸ì Àêåíòüåâ íà ãíåçäå êóðãàííèêà (Buteo rufinus) íà ñîïêå Êàðàîçåê â ñèñòåìå âîçâûøåííîñòåé ê ñåâåðó îò Ýìåëüòàó 15.06.2009 (ââåðõó) è 5 ñë¸òêîâ â ãíåçäå êóðãàííèêà â ãîðàõ Øóáàðòàó 07.06.2009 (âíèçó). Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé è È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Anna Barashkova and Artem Akentiev on a nest of the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus), the Karaozek Hill in the uplands to the north from the Emeltau massif 15/06/2009 (upper) and 5 fledglings in the Shubartau Mountains 07/06/2009 (bottom). Photos by A. Barashkova and I. Smelansky.

êàê ïðàâèëî, âûðàæåí ñëàáî è èìååò ïðîìåðû, â ñðåäíåì, 0,47±0,13×0,41±0,11 ì ïðè ãëóáèíå 0,08±0,06 ì. Âî âñåõ 12 îáñëåäîâàííûõ æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ îòìå÷åíî ðàçìíîæåíèå. Íà æèëîå ãíåçäî ïðèõîäèòñÿ 2,3±1,1 ÿèö è/èëè ïòåíöîâ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ãí¸çä â ïåðèîä íàáëþäåíèé íàõîäèëèñü ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû (9 ãí¸çä, òðè ÷åòâåðòè âñåõ ãí¸çä). Íî â îäíîì ñëó÷àå, â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå, íà ñîñåäíèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ (ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó æèëûìè ãí¸çäàìè 4 êì) íàéäåíû âûâîäîê èç 5 ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûõ ïòåíöîâ è êëàäêà èç 2-õ ÿèö. Âåðîÿòíî, ýòî áûëà ïîâòîðíàÿ êëàäêà. Åù¸ â äâóõ ãí¸çäàõ âñòðå÷åíû îïåðÿþùèåñÿ ïòåíöû. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî âûâîäîê êóðãàííèêà èç 5 ïòåíöîâ â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå âñòðå÷åí íàìè âïåðâûå, îáû÷íî âûâîäêè ñîñòîÿò èç 2–3 ïòåíöîâ (Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2006; Ñìåëÿíñêèé è äð., 2008). Â äâóõ ñëó÷àÿõ íà ãíåçäå íàéäåíû îñòàò-

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 êè æåðòâ: ãðåáåíùèêîâîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Meriones tamariscinus) – çàäíÿÿ ÷àñòü ñ õâîñòîì è êðàñíîù¸êîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus erythrogenys) – òóøêà áåç ãîëîâû è ïîÿñà ïåðåäíèõ êîíå÷íîñòåé. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êóðãàííèêà áûëà îöåíåíà òîëüêî äëÿ îäíîãî òèïà ëàíäøàôòà â ïðåäåëàõ îáñëåäîâàííîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ – íèçêèõ ïîëóïóñòûííûõ (îò ñóõîé ñòåïè äî ñåâåðíîé ïóñòûíè) õîëìîâ è ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîâ. Àâòîìîáèëüíûé ìàðøðóò ïî ãíåçäîâûì ñòàöèÿì ñîñòàâèë çäåñü 250 êì (áåç ó÷¸òà ïåðååçäîâ), ëîêàëèçîâàíî 7 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ (4 ñ âûâîäêàìè). Ïðèíèìàÿ øèðèíó ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñû â 1 êì, ïëîòíîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 2,8 ïàð/100 êì2. Ýêñòðàïîëèðóÿ, ïîëó÷àåì îêîëî 200 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êóðãàííèêà, èç êîòîðûõ îêîëî 96 ðàñïîëîæåíî â Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêîé è îêîëî 104 â Àëìàòèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ.

Ðèñ. 4. Ðåãèñòðàöèè ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circus macrourus) è ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni). Fig. 4. Records of the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus) and Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni).

Ñòåïíîé ëóíü (Circus macrourus) Âñòðå÷è îõîòÿùèõñÿ ñàìöîâ áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè: â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå – â äîëèíå Áàêàíàñà (5 èþíÿ) è â øèðîêèõ äîëàõ â õîëìèñòûõ ìàññèâàõ (8 è 9 èþíÿ), â ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó (13 è 14 èþíÿ), â ×èíãèñòàó – â äîëèíå ð. Áàéêîøêàð íà âûõîäå å¸ èç ãîð (18 èþíÿ) è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâå ïî ëåâîìó áîðòó äîëèíû ð. Ñóûêáóëàê â å¸ ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè (19 èþíÿ). Ëóãîâîé ëóíü (Circus cyaneus) Îòìå÷àëñÿ âáëèçè òðîñòíèêîâûõ çàðîñëåé íà áåðåãó Áàëõàøà (ï-îâ Êîðæûíòîáå), â ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó, íà ñåâåðíîì ôàñå ãîð Àðêàò è â ìåëêîñîïî÷íîì ìàññèâ÷èêå

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ê ñåâåðî-âîñòîêó îò íèõ, â ãîðàõ ×èíãèñòàó â ñèñòåìå äîëèíû Áàêàíàñà. Â ãíåçäå, îáíàðóæåííîì 17 èþíÿ ñðåäè âûñîêîãî òðîñòíèêà â äîëèíå ð. Áàëãà, íàõîäèëàñü êëàäêà èç 3-õ ÿèö. Âáëèçè îò ãíåçäà (îêîëî 350 ì) îòìå÷åíà åù¸ îäíà áåñïîêîÿùàÿñÿ ïàðà ëóíåé. ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus migrans lineatus) Îòìå÷åíî òðè æèëûõ ãíåçäà êîðøóíà. Äâà ãíåçäà îáíàðóæåíû 5 èþíÿ íà ëîõàõ (Elaeagnus angustifolia) ñðåäè çàðîñëåé ÷èíãèëÿ (Halimodendron halodendron) ïî äîëèíå ð. Áàêàíàñ, íèæå ï. Áàêàíàñ, íà ðàññòîÿíèè 1,3 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Îñìîòðåííîå ãíåçäî ðàñïîëàãàëîñü â ðàçâèëêå êðóïíîé âåòâè â âåðõíåé òðåòè êðîíû. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëèñü 2 ïóõîâûõ ïòåíöà (÷àñòè÷íî îïåðåíû ïëå÷è è ñïèíà). Âçðîñëûå ïòèöû äåðæàëèñü ó ãí¸çä, ïðè ïîñåùåíèè äåìîíñòðèðîâàëè áåñïîêîéñòâî. Åù¸ îäíî æèëîå ãíåçäî íàéäåíî 14 èþíÿ â îñèíîâîé ðîùå ïî ðó÷üþ ó ïîäíîæèÿ ãîð Ýìåëüòàó, áëèç çèìîâêè Ìîèëäû. Â ãíåçäå íàõîäèëñÿ îäèí ïóõîâûé ïòåíåö. Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà, ñëåòåâ ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè ÷åëîâåêà, îñòàâàëàñü ïîáëèçîñòè â ïðîäîëæåíèè îñìîòðà ãíåçäà (îñìîòð ïðîâîäèëñÿ ñ ñîñåäíåãî äåðåâà). Âñòðå÷è ïòèö áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû òàêæå íà þãî-çàïàäå ×èíãèñòàó – â äîëèíàõ ðåê Áàêàíàñ è Áàéêîøêàð, ãäå êîðøóí, âèäèìî, ãíåçäèòñÿ íà äåðåâüÿõ â óðåìíîì ëåñó. Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Ëîêàëèçîâàíî 9 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, íà êîòîðûõ íàéäåíî 7 ãí¸çä, èç íèõ 5 æèëûõ. Îñìîòðåííûå ãí¸çäà áàëîáàíà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü â ïîñòðîéêàõ êóðãàííèêà (â îäíîì ñëó÷àå, âîçìîæíî, ìîãèëüíèêà) íà óñòóïàõ ñêàë è â íèøàõ ãðàíèòíûõ îñòàíöåâ (3 ãíåçäà) è íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ (4 ãíåçäà), â èíòåðâàëå âûñîò 538–742 ì í.ó.ì. (â ñðåäíåì 666,7±82,4 ì í.ó.ì.). Âî âñåõ æèëûõ ãí¸çäàõ îòìå÷åíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå. Â âûâîäêàõ 3,6±0,9 ïòåíöîâ íà óñïåøíîå ãíåçäî (â 4 ãí¸çäàõ ïî 4 ïòåíöà, â îäíîì – 2). Ãíåçäî, íàéäåííîå â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå, ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà óñòóïå ñêàëüíîãî îáðûâà ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ýêñïîçèöèè íàä ñëàáîïðîòî÷íîé ñîë¸íîé ðå÷êîé, ïîëíîñòüþ çàðîñøåé òðîñòíèêîì. Â ýòîì ãíåçäå 10 èþíÿ íàõîäèëèñü ïóõîâèêè ïåðâûõ äíåé æèçíè. Ãíåçäî ìàëîçàìåòíî – áåç õàðàêòåðíûõ ïîò¸êîâ ïîì¸òà. Âçðîñëûå ïòèöû, ñëåòåâ ñ ãíåçäà è ïðèñàäû, ñðàçó ñêðûëèñü, íå äåìîíñòðèðóÿ áåñïîêîéñòâî

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Ðèñ. 5. Ðåãèñòðàöèè áàëîáàíà (Falco cherrug). Fig. 5. Records of the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug).

ïðè îñìîòðå ãíåçäà. Äâà äðóãèõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà áàëîáàíà ëîêàëèçîâàíû â ãðàíèòíûõ ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó è Àðêàò (âñòðå÷åíû ïòèöû, ïðèñàäû, ãíåçäîâûå íèøè). Îáà ó÷àñòêà îòëè÷àþòñÿ òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòüþ ãí¸çä, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â âåðõíèõ ÷àñòÿõ êðóòûõ ñêàëüíûõ ñêëîíîâ. Âñå æèëûå ãí¸çäà íà òðàâåðñàõ îïîð ËÝÏ ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ïî îäíîé ëèíèè, ïðîõîäÿùåé ÷åðåç ïîêðûòûå êóñòàðíèêîâûìè ñòåïÿìè ïîëîãîóâàëèñòóþ ðàâíèíó è õîëìèñòûé ìàññèâ â áàññåéíå ð. Äàãàíäàëû. Ãí¸çäà áûëè ïîñòðîåíû íà äâîéíîé òðàâåðñå, òðè – ñ ÂÞÂ ñòîðîíû ñòîëáà, îäíî – ñ ÇÑÇ ñòîðîíû. Âî âñåõ ãí¸çäàõ 14–15 èþíÿ íàõîäèëèñü âçðîñëûå, âïîëíå îïåðåííûå ïòåíöû èëè ñë¸òêè. Ðàññòîÿíèå

Ñë¸òêè áàëîáàíà â ãíåçäå íà îïîðå ËÝÏ. 14.06.2009. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. Fledglings of the Saker Falcon in the nest on the electric pole. 14/06/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ñîñòàâèëî 8,1 êì, 10,3 êì è 12,5 êì (â ñðåäíåì 10,3 êì). Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü îñìîòðåííîãî ó÷àñòêà ËÝÏ ñîñòàâèëà 37 êì. Ïëîòíîñòü ïîñåëåíèÿ áàëîáàíà â ýòîé ÷àñòè ËÝÏ – 11 ïàð/100 êì ëèíèè. Ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè áàëîáàíà, òàêæå íà äâîéíûõ òðàâåðñàõ, ãíåçäèëñÿ êóðãàííèê, íà çåìëå âáëèçè ËÝÏ – ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, òàê ÷òî æèëûå ãí¸çäà ýòèõ ïòèö ðàñïðåäåëÿëèñü âäîëü ËÝÏ ñî ñðåäíèì èíòåðâàëîì 4,5±1,7 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. À.Ñ. Ëåâèí (2008) êîíñòàòèðîâàë êðèòè÷åñêîå ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áàëîáàíà â Âîñòî÷íîì Êàçàõñòàíå, ÷òî ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ ïðåññîì áðàêîíüåðñêîãî îòëîâà äëÿ ïðîäàæè àðàáñêèì ñîêîëüíèêàì. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â 2008 ã. ýòèì àâòîðîì îáíàðóæåíî èñ÷åçíîâåíèå áàëîáàíà ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñî âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ãîðíûõ ìàññèâàõ ê âîñòîêó îò îç. Áàëõàø (âêëþ÷àÿ áëèæàéøèå ê ìåñòó íàøèõ ðàáîò ãîðû Àðãàíàòû). Â òî æå âðåìÿ, íà þãå Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà è â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ îòìå÷àåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå áàëîáàíà ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ íà ìàãèñòðàëüíûõ ËÝÏ (Ëåâèí, Êàðïîâ, 2005; Ëåâèí è äð., 2007). Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî óñïåõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ýòîé, âíîâü ôîðìèðóþùåéñÿ, ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè (â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîñòü èñ÷åçàþùåé íà âîñòîêå) ñâÿçàí ñ íåäîñòóïíîñòüþ ãí¸çä äëÿ ëîâöîâ. Íàøè äàííûå óêëàäûâàþòñÿ â ýòó êàðòèíó, ïðîäëåâàÿ àðåàë ãðóïïèðîâêè, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ íà ËÝÏ, äî âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ. Íàõîäêà æèëîãî ãíåçäà íà ñêàëå è æèëûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâàõ Ýìåëüòàó è Àðêàò ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò, ÷òî íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè åù¸ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ è ãðóïïèðîâêà ïòèö, èñïîëüçóþùèõ åñòåñòâåííûå ãíåçäîâûå ñóáñòðàòû. Êàê êàæåòñÿ ïðè ýòîì, ñêðûòíûé õàðàêòåð óñòðîéñòâà è/èëè òðóäíîäîñòóïíîñòü ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä íà ñêàëàõ è íåîáû÷íîå ïîâåäåíèå ïòèö ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷åðòàìè âîçíèêàþùåé àäàïòàöèè ê ïðåññó îòëîâà â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco naumanni) Âñòðå÷åíà â 18 òî÷êàõ, ãäå ó÷òåíî ñóììàðíî 36 îñîáåé. Ãí¸çäà íàéäåíû â òð¸õ ñëó÷àÿõ. Ãíåçäîâàíèå ïðåäïîëàãàëè òàêæå â ñëó÷àå âñòðå÷è ïàðû èëè îäèíî÷íîé ïòèöû â ãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå. Âñåãî, òàêèì îáðàçîì, 10 ðàç âñòðå÷åíû îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû, 5 ðàç – ïàðû è òðèæäû ãíåçäîâûå êîëîíèè, â òîì ÷èñëå îäíà êîëîíèÿ, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç íå ìåíåå 2-õ ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, è äâå êîëîíèè èç íå ìåíåå 3-õ ïàð. Â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå, íåñìîòðÿ íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííîñòü ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ

Raptor Research

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17

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×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Îòìå÷åíî âñåãî 6 âñòðå÷ ÷åãëîêà, èç êîòîðûõ ïîëîâèíà îòíîñèòñÿ ê îòíîñèòåëüíî íåáîëüøîé òåððèòîðèè íà þãî-çàïàäíîì ñêëîíå ×èíãèñòàó, à ïðî÷èå ðàñïðåäåëåíû ïî Ñåâåðíîìó Ïðèáàëõàøüþ. ×åãëîê âñòðå÷åí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â ãîðàõ Ýìåëüòàó, â äîëèííûõ ëåñàõ â âåðõíåì è íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áàêàíàñ (â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ïï. Áàéêîøêàð è Îðêåí, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî), â äîëèíå ð. Áàéêîøêàð è â óðî÷èùå Áóðàòèñåí (×èíãèñòàó), âíå ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà îí îòìå÷åí ïî þæíîìó ôàñó ãîð Øóáàðòàó (Ñåâåðíîå Ïðèáàëõàøüå).

Ãíåçäî ñòåïíîé ïóñòåëüãè (Falco naumanni) ñ ïòåíöàìè â ãëèíÿíîì ìàçàðå â ïîäíîæèè ãîð Ýìåëüòàó. 13.06.2009. Ôîòî È. Ñìåëÿíñêîãî. Nest with nestlings of the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) in the adobe tomb, foothills of Emeltau. 13/06/2009. Photo by I. Smelansky.

íå¸ ãíåçäîâûõ ñòàöèé, ñòåïíàÿ ïóñòåëüãà âñòðå÷åíà ëèøü îäíàæäû – ïàðà ïòèö íà ðàçâàëèíàõ çèìîâêè. Ïî ïåðèôåðèè ãîð Ýìåëüòàó ëîêàëèçîâàíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà: îäèí – â ãëèíÿíîì ìàçàðå (ãíåçäî ñ 5 ïòåíöàìè), äðóãîé – â ñêàëüíîì îáíàæåíèè. Îäèíî÷íàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà â ãîðàõ ê þãó îò Ýìåëüòàó (âåðøèíà 739 ì). Îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû âñòðå÷àëèñü â 4 òî÷êàõ ìåæäó Ýìåëüòàó è ð. Äàãàíäàëû. Êîëîíèÿ (íå ìåíåå 3 ïàð) íàéäåíà â ðàçâàëèíàõ êîøàðû Èìàíáàçàð (18 êì ê çàïàäó îò ñ. Áåëüòåðåê). Ïî þãî-çàïàäíîìó ôàñó ×èíãèñòàó çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 9 âñòðå÷ ñòåïíûõ ïóñòåëüã, èç íèõ 6 âñòðå÷ îäèíî÷íûõ ñàìöîâ, 2 – ïàð â ãíåçäîâîì áèîòîïå è ëèøü îäèí ðàç áûëà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíà êîëîíèÿ (íå ìåíåå 3 ïàð) â ñêàëüíîì ðàçâàëå. Â ýòîé ÷àñòè ðåãèîíà ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ñîñåäíèìè òî÷êàìè âñòðå÷ íà ìàðøðóòå, â ñðåäíåì, 5 êì.

Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà (Asio flammeus) Îòìå÷àëàñü íà áåðåãó Áàëõàøà (ï-îâ Êîðæûíòîáå) è â õîëìàõ Ñàðûîáà ê ñåâåðó îò ãîð Ýìåëüòàó. Äî ñèõ ïîð ãíåçäîâàíèå ýòîãî âèäà â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå îñòà¸òñÿ íåäîêàçàííûì (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007à). Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, íàøè íàõîäêè òàêæå íå ïðîÿñíÿþò ýòîò âîïðîñ, õîòÿ ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíû â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) Â äîëèíå ð. Àéãûç, â óð¸ìå, 4 èþíÿ áûëè ñëûøíû êðèêè ïòåíöîâ. Âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà âñòðå÷åíà 7 èþíÿ â íåáîëüøîé ðîùèöå òóðàíãè (Populus diversifolia) â óñòüå äîëèíû íà ôàñå ãîð Øóáàðòàó (õîëìèñòûé ìàññèâ â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå), î÷åâèäíî, íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. È.Â. Êàðÿêèí è äð. (2007) óêàçûâàþò óøàñòóþ ñîâó êàê õàðàêòåðíûé, íî äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä îñèíîâûõ êîëêîâ ãðàíèòíûõ ìàññèâîâ êðàéíåãî þãà Êàçàõñêîãî ìåëêîñîïî÷íè-

Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè Áàêàíàñà, â ãîðàõ Àðêàðëû (ìàññèâ ê ñåâåðó îò Ýìåëüòàó) è â äîëèíå ð. Áàéêîøêàð. Äåðáíèê (Falco columbarius) Äåðáíèê îòìå÷àëñÿ òîëüêî ïî þãîçàïàäíîìó ôàñó ×èíãèñòàó: â òîïîë¸âîé óð¸ìå â äîëèíå ð. Êîêñàë,à âáëèçè áûâøåé çèìîâêè Áåñòåðåê (8 êì ê þãó îò ïîñ. Îðêåí) è â äîëèíå ð. Áàêàíàñ, â 10 êì ê þãó îò ïîñ. Áàéêîøêàð.

Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà (Asio otus) â òóðàíãîâîé ðîùèöå, þæíûé ôàñ ãîð Øóáàðòàó. 07.06.2009. Ôîòî À. Áàðàøêîâîé. The Long-Eared Owl (Asio otus) in a poplar spinney, south slope of the Shubartau Mountains. 07/06/2009. Photo by A. Barashkova.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 êà. Îíà òàêæå ïðèâîäèòñÿ êàê îáû÷íûé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé âèä òóãàéíûõ ëåñîâ Þæíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ è Àëàêîëüñêîé êîòëîâèíû, íî ñâåäåíèé î íàõîäêàõ ýòîé ñîâû â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå áûëî (Êîðåëîâ, 1962; Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007á). Ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) Ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ôèëèíà (íèøè è ïðèñàäû ñ õàðàêòåðíûìè ïîãàäêàìè, â òîì ÷èñëå ñâåæèìè, ïåðüÿ) âñòðå÷åíû â ìåëêîñîïî÷íûõ ìàññèâàõ Ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèáàëõàøüÿ – ãîðû Òóëüêèëè, ãîðû Øóáàðòàó è óðî÷èùå Êàðàøàò, íà ãîðå Æàíãûçòàó (îñòàíåö ìàññèâà Ýìåëüòàó), à òàêæå â íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ð. Áàëãà (ïðàâûé ïðèòîê Áàêàíàñà, ×èíãèñòàó). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà íà÷àëî 1990-õ ãã. ñòàòóñ ôèëèíà â Ñåâåðíîì Ïðèáàëõàøüå è Àëàêîëüñêîé êîòëîâèíå îñòàâàëñÿ íåÿñíûì (Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé, Ðóñòàìîâ, 2007â). Ìû íå ìîæåì ïîäòâåðäèòü ôàêò åãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ò.ê. æèëûå ãí¸çäà íå áûëè íàéäåíû, íî îñ¸äëîå îáèòàíèå ôèëèíà íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä íåñîìíåííî. Ñïëþøêà (Otus scops) Ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü åäèíñòâåííûé ðàç – 18 èþíÿ â ïîéìå ð. Áàéêîøêàð (×èíãèñòàó). Áëàãîäàðíîñòè Àâòîðû áëàãîäàðíû Áðèòàíñêîìó ñîþçó îðíèòîëîãîâ (British Ornithologists’ Union), ïðåäîñòàâèâøåìó èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé ãðàíò, áåç êîòîðîãî ýòà ðàáîòà íå áûëà áû âîçìîæíà. Áîëüøóþ îðãàíèçàöèîííóþ ïîääåðæêó íàì îêàçàëè Ñ.Ë. Ñêëÿðåíêî (Êàçàõñòàíñêàÿ àññîöèàöèÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, Àëìàòû), Þ.Ê. Çèí÷åíêî (Âîñòî÷íî-Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îáëàñòíîé èñòîðèêî-êðàåâåä÷åñêèé ìóçåé, ÓñòüÊàìåíîãîðñê), Å.Ì. è Â.Ã. Þð÷åíêîâû (ÍÏÎ «Ýêî-Àëòàé», Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñê), êîòîðûõ ìû òàêæå èñêðåííå áëàãîäàðèì. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåëÿëîâ Î.Â., Ãàâðèëîâ Ý.È. Íåêîòîðûå ðåçóëüòàòû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ýêñïåäèöèè â 2003 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2003. Àëìàòû, 2004. Ñ. 85–88. Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Çìååÿä Circaetus gallicus â Áàëõàøñêîé è Àëàêîëüñêîé êîòëîâèíàõ. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë 2009. Ò. 18, Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê 523: 1917–1919. Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Øìûãàë¸â Ñ.Ñ. Çìååÿä Circaetus gallicus â Âîñòî÷íîÊàçàõñòàíñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðóññêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé æóðíàë 2009. Ò. 18, Ýêñïðåññ-âûïóñê 523: 1915–1917.

Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîðåïîâ Ì.Â., Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Íîâûå äàííûå î ãíåçäîâàíèè óøàñòîé ñîâû â Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2007, ¹10. Ñ. 64–66. Êîðåëîâ Ì.Í. Îòðÿä Õèùíûå ïòèöû – Falconiformes. – Ïòèöû Êàçàõñòàíà. Ò. 2. ÀëìàÀòà, 1962. Ñ. 488–707. Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Ó÷¸ò ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö â Áåòïàê-Äàëå è Êàçàõñêîì ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêå. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2004. Àëìàòû, 2005. Ñ. 35–38. Ëåâèí À.Ñ. Áàëîáàí íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2008, ¹14. Ñ. 85–95. Ëåâèí À., Êàðïîâ Ô. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè áàëîáàíà â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005, ¹4. Ñ. 52–57. Ëåâèí À., Øìûãàë¸â Ñ., Êóíêà Ò. Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè â Âîñòî÷íîé Áåòïàêäàëå â 2006 ã. – Êàçàõñòàíñêèé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé áþëëåòåíü 2006. Àëìàòû, 2007. Ñ. 47–48. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê. Áîëîòíàÿ ñîâà. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (â 5 òîìàõ). Ò. 1. Àëìàòû, 2007à. Ñ. 438–443. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê. Óøàñòàÿ ñîâà. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (â 5 òîìàõ). Ò. 1. Àëìàòû, 2007á. Ñ. 431–438. Ìèòðîïîëüñêèé Î.Â., Ðóñòàìîâ À.Ê. Ôèëèí. – Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (â 5 òîìàõ). Ò. 1. Àëìàòû, 2007â. Ñ. 423–431. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â., Ãîí÷àðîâà Î., Òîìèëåíêî À.À. Î ñîñòîÿíèè íåêîòîðûõ íóæäàþùèõñÿ â îõðàíå âèäîâ êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ ðîññèéñêîãî Çàïàäíîãî Àëòàÿ (Àëòàéñêèé êðàé). – Ãîðíûå ýêîñèñòåìû Þæíîé Ñèáèðè: èçó÷åíèå, îõðàíà è ðàöèîíàëüíîå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèå. Ìàò-ëû I ìåæðåãèîí. íàó÷.-ïðàê. êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåííîé 5-ëåòèþ îðãàíèçàöèè Òèãèðåêñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà / Òð. ÃÏÇ «Òèãèðåêñêèé». Âûï. 1. Áàðíàóë, 2005. Ñ. 345–347. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìèëåíêî À.À. Íîâûå íàõîäêè íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Êàëáèíñêîì Àëòàå (Âîñòî÷íûé Êàçàõñòàí). – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005, ¹4. Ñ. 50–51. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Áåð¸çîâèêîâ Í.Í. Íåêîòîðûå äàííûå î ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêàõ ïðåäãîðèé Êàëáèíñêîãî Àëòàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2006, ¹7. Ñ. 46–55. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Ðûæêîâ Ä.Â., Àêåíòüåâ À.Ã. Íåêîòîðûå íàõîäêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â ñòåïÿõ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà â 2007 ã. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2008à, ¹12. Ñ. 69–78. Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Áåðåçîâèêîâ Í.Í., Àêåíòüåâ À.Ã., Ðûæêîâ Ä.Â. Íóæäàþùèåñÿ â îñîáîì âíèìàíèè ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè ñòåïíûõ ìåëêîñîïî÷íèêîâ Âîñòî÷íîãî Êàçàõñòàíà. – Èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû V ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Èâàíîâî, 4–7 ôåâðàëÿ 2008 ã. Èâàíîâî, 2008á. Ñ. 304–306.

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Short Reports КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ Nesting of the White-Tailed Eagle in Novosibirsk, Russia ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА В ЧЕРТЕ ГОРОДА НОВОСИБИРСКА, РОССИЯ Andreenkov O.V., Andreenkova N.G., Zhimulev E.I., Zhimulev I.F., Sinkov K.O., Chepurov A.A., Shnayder E.P. (The Institute of Cytology and Genetics for Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia) Андреенков О.В., Андреенкова Н.Г., Жимулёв Е.И., Жимулёв И.Ф., Синьков К.О., Чепуров А.А., Шнайдер Е.П. (Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН, Новосибирск, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Îëåã Àíäðååíêîâ 630055 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, óë. Ìóñû Äæàëèëÿ, 6–4 òåë. +7 383 3325979 oleg_andreenkov@ mail.ru Èãîðü Ô. Æèìóë¸â Èíñòèòóò öèòîëîãèè è ãåíåòèêè ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, 630090 Ðîññèÿ, Íîâîñèáèðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, Zhimulev@bionet.nsc.ru Contact: Oleg Andreenkov Musy Dzhalilya str., 6–4, Novosibirsk, 630055 Russia tel. +7 383 3325979 oleg_andreenkov@ mail.ru Igor F. Zhimulev The Institute of Cytology and Genetics for Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Zhimulev@bionet.nsc.ru

Ïî äàííûì íàáëþäåíèé, ñ 1982 ã. â Íîâîñèáèðñêîì Àêàäåìãîðîäêå ïðîë¸òíûå îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû (Haliaeetus albicilla) ðåãóëÿðíî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ âåñíîé (ñ êîíöà ìàðòà ïî ïåðâóþ ïîëîâèíó ìàÿ) è îñåíüþ (âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ñåíòÿáðÿ – ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå íîÿáðÿ). Ñëó÷àëèñü è çèìíèå âñòðå÷è ýòèõ ïòèö â 2003–2004 ãã. (Ñ.Í. Âîäÿíèöêèé, ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå; Æèìóë¸â, 2005), 2006–2007 ãã. è 2007–2008 ãã. (Æèìóë¸â è äð., 2008), ïðè÷¸ì 31 äåêàáðÿ 2007 ã. äâà îðëàíà áûëè çàìå÷åíû íåìíîãî íèæå ïëîòèíû Íîâîñèáèðñêîé ÃÝÑ. Â íîÿáðå 2008 ã. ñòàëî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ìåæäó ð. Îáü è øëþçîâûì êàíàëîì Íîâîñèáèðñêîé ÃÝÑ íàõîäèòñÿ ãíåçäî îðëàíîâáåëîõâîñòîâ, ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè – ìíîãîëåòíåå (ðèñ. 1). Îíî ðàñïîëîæåíî â ïîëóêèëîìåòðå îò ðåêè Îáü, êîòîðàÿ íå çàìåðçàåò íà ïðîòÿæåíèè íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðîâ â ñâÿçè ñ äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ Íîâîñèáèðñêîé ÃÝÑ. Â 100 ì ïðîõîäèò äàìáà, ïî êîòîðîé êðóãëûé ãîä åçäÿò ìàøèíû îõðàí-

A nest of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) was found in 2008 (fig. 1). In 2009 we monitored this nest, and collected the following data: în 1 March both birds were seen carrying small branches to their nest. On 11 March the female was incubating eggs, whilst the air temperature was recorded at -12˚Ñ. On 3 May it was possible to make out the heads of two chicks over the edge of the nest, the eldest of which was considerably larger. On 6 May, it was possible to clearly make out the heads of all three nestlings, the eldest of which was big enough to observe its “pins” of primaries. By 9 June all three nestlings had already developed their dark feathers. The nest was discovered empty on 27 June. When the juveniles were observed around the nesting site on 16 July, and it was noted that the two smaller birds sat on a tree next to the nest, and the third sat directly in the nest on 20 July. On 3 August, the birds were again observed in the nest. What is of further interest is that on 8, 10 and 13 November (2009), a group of 3, 7 and then again 3 White-Tailed Eagles were observed around the nesting site. In the latter case all three birds were clear-

Âçðîñëûé îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) èç ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå. 3 ìàðòà 2009 ãîäà. Ôîòî Ê. Ñèíüêîâà. Adult White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) of the pair breeding in Novosibirsk. 3 March 2009. Photo by K. Sinkov.

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Ðèñ. 1. Ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå. Fig. 1. Breeding territory of the WhiteTailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Novosibirsk.

íèêîâ, ðûáàêîâ è ñëóæàùèõ ìàÿêà. Ãíåçäî ðàñïîëîæåíî íà òîïîëå, íà âûñîòå 13 ì îò çåìëè, äèàìåòð îêîëî 1,6 ì, âûñîòà îêîëî 1 ì. Ïî ñëîâàì îõðàííèêîâ, äåæóðÿùèõ ó âúåçäà íà äàìáó, â 2008 ã. ïòèöû «æèëè íà ãíåçäå, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå, ñ âåñíû âñ¸ ëåòî», è çèìîé ÷àñòî òàì ïîÿâëÿëèñü. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä 2009 ã. çà ýòèì ãíåçäîì âåëè ðåãóëÿðíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ. Óæå 1 ìàðòà îáå ïòèöû íîñèëè âåòêè íà ãíåçäî, à 11 ìàðòà, ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå âîçäóõà -12˚Ñ, ñàìêà ñèäåëà íà êëàäêå. Âûñîòà ãíåçäà ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè óâåëè÷èëàñü ïðèìåðíî äî 110 ñì. Âî âðåìÿ ïîñåùåíèÿ ãíåçäà 11 ìàðòà ñàìêà íå ïîêèíóëà ãíåçäà, êîãäà ìàøèíà ñ íàáëþäàòåëÿìè ïðîõîäèëà ìèìî ïî äàìáå, íî âçëåòåëà, êîãäà ìàøèíà îñòàíîâèëàñü, è íàáëþäàòåëè íà÷àëè ôîòîãðàôèðîâàòü ïòèöó èç àâòîìîáèëÿ (àâòîìîáèëü íå ïîêèäàëè). Ñàìêà óëåòåëà íåíàäîëãî è ñðàçó æå âåðíóëàñü, êîãäà ìàøèíà îòúåõàëà ìåòðîâ íà 150. Ïðè ñëåäóþùåì ïîñåùåíèè 26 ìàðòà íàñèæèâàþùàÿ ñàìêà íå âçëåòàëà ïðè îñòàíîâêå ìàøèíû, âîçìîæíî, ïîòîìó, ÷òî îêîëî ãíåçäà ïîñòîÿííî íàõîäèëèñü ñåðûå âîðîíû (Corvus cornix). Ïîçæå, 24 àïðåëÿ ïòèöà ñèäåëà íà êðàþ ãíåçäà è îòëåòåëà ìåòðîâ íà 50–70. Âñêîðå ïîñëå ýòîãî âòîðàÿ âçðîñëàÿ ïòèöà ïðèíåñëà ê ãíåçäó ñóäàêà (Sizostedion lucioperca) îêîëî 30 ñì äëèíîé. Óæå 3 ìàÿ íàä êðàåì ãíåçäà ìîæíî áûëî ðàçãëÿäåòü ãîëîâû äâóõ ïòåíöîâ, ñòàðøèé èç êîòîðûõ äîñòèãàë ðàçìåðîâ êóðèöû. Îáå âçðîñëûõ ïòèöû ñèäåëè â ýòî âðåìÿ íåäàëåêî îò ãíåçÂçðîñëûå îðëàíû èç ïàðû, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå: 11 íîÿáðÿ (ââåðõó) è 24 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. (âíèçó). Ôîòî Ê. Ñèíüêîâà è Å. Øíàéäåð. Adult White-Tailed Eagles of the pair breeding in Novosibirsk: 11 November (upper) and 24 April 2009 (bottom). Photos by K. Sinkov and E. Shnayder.

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ly recognizable as adults (white-tailed). This fact proves that White-Tailed Eagles tend to gather in areas along the Ob’ river which are free from ice, and this local pair evidently also adheres to this trend. According to I. Karyakin, the White-Tailed Eagles which live in dams and dumps along the Volga river, winter in their own breeding territories and regular visit their nests. This data is confirmed by our own observations taken from Autumn 2008 to Autumn 2009. From this data we have drawn the following conclusions: 1. White-Tailed Eagles have, for the first time, been observed nesting within the city boundaries of Novosibirsk. 2. The White-Tailed Eagles have begun to build their nests close to humans. They appear not to fear the presence of humans, even whilst incubating eggs, feeding nestlings and migrating with their young. 3. White-Tailed Eagles are able to winter under our climate conditions, if they have enough food. They begin nesting at the very beginning of March and are able to incubate during strong frost. 4. The wintering White-Tailed Eagles spend all year in their breeding territory. 5. Observations suggest that birds from previous broods are not treated with aggression if they visit.

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Ãíåçäî îðëàíàáåëîõâîñòà â ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêå, 12 äåêàáðÿ 2008 ãîäà (ñëåâà), ñàìêà, íàñèæèâàþùàÿ íà í¸ì êëàäêó 26 ìàðòà 2009 ã., è ïóõîâûå ïòåíöû 8 ìàÿ 2009 ã. (â öåíòðå), îïåð¸ííûå ïòåíöû ïåðåä âûëåòîì 11 èþíÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî Í. Àíäðååíêîâîé. È. Æèìóë¸âà è Å. Øíàéäåð. Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle in Novosibirsk, 12 December 2008 (at the left), female incubating eggs in the nest 26 March 2009 and nestlings 8 May 2009 (center), fledglings in the nest 11 June 2009. Photos by N. Andreenkova, I. Zhimulev and E. Shnayder.

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äà. ×åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé (6 ìàÿ) ïîäíèìàëè ãîëîâû óæå òðè ïòåíöà. Ó ñàìîãî ñòàðøåãî ìîæíî áûëî ðàçãëÿäåòü äîâîëüíî áîëüøèå ïåíüêè ìàõîâûõ ïåðüåâ. Âçðîñëûå ïòèöû áåñïîêîèëèñü è ñ êðèêàìè ëåòàëè íåïîäàëåêó îò ãíåçäà. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â ýòîò äåíü ïðèëåòàë òðåòèé îðëàí: ìîëîäîé, ñ ò¸ìíûì õâîñòîì. Âåðîÿòíî, åìó áûëî îêîëî òð¸õ ëåò. Õîçÿåâà ãíåçäà ïðèíÿëè åãî ñïîêîéíî, âîçìîæíî, ýòî áûë îäèí èç ïðåäûäóùèõ èõ ïòåíöîâ. Ýòî ìîæåò ñëóæèòü êîñâåííûì ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ãíåçäà óæå â òå÷åíèè íåñêîëüêèõ ëåò. Íà÷èíàÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû ìàÿ â ãíåçäå îðëàíîâ îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå áåëûõ òðÿñîãóçîê (Motacilla alba) è îêîëî 10 ïàð ïîëåâûõ âîðîáü¸â (Passer montanus). Ê 9 èþíÿ âñå òðè ïòåíöà îðëàíîâ óæå áûëè ïîêðûòû ò¸ìíûìè ïåðüÿìè. Ðîäèòåëè ïðèëåòåëè âñêîðå ïîñëå ïîÿâëåíèÿ íàáëþäàòåëåé, íî äåðæàëèñü â ñòîðîíå. Â ñëåäóþùåå ïîñåùåíèå, 27 èþíÿ, ãíåçäî îêàçàëîñü ïóñòûì. Îõðàííèê ó âúåçäà íà äàìáó ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïòåíöû âûëåòåëè ñ íåäåëþ íàçàä, íî ïòèö âèäåëè 26 èþíÿ â 500 ì îò ãíåçäà, ó äîìèêà ñìîòðèòåëÿ ìàÿêà íà êîíöå êîñû. Òð¸õ ïòåíöîâ âèäåëè íà äåðåâüÿõ îêîëî äîðîãè, èäóùåé ïî äàìáå, 16 èþëÿ, 20 èþëÿ äâà ïòåíöà ñèäåëè íà äåðåâå îêîëî ãíåçäà, à òðåòèé – ïðÿìî â ãíåçäå, óòðîì 3 àâãóñòà ïòèö ñíîâà âèäåëè ó ãíåçäà. Ñëåäóþùåå ïîñåùåíèå ãíåçäà ñîñòîÿëîñü òîëüêî 22 îêòÿáðÿ: â ðàéîíå ãíåçäà äâà ðàçà âèäåëè îðëàíà, ïî-âèäèìîìó, âçðîñëîãî. Îòäåëüíûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò íàáëþäåíèÿ 8, 10 è 13 íîÿáðÿ 2009 ã., êîãäà â ðàéîíå ãíåçäà îäíîâðåìåííî âèäåëè òð¸õ, ñåìü è ñíîâà òð¸õ îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ,

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ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ïðè÷¸ì, â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå, âñå òðè ïòèöû òî÷íî áûëè âçðîñëûìè (áåëîõâîñòûìè). Ýòîò ôàêò ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî íà ñâîáîäíîì îòî ëüäà ó÷àñòêå Îáè ñêàïëèâàþòñÿ ïðîë¸òíûå îðëàíû, ïðè÷¸ì, ìåñòíàÿ ïàðà, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íå îñîáåííî ïðîòèâîäåéñòâóåò ýòîìó. Ìîæíî äàæå ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ïðîë¸òíûå ïòèöû îñòàþòñÿ çèìîâàòü â ýòîì ðàéîíå. Ïî ñâåäåíèÿì È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà (ëè÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå), íà ð. Âîëãà îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû, æèâóùèå ó ïëîòèí è ñâàëîê, çèìóþò íà ñâîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ è â òå÷åíèè çèìû ïîñåùàþò ñâîè ãí¸çäà. Òàêèå îñ¸äëûå ïàðû îáû÷íî íà÷èíàþò ðàçìíîæåíèå ðàíüøå êî÷óþùèõ, ÷òî íåîäíîêðàòíî íàáëþäàëîñü áëèç ïëîòèíû Êóéáûøåâñêîé ÃÝÑ è íà òåððèòîðèè ðûáõîçà Ñóñêàí â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Íàøè íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ð. Îáü ñ îñåíè 2008 ã. ïî îñåíü 2009 ã. ïîäòâåðæäàþò ýòè ñâåäåíèÿ è ïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü ñëåäóþùèå âûâîäû: 1. Âïåðâûå çà èñòîðèþ íàáëþäåíèé îòìå÷åíî ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíîâ â ÷åðòå ãîðîäà Íîâîñèáèðñêà. 2. Îðëàíû ãíåçäÿòñÿ ôàêòè÷åñêè ðÿäîì ñ ÷åëîâåêîì è íå î÷åíü åãî áîÿòñÿ âî âðåìÿ íàñèæèâàíèÿ, âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ è êî÷¸âîê ñ ìîëîäûìè. 3. Îðëàíû ìîãóò çèìîâàòü â íàøèõ øèðîòàõ, åñëè èìåþò äîñòàòî÷íî ïèùè. Îíè ìîãóò íà÷èíàòü ãíåçäîâàíèå â ñàìîì íà÷àëå ìàðòà è óñïåøíî íàñèæèâàòü ïðè ñèëüíîì ìîðîçå. 4. Çèìóþùèå îðëàíû êðóãëûé ãîä äåðæàòñÿ íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå. 5. Ê ãíåçäó ìîãóò ïðèëåòàòü ïòèöû èç ïðåäûäóùèõ âûâîäêîâ, ïðè ýòîì àãðåññèè ñî ñòîðîíû âçðîñëûõ ïòèö íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 Ëèòåðàòóðà Æèìóë¸â È.Ô. Èíòåðåñíûå âñòðå÷è õèùíûõ ïòèö â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Íîâîñèáèðñêà. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 67–68. Æèìóë¸â È.Ô., Êîëåñíèêîâà Ò.Ä., Êîñòåðèí Î.Ý., Àíäðååíêîâà Í.Ã., Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â.,

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Øíàéäåð Å.Ï., Öûáóëèí Ñ.Ì., Ðàâêèí Þ.Ñ., Æèìóë¸â Ô.È., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåìãîðîäêà. – Ìàòåðèàëû ê ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ïòèö íà Óðàëå, â Ïðèóðàëüå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2008. Ñ. 44–49.

New Records of the White-Tailed Eagle Breeding in the Novosibirsk District, Russia НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА НА ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ В НОВОСИБИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ Karyakin I.V. (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) Nikolenko E.G., Tomilenko A.A. (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Николенко Э.Г., Томиленко А.А. (МБОО «Сибирский экологический центр», Новосибирск, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Ýëüâèðà Íèêîëåíêî òåë: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru Contact: Igor Karyakin tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 ikar_research@mail.ru Elvira Nikolenko tel.: +7 383 363 00 59 elvira_nikolenko@mail.ru

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè èíôîðìàöèÿ î íàõîäêàõ îðëàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îñíîâàíà, áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ, íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ îïðîñîâ öåëåâîé àóäèòîðèè, ïðîâåä¸ííûõ Ýêîêëóáîì ÍÃÓ (íûíå Ñèáýêîöåíòð) â êîíöå 90-õ ãã. ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, è ïåðåêî÷åâàëà èç 1-ãî èçäàíèÿ 2000 ã. âî âòîðîå áåç êàêèõ-ëèáî èçìåíåíèé. Êàê ñëåäóåò èç î÷åðêà â Êðàñíîé êíèãå, íàèáîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä èçâåñòíî â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ îç. Óáèíñêîå (5–6 ïàð ãíåçäèòñÿ ïî ñåâåðíîìó ïîáåðåæüþ, 2–3 – ïî þæíîìó è îäíà ïàðà ïòèö – ó âîñòî÷íîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ îçåðà, íà ð. Ìàéíàê), óñòàíîâëåíî ãíåçäîâàíèå íà òåððèòîðèè Êèðçèíñêîãî çàêàçíèêà, ó îç. Òàíäîâî (Áàðàáèíñêèé ð-í), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Êàìà (Êóéáûøåâñêèé ð-í), â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Ìóðàøè (Óñòü-Òàðêñêèé ð-í), à òàêæå â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Òàðòàñ (Ñåâåðíûé ð-í) è íà áîëîòàõ ïî ñåâåðó îáëàñòè, â Êàøëàìñêîì áîðó ïòèöû ãíåçäèëèñü â íà÷àëå 1980-õ ãã., ïàðà ïòèö ïîñòîÿííî äåðæèòñÿ ó ñ. Êðàñíûé ßð, ïî ñîîáùåíèþ ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, ãíåçäèòñÿ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Øåðñòîáèòîâî (×óëûìñêèé ð-í), â ïðàâîáåðåæíîé ÷àñòè îáëàñòè ãíåçäîâàíèå óñòàíîâëåíî ó ñ. Ìåðåòü (Ñóçóíñêèé ð-í),

In 1998–2008, during field trips of the Siberian Environmental Center and the Center of Field Studies in Novosibirsk district 59 White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) were recorded 32 times, 21 breeding territories were discovered (fig. 1), nests were found in 17 territories, and broods were recorded in 4. During surveys in northern part of the Karakan pine forest 2 breeding territories of the White-Tailed Eagle were found on 1–2 July, 2009. The inhabited nest was found in one territory, and only old nest – in another territory, in 0.5 km from which adult birds were recorded. Both nests were placed in the basis of lateral branches in the top third of old pines. The height of nest location was about 28 m above the ground. The fledgling was noted in the inhabited nest. Usually the White-Tailed Eagle prefers to nest alongside different water bodies because its main prey is the fish. Uniqueness of the nests of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Karakan pine forest was that the distances between nests and the nearest water reservoir are 1.9 and 2.9 km. However, both nests were located close to colonies of the Altai Marmot (Marmota baibacina) which, according with data of investigation of pellets and remains of preys, that have been found under the nests, was the main prey of White-Tailed Eagles, that also was the extremely atypical for the species.

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). 24 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî Å. Øíàéäåð. White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). 24 April 2009. Photo by E. Shnayder.

Short Reports

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Ðèñ. 1. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Fig. 1. Breeding territories of the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla): 1 – found in 2009, 2 – found in 1998–2008.

÷èñëåííîñòü â îáëàñòè íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 30–50 ïàð (Þðëîâ, 2008). Â 1999 ã. 3 ðåàëüíûõ (íà 2-õ óñòàíîâëåíî ðàçìíîæåíèå) è 2 âåðîÿòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíîâ îáíàðóæåíû â Ñóçóíñêîì áîðó, ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå 10– 15 ïàð, åù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî îðëàíîâ íàéäåíî â ïîéìå ð. Îáü áëèç ñ. Âåðõ. Ñóçóí (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2000). Â.Ï. Áåëèê ñ ñîàâòîðàìè (2005) íàáëþäàë îðëàíîâ â 2005 ã. â íèçîâüÿõ ð. ×óëûì áëèç îç. Ìàëûå ×àíû è â ïîéìå ð. Îìü áëèç ñ. Ïîãîðåëêà ×àíîâñêîãî ð-íà, ãäå ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèå; ïî ñâåäåíèÿì À.Ë. Ìóãàêî, æèëîå ãíåçäî îðëàíà îáíàðóæåíî â 2000 ã. â áåð¸çîâîì êîëêå ê þãó îò îç. Ìàëûå ×àíû, íà ñàìîì âîñòîêå Êóïèíñêîãî ð-íà, íà ïðàâîáåðåæüå Îáñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà ïðîòèâ óñòüÿ ð. Àëåóñ. Â.Â. Íèêîëàåâó áûëè èçâåñòíû 2 ãíåçäà: â Îðäûíñêîì ð-íå è âûøå ïî òå÷åíèþ Îáè – â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Â 2008 ã. ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê îðëàíîâ âûÿâëåí â ÷åðòå ã. Íîâîñèáèðñêà â ðàéîíå ÃÝÑ (Àíäðååíêîâ è äð., ñòð. 145). Â ðàìêàõ ïîëåâûõ âûåçäîâ Ñèáýêîöåíòðà è Öåíòðà ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â 1998–2008 ãã. â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè âñòðå÷åíî 59 îðëàíîâ â 32 ïóíêòàõ íàáëþäåíèé, âûÿâëåí 21 ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê (ðèñ. 1), íà 17 èç êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû ãí¸çäà, íà 4-õ âñòðå÷åíû âûâîäêè. Öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ ó÷¸òîâ îðëàíà â îáëàñòè íå ïðîâîäèëîñü, è áîëüøèíñòâî ðåãèñòðàöèé âèäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëó÷àéíûìè (îíè ïðîèñõîäèëè â õîäå öåëåâîé ðàáîòû ïî äðóãèì âèäàì ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ), òåì íå ìåíåå, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü øèðîêîå ðàñïðî-

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ñòðàíåíèå îðëàíà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ïî âñåé îáëàñòè è áîëåå âûñîêóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü (íå ìåíåå 100 ïàð), ÷åì òà, êîòîðàÿ ïðèâîäèòñÿ â Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. Îïðåäåë¸ííî îðëàí íà ãíåçäîâàíèè ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïî âñåìó ïîáåðåæüþ Îáñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà è Îáè, îäíàêî íàñêîëüêî ðàâíîìåðíî, äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòà¸òñÿ çàãàäêîé. Îäíèì èç áåëûõ ïÿòåí íà êàðòå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè â îòíîøåíèè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ îðëàíîâ îñòàâàëñÿ Êàðàêàíñêèé áîð. Â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü åù¸ â 2001 ã. – òîãäà íàä àêâàòîðèåé âîäîõðàíèëèùà ñ ëåâîãî áåðåãà íàáëþäàëèñü âçðîñëàÿ è ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöû. Â 2009 ã. ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü Êàðàêàíñêîãî áîðà äîñòàòî÷íî áåãëî îñìîòðåíà 1–2 èþëÿ. Â õîäå âûåçäà âûÿâëåíî 2 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà îðëàíîâ. Íà îäíîì ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå îáíàðóæåíî æèëîå ãíåçäî,

Ãíåçäî îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó (âíèçó) è ïòåíåö â í¸ì (ââåðõó). 2 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Nest of the White-Tailed Eagle in the Karakan pine forest (bottom) and fledgling in this nest (upper). 2 July 2009. Photos by I. Karyakin.

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

Ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ àëòàéñêîãî ñóðêà (Marmota baibacina) â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó (ñëåâà), ñóðîê (ñïðàâà ââåðõó) è åãî íîðà (ñïðàâà âíèçó). 2 èþëÿ 2009 ã. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Habitat of the Altai Marmot (Marmota baibacina) in the Karakan pine forest (at the left), Altai Marmot (at the right in upper) and his burrow (at the right in bottom). 2 July 2009. Photos by I. Karyakin.

íà äðóãîì – ñòàðîå, â 0,5 êì îò êîòîðîãî âñòðå÷åíû âçðîñëûå ïòèöû. Îáà ãíåçäà áûëè óñòðîåíû â îñíîâàíèè âåòâåé â âåðõíåé òðåòè êðîí ñòàðûõ ñîñåí, ðàñòóùèõ â ïîäíîæèè ñêëîíîâ íåáîëüøèõ ðå÷åê, ðàññåêàþùèõ Êàðàêàíñêèé áîð â øèðîòíîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 28 ì. Â æèëîì ãíåçäå íàõîäèëñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ îïåðåííûé ïòåíåö çà íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî âûëåòà. Îáû÷íî îðëàí óñòðàèâàåò ñâîè ãí¸çäà ïî áåðåãàì âîäî¸ìîâ, òàê êàê åãî îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðûáà. Óíèêàëüíîñòü êàðàêàíñêèõ ãí¸çä îðëàíîâ â òîì, ÷òî îíè óäàëåíû îò âîäîõðàíèëèùà. Ðàññòîÿíèå îò ãí¸çä äî áåðåãà ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,9 è 2,9 êì. Îáà ãíåçäà áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê êîëîíèÿì àëòàéñêîãî ñóðêà (Marmota baibacina), êîòîðûé, ñóäÿ ïî ïîãàäêàì è îñòàòêàì ïèùè ïîä ãíåçäîì, ñîñòàâëÿë îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ îðëàíîâ, ÷òî òàêæå êðàéíå íåòèïè÷íî äëÿ âèäà. Â ïðàâîáåðåæüå Îáè â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè àëòàéñêèå ñóðêè íàñåëÿþò ïåðåñå÷¸ííûå ó÷àñòêè â

ñîñíîâûõ è ñìåøàííûõ ëåñàõ íå òîëüêî â Êàðàêàíñêîì áîðó. Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî, ìîæíî îæèäàòü áîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëàíîâ, ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèõñÿ íà äîáû÷å ñóðêîâ, â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå. Ëèòåðàòóðà Áåëèê Â.Ï., Íèêîëàåâ Â.Â., Ìóãàêî À.Ë. Îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûå âèäû ïòèö Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè è ñìåæíûõ òåððèòîðèé ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ýêñïåäèöèè 2005 ãîäà. – Ñòðåïåò. 2005. Ò. 3, âûï. 1–2. Ñ. 94–103. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Âàñåíüêîâ Ä.À., Äóáûíèí À.Â. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ ïòèö, ïðåäëàãàåìûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè, â Îáñêîì ïðàâîáåðåæüå Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû îðíèòîëîãèè Ñèáèðè è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: Ìàòåðèàëû I Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. – Óëàí-Óäý, 2000. Ñ. 226–229. Þðëîâ À.Ê. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). – Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè: Æèâîòíûå, ðàñòåíèÿ è ãðèáû. Èçä. 2-å, ïåðåðàá. è äîï. Íîâîñèáèðñê, 2008. Ñ. 180–181.

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Notes on the White-Tailed Eagle Breeding in the Ob’ River FloodLands, Altai Kray, Russia О ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА В ПОЙМЕ ОБИ, АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ Vazhov S.V. (Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia) Важов С.В. (Алтайский государственный университет, Барнаул, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Ñåðãåé Âàæîâ òåë.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru Contact: Sergey Vazhov tel.: +7 3854 35 72 52 v_c85@list.ru

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) çàíåñ¸í â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ (Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà…, 2006) êàê îòíîñèòåëüíî áëàãîïîëó÷íûé ðåäêèé âèä. Åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü â êðàå îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 124–137 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, èç íèõ â ïîéìå Îáè – 18–21 ïàðà (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Îäíàêî, ãí¸çä èçâåñòíî íåìíîãî. À.Ï. Êó÷èíûì (2004) íàáëþäàëîñü ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà íà áåðåãó îç. Øèáàåâî (7,2 êì îò ñ. Êëåïèêîâî). Ãíåçäî íà áåðåãó ýòîãî îçåðà ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñîñíå, êàê è âñå äðóãèå èçâåñòíûå â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå (Êó÷èí, 2004; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ãíåçäîâàíèå íà òîïîëå óñòàíîâëåíî â ïîéìå Îáè íà òåððèòîðèè Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2005). Ãíåçäî îðëàíà, óñòðîåííîå íà òîïîëå, íàéäåíî íàìè 27 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. â ïîéìå ð. Îáü â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñ. Êëåïèêîâî Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðàñïîëîæåíî îíî â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû, â îñíîâàíèè ìîùíûõ áîêîâûõ âåòâåé, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 20 ì îò çåìëè. Ðàññòîÿíèå äî ðåêè – îêîëî 300 ì. Ó ãíåçäà äåðæàëñÿ ìîëîäîé îðëàí – ñë¸òîê ýòîãî ãîäà.

Ìåñòî íàõîæäåíèÿ ãíåçäà îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Location of the White-Tailed Eagle’s (Haliaeetus albicilla) nest.

The White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is listed in the Red Data Book of the Altai Kray (2006) as a relatively safe rare species. A total of 124–137 pairs are estimated to breed in the Altai Kray, 18–21 pairs of which inhabit the Ob’ river flood-lands (Karyakin et al., 2005). Kuchin (2004) described the White-Tailed Eagle nesting on a bank of the Shibaevo lake located at the distance of 7.2 km from the Klepikovo village. The nest on the bank of this lake was placed on a pine-tree, as well as all the known nests in the Altai Kray (Kuchin, 2004; Karyakin et al., 2005). The White-Tailed

Ìîëîäîé îðëàí (Haliaeetus albicilla) ó ãíåçäà (ââåðõó) è åãî ãíåçäî (âíèçó). 27.09.2009 ã. Ôîòî Ñ. Âàæîâà. Juvenile White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) near the nest (upper) and his nest (bottom). 27/09/2009. Photos by S. Vazhov.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 Ëèòåðàòóðà Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ãðàáîâñêèé Ì.À., Ðûáåíêî À.Â., Åãîðîâà À.Â. Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà, 2005. ¹3. Ñ. 28–51. Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ. Ðåäêèå è íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ âèäû æèâîòíûõ. Ò. 2. Áàðíàóë, 2006. 211 ñ. Êó÷èí À.Ï. Ïòèöû Àëòàÿ. Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñê, 2004. 778 ñ.

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Eagle nesting on a poplar was known in the Ob’ river flood-lands in the territory of the Novosibirsk district (Karyakin et al., 2005). We found a nest of the species in the Ob’ river flood-lands near the Klepikovo village on 27 September 2009. The nest was located in the middle part of a poplar tree on lateral branches in the height of 20 m. The distance from the river is about 300 m. A young WhiteTailed Eagle was noted near the nest.

First Record of the Imperial Eagle s Clutch with Four Eggs in Kazakhstan ПЕРВАЯ РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ КЛАДКИ ОРЛА-МОГИЛЬНИКА ИЗ ЧЕТЫРЁХ ЯИЦ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ Pestov M.V. (Ecological Center “Dront”, N. Novgorod, Russia) Saraev F.A. (Atyrauskaya Anti-plague Station, Atyrau, Kazakhstan) Пестов М.В. (Экологический центр «Дронт», Н. Новгород, Россия) Сараев Ф.А. (Атырауская противочумная станция, Атырау, Казахстан) Êîíòàêò: Ìàðê Ïåñòîâ vipera@dront.ru Ô¸äîð Ñàðàåâ fas_2@rambler.ru Contact: Mark Pestov vipera@dront.ru Fedor Saraev fas_2@rambler.ru

Â õîäå çîîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè, îðãàíèçîâàííîé ñîòðóäíèêàìè çîîïàðàçèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ëàáîðàòîðèè Àòûðàóñêîé ïðîòèâî÷óìíîé ñòàíöèè, íàìè áûë îáñëåäîâàí ó÷àñòîê ÷èíêà Äîíûç-Òàó ïëàòî Óñòþðò íà ãðàíèöå Àòûðàóñêîé è Ìàíãûñòàóñêîé îáëàñòåé. Òåððèòîðèÿ íàõîäèòñÿ â çîíå ïóñòûíü, ïîäçîíå ñåâåðíîé ñîëÿíêîâî-ïîëûííîé ïóñòûíè. Îáñëåäîâàííûé ó÷àñòîê ÷èíêà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñèñòåìó îáðûâîâ è óùåëèé ñ ïåðåïàäàìè âûñîò äî 100–120 ì. Ïëàòî îêðóæåíî îáøèðíûìè ðàâíèííûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ïîëûííî-çëàêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ñ ïðèìåñüþ ñîëÿíîê. Âäîëü îñíîâàíèÿ ÷èíêà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå êóñòû ÷¸ðíîãî ñàêñàóëà (Haloxylon aphyllum). Â õîäå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ÷èíêà 24 àïðåëÿ 2009 ã., â ðàéîíå ãîðû Òîêñàíáàé íà òåððèòîðèè Ìàíãûñòàóñêîé îáëàñòè áûëà îáíàðóæåíà ïàðà ìîãèëüíèêîâ (Aquila heliaca). Îäíà èç ïòèö ñèäåëà íà ãíåçäå, êîòîðîå ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñàêñàóëå, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 2,5 ì. Ðÿäîì ðàñïîëàãàëîñü åù¸ íåñêîëüêî ñàêñàóëîâ, ïîä îäíèì èç êîòîðûõ ëåæàëè îñòàòêè äîñòàòî÷íî êðóïíîãî ñòà-

Surveying cliff-faces near the Toxanbay mountain, Mangystau district we found a nest of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on 24 April 2009. The nest was placed on a saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) near 2.5 m above the ground. The nest contained 4 eggs. This is the first registered fact in Kazakhstan that a clutch size was 4 eggs.

Ãíåçäîâîé ó÷àñòîê ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) íà Ñåâåðíîì ÷èíêå Óñòþðòà. Breeding territory of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) on the Northern cliff-faces of the Usturt Plateau.

ðîãî ãíåçäà, âåðîÿòíî ïðèíàäëåæàâøåãî ýòîé æå ïàðå ïòèö. Âîêðóã ýòèõ äåðåâüåâ ðàñïîëîæåíà æèëàÿ êîëîíèÿ áîëüøîé ïåñ÷àíêè (Rhombomys opimus).

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Ãíåçäî ìîãèëüíèêà ñ êëàäêîé èç 4-õ ÿèö. Ôîòî Ì. Ïåñòîâà. Nest of the Imperial Eagle with 4 eggs. Photos by M. Pestov.

Ïðè íàøåì ïðèáëèæåíèè îáà îðëà îòëåòåëè çà íåñêîëüêî ñîòåí ìåòðîâ è íå âîçâðàùàëèñü ê ãíåçäó äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ìû îñòàâàëèñü â ïðåäåëàõ åãî âèäèìîñòè. Ïðè îñìîòðå ãíåçäà â í¸ì áûëè îáíàðóæåíû 4 ÿéöà. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Êàçàõñòàíà áûëè îïèñàíû êëàäêè ìîãèëüíèêà äî 3-õ ÿèö (Äåìåíòüåâ, 1951; Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008) è ýòî ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé îáíàðóæåíèÿ êëàäêè èç 4-õ ÿèö â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ïîäîáíîå ÿâëåíèå ðåäêî, íî âñ¸ æå íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà îáøèðíîì àðåàëå âèäà. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, âûâîäîê èç 4-õ ïòåíöîâ îáíàðóæåí â Óêðàèíå (Âåòðîâ, Ìèëîáîã, 2008). Ïîä ïðèñàäîé, ðàñïîëîæåííîé íà îáðûâå íåáîëüøîé áàëêè â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò ãíåçäà, áûëè îáíàðóæåíû õâîñò æ¸ëòîãî ñóñëèêà (Spermophilus fulvus), ïåðüÿ ÷àåê (Larus sp.) è íåñêîëüêî êðîþùèõ ïåðüåâ îðëîâ. Âî âðåìÿ ïîâòîðíîãî ïîñåùåíèÿ ýòîãî

ãíåçäà 24 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. ïîä íèì áûëè îáíàðóæåíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå êîñòíûå îñòàòêè áîëüøèõ ïåñ÷àíîê, à â íåñêîëüêèõ ñîòíÿõ ìåòðîâ îò ãíåçäà áûëè íàéäåíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïåðüÿ è êîñòíûå îñòàíêè îðëà, âåðîÿòíî ìîëîäîãî. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ìû íå èìåëè âîçìîæíîñòè ïîñåòèòü ýòîò ðàéîí âî âðåìÿ âûêàðìëèâàíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ïîýòîìó ñâåäåíèÿìè îá óñïåøíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äàííîé ïàðû ìîãèëüíèêîâ íå ðàñïîëàãàåì. Ëèòåðàòóðà Âåòðîâ Â.Â., Ìèëîáîã Þ.Â. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â ñòåïíîé çîíå Óêðàèíû. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 28–30. Äåìåíòüåâ Ã.Ï. Îòðÿä õèùíûå ïòèöû. – Ïòèöû Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. Ì., 1951. Ò. 1. Ñ. 70–341. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Ëåâèí À.Ñ., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â. Ìîãèëüíèê â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå: ïîïóëÿöèîííûé ñòàòóñ è òðåíäû. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. C. 18–27.

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Some Records of the Birds of Prey in Mongolia in July 2009 О ВСТРЕЧАХ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В МОНГОЛИИ В ИЮЛЕ 2009 ГОДА Belyalov O.V. (Bird Conservation Union of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan) Белялов О.В. (Союз охраны птиц Казахстана, Алматы, Казахстан) Êîíòàêò: Îëåã Áåëÿëîâ 050016 Êàçàõñòàí Àëìàòû óë. ×îêàíà Âàëèõàíîâà, 25–5 òåë.: +7 727 234 79 15 belyalov@mail.ru Contact: Oleg Belyalov Chokana Valikhanova str., 25–5 Almaty, Kazakhstan, 050016 tel.: +7 727 234 79 15 belyalov@mail.ru

Â èþëå 2009 ã., â ñîñòàâå êàçàõñêîìîíãîëüñêîé àðõåîëîãè÷åñêîé ýêñïåäèöèè, ÿ ïîñåòèë Ìîíãîëüñêèé Àëòàé, Õýíòýé è Õàíãàé. Îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü àâòîìîáèëüíîãî ìàðøðóòà ýêñïåäèöèè ñîñòàâèëà 4125 êì. Íà Ìîíãîëüñêîì Àëòàå – 641 êì. Ïî ïðåäãîðüÿì Õýíòýÿ – 1185 êì. Ñàìîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîé áûëà ïîåçäêà ïî äîëèíàì ðåê è ïðåäãîðüÿì Õàíãàÿ, ãäå çà 11 äíåé, ïðîåõàâ 2299 êì, ìû îáîãíóëè íàãîðüå ñ þãî-âîñòîêà è, ïðîäâèãàÿñü â çàïàäíîì íàïðàâëåíèè ïî þæíîé îêðàèíå, ïåðåñåêëè ãîðû â öåíòðàëüíîé, âîçâûøåííîé ÷àñòè â ñåâåðíîì íàïðàâëåíèè, îòêóäà óæå ïî ñåâåðíûì ïðåäãîðüÿì âîçâðàùàëèñü íà âîñòîê, â Óëàí-Áàòîð. Ìàðøðóò íàøåé ýêñïåäèöèè áûë ñëåäóþùèì: 8 èþëÿ – ïåðåë¸ò íà ñàìîë¸òå èç ã. Àëìàòû ÷åðåç ã. Óñòü-Êàìåíîãîðñê â ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ìîíãîëèè. 9 èþëÿ (200 êì) – ïîåçäêà ïî ùåáíèñòîé ïóñòûíå â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ èç ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé ïî ð. Êîáäî, äàëåå â ñîìîí (ïîñ¸ëîê) Íîãîííóð, ãîðû Êûçûëòàó, îç. À÷èòíóð è îáðàòíî, â ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé. 10 èþëÿ – ïåðåë¸ò íà ñàìîë¸òå: ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé – ã. Óëàí-Áàòîð. 11 èþëÿ (250 êì) – ïîåçäêà èç Óëàí-Áàòîðà ïî ïîëîãèì õîëìàì ïðåäãîðèé Õýíòýÿ, ê òþðêñêîìó ìåìîðèàëüíîìó êîìïëåêñó Òîíüþêóêà. 12 èþëÿ (150 êì) – ïîåçäêà íà

I have visited Mongolian Altai, Khentei and Khangai in June 2009. A total length of auto routes was 4125 km (fig. 1). During the trip 12 species of the birds of prey were recorded. Black-Eared Kite (Milvus [migrans] lineatus) It was the most numerous species among the birds of prey. A total of 141 birds were recorded. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) A bird was observed in the Tsetserleg town on 22 July. Upland Buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) A total of 82 birds were recorded in Khntai and Khentei for 3484 km of a route; only 4 bird were dark. No birds were registered in Mongolian Altai. Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) It was a rare species, during the trip only 10 birds were observed. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) A bird was noted on 17 July. Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) A subadult was observed at the Tatsinhol river valley on 18 July. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) A total of 22 birds were recorded. Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis) Two birds were observed at the Shargalzhuut river valley on 18 July, and a bird was noted between the Bombogor somon and Galut somon on 20 July. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) A total of 16 birds were registered. Barbary Falcon (Falco pelegrinoides) A male was noted near the Bayan-Ovo village on 20 July. Hobby (Falco subbuteo) A bird was observed at the Khunuyhol river valley on 23 July. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) Four lonely birds were recorded.

Ðèñ. 1. Ìàðøðóò ýêñïåäèöèè. Fig. 1. Expedition route.

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Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Õóñòàé», Õýíòýé (ââåðõó), Õàíãàé (â öåíòðå), âûñîêîãîðüÿ Ìîíãîëüñêîãî Àëòàÿ (âíèçó). Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. National Park “Khustai”, Khentei (upper), Khangai (center), highlands of the Mongolian Altai Mountains (bottom). Photos by O. Belyalov.

þæíûé ñêëîí ãîð Áîãäî Óëà (Õýíòýé), èç Óëàí-Áàòîðà â ìîíàñòûðü Ìàíäçóøèð. 13 èþëÿ (407 êì) – ïîåçäêà ïî ïîëîãèì õîëìàì ïðåäãîðèé Õýíòýÿ èç Óëàí-Áàòîðà íà þãî-âîñòîê â Òîâ àéìàê, äî ñîìîíà Áàÿíñóí. 14 èþëÿ (148 êì) – èç Óëàí-Áàòîðà íà þãî-çàïàä ïî äîëèíå ð. Òîëà â Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Õóñòàé». 15 èþëÿ (279 êì) – èç Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Õóñòàé» ê òþðêñêîìó ìåìîðèàëüíîìó êîìïëåêñó Óíãåò â äîëèíå ð. Òîëà è äàëåå 55 êì ïî äîëèíå ð. Òîëà äî ìîñòà. Çäåñü çàêîí÷èëèñü ïðåäãîðüÿ Õýíòýÿ, è äàëåå äî 24 èþëÿ ìàðøðóò ïðîõîäèë ïî Õàíãàéñêîìó íàãîðüþ. Â ýòîò äåíü ïî Õýíòýþ áûëî ïðîéäåíî 184 êì îò

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ìîñòà ÷åðåç ð. Òîëà â ñîìîí Áóðåí è äàëåå äî òþðêñêîãî êîìïëåêñà Êóëè÷îð. 16 èþëÿ (224 êì) – èç Êóëè÷îðà ïî ïîëîãèì çåë¸íûì õîëìàì þæíûõ ïðåäãîðèé Õàíãàÿ, ÷åðåç ñîìîíû Áàÿí-Îíäåð è Îëçèéò, äî àéìà÷íîãî öåíòðà – ãîðîäà Àðâàéõåð. 17 èþëÿ (91 êì) – èç Àðâàéõåðà ÷åðåç ñîìîí Òàðàãò äî ñîìîíà Óÿíãà. 18 èþëÿ (236 êì) – èç ñîìîíà Óÿíãà ÷åðåç áðèãàäó Æàðãàëàíò ââåðõ ïî äîëèíå ð. Òàöûíãîë, ÷åðåç ïåðåâàë (2888 ì), â äîëèíó ð. Øàòãîëæóò. Íà ñåâåðíîì ñêëîíå, íèæå ïåðåâàëà, ïî íåáîëüøîìó ìàññèâó ëèñòâåííè÷íîãî ëåñà. Âíèç ïî äîëèíå äî ñàíàòîðèÿ Øàòãîëæóò, â àéìà÷íûé öåíòð – ã. ÁàÿíÕîíãîð. Îò Áàÿí-Õîíãîðà ïî äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë íà ñåâåð äî òþðêñêîãî êîìïëåêñà Øàòàð ×óëóí. 19 èþëÿ (232 êì) – ã. ÁàÿíÕîíãîð – ñîìîí Áàÿí-Îâî – ñîìîí Áîìáîãîð. 20 èþëÿ (214 êì) – èç Áîìáîãîðà ÷åðåç óùåëüÿ Õàíãàÿ íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîê ê îçåðó Îëãîéíóð äî ñîìîíà Ãàëóò. 21 èþëÿ (294 êì) – ïî Õàíãàþ èç ñîìîíà Ãàëóò ïî ð. Öàãàí Òóðóãîë äî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ìàíäàë, ÷åðåç ïåðåâàë Õàãèéí-Äàâà â äîëèíó ð. Áàéäðàããîë. ×åðåç ñîìîíû Æàðãàëàíò è Çàã íà ïåðåâàë Ýãèéí-Äàâà è äàëåå íà ñîìîí ×óëóò. 22 èþëÿ (299 êì) – èç ×óëóòà ïî äîëèíå ð. Õóðìåíãîë â äîëèíó ð. Õóíóéãîë. Äàëåå ÷åðåç ïåðåâàë Óëàëçàéí-Äàâà íà ñåâåðíûé ñêëîí Õàíãàÿ, ïîêðûòûé ëèñòâåííè÷íûì ëåñîì, â äîëèíó ð. Õîéä Òàìèð ñ ïîéìåííûì òîïîëèíûì ëåñîì. ×åðåç ñîìîí Èõòàìèð â àéìà÷íûé öåíòð – ã. Öýöýðëýã, äàëåå ïî äîëèíå ð. Õóíóéãîë äî ñîìîíà Õàèðõàí. 23 èþëÿ (224 êì) – èç Õàèðõàíà íà ñëèÿíèå ðåê Ìîãîéãîë è Õóíóéãîë ê òþðêñêîìó ìåìîðèàëüíîìó êîìïëåêñó Øèâåò Óëàí, äàëåå ÷åðåç ñîìîí Îëçèéò â äîëèíó ð. Îðõîí ê òþðêñêîìó ìåìîðèàëüíîìó êîìïëåêñó Êóëü Òåãèíà è Áèëüãå Êàãàíà. 24 èþëÿ (436 êì) – èç äîëèíû Îðõîíà â àéìà÷íûé öåíòð ãîðîä Õàðõîðèí è äàëåå â ñîìîí Ëóí, ãäå íà ð. Òîëà çàêîí÷èëñÿ ìàðøðóò ïî Õàíãàþ. Äàëüøå äî Óëàí-Áàòîðà äîðîãà 135 êì øëà ïî ïðåäãîðüÿì Õýíòýÿ. 25–26 èþëÿ – ã. Óëàí-Áàòîð. 27 èþëÿ – ïåðåë¸ò íà ñàìîë¸òå èç Óëàí-Áàòîðà â Áàÿí-Óëüãåé. Ïîåçäêà (205 êì) èç Áàÿí-Óëüãåé ïî äîëèíå ð. Êîáäî â äîëèíó ð. Ñîãîã äî óðî÷èùà Êàðà Æàìàíòû, äàëåå ïî ð. Öàãàíãîë äî àóëà Çàãàñòíóð è ÷åðåç ïåðåâàë íà îç. Èõ Õàã íóð. 28 èþëÿ (236 êì) – îò îç. Èõ Õàã íóð â äîëèíó ð. Öàãàíãîë äî ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé. 29 èþëÿ – ïåðåë¸ò íà ñàìîë¸òå èç ã. ÁàÿíÓëüãåé â ã. Àëìàòû (ðèñ. 1). Âñåãî áûëî îòìå÷åíî 12 âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, äàííûå î êîòîðûõ ïðèâåäåíû íèæå.

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Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 17 ×åðíîóõèé êîðøóí (Milvus [migrans] lineatus) Ñàìûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé èç õèùíûõ ïòèö, âñòðå÷åííûõ íà ìàðøðóòå ýêñïåäèöèè. Âñåãî áûë ó÷ò¸í 141 êîðøóí. Â ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé 8 èþëÿ ó÷òåíî 30 ïòèö. Ïî ÷åòûðå ïòèöû âñòðå÷åíî 9 èþëÿ íà ð. Êîáäî è â ãîðàõ Êûçûëòàó è 12 èþëÿ ãîðàõ Áîãäî Óëà ó ìîíàñòûðÿ Ìàíäçóøèð. Îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö âèäåëè 15 èþëÿ â Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Õóñòàé» è 18 èþëÿ íàä ñîìîíîì Óÿíãà. Â äîëèíå ð. Òààöèíãîë íà ìàðøðóòå 20 êì ó÷òåíî ÷åòûðå îäèíî÷íûõ êîðøóíà, à íà ð. Øàðãàëæóò – îäèí. Íà ñâàëêå ìóñîðà ñàíàòîðèÿ Øàðãàëæóò äåðæàëîñü ñêîïëåíèå èç 30 ïòèö. Â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë ó ã. Áàÿí-Õîíãîð íà 50 êì ó÷òåíî ïÿòü îäèíî÷åê. Â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë ó ìåìîðèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà Øàòàð ×óëóí 19 èþëÿ âèäåëè äâóõ îäèíî÷åê. Îäèíî÷íûå êîðøóíû âñòðå÷åíû 20 èþëÿ ïî äîðîãå èç ñîìîíà Áîìáîãîð â ñîìîí Ãàëóò è ó þðò, íåäîåçæàÿ ïîñ¸ëêà Áàÿí-Îâî. Â äîëèíå ð. Öàãàí Òóðóãîë 21 èþëÿ íà ìàðøðóòå 18 êì, îò ñîìîíà Ãàëóò äî ìîíàñòûðÿ Ìàíäàë, âèäåëè ÷åòûð¸õ îäèíî÷åê è åù¸ îäíîãî ó ïîñ. Æàðãàëàíò. Íà ð. Õóðìåíãîë 22 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åí îäèí, íà ð. Õàíóéãîë – äâà, â äîëèíå ð. Õîéä Òàìèð – òðè è íà îêðàèíå ñîìîíà Èõòàìèð – 15 ïòèö. Â ñîìîíå Õàéðõàí 23 èþëÿ âèäåëè îäíîãî, â ã. Õàðõîðèí 24 èþëÿ – äâóõ, à â ã. Óëàí-Áàòîðå 25 èþëÿ – îäíîãî. Íàä ã. Áàÿí-Óëüãåé 27 èþëÿ ïàðèëè 22 êîðøóíà. Íà ïåðåâàëå (2700 ì) ó îç. Èõ Õàã íóð 28 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åí îäèí.

Ìîõíîíîãèå êóðãàííèêè (Buteo hemilasius). Êóëüòåãèí. Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Upland Buzzards (Buteo hemilasius). Kultegin. Photo by O. Belyalov.

Ïåðåïåëÿòíèê (Accipiter nisus) Îäíó ïòèöó âèäåëè 22 èþëÿ â ã. Öýöýðëýã. Ìîõíîíîãèé êóðãàííèê (Buteo hemilasius) Âñåãî â Õýíòýå è Õàíãàå íà ìàðøðóòå

Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ 3484 êì áûëî ó÷òåíî 82 ïòèöû, èç íèõ òîëüêî 4 áûëè ò¸ìíûìè. Íà Ìîíãîëüñêîì Àëòàå ïòèöû íå âñòðå÷åíû. Èç 1185 êì ìàðøðóòà ïî Õýíòýþ, òîëüêî 13 èþëÿ, ïðè ïîåçäêå ïî ïðåäãîðüÿì íà þãî-âîñòîê îò Óëàí-Áàòîðà (407 êì), áûëî ó÷òåíî 19 ïòèö (9 îäèíî÷åê è â 5 ñëó÷àÿõ ïî äâå ïòèöû). Èç íèõ òîëüêî îäèí êóðãàííèê áûë ò¸ìíûì, îñòàëüíûå – ñâåòëûå. Ìàðøðóò ïðîõîäèë ïî âñõîëìëåííûì ðàâíèíàì, ãäå ìåñòàìè íàáëþäàëîñü ìíîãî ìåëêèõ ãðûçóíîâ. Íà îñòàëüíûõ 643 êì ìàðøðóòà â Õýíòýå 11, 12 è 14, 15 èþëÿ ïòèöû íå îòìå÷àëñü. Çà îäèííàäöàòü äíåé âäîëü äîðîã â äîëèíàõ ðåê è ïðåäãîðüÿõ Õàíãàÿ íà 2299 êì áûëî ó÷òåíî 63 ïòèöû. Èç íèõ òîëüêî òðè ïòèöû áûëè ò¸ìíûìè, îñòàëüíûå – ñâåòëûìè. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïòèö íà ìàðøðóòå áûëî ñëåäóþùèì. Â þãî-âîñòî÷íûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ Õàíãàÿ 15 èþëÿ òðè îäèíî÷êè âñòðå÷åíû íà 35 êì, îò ìîñòà ÷åðåç ð. Òîëà äî ñîìîíà Áè÷èãò, è 10 îäèíî÷åê íà 33 êì, ïî äîðîãå îò ñîìîíà Áóðåí ê òþðêñêîìó êîìïëåêñó Êóëè÷îð. Âñå âñòðå÷åííûå ïòèöû áûëè ñâåòëûìè. Íà ñêàëå â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñîìîíà Áàÿí-Îíäåð 16 èþëÿ âèäåëè ïàðó ñâåòëûõ ïòèö. Íà ìàðøðóòå 50 êì ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Òàðàãò – Îíãèí – Óÿíãà 17 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíî 9 ñâåòëûõ è îäèí ò¸ìíûé. Äåñÿòü ñâåòëûõ êóðãàííèêîâ ó÷òåíû 18 èþëÿ íà ó÷àñòêàõ äîðîãè: Óÿíãà – Æàðãàëàíò (60 êì) – 5 îäèíî÷åê; ñàíàòîðèé Øàðãàëæóò – ã. Áàÿí-Õîíãîð (50 êì) – 4 îäèíî÷êè è îäèí â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë. Â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë ó Áàÿí-Õîíãîðà 19 èþëÿ âèäåëè äâóõ ñâåòëûõ îäèíî÷íûõ ïòèö è åù¸ îäèí ñâåòëûé êóðãàííèê âñòðå÷åí ó ñîìîíà Îëçèéò. Íà ìàðøðóòå 214 êì ÷åðåç óùåëüÿ Õàíãàÿ, ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Áîìáîãîð è Ãàëóò, 20 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíà òîëüêî îäíà ñâåòëàÿ ïòèöà. Â äîëèíå ð. Öàãàí Òóðóãîë 21 èþëÿ, ïî äîðîãå èç ñîìîíà Ãàëóò â ìîíàñòûðü Ìàíäàë (18 êì), âñòðå÷åí îäèí ñâåòëûé, à äàëåå ïî äîëèíå ð. Öàãàí Òóðóãîë (25 êì) – 9 ñâåòëûõ è îäèí ò¸ìíûé. Ó ñîìîíà Æàðãàëàíò â ýòîò äåíü âèäåëè åù¸ äâóõ ñâåòëûõ îäèíî÷åê. Íà ð. ×óëóò (2100 ì) 22 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åí îäèí ñâåòëûé, à â äîëèíå ð. Õîéä Òàìèð – äâà. Îäíîãî ñâåòëîãî êóðãàííèêà âèäåëè 23 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Îðõîí ó ×èëåíáàëûêà. Íà òåððèòîðèè òþðêñêîãî ìåìîðèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà Êóëü Òåãèíà è Áèëüãå Êàãàíà íà Îðõîíå 24 èþëÿ äåðæàëñÿ íåðàñïàâøèéñÿ âûâîäîê èç 3-õ ìîëîäûõ – 2-õ ñâåòëûõ è 1-ãî ò¸ìíîãî. Íà òðàññå Õàðõîðèí – Ëóí – Óëàí-Áàòîð (375 êì) áûëî ó÷òåíî ÷åòûðå ñâåòëûõ îäèíî÷êè.

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Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) Î÷åíü ìàëî÷èñëåí, âñåãî çà ýêñïåäèöèþ áûëî âñòðå÷åíî 10 ïòèö. Íà ìàðøðóòå 407 êì ïî ïðåäãîðüÿì Õýíòýÿ þãî-âîñòî÷íåå Óëàí-Áàòîðà 13 èþëÿ ó÷òåíî 4 îðëà (3 è 1) òîëüêî íà íåáîëüøîì ó÷àñòêå, ãäå áûëè ìíîãî÷èñëåíû ãðûçóíû. Â äîëèíå ð. Òààöèíãîë 18 èþëÿ îäèí îð¸ë ñèäåë íà ì¸ðòâîé ëîøàäè è îäèí ïðîëåòåë íàä ïåðåâàëîì. Îäèíî÷åê âèäåëè: 22 èþëÿ âîçëå ã. Öýöýðëýã; 24 èþëÿ ó òþðêñêîãî ìåìîðèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà Êóëü Òåãèíà è Áèëüãå Êàãàíà íà Îðõîíå; 27 èþëÿ ó ïîñ. Çàãàñòíóóð è 28 èþëÿ íà ïåðåâàëå ó îçåðà Èõ Õàã íóð (2700 ì).

Altai Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug altaicus). Mongolian Altai Mountains. Photo by O. Belyalov.

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) Îäèí ñ êë¸êîòîì ïðîëåòåë 17 èþëÿ íàä ã. Àðâàéõåð.

äâóõ ïòèö, à 20 èþëÿ, ïî äîðîãå èç ñîìîíà Áîìáîãîð â ñîìîí Ãàëóò, îäíîãî.

Áîðîäà÷ (Gypaetus barbatus) Â äîëèíå ð. Òààöèíãîë 18 èþëÿ âèäåëè îäíîãî ìîëîäîãî. ×¸ðíûé ãðèô (Aegypius monachus) Âñåãî íà ìàðøðóòå ó÷òåíî 22 ïòèöû. Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Õýíòýÿ ó ïîñ. Áàÿíñóí 13 èþëÿ áûëè âñòðå÷åíû äâà ãðèôà. Â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë ó ã. Áàÿí-Õîíãîð 19 èþëÿ âèäåëè îäíîãî. Íà ìàðøðóòå 214 êì ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Áîìáîãîð è Ãàëóò 20 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíî ñåìü ïòèö – òðè îäèíî÷êè è äâàæäû ïî äâà ãðèôà. Â äîëèíå ð. Öàãàí Òóðóãîë 21 èþëÿ âèäåëè òð¸õ ïòèö. Äâóõ ãðèôîâ âñòðåòèëè 23 èþëÿ íà ìàðøðóòå 80 êì ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Õàéðõàí è Îëçèéò, è åù¸ äâóõ – íà ìàðøðóòå 42 êì â äîëèíå ð. Îðõîí. Íà ïåðåâàëå ó îçåðà Èõ Õàã íóð (2700 ì) 28 èþëÿ ïàðèëè äâà ãðèôà. Êóìàé (Gyps himalayensis) Â äîëèíå ð. Øàðãàëæóò 18 èþëÿ âèäåëè

Àëòàéñêèé áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug altaicus). Ìîíãîëüñêèé Àëòàé. Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà.

Áàëîáàí (Falco cherrug) Âñåãî âñòðå÷åíî 16 ïòèö. Îäíîãî âèäåëè 15 èþëÿ ó Êóëè÷îðà. Íà ìàðøðóòå 50 êì ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Òàðàãò è Îíãèí 17 èþëÿ áûëî ó÷òåíû äâå îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû è íåðàñïàâøèéñÿ âûâîäîê èç ÷åòûð¸õ ìîëîäûõ. Äâà áàëîáàíà âñòðå÷åíû 18 èþëÿ ïî äîðîãå ìåæäó ñîìîíàìè Óÿíãà è Æàðãàëàíò. Â äîëèíå ð. Òóèíãîë ó Áàÿí-Õîíãîðà 19 èþëÿ ó äîðîãè ñèäåëà ñàìêà ñ äîáû÷åé. Â ýòîò æå äåíü îäíîãî áàëîáàíà âèäåëè íà ËÝÏ ó ñîìîíà Áàÿí-Îâî. Îäèíî÷êè îòìå÷åíû 21 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Öàãààí Òóðóãîë è â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ñîìîíà Æàðãàëàíò. Íà ïåðåâàëå ó îçåðà Èõ Õàã íóð (2700 ì) 28 èþëÿ âñòðå÷åíû îäèí è äâà áàëîáàíà. Øàõèí (Falco pelegrinoides) Ñàìåö, ñèäåâøèé íà îáî÷èíå äîðîãè, âñòðå÷åí 20 èþëÿ, íå äîåçæàÿ ïîñ¸ëêà Áàÿí-Îâî. ×åãëîê (Falco subbuteo) Îäíîãî âèäåëè 23 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Õóíóéãîë ó ìåìîðèàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñà Øèâåò Óëàí. Îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà (Falco tinnunculus) Îäèíî÷êè âñòðå÷åíû: 9 èþëÿ â ãîðàõ Êûçûëòàó, 13 èþëÿ ó ñîìîíà Áàÿíñóí, 19 èþëÿ ó ñîìîíà Áàÿí-Îâî è 23 èþëÿ â äîëèíå ð. Îðõîí ó ×èëåíáàëûêà.

Ãðèô (Aegypius monachus). Õýíòýé. Ôîòî Î. Áåëÿëîâà. Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus). Khentei. Photo by O. Belyalov.

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Grants ГРАНТЫ The Mike Madders Field Research Award ПРЕМИЯ ПОЛЕВЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ИМЕНИ МАЙКА МАДДЕРСА (5) Contact Dr. Mike McGrady Natural Research Ltd. info@natural-research.org

Áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðèðîäû» (Natural Research Ltd.) îáúÿâèëà î Ïðåìèè ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé èìåíè Ìàéêà Ìàääåðñà, îòêðûòîé ñ ÿíâàðÿ 2010 ã. Ýòà åæåãîäíàÿ ïðåìèÿ îñíîâàíà â ïàìÿòü î Ìàéêå Ìàääåðñå è åãî âûäàþùèõñÿ óñïåõàõ â îáëàñòè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé18. Äîêòîð Ìàéê Ìàääåðñ ïðîÿâëÿë øèðîêèé èíòåðåñ ê ýêîëîãèè è èññëåäîâàíèþ äèêîé ïðèðîäû. Åãî ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûé èíòåðåñ ëåæàë â îáëàñòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è ãîðíûõ âèäîâ ïòèö. Ïîñëå ðàáîòû ïî ñàïñàíó (Falco peregrinus) â Êàìáðèè â ñåðåäèíå 1980-õ ãã. îí ïîëó÷èë äèïëîì ïî îðëàì â Øîòëàíäèè, ãäå ðàáîòàë íàä óâåëè÷åíèåì ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíîâáåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla) ïîñëå èõ ðåèíòðîäóêöèè â ïðèðîäó. Ïîçæå îí ïðîâîäèë èññëåäîâàíèÿ äëÿ ìíîãèõ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ è íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé, âêëþ÷àÿ Êîðîëåâñêîå îáùåñòâî çàùèòû ïòèö (RSPB), Øîòëàíäñêîå åñòåñòâåííîå íàñëåäèå (SNH), Öåíòð ýêîëîãèè è ãèäðîëîãèè (CEH) è óíèâåðñèòåò Ãëàçãî. Îñîáåííî ïëîòíî Ìàéê çàíèìàëñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿìè ýêîëîãèè è ïèòàíèÿ ïîëåâûõ ëóíåé (Circus cyaneus) è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, åãî äîêòîðñêàÿ äèññåðòàöèÿ â 1997 ã. áûëà î âîçäåéñòâèÿõ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íà ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ. Ìàéê áûë îñíîâàòåëåì îðãàíèçàöèè «Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðèðîäû» è óïðàâëÿþùèì äèðåêòîðîì å¸ îòäåëåíèÿ – Ïîëåâûõ íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ïðîåêòîâ (NRP). Òàì îí ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàëñÿ íà èçîáðåòåíèè ïîëåâûõ è àíàëèòè÷åñêèõ ìåòîäîâ äëÿ îöåíêè âëèÿíèÿ íà ïòèö âåòðîâûõ ýëåêòðîñòàíöèé è ïðîåêòèðîâàë èííîâàöèîííûå ïîäõîäû äëÿ óìåíüøåíèÿ èõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Ìíîãèå èç ýòèõ ìåòîäîâ áûëè ïðèçíàíû ëó÷øèìè è âçÿòû â êà÷åñòâå ñòàíäàðòîâ â ñèñòåìå íàëîãîîáëîæåíèÿ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó âî âñ¸ì ìèðå. Ìàéê ïðîäîëæàë èçó÷àòü ïîâåäåíèå ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè è êóðèðîâàë èññëåäîâà-

http://www.natural-research.org/MikeMaddersFieldResearchAward.htm

Natural Research Ltd. is pleased to announce the Mike Madders Field Research Award, commencing in January 2010. This annual award has been established in memory of Mike’s character and distinguished career in ecological research18. Dr. Mike Madders had broad interests in wildlife and ecology, and was professionally involved with raptors and upland bird species all his working life. After working with peregrines (Falco peregrinus) in Cumbria he graduated to eagles in Scotland during the mid 1980s, where he was closely associated with the growing population of White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) that resulted from reintroduction efforts. He later undertook studies for a variety of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), and the University of Glasgow. Mike was particularly associated with studies on the foraging ecology and diet of Hen Harriers (Circus cyaneus) and White-Tailed Eagles, and his 1997 doctorate was on the effects of forestry on Hen Harriers. Mike was a founding Director of Natural Research, and Managing Director of its subsidiary, Natural Research Projects, NRP. There he specialised in devising field and analytical

Ìàéê Ìàääåðñ. Ôîòî ñ ñàéòà «Øîòëàíäñêèå ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö» (SRSG). Mike Madders. Photo from web-site of Scottish Raptor Study Group (SRSG)

Grants

Raptors Conservation 2009, 17 íèÿ ñòåïíîãî (C. macrourus) è ëóãîâîãî (C. pygargus) ëóíåé â Êàçàõñòàíå è Èíäèè. Îí îïóáëèêîâàë ìíîæåñòâî ðåöåíçèðóåìûõ íàó÷íûõ ñòàòüåé è íàïèñàë (îäèí èëè ñ ñîàâòîðàìè) øåñòü êíèã, êîòîðûå ïîïóëÿðèçèðîâàëè îðíèòîëîãèþ â ñåâåðíîé Àíãëèè è Øîòëàíäèè. Ñðåäè äðóãèõ èíòåðåñîâ Ìàéêà áûëà èíñòðóìåíòàëüíàÿ ìóçûêà XX âåêà, äåðåâüÿ, ïàïîðîòíèêè è âèíî. Ìàéê òðàãè÷åñêè ïîãèá â àâãóñòå 2009 ã., âî âðåìÿ ñïëàâà íà êàíîý â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîé Øîòëàíäèè, â âîçðàñòå 52-õ ëåò. Ïðåìèÿ ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé èìåíè Ìàéêà Ìàääåðñà – åæåãîäíîå âîçíàãðàæäåíèå â ðàçìåðå íå ìåíåå 500£ èç ôîíäà áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè «Èññëåäîâàíèå Ïðèðîäû». Ïðåìèÿ îòêðûòà äëÿ ëþáîãî (ñòóäåíòû, ëþáèòåëè, ïðîôåññèîíàëû), ëþáîé íàöèîíàëüíîñòè è èç ëþáîé ñòðàíû ìèðà, êòî ïðîâîäèò ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ïðåìèÿ áóäåò ïðèñóæäàòüñÿ çà ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå ïîëåâîå èññëåäîâàíèå, êîòîðîå îòðàæàåò øèðîêèé åñòåñòâåííî-íàó÷íûé êðóã èíòåðåñîâ Ìàéêà è åãî ïîíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûñîêîãî êà÷åñòâà, è ïîýòîìó íå îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíî áûòü îðèåíòèðîâàíî íà ïòèö èëè èìåòü öåëüþ îõðàíó ïðèðîäû. Îæèäàåòñÿ, ÷òî ïðèç¸ðû äîëæíû áóäóò ïðåäñòàâèòü ýëåêòðîííûé îò÷¸ò â êîíöå ãîäà, à òàêæå óêàçûâàòü ïîëó÷åííóþ ïðåìèþ âî âñåõ ïðåçåíòàöèÿõ, äîêëàäàõ è ïóáëèêàöèÿõ. Ñ äåêàáðÿ 2009 ã. äåòàëè âðó÷åíèÿ ïðåìèè äîñòóïíû íà âåáñàéòå îðãàíèçàöèè «Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðèðîäû»19, 20. Îæèäàåòñÿ, ÷òî êîíêóðñ íà ïðåìèþ 2010 ã. áóäåò îáúÿâëåí â êîíöå ôåâðàëÿ. Áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðèðîäû» ïðèâåòñòâóåò ëþáûå ôèíàíñîâûå âêëàäû, óâåëè÷èâàþùèå ðàçìåð ïðåìèè; âñå ñïîíñîðû áóäóò îòìå÷åíû áëàãîäàðíîñòüþ ó÷ðåäèòåëåé ïðåìèè. Êîíòàêò (5).

Ñàìêà ëóãîâîãî ëóíÿ (Circus pygargus) ñ ïòåíöàìè. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Female of the Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus) with nestlings. Photo by A. Levashkin.

19 20

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Ñàìåö ñòåïíîãî ëóíÿ (Circus macrourus). Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Male of the Pallid Harrier (Circus macrourus). Photo by I. Karyakin.

techniques to measure the responses of birds to wind farm developments, and designed innovative approaches to mitigating the potential impacts. Many of these techniques have been taken up as standard best practice in Environmental Impact Assessments throughout the world. Mike continued to study hen harrier behaviour in the UK and supervised studies of pallid (C. macrourus) and Montagu’s (C. pygargus) harriers in Kazakhstan and India. He authored many peerreviewed scientific papers and authored (alone or with co-authors) or published six books that popularized bird-watching in northern England and Scotland. Among Mike’s other interests were 20th century instrumental music, trees, ferns and wine. Mike died tragically in a canoeing accident in NW Scotland in August 2009, aged 52. The Mike Madders Field Research Award is an annual award of at least £500 made by Natural Research, Ltd. The award is open to anybody (students / amateurs / professionals) of any nationality and from any geographic location, who is conducting ecological field research. The award aims to support ecological field research that reflects Mike’s broad natural curiosity and his appreciation of high quality research, and therefore need not be bird-oriented, nor necessarily have a conservation focus. Awardees will be expected to provide an electronic end-of-year report, and will also be expected to acknowledge the award in all presentations, reports and publications. Full application details available on the Natural Research website19, 20 in December 2009. It is anticipated that the inaugural award winner will be announced in late February 2010. Natural Research welcomes any financial contributions to help increase the size of the award; all donors will be appropriately acknowledged. Ñontact (5).

http://www.natural-research.org http://www.natural-research.org/documents/MikeMaddersFieldResearchAward.pdf

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Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû

New Publications and Videos НОВЫЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ И ФИЛЬМЫ Books КНИГИ

(6) Contact The Peregrine Fund 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane Boise Idaho 83709 United States of America tel.: +1 208 362 37 16 fax: +1 208 362 23 76 tpf@peregrinefund.org

Â àïðåëå 2009 ã. îïóáëèêîâàíû ìàòåðèàëû êîíôåðåíöèè «Çàãðÿçíåíèå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ñâèíöîì: çíà÷åíèÿ äëÿ äèêîé ïðèðîäû è ëþäåé», ïðîõîäèâøåé 12–15 ìàÿ 2008 ã. â ÑØÀ: Watson, R.T., M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W. G. Hunt (Eds.). Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA, 2009. 394 p. (ISBN/EAN13:0961 983957/9780961983956). Íàó÷íàÿ î÷åâèäíîñòü âëèÿíèÿ ñâèíöà íà çäîðîâüå ëþäåé ïðèâåëà ê êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûì îãðàíè÷åíèÿì íà åãî èñïîëüçîâàíèå, âêëþ÷àÿ çàïðåùåíèå ñâèíöà â ïðîèçâîäñòâå áåíçèíà è êðàñîê. Âëèÿíèå íà äèêóþ ïðèðîäó áûëî ìåíåå î÷åâèäíûì, íî ãèáåëü áåëîãîëîâûõ îðëàíîâ (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), äîáûâàâøèõ ïîðàæ¸ííûõ ñâèíöîì óòîê è ãóñåé, âíåñëî ñâîé âêëàä â 1991 ã. â çàïðåùåíèå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñâèíöîâîé äðîáè äëÿ îõîòû íà âîäîïëàâàþùóþ ïòèöó â Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòàõ Àìåðèêè. Ñâèíöîâûå áîåïðèïàñû âñ¸ åù¸ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ÑØÀ â îõîòå, êðîìå îõîòû íà âîäîïëàâàþùóþ ïòèöó, è ñòåïåíü âòîðè÷íîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ èõ íà äèêóþ ïðèðîäó è ëþäåé ñòàëà ïðåäìåòîì íåäàâíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Âàæíûì øàãîì â ðåøåíèè äàííîé ïðîáëåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñáîð äîñòîâåðíûõ äàííûõ è ðàçâèòèå íàó÷íîãî ïðîãðåññà â ýòîé ñôåðå. Êíèãà ñîäåðæèò áîëåå 20 ñòàòåé î âëèÿíèè ñâèíöà íà õèùíûõ ïòèö. Êíèãà â ôîðìàòå PDF äîñòóïíà íà ñàéòå Ôîíäà Ñàïñàíà21. Êîíòàêò (6).

Watson, R.T., M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W. G. Hunt (Eds.). Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans / Proceedings of the Conference Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. 12–15 May 2008, Boise State University, Idaho, USA. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA, 2009. 394 p. (ISBN/ EAN13:0961983957/9780961983956) have published in April 2009. Scientific evidence of the effects of lead on human health has brought forth large scale restrictions on its use, including the prohibition of lead in gasoline and paint. Responses on behalf of wildlife have been less forthcoming, but Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) consumption of contaminated ducks and geese contributed to the 1991 ban on lead shot for waterfowl hunting in the United States. Lead ammunition is still used in the US for purposes other than waterfowl harvest, and the extent to which lead is secondarily ingested by wildlife and humans has been the subject of recent investigations. An important step in understanding this problem is gathering relevant knowledge and scientific progress on these topics. Books contained more than 20 papers about ingestion of lead ammunition on raptors. The book in PDF is available in webpage of the Peregrine Fund21. Contact (6).

Â 2009 ã. âûøëà â ñâåò êíèãà «Ðåäêèå âèäû ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, çàíåñ¸ííûå â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÔ. Ìàòåðèàëû èññëåäîâàíèé 2009 ãîäà / Ñîñò. Ì.Â. Êîðåïîâ. Óëüÿíîâñê: ÓëÃÏÓ èì. È.Í. Óëüÿíîâà, ÍÈÖ «Ïîâîëæüå», 2009. 48 ñ. (ISBN 978-586045-344-9)». Â êíèãå ïðåäñòàâëåíû îðèãèíàëüíûå ìà-

The book «Rare Species of Vertebrate Animals of the Ulyanovsk District, Listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Data of Surveys in 2009 / M.V. Korepov. Ulyanovsk: UlGPU im. I.N. Ulyanov, NITS “Povolzh’e”, 2009. 48 p. (ISBN 9785-86045-344-9)» has been published in 2009. There are original data about the rare spe-

http://www.peregrinefund.org/Lead_conference/2008PbConf_Proceedings.htm

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òåðèàëû ïî ðåäêèì âèäàì ïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ, çàíåñ¸ííûì â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, ñîáðàííûå â 2009 ã., â òîì ÷èñëå ïî 9 âèäàì ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ôèëèíó (Bubo bubo). Êíèãà äîñòóïíà äëÿ ñêà÷èâàíèÿ â ôîðìàòå PDF22 íà ñàéòå «Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ».

cies of vertebrate animals listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, including 9 species of the birds of prey and the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), collected in the territory of the Ulyanovsk district in 2009. The book is available in PDF22 on the site “Birds of the Volga region».

Â îêòÿáðå 2009 ã. âûøëà â ñâåò êíèãà «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè. Ïîëåâîé îïðåäåëèòåëü äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà» (Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., Riley H., Etheridge B. Raptors. A field guide for surveys and monitoring. Stationery Office Books, UK. 2009. 384 pp. ISBN 9780114973452). Ýòî âòîðîå èçäàíèå ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ïîïóëÿðíîãî è ïîëüçóþùåãîñÿ áîëüøèì ñïðîñîì ïîëåâîãî ñïðàâî÷íèêà ïî èçó÷åíèþ è ìîíèòîðèíãó ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Êàê è ïåðâîå èçäàíèå, ñïðàâî÷íèê íàïèñàí äëÿ ëþäåé, êîòîðûå íàáëþäàþò è èçó÷àþò ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Îí îáåñïå÷èâàåò äåòàëüíûå îïèñàíèÿ ìåòîäîâ èçó÷åíèÿ âñåõ âèäîâ ÿñòðåáîâ, ñîêîëîâ è ñîâ, âñòðå÷àþùèõñÿ ðåãóëÿðíî â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè è Èðëàíäèè. Ýòà êíèãà ìîæåò óëó÷øèòü êà÷åñòâî ñîáèðàåìîé èíôîðìàöèè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ìåòîäàìè èçó÷åíèÿ è ìîíèòîðèíãà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Êíèãà îáåñïå÷èò îòïðàâíóþ òî÷êó äëÿ ëþáîãî æåëàþùåãî íà÷àòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ïîëåâîé ñïðàâî÷íèê áûë íàïèñàí è îòðåäàêòèðîâàí îïûòíûìè ïðîôåññèîíàëàìè – ÷ëåíàìè Øîòëàíäñêîé ãðóïïû ïî èçó÷åíèþ õèùíûõ ïòèö, êîòîðûå ñìîãëè ïðèâëå÷ü çíàíèå è îïûò áîëåå ÷åì 300 ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Íîâîå èçäàíèå âêëþ÷àåò è íîâóþ ãëàâó ñ âûñîêîêà÷åñòâåííûìè öâåòíûìè ôîòîãðàôèÿìè ïåðüåâ õèùíûõ ïòèö â öåëÿõ èõ èäåíòèôèêàöèè. Ýòà ãëàâà ñîäåðæèò 55 ðèñóíêîâ, ÿñíî ïîêàçûâàþùèõ ôîðìóëó êðûëà è äèàãíîñòè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè 22 âèäîâ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ îòäåëüíûå ôîòîãðàôèè ñàìöîâ è ñàìîê âèäîâ, èìåþùèõ ïîëîâîé äèìîðôèçì îêðàñêè. Ýòè ôîòîãðàôèè ïðåäîñòàâèëè Ìýðèàí Êèñëàê è Áîëåñëàâ Äàë, àâòîðû ïðåâîñõîäíîãî ïîëåâîãî îïðåäåëèòåëÿ ïåðüåâ ïòèö «Feathers: Identification for Bird Conservation», èçäàííîãî «Natura Publishing House». Â êîìïëåêòå ñî ñïðàâî÷íèêîì ïðîäàåòñÿ êîìïàêò-äèñê ñ ãîëîñàìè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Öåíà êíèãè 32,20 äîëëàðîâ ÑØÀ23.

Hardey J., Crick H., Wernham C., Riley H., Etheridge B. Raptors. A Field Guide for Surveys and Monitoring. Stationery Office Books, UK. 2009. 384 pp. (ISBN 9780114973452) have published in October 2009. This is the 2nd edition of the extremely popular and bestselling field guide on the survey and monitoring of raptors. As with the first edition, the guide is written for people who watch, survey and monitor raptors and it provides detailed descriptions of survey methods for all species of raptor which occur regularly in Britain and Ireland. This book aims to promote best practice for survey and monitoring. It is hoped that it will provide a starting point for anyone wanting to begin a raptor study, and indeed that it will help inspire a new generation of raptor ecologists. The field guide has been written and edited by experienced professionals, members of the Scottish Raptor Monitoring Group, drawing on the knowledge and experience of over 300 raptors specialists. The 2nd edition includes a new section featuring high quality, full colour photographs of raptor feathers for identification purposes. This section contains 55 pictures clearly showing the wing formula and diagnostic features for 22 species of raptor, including separate photographs for males and females of sexually dimorphic species. These photographs have been supplied by Marian Cieslak and Boleslaw Dul, the authors of the excellent field guide, “Feathers: Identification for Bird Conservation”, from the Natura Publishing House. Combined with the species accounts, the detailed introduction to survey and monitoring techniques contained in part one, and a CD of key raptor calls, the photographs help to create a more comprehensive guide for those interested in the study of raptors. This guide makes important contributions to the understanding of the ecology & conservation of raptors. Price USD 32.2023.

http://volgabirds.ru/files/aticles/16122009/materialy_kk.rar http://http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0114973458/ref=dp_olp_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1261861068&sr=1-47&condition=all

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Ñîáûòèÿ ................................................................. 3

Events ...................................................................... 3

Îáçîðû è êîììåíòàðèè ...................................... 11

Reviews and Comments ........................................ 11

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ Ôîíäà èçó÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Øîòëàíäèè 29 ñåíòÿáðÿ – 4 îêòÿáðÿ 2009 ã. Øåðãàëèí Å.Ý. ..................................................... 11

Raptor Research Foundation Conference in Scotland 29 September – 4 October 2009 Shergalin J.E......................................................... 11

Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ .............................. 16

Raptor Conservation.............................................. 16

Ïðèâëå÷åíèå ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Áðåñòñêîé îáëàñòè â 2005–2009 ãîäàõ, Áåëàðóñü. Êèòåëü Ä.À........................................... 16

Attraction of Owls into Artificial Nests in the Brest District in 2005–2009, Belarus. Kitel D.A..... 16

Çàùèòà ïòèö íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 êÂ â Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì Íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå «Ñìîëüíûé», Ðîññèÿ. Ìàöûíà À.È., Ãðèøóòêèí Ã.Ô. ............................. 22 Èçó÷åíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ........................... 24 Ñîâû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. .... 24 Ôèëèí â Àðàëî-Êàñïèéñêîì ðåãèîíå, Êàçàõñòàí. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Êîâàëåíêî À.Â., Ëåâèí À.C., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. .................................................... 53 Íåêîòîðûå ñâåäåíèÿ ïî ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ ã. Áèéñêà, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â., Áàõòèí Ð.Ô., Ìàêàðîâ À.Â. .............. 87 Ê âîïðîñó î ïîäâèäîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè è íàó÷íîì íàçâàíèè áàëîáàíîâ, íàñåëÿþùèõ ñåâåðî-çàïàä Ñðåäíåé Àçèè. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïôåôôåð Ð................................. 89 Êëåïòîïàðàçèòèçì – îäèí èç ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ ñïîñîáîâ äîáû÷è ïðîïèòàíèÿ ñàïñàíàìè â óñëîâèÿõ ðîñòà èõ ÷èñëåííîñòè íà Þæíîì Óðàëå, Ðîññèÿ. Ìîøêèí À.Â. ............................... 93 Äåðáíèê â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã. ............................. 98 Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü çìååÿäà â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Êèñåë¸âà Í.Þ. ................................ 121 Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà è ìîãèëüíèêà â Àëòàéñêèõ áîðàõ â 2009 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Áåêìàíñóðîâ Ð.Õ. .................... 125 Íåêîòîðûå íàõîäêè ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà âîñòîêå Êàçàõñòàíà. Áàðàøêîâà À.Í., Ñìåëÿíñêèé È.Ý., Òîìèëåíêî À.À., Àêåíòüåâ À.Ã...................................................... 131

Bird Protection from Electrocution on Overhead Power Lines 6–10 kV in the Territory of the National Park “Smolny”, Russia. Matsyna A.I., Grishutkin G.F. ................................ 22 Raptor Research .................................................... 24 Owls in the Samara District, Russia. Pazhenkov A.S., Karyakin I.V., Levashkin A.P. ....... 24 Eagle Owl in the Aral-Caspian Region, Kazakhstan. Karyakin I.V., Kovalenko A.V., Levin A.S., Pazhenkov A.S..................................................... 53 Some Records About Breeding Biology of the Ural Owl in Vicinities of Biysk, Altai Kray, Russia. Vazhov S.V., Bachtin R.F., Makarov A.V. ................ 87 About Subspecies and Scientific Name of the Saker Falcon in North-Western Middle Asia. Karyakin I.V., Pfeffer R. ......................................... 89 Kleptoparasitism – One of Hunting Technique of the Peregrine Falcon that Became Common under Condition of the Increase in its Number in the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia. Moshkin A.V..... 93 Merlin in the Altai-Sayan Region, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G. ................................ 98 Distribution and Number of the Short-Toed Eagle in the N. Novgorod District, Russia. Bakka S.V., Kiseleva N.Yu. .................................. 121 Results of Monitoring of Greater Spotted Eagle and Imperial Eagle Breeding Groups in the Altai Pine Forests in 2009, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Bekmansurov R.H. .................... 125 Some Records of Raptors in the East Kazakhstan. Barashkova A.N., Smelansky I.E., Tomilenko À.À., Akentiev A.G. .................................................... 131 Short Reports....................................................... 145 Nesting of the White-Tailed Eagle in Novosibirsk, Russia. Andreenkov O.V., Andreenkova N.G.,

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Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ .......................................... 145

163

Zhimulev E.I., Zhimulev I.F., Sinkov K.O., Chepurov A.A., Shnayder E.P. ............................ 145

Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ÷åðòå ãîðîäà Íîâîñèáèðñêà, Ðîññèÿ. Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â., Àíäðååíêîâà Í.Ã., Æèìóë¸â Å.È., Æèìóë¸â È.Ô., Ñèíüêîâ Ê.Î., ×åïóðîâ À.À., Øíàéäåð Å.Ï. ...... 145

New Records of the White-Tailed Eagle Breeding in the Novosibirsk District, Russia. Karyakin I.V., Nikolenko E.G., Tomilenko A.A.......................... 148

Íîâûå íàõîäêè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Íîâîñèáèðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Íèêîëåíêî Ý.Ã., Òîìèëåíêî À.À.. 148

Notes on the White-Tailed Eagle Breeding in the Ob’ River Flood-Lands, Altai Kray, Russia. Vazhov S.V. ........................................................ 151

Î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â ïîéìå Îáè, Àëòàéñêèé êðàé, Ðîññèÿ. Âàæîâ Ñ.Â. ................. 151

First Record of the Imperial Eagle’s Clutch with Four Eggs in Kazakhstan. Pestov M.V., Saraev F.A...................................... 152

Ïåðâàÿ ðåãèñòðàöèÿ êëàäêè îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà èç ÷åòûð¸õ ÿèö â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ïåñòîâ Ì.Â., Ñàðàåâ Ô.À. ................................. 152 Î âñòðå÷àõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ìîíãîëèè â èþëå 2009 ãîäà. Áåëÿëîâ Î.Â. .................................... 154

Some Records of the Birds of Prey in Mongolia in July 2009. Belyalov O.V. ................................. 154 Grants .................................................................. 158 New Publications and Videos ............................. 160

Ãðàíòû ................................................................. 158 Íîâûå ïóáëèêàöèè è ôèëüìû .......................... 160

Ðåäàêöèÿ áþëëåòåíÿ «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» ïðèíèìàåò áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíûå ïîæåðòâîâàíèÿ îò îðãàíèçàöèé è îò ÷àñòíûõ ëèö. Íèæå óêàçàíû ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé. Îáÿçàòåëüíî óêàçûâàéòå òî÷íîå íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà, êàê ýòî ñäåëàíî â îáðàçöå! Editors of «Raptors Conservation» accept charitable donations from the organizations and private persons. Requisites for donations are given below. Please note exact purpose of payment as it is made in the sample! Ðåêâèçèòû äëÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèé â ðóáëÿõ: Ïîëó÷àòåëü: ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» ÈÍÍ 5408166026 ÊÏÏ 540801001 Ðàñ÷åòíûé ñ÷¸ò ¹ 407 038 102 000 300 113 37 Áàíê ïîëó÷àòåëÿ: Ôèëèàë «Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêèé» ÎÀÎ «ÑÎÁÈÍÁÀÍÊ», ã. Íîâîñèáèðñê ÁÈÊ 045003744 êîð. ñ÷¸ò ¹ 301 018 104 000 000 007 44 Íàçíà÷åíèå ïëàòåæà: «Äîáðîâîëüíîå áëàãîòâîðèòåëüíîå ïîæåðòâîâàíèå íà óñòàâíûå öåëè îðãàíèçàöèè (èçäàíèå «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà»)»

Requisites for donations in USD: Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Environmental Center Account: 407 038 405 002 010 026 32 Beneficiary Bank: MDM Bank 16, Lavrentieva Ave. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia SWIFT: URSARU55 Corresponding Bank in U.S. JPMORGAN CHASE BANK. SWIFT: CHASUS33 Account: 400759861 Purpose of payment: «Gratuitous donation for implementation of the charitable goals of the organization («Raptors Conservation» publishing)»

Requisites for donations in EURO: Beneficiary: NGO Siberian Environmental Center Account: 407 039 785 034 710 026 32 Beneficiary Bank: MDM Bank 18, Lenina Street, Novosibirsk, 630004, RUSSIA SWIFT: URSARU55 Intermediary Bank: VTB BANK (DEUTSCHLAND) AG, Frankfurt/Main, GERMANY SWIFT: OWHBDEFF Account: 0104108394 Purpose of payment: «Gratuitous donation for implementation of the charitable goals of the organization («Raptors Conservation» publishing)»

Îòïå÷àòàíî â òèïîãðàôèè ÎÎÎ «Ïîâîëæüå» ñ ãîòîâîãî îðèãèíàë-ìàêåòà 603006, ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä, óë. Àêàäåìèêà Áëîõèíîé È.Í., 4/43–4