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Notas
1 Based on M Stevenson, “Be Nice for a Change,” Canadian Business (November 1993), pp. 81—85. 2 L.R. Sayles, “Work Group Behavior and the Larger Organization,” in C. Arensburg et al. (eds.), Research in Industrial Relations (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), pp. 131—45. 3 B.W. Tuckman, “Developmental Sequences in Small Groups,” Psychological Bulletin (June 1965), pp. 384—99; B.W. Tuckman and M.C. Jensen, “Stages of Small-Group Development Revisited,” Group and Organizational Studies (December 1977), pp. 419—27; and M.F. Maples, “Group Development: Extending Turkmen’s Theory,” Journal for Specialists in Group Work (Fall 1988), pp. 17—23. 4 R.C. Ginnett, “The Airline Cockpit Crew,” in J.R. Hackman (ed.), Groups That Work (and Those That Don’t) (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990). 5 C.J.G. Gersick, “Time and Transition in Work Teams: Toward a New Model of Group Development,” Academy of Management Journal (March 1988), pp. 9—41; C.J.G. Gersick, “Marking Time: Predictable Transitions in Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal (June 1989), pp. 2 74—309; and E. Romanelli and M.L. Tushman, “Organizational Transformation as Punctuated Equilibrium: An Empirical Test,” Academy of Management (October 1994), pp. 1141—66. 6 See J.L. Moreno, “Contributions of Sociometry to Research Methodology in Sociology,” American Sociological Review (June 1947), pp. 287—92. Also J.W. Hart and R. Nath, “Sociometry in Business and Industry: New Developments in Historical Perspective,” Group Psychotllerapy, Psychodrama and Sociometry, Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 128—49. 7 N.M. Tichy, ML. Tushman, and C. Fombrun, “Social Network Analysis for Organizations,” Academy of Management Review (October 1979), pp. 507—19; and N. Tichy and C. Fombrun, “Network Analysis in Organizational Settings,” Human Relations (November 1979), pp. 923—65. 8 D. Krackhardt and L.W. Porter, “The Snowball Effect: Turnover Embedded in Communication Networks,” Journal of Applied Psychology (February 1986), pp. 50—55. 9 RE. Nelson, “The Strength of Strong Ties: Social Networks and Intergroup Conflict in Organizations,” Academy of Management Journal (June 1989), pp. 377—401. 10 H. Ibarra, “Personal Networks of Women and Minorities in Management: A Conceptual Framework,” Academy of Management Review (January 1993), pp. 56—87. 11 This model is substantially based on the work of P.S. Goodman, E. Ravlin, and M. Schminke, “Understanding Groups in Organizations,” in L.L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987), pp. 124—28; JR. Hackman, “The Design of Work Teams,” in J.W. Lorsch (ed.), Handbook of Organizational Behavior (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987), pp. 315—42; and G.R. Bushe and A.L. Johnson, “Contextual and Internal Variables Affecting Task Group Outcomes in Organizations,” Group and Organization Studies (December 1989), pp. 462—82. 12 F. Friedlander, “The Ecology of Work Groups,” in J.W. Lorsch (ed.), Handbook of Organizational Be/Ia vior, pp. 301—14; P.B. Paulus and D. Nagar, “Environmental Influences on Groups,” in P. Paulus (ed.), Psychology of Group Influence, 2nd ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989); and E. Sundstrom and I. Altman, “Physical Environments and Work-Group Effectiveness,” in L.L. Cummings and B.M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 11 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1989), pp. 175—209. 13 See, for example, J. Krantz, “Group Processes Under Conditions of Organizational Decline,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 21, No. 1(1985), pp. 1—17. 14 Hackman, “The Design of Work Teams,” pp. 325—26. 15 See, for instance, G.R. Oldham and V. Fried, “Employee Reactions to Workspace Characteristics,” Journal of Applied Psychology (February 1987), pp. 75—80. 16 AD. Szilagyi, Jr., and M.J. Wallace, Jr., Organizational Behavior and Performance, 4th ed. (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1987), p. 223. 17 See M. Hill, “Group Versus Individual Performance. Are N + 1 Heads Better Than One?” Psychological Reports (April 1982), pp. 5 17—39; and A. Tziner and D. Eden, “Effects of Crew Composition on Crew Performance: Does the Whole Equal the Sum of Its Parts?” Journal of Applied Psychology (February 1985), pp. 85—93. 18 M.E. Shaw, Contemporary Topics in Social Psychology (Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press, 1976), pp. 350— 51.