Tests and Testing counselling of individual pupils and for the advancement of professional knowledge concerning the organization and conduct of education. 5 . In the present chapter attention will be directed primarily to certain new forms of tests, not because they have displaced the older methods of examination nor because they have a monopoly of either the merits or the limitations of academic testing, but rather because of their wide use and the interest which they have aroused among both teachers and citizens . Much of what follows may
be applied with equal force to all types of formal examinations devised for use in the schools . The Commission wishes to emphasize from first to last the fairly obvious, though very important and often neglected, fact that the final appraisal of any program of social science instruction will be made, not in the school, but in the life of the society which the school is expected to serve . B . THE TESTING MOVEMENT i . In the early years of the twentieth century certain new forms of tests, more precise and ob87