–
1
9
l m t I T n
.
m kg s A K mol
1015 1012 109 106 103 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15
peta tera giga mega kilo milli mikro nano pico femto
P T G M k m n p f
,
l, s
m
S, A
m2
V
m3 2
9
rad/s
= d /dt
rad/s2
= d /dt
v, u
m/s
v = dl/dt
a
m/s2
a = dv/dt
T
s
f
Hz
1Hz =1s-1
n
s-1
1min-1 = 1s-1 /60
T = 1/f
s-1
=2 f
m
kg/m3 P
kg m/s 1 kg m/s = 1 N s
L
kg m2/s 1 kg m2/s = 1 N s m
F
N
1N = 1 kg m/s2
N Nm ,
p
Pa
I
kg m2
W
J
E
J
P
W C
o
Q
J
3
9
1Pa = 1 N/m2
1J = 1Nm = 1Ws
1W = 1 J/s = 1Nm/s = T-T0 , T0 = 273,15 K
min h d a
1min=60s 1h=60min=3.600s 1d=24h 1a=365d
l t eV bar
1 = ( /180) rad, 1 rad = 57,296 1l=10-3 m3 1t=103 kg 1 eV = 1,602x10-19 J 1 bar = 105 Pa
= = =
00
0 rad
0
1
0
300
rad
1 2
3 3
rad
2 2 3 2
3 2 2 2 1 2
1
0
6
450
4
600
3
900
2
rad rad 1
(- )=)= )=-
(- )= )=)=-
(- )=)=)=
(- )=)=)=
(
(
(
(
2
)=
2
)=
2
)=
4
2
9
)=
1 3
1
: c= ·f E=h·f .
h.f c=2·l·f·N c n= 0 c
Fizeau
n=
n1 n2 :
>1 2 1
,
n
. n
:
2 1
0
:
Bohr
(2 3
Bohr)
m·u·r=n·
h 2
n=1,2,3,…..
Bohr. h·f=Ei-Ef f . (4
i
Bohr.)
k e2 2 r k e2 U r 2 e E=-k 2r 2 rn=n r1 E En= 21 n E =- 1 =- n ch min= eV
r
:
.
. 3
:
, 1 m( 126 C ) 1, 66055 10 12 E=m·c2 1u
– 5
9
27
kgr
·mp+N·mn-M =( m)·c2 A A 4 4 Z X Z 2 Y 2 He -
1 0
+ A Z
A Z
1 1
n
1 1
n e
A Z 1
Y
*
e
1 0
p
X
X
p e
A Z
ve
e
e
X
– t
0·e
t
N0-N 1/2
T1/2= .
ln 2
0,693
Q )c2
Q=(MA+MB-M 90
1 0
– 1 1
H
1 1
H
2 1
H
1 1
e
1
H
2 1
3 2
H
:
He
1 1
3 2
e
4 2
n
235 92
U
141 56
92 36
B
Kr 3 01 n
– e e
– 0
=- 0 F=-D·x D=m· 2 =2
t+ ) t+ 0) t+ 0)
9
2
0
m D
1 U= DA2 U=E 2 1 2 = 2 =U+K 1 2 1 2 + = 2 2 q=Q· t =t =2 LC N 1 f f= t T
6
0
2
t 2
t
=Umax=Kmax
2
2 f
1 2 CV2 UE t 2 1 UB= LI2 UB=E 2 t 2 F=-b )
UE=
( t
t= T
A0 e
A0 A1
Ak A1 e t ..... A2 Ak 1 1 1 DAk2 DA02e 2 t 2 2 Qk
.
R 2L
t
Q0 e
2
A2
1
2 1
=2
2
2
1
t 1
2
1
f2
:
f
·f , c=
y
A
A
7
9
2
t T
A 2
x
x
2 2
A
x
t T
2
y
t
2
2
2
1 f1
t T t T
2
2
2A
A
2
2 A1 A2
2
=
=
2
D m
1 2
f0 =
= A1
b 2m
=0,1,2,….
Ak
x x x
t
t
=2 2
t T
r1
y=2
r2 2
r1
t T
2
2
r1 r2 = r1 r2 =(2N+1)
A
2
2A
2
=0,1,2,….. 1
=0,1,2,…..
4
2 max·
B=Bmax· c= n= Snell
n ( na>nb
)
(b) 4
t
x
t
x
E B c
=nb nb crit= n
b
: d dt d dt ds=Rd ·R cm acm ·R =F·d I=m·r2 IK=Icm+m·d2
=
. .
.
.
Steiner
L=m· ·r L=I· L1=L2 8
9
t
2
2
d
2
2
y=2
I1
1
2
2
r2
dL dt
=
.=
,
W=
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
-
1 2
1
2
: p
=p 1
2m2 m1 m2
2
m1 m2 m1 m2
1
2
2m1 m1 m2
1
m2 m1 m1 m2
2
( )
.
2 cm +
,
W= 5
1 2
2=0
1
=
m1 m1
m2 m2
Doppler fA=fs fA=
fs
fA=
fs
fs
fA= s
s
fs
fA= s
s
s
fs
fA= s
fs
fA= s
fs
fA= s
fs
fA= s
9
9
1
2
=
2m1 m1 m2
1