015 post 2015 한국시민사회 정책포럼 dialogue with un hlp

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목 차 Ⅰ. 취지 및 내용-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Ⅱ. 프로그램-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Ⅲ. Post-2015 UN-HLP 보고서에 대한 한국시민사회 입장문-------------------------------------------9 Ⅳ. Post-2015 UN-HLP 보고서에 대한 국제개발NGO 입장문(어린이재단, 월드비전, 세이브더칠드런)----------25 Ⅴ. UN-HLP 최종보고서에 대한 한국시민사회 질의서-------------------------------------------------43 Ⅵ. 발제--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 [축사]

Alvaro Pinto Scholtbach 유엔개발계획(UNDP) 서울정책사무소 소장

[토론1]

오영주 외교부 개발협력국장

[토론2]

이성훈 국제개발협력민간협의회(KCOC) 정책센터장

[토론3]

손혁상 경희대학교 공공대학원 교수

[토론4]

임홍재 유엔글로벌콤팩트 한국협회 사무총장

Ⅶ. 국제시민사회 입장문-------------------------------------------------------------------------69 1. Beyond 2015 2. Social Watch 3. Oxfam 4. Center For Economic And Social Rights 5. Joint statement of Child-focused agencies on the post-2015 High-Level Panel report 6. InterAction USA 7. Wada Na Tode ABHIYAN India 8. Civil Society Response, India 9. Equity BD and Voice, Bangladesh 10. LDC watch 11. GCAP 12. ADA 13. World Vision 14. DAWN 15. GENDER & DEVELOPMENT NETWORK 16. Women's Major Group Reactions to the UN HLP Report 17. High-Level Task Force for ICPD 18. Feminist Reflections Ⅷ. 참고자료---------------------------------------------------------------------------------159 1. UN HLP on Post 2015 Final Report (30 May 2013) 2. 외교부, UN HLP 보고서 참고자료 (외교부 보도자료, 2013. 6.3) 3. 코이카 개발협력 정책과 이슈 10호

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➕ 㪪 㣀㠏㪪 ☦㪪 ⏖㝈

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➖ 㪪 㨎╡⌶┸㪪

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➗ 㪪

㪺㫓㫗㫘 㪪 㪿㪸 㪲㪶㪺㪪 㕀⋮㗯㛾㪪 ⑤㨞㪪 㨞⌘㙣☝㗋㩣㪪 㞏㞠◽

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Post-2015 유엔 고위급패널 최종보고서에 대한 한국시민사회의 입장 2013. 7. 3

‘ Beyond 2015 Korea (Beyond 2015 한국시민사회연대) ’ 는 유엔 주도의 MDGs 이후 국제사회의 개발과제와 목표를 설정하는 ‘Post-2015 개발의제’에 효과 적으로 참여하기 위해 국제개발협력민간협의회(KCOC), 국제개발협력시민사회포럼 (KoFID), 지구촌빈곤퇴치시민네트워크(GCAP Korea)를 중심으로 2012년 초 출범한 한국 시민사회의 연대모임입니다. ‘Beyond 2015 Korea’는 작년 여러 차례 MDGs와 Post-2015 개발의제에 관한 토 론회를 개최하였고 그 결과를 ‘Post-2015에 대한 한국 시민사회 성명서’로 만들어 지난 2월 20일 ‘Post-2015 다자간 정책포럼-김성환 장관과의 대화’에서 UN 고위 급패널(HLP)로 활동 중인 김성환 전 외교통상부 장관께 전달하였습니다. Beyond 2015 Korea는 지난 2월의 성명서와 6월 12일, 올해 2월 초 방콕에서 출범한 아시아개발연대 (Asia Development Alliance, ADA)의 성명서에 기반하여 지난 5월 30일 UN 사무총장에게 제출된‘Post-2015 개발의제에 관한 유엔 고위급패널 권고보 고서(이하, UN-HLP 보고서)’에 대한 한국 시민사회의 의견을 전달하고자 합니다.

Beyond 2015 Korea는 UN-HLP 보고서가 기존의 MDGs 한계를 상당히 보완 하고 국제사회 특히 유엔이 향후 개발과제와 정책 목표 구축과정에서 적극적으로 고려 해야 할 의미 있는 제안을 담고 있다고 생각합니다. UN-HLP 보고서에 담겨 있는 원 칙과 비전 그리고 12개의 예시적 목표에는 한국 시민사회를 포함한 국제 시민사회의 다 양한 제안을 반영하고 있습니다. 특히, 발전권을 포함한 인권, 보편성, 형평성, 지속가 능성과 연대성을 기본적 가치로 설정한 점, 평화와 안전, 식량, 에너지, 일자리, 건강 등 이 구체적인 개발 목표로 제시된 점, 불법적인 자본유출, 돈 세탁, 조세 포탈 등 금융정 의와 투명한 금융 거버넌스와 관련된 구조적 이슈뿐 아니라, 개발선진국의 지속가능한 생산과 소비에 대한 강조 등 지구촌의 빈곤에 대해 보다 체계적이고 균형 잡힌 접근 방 식 등은 HLP 보고서의 장점이자 의미 있는 기여라고 생각합니다. 그러나 아쉽게도 HLP 보고서에는 시민사회단체의 핵심적인 제안이 반영되지 않았고 전 세계적으로 계속해서 악화되고 있는 지구촌의 빈곤과 불평등의 문제를 근본적으로 해결 하는데 기대한 만큼 충분히 ‘ 대담하지도, 실용적이지도 못했다 (NOT bold, NOT practical)’ 고 판단합니다.

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글로벌 복합위기에 대처하기 위해 새로운 개발패러다임이 필요합니다.

첫째, HLP 보고서는 식량, 에너지, 금융경제 및 기후변화의 위기로 대표되는 지 구적 차원의 복합적 개발위기에 대해 언급은 하고 있지만, 5개의 핵심 목표와 12개의 예시적 목표체제로는 현재의 위기에 제대로 대처할 수 없다고 생각합니다. 이러한 위기 는 이러한 위기를 초래한 현재의 신자유주의 이념에 기반을 둔 개발패러다임의 근본적 변혁을 요구하고 있습니다. 인권, 평화/안보, 성 평등, 민주주의, 생태적 지속가능성이 원칙으로 언급했지만 이를 실질적인 제도와 정책으로 구체화하지 못했다고 생각합니다.

첫째, Post 2015 개발의제는 단순히 좁은 의미에서 개발 목표나 지표를 만드는 기술 적 작업이 아니라 현재 국제사회가 직면한 금융/경제, 식량과 에너지, 기후변화, 핵위협 등 - 다중적 위기를 극복하는, 새로운 개발패러다임을 모색하는 계기가 되어야 합니다. 이 과정에서 개발을 경제성장이라는 좁은 시각이나 신자유주의 경제적 세계화가 아니라 인권, 평화/안보, 성 평등, 민주주의, 생태적 지속가능성 등 과의 상호연관성을 고려한 총체적, 전일적 시각에서 접근해야 합니다.

불평등을 별도의 독자적인 목표로 설정해야 합니다.

둘째, UN-HLP 보고서는 불평등을 주요 현상으로 언급하고 있지만 최우선적으 로 다루어져야 할 12개의 예시적 목표에 포함하지 않았습니다. 이에 대해 HLP 보고서 에 대해 의견을 제출한 거의 모든 기관과 시민사회단체가 HLP 보고서의 가장 큰 취약 점이자 한계라고 공통적으로 지적을 하고 있습니다. 유엔 사무총장의 보고서에 불평등 이 분명한 예시적 목표로 설정되어야 합니다.

둘째, Post 2015 개발의제는 불평등의 문제를 개발의 핵심의제로 다루어야 합니다. 세 계적으로 국가간 및 국가 내 불평등과 양극화가 심화되고 있으며, 불평등의 최대 피해 자는 아동, 노인 등 취약 계층입니다. 이러한 불평등의 문제는 반드시 Post 2015 의제 에 반영되어야 할 것입니다. 또한 이러한 문제의 해결을 위해서는 인권에 기반을 둔 접 근(RBA)을 생태적 지속가능성 원칙과 함께 시행해야 합니다. 이 과정에서 사회적으로 가장 취약한 계층인 아동과 노인의 인권 보장을 최우선적으로 고려해야 합니다.

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금융거래세와 군축을 통한 새로운 개발재원을 확보해야 합니다.

셋째, HLP 보고서는 <개발재원에 대한 몬테레이 컨센서스>를 인정 계승하고 있 고, 조세탈피 등이 목표에 포함된 것은 긍정적인 성과이지만 혁신적인 개발재원 관련 구체적인 제안을 별로 없어 보입니다. 구체적으로 2011년 프랑스 G20 정상회의에서 논의되었고 유럽의 많은 국가가 도입하고 있는 금융거래세(FTT)와 군비축소를 통한 재 원마련 등의 제안이 포함되지 않았습니다. 한반도와 동북아에서 고조되고 있는 군사적 긴장과 핵 안보위기로 급증하고 있는 국방비를 고려할 때 유엔 발전권 선언에서 지적하 고 있듯이 군축은 국제 개발의 중요한 의제로 다루어져야 합니다.

셋째, Post 2015 개발의제의 효과적 이행을 보장하기 위해서는 개발재원에 대한 논의 를 동시에 진행할 필요가 있으며 기존의 몬트레이 합의를 넘어서는 혁신적인 방안이 모 색되어야 합니다. 구체적으로 투기자본에 대한 금융거래세(FTT) 도입, 지구적 군비축소, 그리고 국제협력을 통한 조세탈피 방지 등의 혁신적 조치를 통한 개발재원 확보를 위한 보다 실질적인 노력이 필요합니다.

인권에 기반을 둔 책무성 매카니즘이 시급히 마련되어야 합니다.

넷째, HLP 보고서는 데이터 혁신, 정례적인 단일 보고서 발간, 장관급 국제회의 개최, 국가 간 동료평가 방식 제안 등을 통해 실질적인 책무성 이행 메커니즘의 필요성 을 강조하고 있습니다. 그러나 대다수 국내외 시민사회단체가 강조하고 있는 인권에 기 반을 둔 책무성 메커니즘의 기준에 미치지 못하고 있습니다. 특히, 이미 유엔 인권이사 회에서 시행하고 있는 국가별 인권상황 정례 검토(Universal Periodic Review, UPR)와 같은 제도를 적극 활용하거나 국제개발 분야에 도입하고 빈곤퇴치와 관련된 유엔의 인 권조약 비준과 실행에 관련된 제안이 반영되지 않았습니다. MDGs의 가장 큰 구조적 한 계인 실질적인 국내 이행 체계와 취약한 모니터링과 평가 체제를 극복하기 위해서는 법 적 정치적으로 보다 구속력 있는 제도와 정책이 필요합니다.

넷째, Post 2015 개발의제를 구속력 있는 목표로 만들기 위해서는 책무성 매카니즘을 제도화하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 이를 위해서는 국내 및 국제차원에서 민주적인 거버 넌스를 강화하고 목표 이행을 체계적으로 모니터링 할 수 있어야 합니다. 그리고 개발 관련 국제인권조약에 대한 비준과 실천 이외에 인권분야에서 시행되고 있는 보편적 정 례검토 (Universal Periodic Review, UPR)와 같은 제도를 개발분야에도 도입하는 것을 적극 고려해야 합니다.

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보다 평등하고 책무성 있는 효과적인 글로벌 파트너십이 만들어져야 합니다.

다섯째, 보고서는 보다 효과적인 글로벌 파트너십을 구축하기 위해 부산 세계개 발원조총회를 계기로 출범한 효과적인 개발협력을 위한 글로벌 파트너십(GPEDC)와 G20 등 한국정부가 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 제도와의 협력을 강조하고 있습니다. 부 산총회에서 강조했듯이 다양한 행위가 참여하는 포괄적이고 평등한 파트너십은 지구촌 빈곤퇴치와 불평등 해소에 매우 중요합니다. 이 파트너십은 보편적인 국제 규범과 각자 의 역할에 따른 책무성의 원칙에 따라 실천되어야 합니다. 특히 공적개발원조(ODA) 양적 감소와 중요성에 대한 인식의 약화, 대기업과 사적 재원에 대한 지나친 의존, 시민 사회의 다양한 역할에 대한 부족한 이해 등은 효과적인 파트너십의 실현에 중요한 도전 이자 과제로 인식되고 있습니다. 한국정부는 부산총회의 주최국으로서 부산 파트너십을 보다 모범적으로 국내적으로 행해야 하며 국제시민사회가 개발효과성 증진을 위해 스스로 제정하고 부산총회에서 인된 이스탄불원칙 (Istanbul Principles)을 충실히 실행할 수 있도록 국제개발협력 련 법적 제도적 개선을 통해 바람직하고 건설적인 환경 (enabling environment)을 성하는데 보다 많은 노력을 기울여야 합니다.

실 승 관 조

다섯째, Post 2015 개발의제의 효과적 이행을 위해서는 공여국과 수원국의 상호책무 성과 민주적 주인의식 그리고 정부, 국회, 시민사회, 민간기업 등 다양한 이해관계자의 파트너십이 필수적입니다. 부산 파트너십에서 강조하듯이 인권, 성평등, 양질의 일자리, 환경적 지속가능성과 같은 보편적 가치가 파트너십의 기본 원칙이 되어야 합니다.

한국 시민사회는 현재 올해 9월 뉴욕 유엔총회에서의 MDGs와 Post-2015 개 발의제 논의에 보다 적극적으로 참여하기 위해서 국내와 아시아 차원에서 시민사회의 의견 수렴 및 다양한 캠페인을 전개하고 있습니다. 이를 통해 국내 시민사회단체의 리 더십 역량을 강화하고 국제적인 담론과 정책 형성 과정에 실질적인 기여를 하고자 합 니다. 이러한 노력을 통해서 한국의 개발경험을 비판적으로 성찰하고 개발협력연대 (Development Alliance Korea, DAK)와 같은 정부와 기업, 학계와의 파트너십을 기반 으로 국제기준에 부합하는 모범적인 국제개발협력 정책과 관행을 만들어가고자 합니다. 그리고 더 나아가 Post-MDG시대의 새로운 국제개발 기준 설정 과정에 적극적으로 참여 기여함으로써 지구촌의 빈곤퇴치와 불평등 해소에 보다 큰 기여를 하고자 합니다.

국제개발협력민간협의회(KCOC) 국제개발협력시민사회포럼(KoFID) 지구촌빈곤퇴치시민네트워크(GCAP Korea)

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국제개발협력민간협의회 (105 단체)

가나안농군운동세계본부 경희국제의료협력회 고앤두 인터내셔널 광성 국경없는교육가회 국제개발협회 국제사랑의봉사단 국제아동돕기연합 국제옥수수재단 국제의료협력단 굿네이버스 굿피플 인터내셔널 글로벌케어 글로벌 투게더 기쁜우리월드 나눔인터내셔날 다일복지재단 대한한방해외의료봉사단 더 멋진 세상 덴탈서비스인터내셔날 동북아교육문화협력재단 동서문화개발교류회 라파엘클리닉인터내셔널 로터스월드 메디피스 밀알복지재단 밝은사회클럽국제본부 방글라데시개발협회 부스러기 사랑나눔회 비전케어 삼동인터내셔널 새마을운동중앙회 생명누리 서비스포피스 세계선린회 세이브더칠드런코리아 써빙프렌즈인터내셔널 아름다운가게

아름다운동행 아시아포커스 아시아협력기구 아이코리아(새세대육영회) 아프리카 미래재단 아프리카어린이돕는모임 어린이재단 에코피스아시아 엔젤스헤이븐 (구. 은평천사원) 열매나눔인터내셔널 월드쉐어 월드투게더 웰 인터내셔널 위드 유니세프한국위원회 이웃을돕는사람들 인구보건복지협회 장미회 전국재해구호협회 정해복지 조계종 복지재단 지구촌공생회 지구촌나눔운동 지라니문화사업단 청수나눔실천회 캠프 코피온(COPION) 태평양아시아협회 태화복지재단 팀앤팀 평화를 이루는 사람들 푸른아시아

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플랜한국위원회 피스빌리지네트워크 하나로 하트하트재단 한국YMCA전국연맹 한국건강관리협회 한국국제기아대책기구 한국국제봉사기구 한국노인복지회(헬프에이지) 한국선의복지재단 한국월드비전 한국자유총연맹 한국제이티에스(JTS) 한국천주교살레시오회 한국카리타스 인터내셔널 한국해비타트 한국해외봉사단원연합회 (KOVA) 한국희망재단 한끼의식사기금 한마음한몸운동본부 한민족복지재단 한베문화교류센터 한베재단 한중앙아시아교류진흥회 함께일하는재단 함께하는사람들 호산나 휴먼인러브 (구. 세계재난구호회) 더프라미스 동북아평화연대 아데나문화사업회 원동문화개발기구 월드디아코니아 환경재단 한국인권재단

국제개발협력시민사회포럼 (23 단체)

지구촌빈곤퇴치시민네트워크 (27 단체)

국제개발협력민간협의회 참여연대 국제민주연대 굿네이버스 기아대책 세이브더칠드런코리아 아시안브릿지 어린이재단 에너지기후정책연구소 유엔인권정책센터 월드투게더 인구보건복지협회 지구촌나눔운동 한국여성단체연합 한국투명성기구 한국월드비전 한마음한몸운동본부 한국YMCA전국연맹 한국인권재단 환경재단 ODA Watch ReDI 국제개발협력학회

경제정의실천시민연합 한국YMCA전국연맹 국제개발협력민간협의회 한국월드비전 굿네이버스 지구촌나눔운동 한국YWCA연합회 굿피플 한마음한몸운동본부 한국여성단체연합 녹색교통운동 녹색미래 한국국제기아대책기구 어린이재단 유니세프한국위원회 한국에이즈퇴치연맹 한국JTS 플랜코리아 기독교사회책임 한민족복지재단 글로벌케어 최경주재단 한국인권재단 한국해비타트 아시안브릿지 열매나눔인터내셔널 아름다운가게

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Ghyhorsphqw# Dooldqfh,# 䀔ム⌄# 㬽㻼⪤# ᖤᵌᛵ# 㱁䄐# ⻌Ɽ⻌⽘⪤# ᙅㆤᖤ▤ム# 㾤㩥ヌ# ▣㍈# ⑃㻠ᙨ# ⾬䄐↬# ᖤ▤ム# 㻄㻼ㄘᖈ# ᶤ# ⬔ ᙌ㞽ム# 㾌ⱬ⽘# ᲈ㻤# ᬄム⌄# 㻠⾈ⰽ᱐ᱬ1# ーⅴ㻤# ᚄ㆝ヌ# 㬽㻠⽴# 〸⌴ᰜ# ᛵᨼ# ▗# ᛵㆤ⨴䀔ム# ᖈᨤ㭼㟠# 㾌ㄭム# ⽼⍥ᚄ# ␱⬔⌴⌄# ṫᙨ# ー⌄# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤ# ᬄム# ᚄ㆝⽘# ■⾉㻠ᙨㄘ# ᬀ↭ 㻼⿜ⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # 〸⌴ᰜ# ■ីⓀ# エ⽜# ⨴Ⓖ㚥ㄭー# ᛴ⪹㻤# ᙨれទ㲰᪘# れじ㄀# ៈ⪹㿠# ᛘ㬽⩉ ✈# ㄭᚈᱠヌ# 㬽㻠⽴# ᙨれទ㲰᪘⽘# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤ⽘# ᲈ㻤# 㻤ᛵ# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ム# ムᘴヌ# ㆌᱴ㻠ᙨㄘ# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # ## 㘳㎀/#Srvw#5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤᰜ# ᱰ⮤䄐# ㈉ト# ム▀⽘⪤# ᖤ▤# ␱㷤ᨠ# ㍈㷤 ⌄# ⍔Ṥᰜ# ី⮨ㆉ# ㄙ⽍ー# ⻌᱐℄# 㾌ㄴ# ᛵㆤ⨴䀔ᖈ# ㍉⏼㻤# ថソ呇ᙅㆤ/# ⱥ ⅑ᚄ# ⽘᪐㍈/# ី䁌♈㿜/# 㻽れ㾙# ṹ# 0# ᱬ㊙ㆉ# れី⌄# ខ♽㻠ᰜ/# ⩐⇤〼# ᖤ ▤㲰ⅴᱬㄌヌ# ␰⩑㻠ᰜ# ᙌីᖈ# ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ー# ᚄ㆝⽘⪤# ᖤ▤ヌ# ᙅㆤ

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⪹ㄭー℄ᰜ# ㈉ト# Ɽᖉーᨠ# ⱨㄘエ㊄ム# ᙅㆤㆉ# ⫀ᙌ㿜ᖈ# ⻌᱐℄# ㄀᜔/# 㵑㿜 呇⻐♼/# ⪹# 㵑ṹ/# ▄㊄㊄ム/# ⩥㩤ㆉ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹# ṹ# ᚄム# ⩉㿀⽸ᚈ⪹ヌ# ᙨ↬ 㻤# 㚥㘼ㆉ/# ㆌ㄄ㆉ# Ɽᖉ⽘⪤# ㆙ង㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ᷠ㎀/# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤᰜ# ✐㵑ṹム# Ⓚㆤ⌄# ᖤ▤ム# 㻽ⱴムㆤ⇤# ᱬ ≰⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ⫀ᙌㆉツ⇤# ᛵᖈᖌ# ▗# ᛵᖈ# ᨼ# ✐㵑ṹᚄ# ⼙ខ㿜ᖈ# ⱴ㿜ᶠ ᙨ# ㄐツ⏸/# ✐㵑ṹム# 㛤ᲈ# 㻄㻼ㄘᰜ# ⻌ᵡ/# ᬀ㄀# ṹ# 㝰⼅# ᙌ㞽ㄍ᱐ᱬ1# ーⅴ 㻤# ✐㵑ṹム# Ⓚㆤᰜ# ■ṤⱤ# Srvw# 5348# ムㆤ⽘# ■⾉ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻨# ᘋㄍ᱐ᱬ1# ᾘ㻤# ーⅴ㻤# Ⓚㆤム# 㻼ᘸヌ# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# ㄀᜔⽘# ី■ヌ# ᷜ# ㆙ង+UED,ヌ# ⩥ 㩤ㆉ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹# じ㟡ᚄ# 㻰ᡠ# Ɽ㼑㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ー# ᚄ㆝⽘⪤# ⨴䀔ㆉツ⇤# ᖈㄭ# 㝰⼅㻤# ᙌ㞽㄀# ⻌ᵡᚄ# ᬀ㄀ム# ㄀᜔# ♼ㄭヌ# 㛤〸⪨ㆉツ⇤# ᙨ↬㻼⼄# 㻱 ᱐ᱬ1# # # # ⫓㎀/# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤム# 䀰ᚄㆉ# ー㼑ヌ# ♼ㄭ㻠ី# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# ᖤ▤ ㄴじ⽘# ᲈ㻤# ᬄム⌄# ᵡⱤ⽘# ㍌㼑㻨# 㻌〜ᖈ# ㄐツ⏸# ីㇼム# ␴㱀←ー# 㻱ム⌄# ᪠⼼⪤ᰜ# 䀕ីㆉ㄀# ▱⻐ー# ␰⩑ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ᛴ㘼ㆉツ⇤# 㮴ីㄘ⚀⽘# ᲈ 㻤# ថソᗸ℠⫀+IWW,# ᵌㄍ/# ㍈ᛴㆉ# ᛸ⟌㜝⬔/# ក⌴ᙨ# ᛵㆤ㾙↭ヌ# 㬽㻤# ㇸ ⫀㩐㻄# ▱㍈# ṹム# 㾉ⱨㆉ# ㇸ㟠⌄# 㬽㻤# ᖤ▤ㄴじ# 㿝♼⌄# れ㻤# ♼ᱬ# ⱬ㍐ㆉ ㄀# ᬀ↭ー# 㻌〜㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # ᪿ㎀/# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤ⌄# ᛴ⬕↭# ㄐᰜ# ␱㷤⇤# ⍔Ṭី# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# 㗍 Ⓖ⪹# ⍬㟼᱐㌠ヌ# ㆤᵌ㿜㻠ᰜ# ᘋー# ⍬〸# ㊙〜㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ー⌄# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# ᛵᨼ# ▗# ᛵㆤ㖰じ⽘⪤# ▄㊄ㆉ㄀# ᗸ☌᪔Ⱜ⌄# ᖝ㿜㻠ᙨ# ␱㷤# ー㼑ヌ# 㘼ᙌㆉツ⇤# ␰᱐㪸⍉# 㻨# ⮠# ㄐ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ក⌴ᙨ# ᖤ▤# ᚈ↰# ᛵㆤ㄀᜔ㇸ⼅⽘# ᲈ㻤# ⟌㊈ᚄ# ⱬ㘤# ー ⽘# ㄀᜔✌⼄⽘⪤# Ɽ㼑ᶠᙨ# ㄐᰜ# ♼㵀ㆉ# ㆝⇈ᘈ㬨# +Xqlyhuvdo#Shulrglf#Uhylhz/#XSU,⿈# ᖡト# ㆤᵌ⌄# ᖤ▤✌⼄⽘ᵌ# ᵌㄍ 㻠ᰜ# ᘋヌ# ㆉខ# ᙨ↬㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # ᱬ⪷㎀/# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤム# 䀰ᚄㆉ# ー㼑ヌ# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# ᙽ⽴ᛵᚄ# ⮠ じᛵム# ⩉㿀㗍Ⓖ⪹ᚄ# ▄㊄ㆉ# ㊄㄀ムⱥ# ក⌴ᙨ# ㆝✈/# ᛵ䀔/# Ɽ▄⨴䀔/# ▄ᖌ ី⽍# ṹ# ᱬ⼙㻤# ー㻼ᚈᙌㄘム# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶー# 㻌⮠ㆉㄍ᱐ᱬ1# ✈⨸# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ⽘ ⪤# ᖝㇸ㻠ṷー# ㄀᜔/# ⪹㵑ṹ/# ⼙㍐ム# ㄄ㄘ⌴/# 㿠ᙅㆉ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹ᚄ# ᖡト# ♼ 㵀ㆉ# ᖈ㟠ᖈ# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶム# ី⚀# じ㟡ー# ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# #

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㍈ᨤ# PGJ⿈# ᱴ⌴# ᱬᖈ⾴# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤᰜ# ᖤᵌᛵ⽘# ᛵ㻤㻤# ᘋー# ⻌ ᱐℄# ᙅㆤ⮠㊈ᚄ# ⩉ᚈ⽎ー# 㻤ᛵヌ# 㵴㻰㻤# ␰Ṩ# ᛵᖈ⌄# ᲈ⩉ツ⇤# 㻤# ᘋㄍ᱐ᱬ1# # Ẹ℄⪤# 㻤ᛵ# ㆝✈ᰜ# Srvw# 5348ム# ᚄ㆝⽘⪤# 㻤ᛵム# ᙅㆤ⨴䀔# ᖤ▤# 㾌ⱬヌ# ⟌㲘 ㆉツ⇤# ⪹㖸㻠ᙨ# ᖤ㾉㻠ᰜ# ᙌី⇤# ⩄⻌⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # 〸⌴ᰜ# ㄀᜔/# 㵑ṹᚄ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹ヌ# ី⚀ㆉ# じ㟡ツ⇤# ⩄ᙨ# 㵴〱ㆉ# ᙅㆤ▤ㆌ/# 㵴〱ㆉ# ⨴䀔▤ㆌ/# 㿠ᙅㆉ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹# ▗# 㵑㿜⿈# ⻐♼ム# ᪬# ᖈ㍈# 㻽ⱴ# 㖰じツ⇤# ᛴ⪹ᶤ# エ⽜ム# 㬽㻱ㆉ# 㺌←ㄌご㧴ᖈ# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤ# ᬄム⽘# ⍬〸# ㆉ㆐㻠ᙨ# エ〱㻠ᱬᙨ# 㲘ᱰ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # 〸⌴ᰜ# ー# 㺌←ㄌご㧴⽘# Ẹ℄⪤# ㍈ᨤ# 4ぜᚄ# 5ぜ# ᷘ# ☐ ム# 㬨⇨䀔⌄# 㬽㻠⽴# 㻤ᛵ⨴䀔ム# ▤ㆌム# 㾌㿱ヌ# ᙅㆤㆉ# ✐㵑ṹ/# ⼙㍐ム# ㄄ㄘ⌴/# 㵑㿜⿈# ⻐♼/# 㿠ᙅㆉ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ⪹/# ㆨ᳜⿈# ⪹㵑ṹ# ᱬ⪷# ᖈ㍈# ᚈ㆘⽘⪤# ⨼㴼♼⻠ⰽ ᱐ᱬ1# # # # # # ⾬ᰠ# 〸⌴ᰜ# ㍈ថ។㍈# ᬄムム# ᘸᚄ⌄# ⻌℠ム# ᱬ⪷# ᖈ㍈# ㆝㗍ᚄㆤ⇤# ㆝⌴㻠⽴# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈⽘ᘔ# ㆤⱤ㻠ᙨㄘ# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # 㘳㎀/# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# ᙅㆤ㆝㗍# ⮠⍅ᚄ# ㍙㼑# ᚄ㆝⽘⪤# ✐㵑ṹᚄ# ⼙ខ㿜# 㻼 ⬔⌄# 㛤〸⪨ム# ᚄㆤ⇤# ⩄ᙨ# ⱬ㼑㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# PGJvᖈ# ᵌㄍᶤ# 5333ᫌ# ー 䁌# ㍈ᨤ# 43ᫌᖌ# ㍈ᛴ㚔ム# ᗸム# ␰Ṩ# ㍈⽵ᚄ# ᛵᖈ⽘⪤# ᛵᖈᖌ# ក⌴ᙨ# ᛵᖈ ᨼ# ㍈⽵ᚄ# ᙌ㞽# ᖌ# ✐㵑ṹー# ᳜〹# ⱴ㿜ᶠ⽐ⰽ᱐ᱬ1# 㻤ᛵᵌ# ⾐ ᖈ# ⻌ᱡ᱐ ᱬ1# 㱁䄐# 㛤ងム# ㍈ᛴㆉ# ᙅㆤ# ថソれី⇤# ⻍㿜ᶤ# ⼙ខ㿜⿈# ⟐✈ᘱ㖰ᰜ# ᖤ ♌# ᛵᖈ⍔ム# Ⓚㆤᖈ# ⻌᱐╈⇤/# ㆌ# ⫀ᙌㆉ㄀# ᙽᵡ# ᲈベ# ▗# 㾙↭ー# 〜ᛴᶱ᱐ ᱬ1# Ẹ℄⪤# ✐ᝨ㾝ㆉ㄀# ᙅㆤᛴㇸ/# ᙨ〱/# Ⓖ⽵/# ថソᗸ℠# ṹ# ᛵᖈ# ᨼ# ㆝㗍Ṭ ー# ᛵᨼㆉ# ▗# ᛵㆤㆉツ⇤# ㄄ᚈ⪹# ㄐᘔ# 㜜㍌ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# ᛴ 㘼ㆉツ⇤# ᙅㆤ▄㊄㿜⿈# ᙽ㆝㻤# ᵡ■⪹ㄭ# ㆝㗍ヌ# 㜜㍌㻠⏼⪤# ᲈី⽍ム# ᙅㆤ ↭# ㍙㊙# 㻼⬔⿈# ᙽ㆝ᗸ℠# ㍐⪤# 㿝⍅/# ㊙⬔ី⽍ᚄ# ㄘ⾉⽍ム# ⱬ㍐ㆉ# ォ⪹/# ᙽ㵑ᚄ⫀⿈# ㇸ⫀㾝㵑⪹ヌ# ᖝ㿜㻠ᰜ# ᛴ㘼ㆉ㄀# ㆝㗍ヌ# ⱬⱤ㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # ᷠ㎀/# ⼙㍐ム# ㄄ㄘ⌴+ghfhqw# zrun,ᰜ# ㄀ᖌᖤ▤ᚄ# ⨾ム# ㍐ヌ# ㆤᙨ㻠 ᰜ᳸# ㊙〜㻠⏸# ⨴䀔ㆉ# ⻐㆝⽘ᵌ# 㻌⮠ㆉㄍ᱐ᱬ1# # 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# ⼙㍐ム# ㄄ㄘ⌴# 䀔♽ヌ# れ㻤# ᬀ⨴ᵡ■ム# ᙽ㆝㻤# ᙅㆤ# ㆝㗍# ⮠⍅㻠ᙨ# ㊄8㄄ㆤ# ងⒼㆤ# ㆝㖱 ᚄ# 73Ɽᖌ# 㚐ᚄង⇤# ㆤ㻤ヌ# 㬽㻤# ⱬ㍐ㆉ㄀# ᬀᵡⱤᖌ# ᱰ㜝ᚄ# ー⌄# 㬽㻤# ㄄ ㄘ⌴# ᨠᮌី# ㆝㗍ヌ# ᛴ㘼ㆉツ⇤# ⱬ㾌㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ー⌄# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# ᬀᵡី⚀

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᜔ヌ# 㟰㻼㻠ᰜ# ᖉ㈍# ☝⋨# ㇸ㻵ᚄ# ᚈ㼑# ㄄⬔⌄# 㬽㻤# ᬀᵡី⚀᜔# ♼ㄭ㻠ᙨ# ⟌㆝ᝤ㍉ᚄ# ㆝ᝤ㍉ム# ᘱ㖰# 㻼⬔/# ⟌㆝ᝤ㍉# ✐☝ᙨ〱# 㻼⬔# ṹヌ# れ㻤# ⟌㆝ ᝤ㍉# ᚈ↰☝ヌ# ㆤ㆝# ▗# ᖤ㆝㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ᳜# ᨠ⻌ᖈ# ⟌㆝ᝤ㍉# ⨴䀔♼㽠≔# ᖘ⏼/# ⱬ⽍ទ⽴# ㍈ទ# 㿝ᲈ⇤# ⨴䀔♼㽠# ⨴ᖉ㍈ᲈ# ㄄⬔㻠ᙨ# ᬀ⇁⨴䀔⌄# ᲈ⟌ 㻤# ⨴䀔⪤⟌Ⱜ# ㄄ㄘ⌴# 㿝ᲈ⌄# 㬽㻤# ⨴䀔⪤⟌Ⱜ⽍# 㝰⽍ㄘ# ⟌㊙ヌ# ᬚ⽴⼄# 㻱 ᱐ᱬ1# # # ⫓㎀/# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻤# ▤ㆌム# ㆌㆤᰜ# 㵑㿜⿈# ᛵᖈ# ▗# ㄀ᖌ⻐♼ム# ♼ㄭㄍ᱐ ᱬ1# # Ẹ℄⪤# 㛤ង# 㻤■ᵌ# 㻽れី⌄# ᷠⅴⲄ# ូㄭ# ᙨㇸ⿈# ᙅㅉㆉ# ᛸ⨴㿜ᰜ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻤# ▤ㆌ⽘# 㧸# れ㾙ツ⇤# ㄙ〱㻠ᙨ# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # Ẹ℄⪤# 㻤■ᵌ# ㊄♈ ム# ᚈ↰ᛵᚄム# ⟌㻽㿜⿈# ᛵㆤㆉ㄀# ᛸ⟌㜝⬔# 㾙⩉ヌ# 㬽㻼# ᛸ⨴ㆉ# ㆝㟠ㆉ# ូ ㄭヌ# 㻼⬔㻠ᙨ# 㻵ᛴㆉ㄀# 㵑㿜㘼ㆤ⌄# ㆝㖱Ɽ㨬ᰜ᳸# 㛤⪨ヌ# ᱬ㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # 㱁䄐# ᛸ⟌㜝⬔⌄# 㬽㻼# 㿝♼ᶤ# ីថヌ# ♽㍈⿈# ᖤᵌᛵム# ⟐ᙬᚄ# ី⻌# 㭼㟠⽘# ⨴〱㻠ᰜ# ㆝㗍ㆉ# ㆌ㿠ー# 㻌〜㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ᪿ㎀/# ី䁌♈㿜⇤# ᲈ㷤ᶠᰜ# 㿠ᙅ㲔ᚼᰜ# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻤# ▤ㆌム# ᖈㄭ# 㧸# れ 㾙ㄍ᱐ᱬ1# ី䁌♈㿜ᰜ# ᲈ㷤ㆉ㄀# ㍈ᛴㆉ# Ⓚㆤ⇤# ᛵᨼ⿈# ᛵㆤ# 㖰じ⽘⪤# ីㇼ ム# 㿠ᙅㆉツ⇤# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻠㍈# ⻒ト# ᙅㆤ▤ㆌ# 㲰ⅴᱬㄌᚄ# ⱤⰬ㫤ヌ# ង⚀ㆉツ ⇤# 㾉ⱨ㻠ᰜ# ᬀ↭ー# 〜ᛴᶱ᱐ᱬ1# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# エ⽜ី䁌♈㿜㾙⼅+XQIFFF, ム# ㄘ▤ㆉ㄀# ー㼑ヌ# 㬽㻼# ᛵㆤ⨴䀔ム# ᬀ↭⽘# ㆉខ# ᵡ㗀㻠⏸# Ⓖ✌♌㻤# 㬨ᗼ ᖤ▤# ㆝㗍ヌ# 㵘ី㻠ᙨ# ⩥㩤ㆉツ⇤# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻤# ᖤ▤㲰ⅴᱬㄌヌ# ⍔Ṥᰜ᳸# ␰ ☜ㆉ# ⽵㻨ヌ# ⮠㼑㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# 㻤㵀# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# ᬁ⩑# RGD⌄# 㬽㻼# ី䁌♈ 㿜⇤# 〸⪨ㆉ㄀# ⾉㼭ᚄ# 㻄㻼⌄# ▣ᰜ# ✌⼄♌/# 㝰⼅ᛵ# ▗# ㍈⽵♌# 〸⪨⮤れ⌄# ⪨㆝㻠⽴# ㍈じ㻠⽴⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ᱬ⪷㎀/# ⪹㵑ṹト# ㍈⬕ᖈᰭ㻤# ▤ㆌム# ㊄〜# ␱㷤ーㄘ# じ㟡ㄍ᱐ᱬ1# ㆨ᳜ ⽘# ▄ᖘ㻠ᙨ# ✈ベ㻠ᰜ# ㆝㗍ヌ# 㬽㻼# ⽴⪹ム# ᜔⌴# ㌥㍌ᚄ# ᜔㻤ᖝ㿜ᖈ# ⱬ㍐ㆉ ツ⇤# ー≰⼼㍐# ⮠# ㄐᵌ⇥# ⽴⪹ー# ム⨴ᘸ㆝# ᚄ㆝⽘# ㍉㆙# 㗀⽴㻠ᰜ# ▱ⱥツ⇤# ᙅㆤ# ▗# ⨴䀔▤ㆌ# ᚈ↰# ㆝㗍ヌ# ᖤ㾉㻼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ー⌄# れ㻼⪤ᰜ# 㘵ᫌ㞽# ▗# ᬀ㄀# ⽴⪹# 㝰⽍ᨤ# 㻼⬔/# ⟌㆝ᝤ㍉# ⽴⪹ᙨ〱ᛴㇸ# ᖤ⪨# ㆝㗍ヌ# 〸⪨ㆉツ⇤# 㜜㍌㻼⼄# 㻠ᙨ# ⽴⪹ᙨ〱グᚄ# 㜤⨸グヌ# 㻰ᡠ# ᬚーᙨ# ⽴⪹ー# ㄄㻠ᰜ# ▱ⱥ/# ក⌴ᙨ# ᖈᛴᛴㇸ# ♈㿜⽘# ᲈベ㻠ី# れ㻼⪤# ⻌ᵡ# ᵔ⚌ム# ᙽᙽ⪹# ᖝ㿜/# ᱬ⼙ 㻤# ᖈㇹ# ▗# ⪹# 㵑ṹ㻤# ᖈㇹㆤᵌ# ㆝㖱# ṹム# ㆝㗍ー# 㻌〜㻱᱐ᱬ1# #

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Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤᰜ# 㻤ᛵ# ㆝✈⿈# Ɽ▄⨴䀔/# 㱁䄐# ᛵㆤᖤ▤㾙↭# ✌⼄# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ᱰ㘼⽘# ⽵⨴ㆉ㄀# ី䀔ーㄘ# ᵌㆌㄍ᱐ᱬ1# 㻤ᛵト# 5333ᫌᲈ# 㚐# PGJv# 㾝 ⪹# ᚄ㆝⽘# ♌ᱬ⌀# ី⽴⌄# 㻠㍈# ⑃㻠⾈㍈⍔/# 㾌# エ⽜# ⨴Ⓖ㚥ㄭヌ# ▸㜤㻤# ᛵᖈーㄘ# 5344ᫌ# ✈⨸# ⫀ᙌᖤ▤じㇸ㚥䀔ム# ㊄㛤ᛵツ⇤⪤# ᛵㆤ⨴䀔⽘⪤# 㱁♌㻤# 㗍Ⓖ⪹ヌ# ㍈᱐ᙨ# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# Ẹ℄⪤# Srvw# 5348ᰜ# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈⿈# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ᖈ# ᙅㆤ▤ㆌᚄ# ▄㊄ 㿜⇤# 㱁㍝ᶠᰜ# 㻤ᛵム# ▤ㆌᙅ㽠ヌ# ᖤᵌᛵᚄ# ᙽエ㻠ᙨ# ᖤᵌᛵム# ⨴䀔▤ㆌ# ᬀ↭ヌ# ㍈じ㻠ᰜ# ㈓ト# ី䀔℄ᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # # 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# Srvw# 5348# ᖤ▤ムㆤ⌄# J53# ㆝⩉䀔ム⿈# ✈⨸㚥䀔# ᖤ㛤⇤# ᬚ ⻌㍌# ᖤᵌᛵ# ㆝✈⿈# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ム# ីᲈ⽘# ✈ベ㻠ᙨ# ⍘ᚄ# ー▀㍈ᖈ# ⻌᱐℄# ᛴ㘼ㆉ# 㼑ᵡツ⇤# ⼅⬕ヌ# ⱬ㘤㻠ᰜ# ␰☜ヌ# ♼⽴⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# RGDᰜ# ᛵヽム# ㌥ᲈᖈ# ⻌᱐℄# ᖤᵌᛵム# 䀰ᚄㆉ㄀# ⟐ᙬ㭼㟠⿈# ✐㵑ṹ# ᖘ⬔# ▗# ㄀᜔# ㌥㍌ヌ# れ㻼# 〸⪨ㆉツ⇤# ⨴ 〱ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# ー# ᚄ㆝⽘⪤# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᰜ# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ム# ㄘグ⪹ヌ# ㇼ㊙㻠⏼⪤# 㻌〜 㻤# ㍈じヌ# ㆤᙽ㻠ᙨ# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ᰜ# ㆝✈⿈ム# ⟌㲘ㆉ# 㾙↭ᚈᙌ⌄# 㬽㻼# ⪹⮡㻤# 㲔㱀᪐ Ⱶヌ# ▤ㆌⱤ㢤⼄# 㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ー⌄# 㬽㻼# 㻤ᛵ# ㆝✈⿈# Ɽ▄⨴䀔# ␰ᷘ# 呑〸⌴# ␰ᷘᖈ# じ㻠ᰜ# ▀℠⌄# ⱬ㾌呒# +Uhdol}lqj# wkh# Ixwxuh# Zh# Zdqw# iru# Doo,# ム# ⟌ㆌヌ# ⱬ㾌㻠ᰜ᳸# ⌴᳜Ⱶ# ⽵㻨ヌ# 㻨# ᘋヌ# ីᲈ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # # # # ㍈ᛴ㚔⟐ᙬ㭼㟠Ɽ▄᪬㱀ご㧴+JFDS#Nruhd,# ᛵㆤᖤ▤㾙↭▄ᖌ㾙ム䀔+NFRF,# ᛵㆤᖤ▤㾙↭Ɽ▄⨴䀔㵴ↄ+NrILG,#

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➘

㪺㫓㫗㫘 㪪 㪿㪸 㪲㪶㪺㪪 㕀⋮㗯㛾㪪 ⑤㨞㪪 ⌘㞿⊴㔉㪸㪱㪹㪪 㞏㞠◽

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㛬□㞇㞢⑕

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Post 2015 рбз▀╜ рбз ╦ЕрбЯ рбЯ╠Ф рк╝╧А ╦╜╦ЕтАл╦Е╪╝тАм ╦Е█н▀╗ ╨╗ ╨╗рмЫ ржЬ ржЬ╘╣рбЖтАл█МтАм тАл▀к █МтАм╒╕рвДрвЯ рвЯ╨м рвМрвЭ рвЭ 2013 3. 07. 03. ржЯ╘╝рбЙтАл▀н █ПтАм╒╗рвЗрвв рвв╨прб╡

╧Ч ╠Ы╤з ╤з╦м▀Е╤░тАл┘АтАм╒╣рнг рнг &KULVWLDQ &KLOGUHQ─ЬV )XQG рвВ рдПрбХрб│╘╗ рдП

рдПтАлрвЦ▌д рб╢▀╢█МтАмрмЬраС╦И тАл▌дтАм ┘Ц ┘ЦрмЮ тАл ╪АтАмрмера╣╘╗ рме рв║рео рео тАлрвВ▀╢█МтАм ▀Е╤░тАл┘АтАмрдП

╨м ╙ЦрмЮ раТраЗрб╢ рнЩ╨╛рмЬраСтАл▌бтАм╨в╨м

╦▓рв┐▀н╒╗ ╒╗рвЗрвв╨праЙ╓Ш &KLOG)XQG $OOLDQFH рнгрбХ╦▓рб│╘╗ тАл╦К┘║тАмрмЬ╦И тАл┘║тАм тАлра╣▄ХтАм ра╣╤╣ рзА▀ЯрмЮ ▀Е╤░рвВ тАл▀╛█УтАм ▀╛ ╠Ырнг╒▒ рв┐╦Урмбрб│ рб│╘╗тАл▀Е ▐ВтАм╤░рвВ рвВ тАл рб╢█УтАм╩О█┤ █┤тАл╦К┘║ ╦ИрйБ▌дтАм ╦Крб╢ ╠СтАл┘АтАмрмЬ рмЬраЖ ▀Е╤░ тАл▌Ы▌ЫтАм╘╗ тАл▌ЫтАм ╠А╒╣╒▒ ╒▒ тАлрнГ▌итАмрмЯ ▄╣ ▄╣ рвС╤ж╘╝ рнЖ╘прме█░ █░ тАл рб╢▀╢█МтАмрдСрмнрмЬ╦И рвСтАл▌бтАм тАл▌бтАм╨в╨м 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВ рвВрв┐ █╢рв╜рб╢ рбврме рбв ╨м╔╜рв╢рвЙ рнЫ╤░рб╢ рлЭржЩраЭтАл ▌жтАм рлЭ рбврбХ рбХ╥Ъ═Й ╩ГтАл█МтАм╒▒ ╥Ц╒╛╨в╨м ╨м ╤ИрбКрвЗ ╠А╦ИтАл╦И╪┐тАм ╦И█░╒▒ ╧врвВрмЬ рмЬ╨Х ╦Хрв╜▀╛ ▀╛█░ рв╜┘Х тАл╫╖▌дтАм╨пржС тАл▌дтАм ╥ЯрвВ ╥Я рвВ╩║рб╢ ▄╣╘▓рмЬ╦И ╠Р ╠Р ╦Хрв╜рвЗ ркЖ╓╕рмЬ╩п ркЖ рдСрмн╤╣ ╩ирб╢ ╓РрбЙ ╠ЫтАл┌┐тАм╩п ╠Ы █в╔╜рмв рмв╨в╨м рвЗ╘Ь ╘ЬрмЮ ╓╗╥Ш ╧а╘прб╡ ▀Е╤░╦Х ╦Х рдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнг╒▒ ╒▒ рлжрмбрмЮ тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнгрвВ раЗ╘Ырб╢ ╩ИрнШтАл рвЙрв╢╦У█╜ ╓▓рйБ▌дтАм3RVW ржС╦Г╦▒рж╡ тАл рб╢рнГ▌и ╪АтАм тАл▌итАм рбврме ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмЬ рмЬ╨м╦И █в╔╜рмв рмв╨в╨м ╠А╦ИтАл╪┐тАм тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛█░ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЮ рв┐ тАл╦Хрв╖┘╕тАм ╦Х тАлркБ╦К┘║тАмрзФ тАл╓╗ ╪АтАм╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ рлз╘прб│ рб│╘╗┘ХрйЮрвВ ▀Е ▀Е╤░рб╢ тАлрнО╪┐тАмрмЬ рмЬ╨Х ╩ирб╡ ╨мрб╕ тАл█┐тАм╨╛рвВ рдПтАл▄ЦтАм╔╝ ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ тАлрб╢рва█╜тАм рб╢ рбврме ╪Ж╥ЦтАлрвЗ ▌дтАм╒Ф▀нргЗ▀Ю рмв╨в╨м рбЙ╒╣╨Х рвЗ╘Ь ╘ЬрмЮ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ тАл█╜тАмрзАрмЬ╠Ы тАл█╜тАм рдП ржлрбЙ█┤ тАл╪╢тАмрнШ╦Хрв┐╒▒ рдПрдПрмв╨в╨м рдП рбкраА рбк ╦Ирбв╠Чрк┐ рк┐╧Г ╠А╦ИтАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ▀Е╤░ ╤░рвЗ рлз╘п рбврме █╢рв╜рмЮ ╔╝рдП репрзА рмЭ╨╛╘╗┘ХрйЮ рмЭ ╔╝ ╔╝рва рзА▀ЯрмЮ рмЮ рдЦ╨првЙ ╩ирб╢ ╩и рвЙрдПрмЬ╓▓ ╓╗╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ рнЙ рлз╘прб╢ рб╢ ╠Трв╕рмЬ╦И ╦ИрвХ рмЬ╨Х ╧а╘прб╡ ▀Е╤░рвЗ рлз╘п╦Х репрзА╘╗┘Х ┘ХрйЮ тАл▀н╪зтАм╬д ▄╣ ▄╣ рвС╨Х рнд╠Ы ╠Ырв╢рвЙ ╪ПтАлрвЗ▌етАм рвЗ╘В╦И █в╔╜рмв рмв╨в╨м рме рбЙ╒╣╨Х ▀Е╤░рж╖█в╥Я╘╝ ▀Е╤░╩╝рнР рвв╬врбврм╡╩ГтАл▄ХтАм рвв тАл▀жраТ рбл╦м ▄ХтАм ▀ж ▀Е╤░тАл╓М█МтАм ╓М рлз╘п╦Х ╠А╦ИтАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╒▒ рй╝рме ╩Лрб╡ рвЗтАл ▀╛▌ХтАм рвЗ ╦ЧтАл рб╢▌ктАм╔╝рдП╩п ╤╕▀╣тАл▌бтАм╨в╨м ╨м ркЮров рбЙ╒╣╨Х рбЙ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░ █░▀╛ рв┐тАл▌дтАм╤╣ ╤╣ ржЯ╥Я╦мрблрб╢ рй╝рмЮ раТрбк▀Е╪И ╪И╨▒рб╢ рбврмЮ ргПрзФ╒▒ рдПрдП рдПрмЬ╦И ▀Е╤░ ╤░▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╓╗╥Ш ╓╗ рнЙрйУрвВ рлз╘прб│╘╗┘ХрйЮ ▀Е╤░рб╢ тАлрнО╪┐тАмрмЬ╨Х тАл╪┐тАм ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐ рв┐╒▒ рдПрдПрмв╨в╨м ╓Г▀Я рвЗ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╔╝ ╔╝ ре╣рйФ╤╣╨м ╨м╓┤ рв┐тАл▌дтАм╤╣ ╓╝рл▓╥Ъ╘╗ рвЙ рвЙрме тАл▄╣ рвВ╦Г█┐тАм╓Дрб╡ ▀Е╤░рвВ тАлраТ ри╝ ▀╛█УтАмрмп рмпрб╢ рг▓ ╩ирвП рвП╨в╨м

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ржЯ╘╝рбЙтАл▀н █ПтАм╒╗рвЗрвв╨прб╡ 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐▀╛ ╨╛рме ╦▓╔╝╔╛ ргпрбБрвВрв┐╘╗ ╧врвВ╤║ ╥╢ ╨мрб╕рвВ тАл█МтАмрмдрб╢ ╦И╘орме ргптАлрбБ ╠Я▌дтАмржР╥Ц╒╛╨в╨м ▀Е╤░▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ рлз╘прб╡ ╦Г╠Ч рдПрбв тАл╫ЧтАмрнШ тАл█М ╦мргЧ ргР╫╖тАмрнг╦Брв┐рв╢ рбврзФ ргЧ╦м▀╛ ╥м╘В ▀н╥б▀╛█░╥Ш ╪И█врмв╨в╨м рвЗ▀╛ ▀Е╤░рвЗтАл▌ХтАм╔╝ рг╕рбБ рвВрв┐╘╗ █╢рв╜╤╕▀н▀Ю рмв╨в╨м ▀Е╤░рб╡ 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐▀╛█░ рмжтАл╪╢ рвЙрв╢▌ктАмрнШрвВ ргпржС╘╗ рвЙрдП тАл▌дрв┐ ╪АтАм╤╕▀н▀Ю рмв╨в╨м ▀Е╤░ &KLOGUHQ ╦Х ржРтАл▄ХтАм╧Ч <RXWK рб╡ ╔╜╠Ы ╨м╒░ ргпрва╦Х рбБ╦▒╔╝ рвС╠Ы ╥╢тАл▀Е ▀╛╫ЧтАм╤░ &KLOGUHQ ╦Х ржРтАл▄ХтАм╧Ч <RXWK рб╡ ╦▒┘Ч ╤╕▀н▀Ю рмв╨в╨м 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐▀╛ ▀Е╤░рб╢ ╨╛█Шрб│╘╗ рвЗ╒Ф▀нрдП╨Х ╓╗╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ рлз╘п╦Х репрзА╘╗┘ХрйЮ ▀Е╤░рвЗ тАл рнО╪┐тАм╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЮ╨м╨Х ╬░рбИрвЗ ╓╕рнЩров ╠Ырвв╤╕╠Ы╒▒ тАл╪ВтАм╘З╨в╨м рв╖ тАлрб│рв╢╦Г█┐тАм╘╗ ▀Е╤░рб╡ ╔╝рва раК▀ЖрмЮ ╧а╤░рнЪ╦Б╦Х рбврм╡рмЮ рнЪ╦Б▀╛ ╧арж╖╤╕▀н рвСрб│╓▓ ╩╝рнР тАл ╪АтАм раЖтАл█╜тАмрмЯ╘╖рак ╩Лрб╡ рв╖рй╝рв╢рвЙ ╦ЧтАл рвВ▌бтАмржл╨╛ рмФрмервХрвП╨в╨м рвЗ╨Х ╙ЦрмЮ тАл█╜тАмрлз╘п тАл▄ХтАм╧Ч тАл▄ХтАм╧ХтАлрб│╪╗тАм╘╗рвВ рнЫ╤░рб╢ ╔╝тАл▄ЦтАмрнШтАлрвЗ ╓▓рйБ▌дтАм╥Ърб╢ рбврмЬраЖ рв╢рв╕рмЮ █░тАл▌Ы┘╕тАм╔╝ рдПрбХ╤╕╠Ы тАл╪┐тАм╨м╨Х ┘ЩрмЧрбБрмЮ тАл▌дтАм█╢рнШ╒▒ ╪И█врмЬ╠Ы╤ж рмв╨в╨м ╓╗╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ ▀Е╤░рлз╘прб╢ ╠Трв╕рмЬ╠Ы ╦▓рв┐▀н╒╗рвЗрвв╨праЙ╓Ш▀╛█░╤ж ─Ь(TGG HTQO 8KQNGPEG CPF 'ZRNQKVCVKQP─Э рвЗ╘В╨Х тАл▌ЮтАм╘╗╩в ▀Е╘О ╠Ф╘╗тАл╪гтАмрзкрлУрвЙрб╢ рдСрмнрмЬраЖ ▀Е╤░рлз╘првВ тАл▌ктАм╔╜тАл ╪А █╜тАм рбврм╡тАл▀К рб╢█╜тАм╒╣╓▓ 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐ рнЙтАлрб│рв╢╠Срв╢ ▀╛█╜тАм╘╗ ре│раЖрмЬ╦И рвСтАл▌бтАм╨в╨м ╓БрдП╓Врб│╘╗ 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐ █╢рв╜рб╢ рбврме ╧а╘прмЬтАл╠Чрбв╦И раАрбк ▌жтАмрк┐╧Г рбврбХ╥Ъ═Й ╨мтАл ▌дтАмрмЮтАл ╪бтАм ╩ГтАл█МтАм╥Ц╒╣╓▓ 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐╒▒ рбврмЮ ╠Э ╧врвВ╦Хрв╜рвЗ ╬з▀СрдП╓Г ▀Е╤░рлз╘п ▀Е╤░тАл▌ХрвЗ рнО╪┐тАм╔╝ рмпрнп ╧Ч ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐ рнЙтАл рвЗ▌крг╕ ▀╛█╜тАм╤╕╠Я ╠Ы╨╛рмв╨в╨м

ржЬ ╘╣ рбЖ тАл ▀к █МтАм╒╕ рвД рвЯ ╨м

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㝖Ⓖ㕷㞷

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╦Ирбв╠Ч рк┐╧Г тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ рбЦ╥ЦтАл рварвП рвВрв╖┘╕тАм

9QTNF 8KUKQP─ЯU 4GURQPUG VQ *KIJ .GXGN 2CPGN 4GRQTV G ╧Ф рбУ рвЗ G G

рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАмрдП╬в рбЦ рвК рбкраА тАл╫Ф█МтАмржжрва▀╛╩п рв┐рж╖рмЮ ─Ы3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╦Ирбв╠Ч рк┐╧Г +LJK /HYHO 3DQHO рвЗрмЬ +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░─Ь╒▒ рнЪраТрмЬ╦И рдПрдПрмЮ╨м рвЗ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х рбЦ╥ЦтАл рвВрв╖┘╕тАм ргпрбБрвПрварб╢ ╨м╔╜рв╢ реорбХ▀╛█░ ╪ЖраТрмЬ╦И рвС╨м раЭ╨Х рбЦ 81 ржжрнг▀╛█░ ╓Б╘░╤╕╨Х 3RVW рвВрв┐▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ тАл╫Ф█МтАмржжрва тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛ +/3 рвВ рв┐▀ЗтАл█МтАмрмдрвЗ рдПтАл ╪А ▄ЦтАм╩ИрнШ╤╕╤ж╘╝ рмЬ╨Х ╩ирб╢ ╦Хрв┐╘╗ ╬з╩╖╤┐╦И рвС╨м G G

рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм+/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ рвПрварб╢ ри║╩п ╤┐ ┘Х┘Чрб│╘╗ ╬Я╧╝▀н ╪Йров╦ИрвХ рмЮ╨м ржОрдз +/3 рвВ рмжтАл█М╦И╠А ▌ктАмрмдрвЗрвХ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░ рв╖ржСрвВ роР╒▓рб╢ ╦▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╦И рвС╨Х ─Ы3RVW рвВрв┐╒▒ рбврмЮ ржлрбЙ█┤ тАл╪╢тАмрнШ╦Хрв┐─Ь▀╛ ╦ЧрмЮ рвПрварвЗ╨м ╥Врдз ▀Е╤░ раТ▀ж тАл╪┐ ╪АтАм╩в ▀Е╤░тАл рнО╪┐тАмрзА▀Я╦▓ ╥ЯрвВ ╓╝рл▓╥Ъ▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ рбЦ╥ЦтАлрвЗрварвП рвВрв╖┘╕тАм╨м G

─Ь2QUV рб┐рв╝╒о рбЯрмЫ ржирбЖ█▒ тАлрв╝╦ТрнХ╪│тАм─Э▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ рвМрвЭ G ╔ВG рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╔╝рва рзА▀ЯрмЮ ▀Е╤░рвВ ╠А╒╣╒▒ раирнОрмЬ╨Х ╠Ы╦Чрб│╘╗█░ +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛█░ ╨╢╦И рвС╨Х ─Ырв╕╨╛тАлркБ╦К┘║тАмрзФ─Ьрак рзА▀Я╦ГрзУ▀╛╩п ржЯрв║рб╢ ╓Нрж┤▀н ╩О╪ИрвВ рнКрйФрб│╘╗┘ХрйЮ тАл ра╣▄ХтАм╨║рмЬ╨Х тАл█МтАм╘ЖрвЗ ▀╖╤ж╘╝ рме▀Ю рмЮ╨м╨Х рвВрдП╒▒ рнЪраТрмЮ╨м ркЫроЯ раУ╪М ╔╣╨ЩрмЫ ▀В╤нтАл█ЙтАм╓Й ▀В╤нрлд╘м ╠Ш▀ВтАлрв╝╫ФтАм╒о райрв┤роЯ рмв╩╣рмЩ╩▓╨й╨Х ╓╝рл▓▀╛ ╠Р рвВрдП╔╝ ╪ЖраТ╤╕▀нрвС╨Х╤Ц рвД╘ЩрмЫ ╓╣рлп╒о ╨отАл█║тАмрмЩ╠Ш рбЯрмЫ рмФ▄╢рв│рвЖ рв┤рв╝ргМ╩Ярб▓ /&)U ▀╗█н рв╝ра╢╤╡▀╢╤И ╔╣рвЭ рж╜▀ЬрмЩ╦Е тАлра╢▄ТтАм╤╢ ргмтАл╫┤тАм╥Чрб│ ржирбЖ█▒▄╕рбЯ▀╗ ╤╝▀к▀Ы рмЫ╨й╨Х ╩ирб╢ ╠Ы▀орме▀Ю рмЮ╨м G G

╔ВG +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ргмра╛ ╔╣рдМ тАлрнХ╪│тАм╒о ▀к╙З╩м тАл▌етАмрнАтАл рйБ▌бтАм╩ервЖрдМ▀╗ ╨╗рмв ╦оржОрв│рб░╘╕ ▀м╠ФрмЩ╦Е рвОрдМ ▀Жрб▓ рв╖рвД ▀ВтАл▌ПтАм╨й ╤░тАлрбЦ ▀╛▌дтАм╥ЦтАл╦И╪┐ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм█░▀╛█░ ▀п╠Ч╤╣ ─Ю╤УрвДрйЫ рм┐╓╡ FCVC TGXQNWVKQP рвВ рг╕рбБтАл╦У ▀╛█╜тАм╩ГрмЬ╨Х╤Ц рвЗ╨Х ╩О╪ИрвЗ ╔╝рва ╔╝╬врмЮ тАл█МтАм╘Ж╥Ъ▀╛╩п тАл╫╡тАмрзШ ▄╣ рвС╤ж╘╝ ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ рнЪ╦Брб╢ ╓Г╥Ъ▀нргп╦И тАлрв┐▌итАм╘╗ ╠Р╘е╩п рвЗрмнрвЗ ╤╕╦И рвС╨ХрдП╤ж рнЩрвЙрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨Х рбкрбИрмЮ ╪ПтАл ╠ЫрвЗ╪жтАм╥╢тАлрвЗ╫ЧтАм╨м G ╔ВG рвЗтАл╦И╪┐ ╪бтАм█░▀╛ рвЙ╠А▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ▀п╠ЧрвЗ рвС╠Ы╨Х рмЬрдП╓Г ╓╗╥Ш ╓╝рл▓рак тАл ▀╛рл▓╓╝┘Х█┐тАм╩држЩ ╪ЖраТ ╤╕▀н рвСрдП╨Х ▀Й╨м рвЖ╦╜▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ рбТрзТрвД рв┤тАлрб░рв│╪ГтАм╘╕ тАлраП╪ГтАм╤╡╤г╘╣ рмЩ╨Т ╩ервД 2QUV ╩Л╪Е рб┐рв╝рб┐

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тАл╪╝тАмрлЩтАл рб│█║тАм╩ЕрнХрмЬ ▄╢ рвО╨Т ╪МтАлрвД╪гтАм╨й рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╔╝рва рзА▀ЯрмЮ ▀Е╤░ тАл ╪АтАмрдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнграк рмб═Й рме раЯ рнГрва ╦Брм╡рб╢ тАл╪ВтАмрйТрб│╘╗ ╠А╒╣рвВ рбХрзХрвЗ рнГрва тАл▀н ▀╛▀╢█МтАм╙К╩п тАлрнГ▌итАм╤║ ╩ирвЙрдП▀╛ ╨╛рме ргФ ╤И ╦▒ржСрв╢рвЙ ╪П▀Зрб╢ ╓Б╘░рмЯ ╩ирвЗ╨м G

╔ВG рмЮрлЬ 0'*V ╔╝ ╔╝рдП╨Х рмЮ╦Г╒▒ ╠СтАл┘АтАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврме +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х рдПтАл▄ЦтАм╔╝╨ЬрмЮ ╩О╪И ╤░╪Ж ╦Брв┐тАл рва█╜тАм ╠Р╒╣╦И рлбрнШрак ре║тАлрвС █╜╫ФтАм╨Х ╩атАл╪ЯтАм╧ВтАл▌ЫтАм╘В╨Х тАл █┐тАм╔╝рдП рбХрзХрб╢ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЮ╨м рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╩О╪И╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╨▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврме рвЗ тАл█┐тАм╔╝рдП рбХрзХ╥Ърб╢ рвЗрмнрме▀Ю рмЮ╨м╨Х╤Ц ╤░рвВрмЮ╨м ▀ЕрбМ╘Ь рв╜рзФрв╢рб│╘╗ рзА▀ЯрмЬ╦И ┘Чрвк█ШрйУ▀╛ рвС╨Х ╦▓╔╝╥Ъ▀╛█░ 0'*V ╒▒ ╨▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╨Х╤Ц тАл▌итАмрк┐рмм╨м╨Х ╦Брм╡рб╢ ╦мрн▒ тАл ▀Е█ФтАм рлбрнШ╦▒рж╡▀╛ ржЯрв║рб╢ ╓Нрж┤╘о╨Х ╧а╘прб╡ рнЪраТрмЯ ╓ГрмЮ рвКрвЗ╨м ╠Р╘Ь╬Я рлбрнШрак рв┐╤жрв╢ ╦▒рж╡рб╢ ╤░рвК█┤█Ш▀╛█░ тАлрвС ╦И╪┐тАм╨м╨Х рв║рб╡ ╨мтАлрбЙ ▄ХтАм╘о╤╣╨м ра│╬╣рмЬ╓┤ рлбрнШ╨Х ╓╝рл▓╔╝ ╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЬ╦И рв┐╤жрв╢ ╦▒рж╡╦Х ╩ИрнШ╨Х ╓╝рл▓╒▒ рвЗ╒Ф╠Ы рбврмЮ рвЗрмн╪ПтАл ╠ЫрвЗ╪жтАм╥╢тАлрвЗ╫ЧтАм╨м *.2 тАл█н╦Е╪╝тАм╨Т ╩Л╪Е▀╗█н рлЮрнХ╔╣ ╔╣рдМ╨Т ╠ПтАлраД рвЖрв│╪┐тАмрмЬрб┐ рг╡ра╛тАл рб│█║тАм╔╗╦ТрмЩраОрб░╓п ркЫроЯ ╩Л╪ЕраПраД▀╗█н рж╜▀Ь╦првД ╔╣рдМ╨Т ркЫ▄╢тАл ▀╗█║тАм╨╗рмЫ рж╕┘ФрмЫ ╦ЕтАл рвД╫┤тАм╨│╠ШрдМ ▀Ж▀О╨й╨Т рв╖▀╗█н /&)U ╔╣ ╔╣рдМ╨Т рмЫ╦А╒о ╙е▀к╧ГрдМ тАл╫АтАмрмЩ╦Е рвО╨й ╥й╙┐█н раУтАл╓╣ рв│▌бтАмрлп╥Чрб▓ ┘Фрвз╦Т тАл ╦З┘╖тАмрж╜▀ЬтАл █║тАм╥ЬрвД ╔╣рдМ╦Е рвО╨Т тАл╪╜тАмрмЯрв│рвЖ ра╛рвЖрб│ ╦Е╘лрмЩрдМ тАл╫АтАмрмЫ рмЫ╦Арв╖рб│ рдМ╨Я╦Е рвО╨й G ╔ВG рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАмрдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнг▀╛█░┘ХрйЮ ╦▓рв┐тАл█МтАмрнг▀╛ рвЗ╒о╠Ы╠зрдП ре║тАл рб╢рв║рг╕ ▀╛█╜╫ФтАм╤┐╦И ргптАл╫╖тАм╥ЪрвЗ рвХтАлраТ ▀╛█У рвВ▌жтАмрмпрб╢ тАл╫╡тАмрзФ╨Х ╩О╪ИтАл╦Г рвВ▀╢█МтАмрнд▄╣╒╛ ╓╗╨врйЮ╓А ╩жрй╡ ╦Хрв╜ рв╖╪Ж▀╛ ре│раЖрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╤ж╘╝ рмЬ╦И рвС╨м ╓ГрвК ╦прв╝тАл█ЙтАмрна╔╣ ┘ЦрлЮ╥Ь тАлрв╝╫ФтАм╒о рдОрв║рб░╘╕ рмв╩╣рмЩ╦ЕрвТ рмЫ╨й╓▒ ╔║╔║рб┐ ╩ЛрвЖрб│ ╩Л╪Ерб┐ рг╡ра╛рмЫ ргмржО╘╕ рвЖтАл▌втАмрмв▀Ы рмЫ╨й рбЦ╥ЦтАл█М ракраЖре│ рвВ╫╖ргп рб╡рв╖┘╕тАмрнгрв╢ ре║тАл █╜╫ФтАм ╩ИрнШ╒▒ рбврме ─Ы&LWL]HQ 9RLFH DQG $FWLRQ рвЗрмЬ &9$ ─Ь рвЗ╘В╨Х ╪ПтАл▌и рб╢╪жтАмрмнрмЬ╦И рвС╨м рнГрвв ╩О╦▓▀╛ ╩држЩ тАл▌итАмрмн╤╕╦И рвС╨Х &9$ ╨Х рдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнграк рв╜┘Х ╔╛ ╨╛рнШрак тАлрй╝ рб╢рй╝▄ХтАмрме тАл╪┐тАм╩в ╦мрбл ╥ЯрвВ раТраЗ▀╛█░ рдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнг ргптАл╫╖тАм╥ЪрвЗ ╤И ╬Ярб╡ рнКрйФ╦Х ╠А╒╣╒▒ ╧╝╒╝ ▄╣ рвС╤ж╘╝ рмЬ╦И рвС╨м G

▀В╤н раП▀г╦Т тАл╪╝тАм╩Я тАл╪╝тАмрнЛ ╠Н╒╢╦Е рж╜▀Ь╦п ╦Ф╘н ╓╣рлп╥Ч▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ рвМрвЭ G ╔ВG ▀В╤нраП▀г %JKNF 0WVTKVKQP G G

+/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░ рв╖╪Ж▀╛ ╩држЩ ─ЫрвЙ╒ж раЗтАлргп╦╖ █Ш█МтАм╒╜рб╢ рамрв╖ров рме╩╝рмЬ╨Х ржО тАл╪бтАмрдз тАл█┐тАм╨╛─Ь╔╝ ╤╕╩╡╨м╨Х ╩И╘прмЮ рвВрдП╒▒ тАлрвС ╦ИрвЗ╪┐тАм╨м ▀Е╤░раТ▀жрб╡ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░рвВ ─ЫтАл▌етАм╘Ы▀ЗтАл ▀жраТ рак╪┐тАм╩О█┤─ЬрвЗ╘В╨Х ╓╝рл▓ тАл▀╛╪бтАм█░ ргпрбБрмЬ╩п ╨м╒Ф╦И рвС╨м ркЮров раТ▀жтАлргП▌итАм╒▒ ╓ГтАл┘║ ргП▌и▀жраТ█╜╠Ч ргП▌и▀жраТ█╜тАмрнД ╔╝рдП╘╗ ╦▒ржСрнШрмЬраЖ тАл ▀╛╪б рл▓╓╝ ┘Х█┐тАмрлжрмбтАлрб│рйЕ▌дтАм╘╗тАл ▐ВтАм0'*V ▀З▀╛█░ рвЪ ╨м╒ФрдП тАл╫ГтАмрмм╤Л раТ▀ж ┘ХтАл рб╢╫ЧтАм╨м╒Ф╦И рвС╨Х ╩ирб╡ ╦ИтАлрвЗрв╢╫ФтАм╨м G

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+/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ╓ГтАлргП▌и▀жраТ█╜тАм╘╗ рвЙрме ╦Ирй╝ ╪З╨Х ▀Е╤░рвЗ ▀╖▀нрдП╠Ы╒▒ ╔╛рв╕ров тАл╪ВтАм╘В╦И рвСрб│╬Я ╧Ч╠зрдП рвЗ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╨▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╠Ы ▀н╘│╨м╦И ╠Ы▄╜рмЬ╦И рвС╨м ╠Р╘а▀╛╤ж ┘Щ╦▒рмЬ╦И 3RVW рвВрв┐▀╛█░╨Х ╓ГтАлрв┐╫Ч рвВргП▌и▀жраТ█╜тАм╒▒ рме╩╝рмЬ╠Ы рбврмЮ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╦Х╩ГрмЬ╩п █╢рв╜рмЬ╦И ╧Ч тАл╪┐╦Г█┐тАм╩в╠Ы╦▒▀╛█░ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЮ ╓╝рл▓ ╠Ырг▒рвЙ ─Ы ╧Ч╠зрдП ╓ГтАл▀Е ргП▌и▀жраТ █╜тАм╤░ ╩ГтАл▄ХтАм─Ь ╠Р рвЗ█ШрвВ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ █╢рв╜рме▀Ю рмЮ╨м тАл╫ЩтАм╘╜ ╦▒ржСрв╢рвЙ ╓╝рл▓ ▄╣рзФ╒▒ █╢рв╜рмЬ╨Х ╩ирб╡ тАл▌ТтАмрдП ▀Й╩╡рдП╓Г ╓╣рлп ╠Ш╔╗ ╬н ╓АтАлргМ▌е▀граП █║тАм╒о ╬йрж▒╩▓╨й╨Т ╓╣рлп╔╣ ржитАл ▄ТтАм╘╕╨Т █│рв║╤╡▀к▀Ы рмЫ╨й G G

раТ▀жтАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╒▒ рй╝рмЮ тАл█┐тАм╨╛ ╔╛ ▀Ж▄╗рнЪрвВ ╦И╒╣╔╝ тАл╫╡тАмрзФ╨Х раТрмпрб╢ ╓╝рл▓ ▀╛█░ рг╕рбБрмЬ╩п ▀п╠ЧрмЬ╦И рвС╨Х рв║рб╡ ргп╓╝рме▀Ю рмЮ╨м рв┐╨╛╘╗ раТ▀жрб╢ тАл█║тАмрзАрмЬрдП тАл╫ГтАмрмЮ тАл╓╗█ПтАм╨Х рв╡ржСрг╕▀Е╒▒ ╬прб╢ рнЩ╒йрвЗ ╧й╦И рвЗ ╦БрбЙ ▀ЕрвЗ╨Х тАл█┐тАм╔╝ ╤╕╠Ы рв╖▀╛ тАл╓М█МтАмрмЬ╩а╬Я ▀н╒░рвЗ ╤╕▀н█░╤ж ╓ГтАл █╜тАмрдУрнЪрвВ рбврм╡▀╛ ╧арж╖╤║ ╔╝╨ЬтАл рвЗ█╜тАм╧й╨м ╓╝рл▓ рвВ ╨▒тАл ▀╛┘ХраЖ█╜тАм╥м╘В раЦ╪П ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ ▀Е╤░тАл╓М█МтАм╒й╦Х тАл █╜раНрв╖┘╕тАм рдУтАл рвВ╪╗тАмрнЩтАл рв┐╫Ч █ПтАмрдИ ╓╝рл▓ ▀╛ раТрмпрб╢ рг▓ ▄╣ рвС╨м╨Х ╩ирвЗ╨м G G

╔ВG ▀В╤нтАл╪╝тАм╩Я %JKNF *GCNVJ G G

▀Е╤░тАл╪┐тАм╩врб╡ ╓╝рл▓ тАл ╪бтАм─Ы╩в╩ИрмЮ тАл ▀╛█УтАм╨╛рмЮ тАл рва╪┐тАмHQVXUH KHDOWK\ OLYHV

▀З▀╛█░ раЦ╪П ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ тАл █┐тАм тАл╫╡тАм╓Г ▀Е╤░рвВ тАлрвЗрв╕╠Т ╓М█МтАм╘В╨Х рбврмЮ тАлрл▓╓╝ ┘Х█┐тАм╔╝ рвС╨м тАл╪┐ ▌и█МтАм╩враТраЗрб╡ ╨м╒░ раТраЗрвВ ╓╝рл▓╨▒тАл╦Х█╜тАм╤ж тАлрв╗╫╣тАмрмЮ ╦Ч╘░рвЗ рвС╨м╦И тАлрвС ▄╣ ┘ГтАм╨м раЦ╒▒ ╥Ъ▀н ▀╛╬┐рдП▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ рв╗╠ТтАл рвЗ█╜тАм тАлрва╪┐тАм╤╕╓┤ ╓╝рл▓ тАлрб│раНраЭ╠Ы╦У ╪бтАм╘╗ ╠ЫрвЙрмЬ╨Х рнОроШ╠Ы рдУрнЪ ╥╢тАл╓М█М ▀╛╫ЧтАмрмЬ╨Х ▀Е╤░рвВ ▄╣╒▒ рг▓рвК ▄╣ рвС╨м ╙ЦрмЮ рнШрватАл▌д ▌итАм█╢рб╢ рв╜тАл┘╕тАмрмЬ╦И рбв█в рнЪ╦Брб╢ ╩О█┤тАл ╪б рл▓╓╝ ╓┤рйБ▌дтАм█╢тАл█МтАм╘╗ рвЙрмЮ ▀Е╤░рвВ тАл рб╢рвС ▄╣ рвКрг▓ рб╢╓М█МтАм╩ирвЗ╨м тАл┌╕тАм╓Г ▀Е╨в╘В тАл█МтАмрнгрв╢ тАл╪П рнРргП ╪б рл▓╓╝ рнО╪┐тАмрдП ╓╝рл▓ тАл ╪б рл▓╓╝ рбл╦м ╪бтАм╥Ярб╢ рй╝рме█░╤ж ▀Е╤░тАл╪┐тАм╩врдОрдС▀╛ ╠ЫраЖрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨м G G

тАл╪┐тАм╩в▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╠Ф╘╗тАл ╪гтАмрз┤█╢рйирвЗтАл* ▄КтАмOREDO 7KHPDWLF &RQVXOWDWLRQ RQ +HDOWK ╦Х 3RVW ▀╛█░ рв┐▀ЗрмЬ╦И рвС╨Х тАл╪┐тАмрлЬрв╢ тАл╪┐тАм╩врвВ╒О █░тАл▀╛рл▓╓╝ ╪б рб╡╦Урв┐ рвВ▌Ы┘╕тАм█░ ┘Х┘Чрв╢рб│╘╗ ╠Ы▄╜╤╕╦И рвСрб│╬Я тАлрл▓╓╝ ┘Х█┐тАм╘╗█░ ╓╕тАл▌дтАм╤╕▀н рвСрдП╨Х ▀Й╨м ╨╛тАл╦И╪┐ рвЗ ▌жтАм█░╨Х тАл▀╛╓┤рзН ╦Х█╜тАм█░ тАл╪┐тАм╩в╩О╪ИрвВ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ █╢рв╜рмЬ╦И рвЗ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╨▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврме█░╨Х тАл╪┐тАм╩врвВ╒О█░тАл╪┐ рвВ▌Ы┘╕тАмрлЬрв╢ рв┐╦УрвЗ рг╕рбБрмЬ╨м╦И╨Х ▀п╠ЧрмЬ╦И рвС╨м ▀ЕрбМ╘Ь ▀жрдУрвВ тАл╪┐тАм╩в█░тАл ▀╛▌Ы┘╕тАм╨╛рмЮ ргптАл╫╖тАм╥ЪрвВ рв╗╠ТтАлрв║ рб╢█╜тАмрдСрв╢рб│╘╗ ╧йраЖ▀Ю рмЮ╨м╦И ргпрвармЮ╨м рбЦ╥ЦтАл╪┐ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╩врвВ╒ОтАл▌Ы▌дтАмрймрвВ ╩ИрнШ╒▒ рдПрдПрмЬ╓▓ ╦▒ржСрв╢рвЙ ╓╝рл▓╔╝ рмЧрбБрмЬ╨м╨Х тАлрв╖ ▀╛▌и█МтАм╪Жрв╢рб│╘╗ ╤░рвВрмЮ╨м G G

+/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х рж╖тАлрвЗрг╕ рв╜раЦ █ПтАм╩а╬Я █врнп ╩ОрбЦ тАл╫╡тАм╓ГрвВ тАл╪┐╓М█М ▀Е█в▌жтАм╨м █врнп ╧Ч тАл╫╡тАм╓ГрвВ ▀Е╤░ тАл ▀╛╓М█МтАм╤И ржЯрв║рб╢ ╤┐╦И ╓╝рл▓╒▒ █╢рв╜рмЬ╦И рвС╨м тАл╫▓█╝тАм╓А ▀В╤н тАл█ЙтАм╓Й╒ж▀╗█н╤г тАл ▀В█Я▌гтАм тАл█ЙтАм╓Й╒жрб┐ тАл рвДрг╡┘╡тАмрдЛ╔╣рмЩ╦Е рвО▀к рвД╒о рмв╩╣рмЩ╠Ш рбЯрмв ╤Е рдУрг╡рмЩ╦Е рвО╨Т рж▒тАл рвЖ█╝тАм╓Ари╗ рбУ╥УтАл рбкргО█Я ▀В█Я▌г рб▓рв┤┘╡тАмрммтАл ргС ▀╗█ХтАм╤Е тАл рб│рг╡┘╡тАм╤╝╦Е рммрнм ╓╣рлп╒о █│рв║рмв▀Ы рмЫ╨й╦И ргпрвармЬ╨Х тАлрвЗ╪ВтАм╨м G

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G

тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░рвВ тАл▀╛рл▓╓╝ ╪бтАм█░╨Х ▀Е╤░ тАл рб╢╓М█МтАм╓В╠Ы рбврмЮ ╓╕╒ОрмЬ╦И ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ рме╩╝ ╪П▀З╥Ърб╢ раК╩армЬ╦И рвС╨м раЖ╠Ы▀╛╨Х рж╖тАл▀╛рв╜╦Х █ПтАм█░рвВ ▄║╘░╤╣ ргПтАл▀жраТ ▄╜╠Ы █ПтАм╔╝╔╝ рмА┘ХрмЮ рб╕тАл█║ ▌етАмрзА рбв█в рбкрдПрак раЦ╪Прв╗ргЧ ╥ЯрвЗ рлжрмб╤╕▀н рвСрб│╬Я ╓╗рбк▄╣рбк╨Х рв┐ра╣╤╕▀н рвС╨м тАлрвВ рвЙрв╢╦Г█┐тАмрмЭрв╡╧ГрвЙ ╘ДтАл ▄ЕтАм/DQFHW рб╡ рамрв╖╓╗рбк▄╣рбк╒▒ рй╝рме█░ ▀Е╤░тАл╓М█МтАм╒йрвЗ ╩ГтАл▄ХтАмрмЮ╨м╦И ╪ЙрнИ╨Х╤Ц рвЗ╨Х ▀Е╤░рвВ █вргСрбнрб╢ ╧йрвК ▄╣ рвС╨Х ╔╝рва рнк╦Хрв╢рвЙ раЦ╪ПтАлрвЗ╪жтАм╨м ╥м╘В█░ рбЦ╥ЦтАл╪╝ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╩Я ╓╣рлп╒о █│рв║рмЩ╨Т ╦Трв║▀╗█н ╓╕рбз▄╢рбз╒о рлгрмЮтАл ▀ЫриБ▌бтАмрмЫ╨й╦И ргпрвармЮ╨м G G

рмЮрлЬ +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х тАл╓М█М╓╗█ПтАм╒йрвВ ╩ГтАл▄ХтАм╒▒ ╓╝рл▓╘╗ █╢рв╜рмЬ╦И рвСрдП╓Г ╦▒ржСрв╢рвЙ ╓╝рл▓ ▄╣рзФ╒▒ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЬрдП ▀Й╦И рвС▀н█░ рвЗ▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╩╝рв╜рб╡ ╩ОтАл╦▓ ╪╖тАм╔╝╥ЪрвВ ╓╜рб│╘╗ ╤к▀Е╔╝╩п ╤║ ╩ирб│╘╗ тАлрвЙ╪┐тАм╨м ╥м╘В█░ рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм81 ╠Ы╦▒╒▒ тАл┘╕тАм╒БрмЮ ╦▓рв┐тАл╪┐тАм╩врв╖тАл╫ЧтАм╔╝╥ЪрвЗ ╧врвВрмЮ ╠Ырг▒▀╛ ╓Нрж╝ тАл ╓╕█МтАм тАл█ЙтАм╓Й╒жрб│ ╨╖ ╓╡ тАл╫▓тАм╓Арб░╘╕ ╬йрж▒╨Т ╠Шргорб│ ╓╡рнЦроЯ тАл ▀ЫрбР█╝тАмрмЫ╨й╦И ргпрвармЬ╨Х тАлрвЗ╪ВтАм╨м G G

рвЗ ╪Д▀╛╤ж тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ▀Е╤░ ржРтАл▄ХтАм╧Ч тАлрбв рг╕ рвЙ█╜тАмрм╡╦│ тАл ╪АтАм╧арвЙ╥ЪрвВ рамрв╖ раЦ╪Прв╗ргЧ тАл рб╢рбн┘╕ ▌д▌итАм рдО╔╝тАлрйБ▌дтАм╩╡╨м╨Х ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╔╝рдП╦И рвС╨м раЖ╠Ы█░ рамрв╖ раЦ╪Прв╗ргЧрвВ тАл▄╣ ракрбв╪етАмрнК тАл ▀╛рбн┘╕тАм╨╛рмЮ ╦▒ржСрв╢рвЙ ╓╝рл▓ ▄╣рзФ █╢рв╜рб╡ раЗтАл ▌дтАм╩ОтАл╦▓╪╖тАм╔╝╥ЪрвВ ╓╜рб│╘╗ ╤к▀Е╔╝╩п ╤╣╨м ╠Р╘Ь╬Я ─Юрайрв┤ раУ╪Мрв╕ргФ─Я▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ рв║рб┐╒о ╨м▄╕роЯ ╩ЛтАл╦п ╪┤тАм╔╣▀╗█н рв╕ргФ ╔╣╨ЩрмЫ ╪ПтАлргФ рб┐▌гтАм╒г╒о ╠Шргорб░╘╕ тАл█СтАмрдМ╨Т ╓Г▀В▀Ы рмЬ ╩ервД╨й раЦ╒▒ ╥Ъ▀н тАл╫╡ █┐тАм╓Г ▀Е╤░рб╢ ╨╛█Шрб│╘╗ рмЬ╨Х рамрв╖ раЦ╪Прв╗ргЧ▀╛╨Х ╘╗рйЙ тАлрвЗ╪ВтАм╘ЬтАл рак▌ЫтАмрлУ╘▓╦▒╠О раЦ╪Прв╗ргЧрвЗ рлжрмб╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЬ╨Х╤Ц рвЗ╨Х ▀Е╤░тАл╓М█МтАм╒йрвЗ ╧йрб╡ ╦▓╔╝╥Ъ▀╛█░ рв╗ргЧрвЗ ┘Щ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ █ШрнЭрвЗ╘В╨Х рвЗрбк╘╗ рв┐ра╣╤╕▀н█░╨Х ▀З╤╕╠Ы ╥╢тАлрвЗ╫ЧтАм╨м G

╔ВG рж╜▀Ь╦прб┐ ╩Л╪Е &GXGNQROGPV KP HTCIKNG EQPVGZVU G +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х рлбрнШрак ┘Чрвк рдПраЗ▀╛█░рвВ рзА▀ЯтАл рб╢█╜тАм╨м╒░ раЖ╘Ь ┘Ч▀ЮрвВ тАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╥Ъ╦Х раЙ╦ЧтАл рвЗ█╜тАм рвСрб╕рб╡ тАл╫ЩтАм╘╜ ╠Р рвХржС╓Грб│╘╗╤ж ╪Ж╥ЦтАл ▌дтАмрме╩╝╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЯ ╓╝рл▓ ╦Хрв┐╘╗ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЬ╦И рвС╨м рлбрнШ ▀╖╨Х ╩О╪И╦Х ╩О╪И ▀╖╨Х рлбрнШ╨Х ┘Щ╔╝╨ЬрмЬ╠Ы ╥╢тАлрвЗ╫ЧтАм╨м ╥м╘В█░ рв╜┘Х ╨мрвХ╔╛ тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнг тАл╫╖тАм╔╛ ┘ХтАл ╫ЧтАм╥Я ╨м▀жрмЮ рмнрбврвХ╥Ъ ╔╛рвВ рнЖ╘прб╢ ри║╩п ╩ИргПрмЬ╦И рвС╨м рбЦ╥ЦтАлрвЗ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╘ЬрмЮ ╧а╘прб╢ рнЪраТрмбрб╡ тАл╫ЩтАм╘╜ рмпрнп ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╦▒ржСрнШрмЬ╨Х ╦Хрв╜▀╛█░ тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнгрвВ ре│раЖ╔╝ ╩ИрнШ╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЮ╨м╦И ргпрвармЮ╨м G G

рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╨мрб╕рвВ тАл█МтАмрмд╥Ърб╢ рв┐▀прмЮ╨м G

┬ЗG рв╖╪Жрв╢рвЙ рлбрнШ ╦▒рж╡рвЗ ╓╝рл▓╘╗ █╢рв╜╤╕▀н▀Ю рмЮ╨м рвЗ╨Х ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмЬ╓▓ рв╜рвВ╒▒ тАлрнГ▌итАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврмЮ ╪ПтАл рг╕ ╪жтАмрмЬ╬ЯрвЗ╨м G ┬ЗG рвЗ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛█░рвВ рлбрнШ ╦▒рж╡▀╛ ╦ЧрмЮ рв╗╠Т ╪ПтАл рб╡▌етАм╦Брм╡рв╢ рв╗╠Т▀╛ ╠Ы╪Жрб╢ ╤┐╠Ы тАл╪┐тАм╨м╨Х рв┐╤жрв╢ рв╗╠Т▀╛ ╠Ы╪Жрб╢ ╤┐╦И рвС╨м рж╜▀Ь╦прб┐ ╩╛рбЖ ╦п╔╣рв│рвЖ тАл▌Ш▌бтАмрййрб▓ ╒╛╘н╤╡▀к рвОрб│рдМ╙┐╤г тАлрв╝▌етАм╘╕ ╠Ш╨ЩрмЩ╨Т рв╝╤грв│ ╦оргМ╔╣ ╒╛╘н╤╡▀к рвОрдМ ▀Ж╨Т ╩╛рбЖ╔╣ рвО▀к рв╝╤грв│ рв╕╠П╤г

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рг╡ра╛рмЩрдМ╓А ╙УрмЫ ╔╗╦Т╤╡▀к█н╨Т ▀Д╤╖ ╩ерб▓ тАлрв╝▌етАм╘╕ ргмтАл╫┤тАм╥ЧрвД рвД╒о ▀к╙З╩м ╩╛рм▓рмЩ╦Е рвО╨Т╔╣▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ ╦Е╘л╔╣ тАл╪ГтАм╥УтАлрлг ▌бтАмрмЮ╤╡▀к▀Ы рмЫ╨й раЦ╒▒ ╥Ъ▀н рмЮ тАл█МтАмрнгрвВ рв╜рвВтАл рб╢рг▒▄╣ рвВрнГ▌итАм рзНрв╜рмЬ╘о╓┤ рв┐╤жрв╢ ▄╣рг▒╦Х рмб═Й рв╜рвВтАл ▀╛рнГ▌итАм╨╛рмЮ тАл█МтАм╘Ж╥ЪрвВ ╦Брм╡рб╢ рзНрв╜рме▀Ю рмЬ╨Х ╩и╦Х ╩Лрб╡ ╩ирвЗ╨м G ┬ЗG ─Ы╩А╥Ярб╢ ▀Ю╠ЫрмЬ╨Х ра╣┘Х рбБрвЙ╥Ърб╢ рв┐╩армЮ╨м VWHP WKH H[WHUQDO VWUHVVRUV WKDW OHDG WR FRQIOLFW ─Ь╨Х ╓╝рл▓ тАл▀Е ╪бтАм╘О F тАлрл▓╓╝ рвВ╪бтАм╨Х ╓РрбЙ ╓╗рнОрмЬ╨м раГ╠Ш▀╗█н╨Т ┘Фрвзрб│ ▀Ы╠ШрмЩ╨Т рмкрбЯрвТ╥Чрб┐ раДрмЬ╦Т ре╖рвЛтАл ▀╗█║тАм╨╗рмЫ ╤ЕрбЗ ╩Е╘мрмЫ ╠Шргорб│ █│рв║рмв▀Ы рмЫ╨й ┘Чрвк╦Х рзА▀ЯтАл рвЗ█╜тАм ╦▓рв┐рв╢ ┘Щ▀Зрв╜рнШ▀╛ тАл╫╡тАмрзФ╨Х раТрмп╥Ъ▀╛ ╨╛рме ╤И ╓Дрб╡ тАл┘╕тАмрк╢рвЗ рмЧрбБрмЬ╦И рвЗрбС ╦▓╔╝рвВ рв╜┘Х █┤рдС╦▓ тАл╫╖тАм╔╛┘ХтАл ╫ЧтАм╥Я ╨м▀жрмЮ рмнрбврвХ╥ЪрвВ раЗрмЯ╦Х ╦▓рв┐ ржСрв┐рвВ ▀ж█Ш▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╧врвВ╔╝ рмЧрбБрмЬ╨м рвЗ╥Ъ рмнрбврвХ╥ЪрвЗ ╩О╪И▀╛ ╠Щрв╜рв╢рвЙ раТрмпрб╢ тАл╫╡тАмржЫ╨м╨Х тАлрв╜┘Х рб╡▌и█МтАмрмЬ╠Ы ▀н╘│рдП╓Г рвЗ тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░▀╛█░╨Х рвЗ╥ЪрвВ ┘Хрв╜рв╢рвЙ раТрмп╥Ърб╢ ╩арвВ ╨м╒ФрдП ▀Й╦И рвС╨м ╠Р ╩╝╦Х ╦▓╦Брб╢ ╧Ж▀н ╪И█врмЬ╨Х тАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╥ЪрвВ ре║рвОрб╡ рв╖рв╢рб│╘╗ ╨║тАл ▀╛┘Хрв╜ ╦▓█МтАм╥┐╓О╩╖рдП╨Х █ШрнЭрб╢ ржЯ╘ОрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨м G ┬ЗG ╩Л╪Е ╓╣рлп ╨отАл █║тАмрнМрб▓ тАл╫▓тАм╨отАл ╦Трвз┘Ф рвД█║тАмрж╜▀ЬтАл▀к ▀╗█║тАм╥╝рмЫ ра╛рвЖрб░╘╕ рвУрбЕрмй╨ТрдМ▀╗ ╨╗рмЫ тАл▌зтАм╤г рвО╨Т ┘ФтАлрвД рвД█отАм╒С▀кргД▀Ы рмЫ╨й G G

╔ВG ▀В╤н тАл╪╝тАмрнЛ %JKNF 2TQVGEVKQP рбЦ╥ЦтАл рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм+/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░рвВ ╓╝рл▓ █╢рв╜рвЗ ▀Е╤░тАл▌Ы▌дрнО╪┐тАмрймрб╢ ╩ИрнШрмЬ╨Х╤Ц ╠ЫраЖрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨м╦И тАл ╦И╪┐тАм рвЗ╒▒ рнЪраТрмЬ╨Х рвПрварвЗ╨м +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ╨мрб╕╦Х ╩ЛрвЗ ▀Е╤░ тАлрнО╪┐тАм╒▒ рбврмЮ ╓╝рл▓╥Ърб╢ рв┐тАл▌дтАмрмЬ╦И рвС╨м G раЖ▀Ерак раЖтАл ▀╛█╜тАм╨╛рмЮ ╓╗╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ рлз╘прб╢ раЦ╪ПрмЬ╦И ╠Трв╕рмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ D G ргПрнРрб╢ ╓В╨Х╨м ╓╝рл▓ E G рж╖█в тАл ╦И▌жтАм╥Ярб╢ рй╝рме тАл╪┐тАмрлЬрв╢рвЙ тАл рв╢╪жтАмрдПрбв╒▒ ┘ХраЖрмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ D G рлз╘п рмнтАл█МтАм╘╗ рвЙрмЮ тАл╓М█МтАм╒йрб╢ ╬мрж┤╦И ╓╗╥Ш рнЙрйУрвВ ▀Е╤░ рлз╘прб╢ ╠Трв╕рмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ D G G

рбЦ╥ЦтАл ▀╛╠ЫраЖ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╨мрб╕рвВ ╤┐ ╔╝рдП тАл█МтАмрмдрб╢ рж┤╔╝рмЬ╤ж╘╝ рбБржРрмЮ╨м ржО тАл╪бтАмрдз╨Х ╦прв╝╧Э╤н╠Ш╦о +.1 рмпрвЭ ргМ▀╗█н ╓╡тАл▌бтАмрмЩ╦Е рвО╨Т ╔╣рвЭ рмв╘╕рбИ рнЖрйРрб┐ ▀В╤н╧Э╤н ╠Прв╡рвЗ╨м рвЗ╨Х рлз╘п тАл рвВрв┐╫ЧтАмрме╩╝▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╓╝рл▓▀╛█░ рлжрмб╤║ ▄╣ рвСрб│╓▓ рбЦ╥ЦтАлрвЗ рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм╒▒ рбврмЮ рв╢рв╕рмЮ рдПрл▓ ╓Б╘░▀╛ ре│раЖрмЬ╦ИрвХ рмЮ╨м ╤┐ тАл╪бтАмрдз╨Х ▀Е╤░тАл▌Ы▌дрнО╪┐тАмрймрб╢ ╩ИрнШрмЬ╨Х ╩ирвЗ╨м ╩Л╪Ерб┐ раГ╘Щ раПраД╥Ч▀╗ ─Ю▀В╤нтАл╪╝тАмрнЛ─Я╔╣ рбЖ█▒ ╦Е╘л╤╡╦Е ргм╒грнХ ╤╖ ▄╢ рвО▀к▀Ы╓А рдОрв║рмЫ рб┐тАл▀В рб┐█н▀╗╫▓тАм╤нтАл╪╝тАмрнЛ╔╣ тАл▌етАмрнА╤╖ ▄╢ рвО╨й G

тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х ╔╝рва рзА▀ЯрмЮ ╦ГрзУрвВ ▀Е╤░рб╢ тАлрнО╪┐тАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврмЮ рнЪ╦Брб╢ ргПтАл█╜тАмрмЬ╠Ы рбврмЬраЖ ╨м▀жрмЮ ╩О╪И ╓╝рл▓рак ╠Р▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ тАлрл▓╓╝ ┘Х█┐тАм╥Ърб╢ ╩О╦Шрв╢рб│╘╗ тАл▄ХтАм╩ОрмЬ╦И рвС╨м рвЗ ╓╝рл▓╥Ърб╡ ╨п▄╗рмЮ ╔╝рв╜рвЗ╬Я

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ргптАл рвЙрв╢╪╢тАмреорбХрвЗ ▀Е╨в╘В ▀Е╤░▀╛╩п ▀Зрв╖рмЮ рнЪ╦Брб╢ рв┐╦УрмЬ╠Ы рбврме рме╩╝рме▀Ю рмЯ рг╕рбБрмЮ рбБтАл▄ХтАм╘╗█░ рв┐тАл▌дтАм╤╕╦И рвС╨м G ▀н╙Б █ШрнЭ▀╛█░╤ж ╓╗╥Ш ▀Е╤░▀╛╩п ▀жрдУрвВ ╦мрбл╦Х рлб█в ╦мрблрб╢ рв┐╦УрмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ E ре│ргП ▀Е╤░тАл▌Ы▌дрнО╪┐тАмрйм ╬░▀╛█░╤ж рмЭ╦м╨Х ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмЮ ╠Ы╦ЧрвЗ╨м ╔╝рва рзА▀ЯрмЮ ╦ГрзУрвВ ▀Е╤░рб╢ рлжрмбрмЬ╨Х рнк╦Хрв╢рвЙ ╦мрбл ржС╦Г╒▒ рй╝рме ▀Е╤░рвВ раЗ╘Ы╦Х тАл▌Ы▌д рнО╪┐тАмрйм ╦▒рж╡рб╢ ╩ИрнШрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨м G ╓╗╥Ш тАл█МтАм╘Ж╥ЪрвЗ ▀Зрв╖рмЮ тАл▄╣▌етАм╒▒ ▀▒╦И рбв█врв╢рвЙ █врнЫрб╢ ╧╝╒╝ ▄╣ рвС╤ж╘╝ тАлрва╪┐тАмрме▀Ю рмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ ╔╝рв╜▀╛█░ тАл▌Ы▌д █врбв рак▄╣▌етАмрймрб╢ рвЗрбИрмбрб│╘╗тАл▀Е ▐ВтАм╤░ ркЮров раЖ▀Е╥ЪрвЗ рлз╘првВ рбврм╡▀╛ ╧арж╖╤╕╨Х ╩ирб╢ ╓Врб╢ ▄╣ рвС╨м G рдПтАл ▄ЦтАм╔╝╨ЬрмЮ ▀╛╬┐рдПрвВ рвЗрбИрб╢ тАлрва╪┐тАмрмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ ╔╝рв╜╦Х ╩а╒╣ ргП╓╕рвВ рбктАл рак╫ФтАмрлз╘првЗ █ШрнОраЙ╦ЧтАл рб╢█╜тАм╔╝рдС╨м╨Х тАл▀К рвЪ ╫╡рвЗ рб╡▌и█МтАм╘ордС тАлрвЗ╪ВтАм╨м рбЦ╥ЦтАл█МргП рвЗрв╖┘╕тАмрмЮ тАлрвВ ▀╛╪ВтАмрмЬ╓┤ ▀Е╤░╥Ърб╡ тАл▀╖ рвЗ┌ВтАм╨Х ▀н╤┐рбЛ ╦Т▀╛█░ рлз╘првЗ тАл╪б┘║тАмрмЬ╩п ╪И█врмЬ╨Х тАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╒▒ рвХ╠Ы рдПраЗ▀╛█░ рг╕рбБрмЮ тАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╘╗ тАл▀С═Ь▄ШтАм╨м G ▀Зрв╜рв╢рвЗ╦И рлбрнШ╘╗рбЛ тАл█МтАмрнг╒▒ рбкрдПрмЮ╨м ╓╝рл▓ рвЗ╒▒ рбврме +/3 тАл╦И╪┐тАм█░╨Х рв╜ре║╓Б╘░ ╦Хрв╜▀╛█░ тАл╫╖▌дтАм╥ЪрвЗ ре│раЖрмЬ╨Х тАл рб╢рг╕┘╕тАм╨Ц╘о▀Ю рмЮ╨м╦И тАл ╦И╪┐тАм рвС╨м ▀Е╤░тАл█МрнО╪┐тАм╘╖▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ раЙ╦▒▀╛ ╥м╒о╓┤ ▀Е╤░╧а╤░репрзА рмЭ╨╛ рлз╘прб╢ ╓В╠Ы рбврме█░╨Х тАл╫╖▌дтАм╥ЪрвВ рв╢╠Срв╢рвЙ ре│раЖ╔╝ ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмЬ╨м╦И рмЮ╨м ▀Е╤░рб╡ тАл╫ЩтАм╘╜ рдПраЗтАл█МтАмрнг рдП╤жрвХ тАл ╪АтАм рв╜рзФрвЙ╥ЪрвЗ рмб═Й тАлрв┐╫ЧтАм╒▒ рме╩╝рмЬ╨Х ржСрв┐╒▒ ╓Б╘░рмЮ╨м╓┤ ▀Е╤░тАлрнО╪┐тАм╨Х █Ш╨║рмЮ ▄╣рг▒рвВ тАл╪╢тАмрнШ╒▒ ╔╝ргЗраа ▄╣ рвСрб╢ ╩ирвЗ╨м G G

рбЦ╥ЦтАл▀╛▀Ф рб╡рв╖┘╕тАм█░ ▀п╠ЧрмЮ ╧а╘п╥Ъ▀╛█░ ╤И ╬Я▀Е╔╝ ╦мрбл тАл █врбв ▄╣▌етАм╥Я ╨м╒░ раТраЗрвВ тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнг ╨пржС╥Ъ╦ХрвВ раЙ╦Г╒▒ ╩ИрнШрме▀Ю рмЮ╨м╨Х рвПрварвЗ╨м ╔╜╔╜рвВ раТраЗ╥Ъ▀╛█░ ╓╝рл▓╒▒ ╨▒тАл█╜тАмрмЬ╨Х ╩ирвЗ ▀Е╤░рвВ тАл рвВ█УтАмрдУрб╢ ╩О█┤рмЬ╨Х╤Ц ╤жрбПрб╢ ргп╠Ы ╥╢тАлрвЗ╫ЧтАм╨м ╩О╪И ╓╝рл▓рвВ ╨▒тАл┘ХраЖ█╜тАм╨Х тАл рбИ█МтАм╔╝╨ЬрмЮ рвХрбХ╦Х ▄╣рбИ ╨Ь╘п▀╛ ╨▒╘орвС╨м ╙ЦрмЮ ╔╜╔╜рвВ раТраЗ╥Ърб╡ ▀Е╤░рб╢ рбврмЮ ▀Зрв╖рмЮ рнЪ╦Брб╢ ргПтАл█╜тАмрмЬ╨Х╤Ц ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмЮ рбБтАл▄ХтАм╥ЪрвЗтАл╫░тАм╘╗ рвЗ╥ЪрвЗ ▀н╙К╩п рдСрмн╤╕╦И рвС╨Х╔╝╒▒ ╓╗╨врйЮ╓А рме▀Ю рмЮ╨м G

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세이브더칠드런

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Post-2015 유엔 고위급패널 최종보고서에 대한 세이브더칠드런의 입장 2013. 7. 3 국제아동권리기관인 세이브더칠드런은 지난 5월 30일 UN 사무총장에게 제출된 ‘Post2015 개발의제에 관한 유엔 고위급패널 권고보고서 (이하, UN-HLP 보고서)’의 내용을 전 반적으로 지지하며 환영합니다. UN-HLP 보고서는 보편적인 인권과 성평등, 평화의 실현 을 바탕으로 2030년까지 절대 빈곤을 완전히 해소하고 지속가능한 발전을 이루자는 목 표를 제시하였습니다. 세이브더칠드런은 UN-HLP 보고서에 담긴 5가지 핵심 원칙과 12개의 예시적 목표가 아 래와 같은 점에서 전 세계 아동의 생존, 보호, 발달, 참여의 권리 실현을 위한 의미 있는 제안을 담고 있다고 봅니다. 1. 2030년까지 하루 1.25 달러 이하로 생활하는 절대 빈곤 인구 비율 및 5세 미만 아동 사망률을 0 퍼센트로 낮추자는 도전적인 목표를 제시하였습니다. 2. 성장과 발전에 있어 불평등 문제를 중요하게 다루었습니다. 특히 인종, 사회적 지위(계 급), 젠더, 연령, 지리, 장애 여부 등 사회구성원의 사회경제지리적 소속에 따른 불평등을 중요하게 인식하고, 가장 소외되고 취약한 계층에 대한 지원을 우선하였습니다. 3. 여아와 여성에 대한 모든 형태의 폭력 예방 및 근절 (목표 2-2a), 조혼 철폐 (목표 22b), 출생 신고 등 법적 지위의 부여 (목표 10-10a), 모든 형태의 아동에 대한 폭력 철폐 및 폭력 행사로 인한 아동 사망률 감소 (목표 11-11a) 등 12개의 예시적 목표 전반에 걸 쳐 아동보호를 위한 목표를 제시한 것은 UN-HLP 보고서가 아동을 모든 분야에 걸쳐 우 선적으로 인식하고 있음을 보여줍니다.. 아울러 세이브더칠드런은 아래와 같은 점에서 UN-HLP 보고서에 아쉬움을 표합니다. 1. UN-HLP 보고서는 불평등 문제를 지적하면서도 이를 최우선적으로 다루어져야 할 12 개의 예시적 목표에 포함하지 않았습니다. 소득 불평등 완화에 대한 전 지구적 성과 목 표를 설정하지 않은 점, 그리고 소득 불평등 완화를 위한 세부 목표 설정을 개별 국가의 과제로 남겨둔 점은 UN-HLP 보고서가 지구촌 빈곤완화와 불평등 문제에 충분히 실천적 으로 대응하기에 미흡하다고 생각합니다.

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2. 보편적인 양질의 교육, 아동사망 및 모성사망의 감소, 식량안보 및 영양 강화에 대한 예시적 목표는 MDGs(새천년개발목표)의 성과 위에서 그 한계를 개선하고 있지만, 보편 적 인권으로서의 교육권, 건강권, 식량권을 총체적으로 실현하는 데 중요한 일부 요소들 을 간과하고 있습니다. 토지 및 수자원에 대한 소농의 권리, 종교와 정치를 초월한 여아 의 교육권 보장 및 분쟁 중 교육 시설에 대한 공격 행위에 대한 금지 등이 추가로 검토 되어야 합니다. 3. UN-HLP 보고서는 전반에 걸쳐 아동보호를 다루었으나 시설 아동 및 ‘이동 중인 아동’ 의 보호에 대하여는 관심을 기울이지 않고 있습니다. 보고서는 안전과 평화, 기후변화, 도시화를 크로스커팅 이슈로 파악하고 이에 대한 모든 영역에서의 대응을 강조하였습니 다. 그러나 분쟁, 이주노동, 기후변화 등으로 인한 난민 아동, 미등록 아동의 발생 문제 및 이주아동의 인신매매 및 인권침해 방지에 대해서는 별도의 관심을 기울이지 않았습니 다. 미등록 아동의 교육권, 거주권, 건강권, 부모와 함께 살 권리에 대한 보장 조치가 새 로운 개발 목표로 검토되어야 합니다. 또한 ILO 헌장 182조에서 명시하고 있는 가장 해 로운 형태의 아동노동 철폐를 별도로 명시하지 않은 것도 아쉬운 지점입니다. 세이브더칠드런은 올해 9월 뉴욕 유엔총회를 정점으로 한 Post-2015 개발의제 논의에 위 와 같은 점들이 보다 적극적으로 검토되고 논의되기를 바랍니다. 세이브더칠드런은 MDG 이후 만들어질 새로운 국제개발 기준이 빈곤해소와 지속가능한 발전, 그리고 아동 의 삶의 질 향상에 실질적으로 기여할 수 있도록 향후의 의견 수렴 과정에도 적극적인 기여를 하고자 합니다. 감사합니다.

세이브더칠드런은 30개 회원국이 전 세계 120여 개 사업장에서 아동의 생존, 보호, 발달 및 참여의 권리를 실현하기 위해 국적, 종교, 정치적 이념을 초월하여 행동하는 국제아동 권리기관입니다. 세이브더칠드런코리아는 아동권리옹호, 아동보호, 보건의료, 아동교육 및 발달을 지원하 고 있으며 해외개발사업, 긴급구호 및 대북지원사업을 통해 국내외 아동의 삶에 즉각적 이며 오래 지속되는 변화를 만들어내고 있습니다.

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➙ 㪪

㪿㪸 㪲㪶㪺㪪 㢫㟗㕀⋮㗯㛾㪪 ⑤㨞㪪 㨞⌘㙣☝㗋㩣㪪 㠓㞂㗯

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5

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LL1 # KOS# ♼ᙨ⪤ム# ᨼ〱# ᚈ↰# # # # 41 KOS⽘# ᱼូ# ⍖ト# ផ㆝ㆉ㄀# ᨼ〱⽘ᵌ# ✐ᛴ㻠ᙨ# 㾌ㄴ# ㄀⋠⨴䀔ᖈ# ㍉⏼㻠ᙨ# ㄐᰜ# ♽㻱# れី# �# ⱥ⅑/# ⽘᪐㍈/# ថソ# ក⌴ᙨ# ី䁌♈㿜# �# ム# ⱴᖉ⪹ᚄ# ー ⽘# ᲈ㻤# 䀰ᚄㆉ# ᲈベ㗍ヌ# ㆤⱤ㻠ᙨ# ㄐ㍈# ⑃㻠ᙨ# ㄐᱬᰜ# ㍈ㆉー# ⍖ⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # ー# ⟌㲘⽘# ᲈ㻼# ⼼ὃᘔ# ⩥ᖉ㻠Ⱶ᱐។B# # # # 51 KOS⽘# ♼ᙨ⪤⽘# ᲈ㻼# ⮠⍖ト# ីᛴ/# ᱰ㘼/# 㻡ㄘṬー# ᱬ⼙㻤# ផ㆝ㆉ/# ⟌㲘 ㆉ# 㵑ᖈ⌄# ᨼᬛᙨ# ㄐᰜ᳸# ᙽ㬽ㆉツ⇤# ㍈ㆉ㻠ᙨ# ㄐᰜ# ᘋー# ᛵᨼㆉ# ▗# ᛵㆤ ㆉ# ✐㵑ṹ+lqhtxdolw|,# Ⓚㆤ⌄# ⱴᖉ㻠ᘔ# ᱬ≰㍈# ⻒⻠ᱬᰜ# ᘋㄍ᱐ᱬ1# # 㱁䄐# ✐㵑ṹヌ# ♌ᵌム# ␱㷤⇤# ⪬㆝㻠㍈# ⻒⻠ᱬᰜ# ᘋヌ# ᖈㄭ# 㧸# 㻤ᙌ⇤# ㍈ ㆉ㻠ᙨ# ㄐᰜ᳸# ーエᖈ# Ⓖ⽏㄀㍈# ⪬␍# 〜㘵Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # +⾐⌄# Ṭ⏼/# ␱㷤# 4☐ム# ᙅ〸# �Hqg#Sryhuw|#dqg#Uhgxfh#Lqhtxdolw|�⇤# ␱㷤# ⪬㆝# ᖈᰭ,# # # # 61 KOS# ♼ᙨ⪤⽘⪤# 㗍Ⓖ⪹# ⏜㡬᱐㌠# 43☐ム# jrrg# jryhuqdqfh⿈# 45☐# ឈ⇤☔# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶト# ᖤ♌# ␱㷤ム# 䀰ᚄㆉ# ⱬ㾌ヌ# れ㻼# 㱁♌䄐# ㊙〜㻠ᱬᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ⽴ី⪤# ㆤⱤ㻤# ␱㷤⿈# ⫀✈␱㷤ᖈ# 㜱✌㻠ᱬᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻠Ɽᰜ㍈ 〜B# ✈ㇹ㻠ᱬ⏼# ⼼Ἤ# ⏼ー# ♼⿌ᶠ⼼⼄# 㻤ᱬᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻠Ɽᰜ㍈〜B# # # # 71 㻤ᛵ# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ᱰ㘼⌄# 㵴㻰㻤# ᛵㆤ# ㄀᜔ᱰ㘼⿈# エ⽜# ㄀᜔ីᛴ⽘⪤# 〜㘵㻤# ᛵᖈ♌# ㄀᜔⩉㿱# ㆝ីᘈ㬨# XSU+Xqlyhuvdo# Shulrglf# Uhylhz,⿈# ᖡト# ▱ⱥツ⇤# Srvw05348# ᖤ▤␱㷤ム# ⱬ㾌⽘# ᲈ㻼# 㘼ᙌㆉツ⇤# ␰᱐㪸⍉㻠ㄘ ᰜ# ㊄ㄭー# ᖝ㻠ᘔ# ㄐ⽐ᰜ᳸# ■⾉ᶠ㍈# ⻒ト# ーエᰜ# Ⓖ⽏ㄍ᱐។B# # # ៈ⪹㿠# ㄭᚈᱠー# 533;ᫌ# 㻤ᛵ# XSU# ⱴム# Ổ# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈# ⮠⪥ᲈ㷤⌄# ⽵ㄌ 㻠⫝̸⪤# ー⿈# ᚈ↰㻠⽴# ㊙〜㻤# ⽵㻨ヌ# 㻼# ㊄ⱬ# ᘋツ⇤# ីᲈ㼐⽐ᰜ᳸/# ⱬㆤ ㆉツ⇤# ⼼Ἤ# ⼼↬えー# ㄐ⽐ᰜ㍈# ⪬␍ヌ# ṫᙨ# Ȿⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # # # 81 Srvw05348# KOS# ♼ᙨ⪤ム# ⾐Ɽㆉ# ឈ⇤☔# ␱㷤+Jrdov,# ㊙⽘⪤/# ㆤ44☐# 㻵␱㄀# ⻐㆝ㆉーᙨ# 㵑㿜⇤〼# ⨴䀔# ♼ㄭ+Hqvxuh# Vwdeoh# dqg# Shdfhixo# Vrflhwlhv,⽘# ᚈ㻤# ㍐Ⓚㄍ᱐ᱬ1# # # 㻼ᲁ# ␱㷤+Jrdov,⿈# ᛵᖈ♌# ⫀✈␱㷤+Wdujhwv,ᰜ# ᛵᨼ# ⨴䀔ム# ⻐㆝ᚄ# ᚈ↰ᶤ# ⨴⻐Ṭ⽘# ᛵ㻤ᶠ⼼# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# ⽵⨴ㆉ# ᙅ㽠ツ⇤# ⚄# Ổ/# ᛵᖈ# ᖌ# ✌ ㅉ# ᾘᰜ# ᨼㆌ# ṹム# 〜㄀⽘# ム㻼# ▤⩥㻠ᰜ# ⻐♼# れ㾙# 〜㄀ヌ# ⪨ᘸ㻠㍈# ⑃ 㻤# ⩉㿱⽘⪤/# ⻐㆝ㆉーᙨ# 㵑㿜⇤〼# ⨴䀔# ♼ㄭヌ# ᬄム㻠ᰜ# ᘋト# ⟌㾌ⱬㆉー ℄ᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # ᖤ♌# ᛵᖈ# ᾘᰜ# ᛵᖈ# ᖌ# ㍈⽵# ᨼ# ㆝㟠ㆉ# ⻐㆝ヌ# れ㻤# 6

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ᛸ⟌㜝⬔/# ✌ㅉㇸ㆝/# 㵑㿜㘼ㆤ# ᛴ㜝# ṹム# 㻵␱ト# ⟐ᙬ㭼㟠⌄# ⟌⇷㻠⽴# ␰ Ṩ# ␱㷤ム# ⪹ᙽㆉ㄀# ー㼑ヌ# れ㻤# ㆌㆤ# ㇸᗼー℄ᙨ# ⩥ᖉ㻱᱐ᱬ1# ♼ᙨ⪤⽘# ᛸ㜝ᚄ# 㵑㿜ᛴ㜝ヌ# れ㻤# ␱㷤⌄# 㵴㻰ᶠ㍈# ⻒ト# ーエᰜ# Ⓖ⽏㄀㍈# ⪬␍ヌ# 〜㘵# Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # ក⌴ᙨ# ー䁌# エ⽜# ⨴Ⓖ㚥ㄭ# ♼ᙨ⪤⽘℄ᵌ# ー⌄# ♼ᱬ# ✌␍ 㻠ᘔ# ␱㷤⇤# ■⾉Ɽ㨴# ⮠# ㄐᰜ# ▱⻐ト# Ⓖ⽏㄀㍈# ㇸ⽀ヌ# ✈㩉# Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # # # 91 㾌ㄴ# ថソれីム# ㊄〜# じ㄀㄀# 㮴ីㄘ⚀# ᝤㆤ⌄# 㬽㻤# 㾉ⱨㆉ# ᖤ▤ㄴじ# Ⓚ ㆤᰜ# J53⽘⪤ᵌ# ㊙〜㻠ᘔ# ᱬ≰⼼㇔ᙨ# エↅム# ⍖ト# ᛵᖈᖈ# ー⌄# ㆤᵌㆉツ ⇤# ᵌㄍ㻠ᙨ# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # ថソᗸ℠⫀+Ilqdqfldo#Wudqvdfwlrq#Wd{/#IWW, ᖈ# 45☐# ឈ⇤☔# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ# ᚈ↰㻠⽴# ᬄムᖈ# ᶠ⽐ᰜ㍈/# ⿤# ■⾉ᶠ㍈# ⻒⻠ᰜ ㍈# ⪬␍ヌ# ✈㩉# Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # # # :1 KOS# ♼ᙨ⪤ᰜ# ᛵㆤᖤ▤㾙↭# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ# ᲈ⩉ツ⇤# ✈⨸# ⫀ᙌᖤ▤じㇸ㚥䀔⌄# ᙌី⇤# 㗌㩥ᶤ# 䀰ᚄㆉ㄀# ᖤ▤㾙↭ヌ# れ㻤# ឈ⇤☔# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ+JSHGF,⌄# ⽀ ទ㻠ᙨ# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # KOS# ♼ᙨ⪤ム# 45☐# ␱㷤⿈# RHFGᖈ# ㊄ᵌ㻤# JSHGFᖈ# ⼼ὃᘔ# ⽸ᚈ# ᾘᰜ# ⼼Ἠ㻤# 㾙↭ー# ᖈᰭ㻨㍈# ⪬␍ヌ# ✈㩉# Ṥ⍅ ᱐ᱬ1# KOSム# ♼ᙨ⪤ム# 45ᖤ# ␱㷤# ⪬㆝# Ổ# ✈⨸⪨⽀ᚄ# 43ᖤム# ㍈㷤ᖈ# ⼼ ὃᘔ# ᙨ↬ᶠ⽐ᰜ㍈# ᜉថ㻱᱐ᱬ1# # # # ;1 5344ᫌ# ✈⨸# ⫀ᙌᖤ▤じㇸ㚥䀔⽘⪤# 㗌㩥㻤# ✈⨸㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ⽘ᰜ# 533;ᫌ# ⻌ 㧴℄# 䀔ム# ー䁌# Ɽ▄⨴䀔# ⰬⰬ⇤# ⍔Ṩ# *FVR# ᖤ▤䀰ᚄ⪹ヌ# れ㻤# ーⰬ㩌✐# じ㟡*ᚄ# ーム# ー㼑ヌ# れ㻤# Ɽ⻸⍅# ᛵㆤ㺌←ㄌご㧴ᖈ# 㵴㻰ᶠ⼼# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# +55㻵,# ー⌄# れ㻤# hqdeolqj# hqylurqphqwᰜ# ✈⨸㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ# ー㼑ヌ# れ㻤# 43ᖤム# ㍈㷤⽘ᵌ# 㵴㻰ᶠ⼼# ㄐⰽ᱐ᱬ1# # Ɽ▄⨴䀔ム# 㗍Ⓖ⪹ᚄ# ᖤ▤䀰ᚄ⪹ト# Jrrg# jryhuqdqfh⿈# ឈ⇤☔# 㲔㱀᪐Ⱶ⽘⪤# ㊙〜㻤# れ㟠⌄# 㖰㍈㻠ᙨ# ㄐᙨ# ーⰬ㩌✐# じ㟡ᚄ# ーム# ⱬ㾌ヌ# れ㻤# hqdeolqj# hqylurqphqwᖈ# ㊙〜㻤᳸# ー☐# ♼ᙨ⪤⽘# ␍Ɽㆉツ⇤# ⽀ទᶠ⼼# ㄐ㍈# ⻒ⰽ᱐ᱬ1# ក# ーエᰜ# Ⓖ⽏㄀㍈# ⪬␍ヌ# 〜㘵# Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # # # # <1 ーⰬ㩌✐じ㟡ヌ# ᛵᨼㆉツ⇤# ♼ᱬ# ㆉខㆉツ⇤# ー㼑㻠ី# れ㻤# hqdeolqj# hqylurqphqw⌄# ㇸ⪹㻠ី# れ㻼# 㻤ᛵ㆝✈ᖈ# ⼼Ἤ# ⽵㻨ヌ# 㻼⼄# 㻠ᰜ㍈/# ー ⌄# れ㻼# Ɽ▄⨴䀔ᖈ# ⼼Ἤ# ⽵㻨ヌ# 㻠ᰜ# ᘋー# 䀰ᚄㆉーᙨ# ▜℔㍉㻤㍈# ㇸ⽀ ヌ# ✈㩉# Ṥ⍅᱐ᱬ1# # #

7

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➚ 㪪 㔉㞿

#㢵㗋$㪪 㪫㫐㫚㫅㫖㫓㪪 㪺㫍㫒㫘㫓㪪 㪽㫇㫌㫓㫐㫘㫆㫅㫇㫌 㝪㜀⊴㔉⋩㩤 㪿㪸㪮㪺 㪪 㗯㝌㞽㡺㗋◺㘔㪪 㘔㞠

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=тАл┘╡тАм╦РтАл ?╪┐▀Ьра╛ ▌втАм

POST 2015 DEVELOPMENT DIALOGUE WITH KOREAN CIVIL SOCIETY рж▓тАл ╫╜ █ЙтАм╩╡╘лтАл █ЙтАм

Alvaro Pinto Scholtbach Director тАУ UNDP Seoul Policy Centre ╦▓рв┐ ╩О╪И тАл╫╡тАм╘О▀╛ рвС▀н рмЮ╦▓ тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнгрвВ рнЖ╘п ╓РрбЙ рг╕рбБрмб +/3 ╠бтАл█╜тАмрнЪ рва╦Чрб╡ рмЮ╦▓рвВ ╩О╪И ╦Брм╡рвЗ ╨м╒░ ╦▓╔╝▀╛╩п рбкрбИрмЬ╨м╨Х ╩ирб╢ тАл рг╡раЖ╪┐тАм рмЮ╦▓рб╡ * рв╜█ШрнгрвВрак ┘ХтАл╦Г█┐█ПтАм╩О╪ИрбХргПржжрнг╒▒ тАлрб│рв╢╦У█╜тАм╘╗ рвЗ╬П▀╣рб│╓▓ ╠бтАл█╜тАмрнЪ рва╦Чрб╡ ╪Ж╠ЫтАл раАрбк ╫ЧтАм тАл╫Ф█МтАмржжрварвЗ рвО╓╕рмЮ ╦Ирбв╠Ч рк┐╧Г╘╗ рг╕рбБрмЮ раЗрмЯрб╢ рмб 3RVW ╩О╪ИрвВрв┐ ╦Хрв╜! 81 тАл╫Ф█МтАмржжрварвЗ ▀п╠ЧрмЮ ╩и╦Х ╩ЛрвЗ ╩О╪Ирб╡ тАл█МтАм╘Жрб╢ рмпрме▀Ю рмЬ╦И рв╜ре║╦Х ╓╝рл▓╨Х тАл█МтАм╘Ж╥ЪрвВ раНрбХ╦Х тАлрб│╓М▄ХтАм╘╗ █╢рв╜╤╕▀н▀Ю рмб ╥м╘В█░ 81 ╦Х 81'3 ╨Х 3RVW ╦▓рв┐ ╩О╪ИрвВ тАл╫╡тАм╘О╒▒ рмпрмЮ тАл╦Г█┐тАм╒▒ рмб═Й рнЙтАл█╜тАмрме▀Ю рмб ▀ЕргБ╨мрак ╦Ч╘░рмЮ ╧врвВ╨Х ╨м▀жрмЮ ╪ПтАлрб│╪жтАм╘╗ ╦▒рнГ╤╗

раЖ╩ОрвВ 81 рнгрбХ╦▓рб╡ ржРтАл▄ХтАм╧Ч раЖтАл рвЙ▀Хрва █╜тАмрзА▀Я╦ГрзУрб╢ рлжрмбрмЮ ╩О╪И ▀ЕргБ╨м╒▒ ╨м╒Ф╨Х рдПраЗ рбУри║▄╢рб╢ ╦▒тАл █╜тАм

╩О ргпрв┐тАл ╪╖тАмрнЖрвВтАл█МтАмрмдрб╡ WKH :RUOG :H :DQW рбатАлрвЗ█МтАмркЭ╒▒ рй╝рме ╔╝╨ЬрмЬ╓▓ раЯ╘ВрвЙрб│╘╗ ┘Щрлб╥Я тАл▌етАм╘Ы▀Зрв╖тАл ╦Х╠Трв╗ ▄╣▌е рва╪┐тАм╩Лрб╡ рвЗтАл ▀╛▌ХтАм╨╛рмЮ тАл█МтАм╘Ж╥ЪрвВ █в╔╜рб╢ ╪ЖраТрмб

╩О╪И ▀ЕргБ╨м▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ╩О рбЙ█┤▄╗рбв рг╕ ╩О╒▒ ═Ь▀Е ркЖрл▓рмЬ╤ж╘╝ рмЬ╨Х ╩О ▀п▀н╘╗ рвЗрбИ╔╝╨ЬрмЮ 0< :RUOG VXUYH\ ╔╝ рвСрб╕

0\ :RUOG 6XUYH\! рдП╠Ц╠зрдП раЖ╓╕рвЗ P\ZRUOG ╒▒ рй╝рме █╢тАл█МргП╫ЧтАм╒▒ рмЬраСрб│╓▓ тАл╪┐тАм╨м ╓Дрб╡ рвЗ╥ЪрвЗ ре│раЖрмЬ╠Ы╒▒ тАл╪ВтАм╘Ж 81'3 █░рбМ рв╜ре║тАл▄БтАмрйЮ╨Х рмЮ╦▓▀н╘╗ рвЗрбИрмЯ ▄╣ рвС╨Х 0\ZRUOG ZHEVLWH ╒▒ ╩О█╢рмб 81'3 █░рбМрв╜ре║ тАл !▄Х╫Ф█МтАм 81'3 ╨Х ╩О ╦▓╔╝рвВ рв╖тАл╫ЧтАм╔╝рак рмб═Й ╧Ч рбЦ 3RVW ╩О╪И ▀ЕргБ╨м▀╛ ╨╛рмЮ ▀ЕтАл рб╢рв║╦Ч рвВ▀Е▌дтАм ╬Я╧╝╨Х╤Ц▀╛ ╤жрбПрб╢ ргп╦И рмЮ╦▓тАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнграк ╩И╘прмЮ рк│ркЭ╬┐тАл╦▒ рб╢▌лтАмрж╡рмЬ╦И ╨м╔╝раа рме▀╛ ╦▓рв┐ ╩О╪И рмО╘жрвОрбУри║╒▒ рнЙтАл█╜тАмрмЬ╨Х╤Ц рвС▀н рмЮ╦▓рвВ ╧а╘прб╢ рдПрдПрмЯ ╩ирвО

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>뼡ꗡ @

㜝㜒㟯㪪 㜹⌒㕖㪪 ⊴㔉㩆╕⌘㞠

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#㥵╣ $

㞇㗼㩱㪪 ⌘㞿⊴㔉㩆╕☝⊤㩆㞂㩣 㪵㪭㪹㪭 㪪 㞽㡺㘀㥞㞠

- 57 -

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#㥵╣ $

㘗㩂㗗㪪 ⋧㪜⑤㨝⌒㪪 ⋹⋹⑤㨝㝕㪪 ⌒㘸

- 59 -

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#㥵╣ $

㞎㩖㞢㪪 㝪㜀⌺╡㔤㤑㧀㦝㪪 㨞⌘㩆㩣㪪 㗋◺㢦㞠

- 61 -

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=рк╝╧А рй▓╘║тАл ?╫ФтАм

Post-2015 ▀Врв╛╨й╒о рбЯрмЫ ╠Ш▀│╦А рвМрвЭ тАлраД ╫╜тАмрмЬ

рвОрнЦрвв тАл╫Ф█МтАмржжрва рбкраА╠Ф╘╗тАл╪гтАмриСрлАркЭ рмЮ╦▓рнЖрнг

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- 67 Goal 7: Sustainable energy for all, targets include: Universal access to modern energy services. Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency in production, distribution and consumption. Double the share of renewable sources in the energy mix. Reduce by at least 50 per cent the particulate concentration in urban air, not to exclude achievement of more stringent regional targets.

Goal 6: Water and sanitation for all, targets include: Universal access to affordable fresh water. Universal access to basic sanitation facilities by 2020 and improved sanitation facilities by 2030. Fresh water use brought in line with supply. Ensure establishment and full implementation of national water effluent standards.

Goal 5: Good nutrition for all through sustainable food and agricultural systems, targets include: Eradicate calorie-deficient hunger and halt increase of rates of obesity and of malnutrition. Eliminate stunting of children under two years of age through appropriate micro-nutrients. Double the productivity of LDC agriculture. Stop and turn back annual increases in greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation resulting from farming and livestock production by 2020. Bring down the share of overexploited ocean fish stocks by 20 per cent. Reduce amount of food lost through poor storage and waste by .

Goal 2: Quality education for all, targets include: Every child completes primary education with basic literacy and numeracy, in schools with grade divisions, books, light, meals and sanitation. All secondary schools to facilitate computing skills, and a 50 per cent availability of digital facilities among primary schools without them. Increase the percentage of young adults with the skills needed for work. Achieve parity in enrollment and educational opportunities at primary, secondary and tertiary levels for girls and women. Curricula at primary level and at all levels above to include sustainable development concepts, with special emphasis on business schools.

Goal 3: Achieve women and girls’ empowerment, targets include: Increase the proportion of leadership positions held by women in public and private sectors to 40 per cent or better. Universally recognized and enforced equal pay for equal work. Full and equal access of women to ownership, property rights and land titles. Reduce rates of violent acts committed against women and girls by at least 50 per cent.

Goal 4: Universal health coverage, targets include: Affordable access to quality (meets patient needs) treatment and care for all, or to 80 per cent where such access was less than half in 2010. Continue to reduce the reach of TB, malaria and HIV/AIDS, and contain the spread of new drugresistant strains. Halt the rise in non-communicable diseases. Universal reproductive health services including access to birth control and to a qualified attendant at birth. Cut maternal mortality rate by at least ž. Reduce the under-five mortality rate by at least .

Goal 1: End poverty and increase prosperity via inclusive economic growth, targets include: Eliminate extreme poverty ($1.25/day per capita in 2005 real US dollars). Create jobs through decent work sufficient to keep unemployment below 5 per cent, including for women as a group, and below 10 per cent for youth. Eliminate child labour. Ensure full access to private finance, including basic savings, loans and growth capital products, on fair terms including for women and marginalized groups. Reduce by 30 per cent the Gini co-efficient rating in each country.

Design for Sustainable Development Goals

Source: Global Compact LEAD consultations

Goal 10: Good governance and realization of human rights, targets include: Raise awareness and implementation of all UN human rights conventions and instruments among all people and at all levels of governance. Achieve competitive and transparent procurement processes through public advertising of all government procurement cases. Develop further an open, rule-based, nondiscriminatory international trading and financial system. Establish a climate supportive of business and investment at home and from overseas, including incentives in favour of sustainability.

Goal 9: Modernize infrastructure and technology, targets include: Deploy investment sufficient to meet requirements for “green� transport, energy and water systems in the developing world, and for upgrading or replacing old and “brown� infrastructure in the developed world. Universal and affordable access to the Internet and computing technology. Effective use of e-governance at national and state/provincial level in all countries, to increase managerial capacity as well as transparency. Double the share of the population with easy and affordable access to public transportation systems. Step up R&D in both public and private sectors. Reduce carbon emissions from the construction and operation of buildings.

Goal 8: Build peaceful and stable societies, targets include: Improve access for diverse ethnic, religious and social groups to justice, services and economic opportunity. Improve mediation, dispute resolution and dialogue mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflict and to build peace Reduce incidence of violent deaths per 100,000 by at least 20 per cent. Prevent, combat and reduce the illicit trade in small arms, light weapons and ammunition. Reduce the reach and extent of organized crime, especially through the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

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Beyond 2015 is a global civil society campaign on the post-2015 development agenda bringing together more than 700 organizations in over 100 countries. Beyond 2015 pushes for a strong and legitimate successor framework to the Millennium Development Goals. Whilst participating organisations have a range of views regarding the content of a post-2015 framework, the campaign is united in working to bring about the following outcomes: • •

That a global overarching cross-thematic framework succeeds the Millennium Development Goals, reflecting Beyond 2015’s policy positions. That the process of developing this framework is participatory, inclusive and responsive to voices of those directly affected by poverty and injustice.

Overall political analysis Point 1 Beyond 2015 welcomes the principles identified by the Panel which should underpin the whole framework: equity, sustainability, solidarity, respect for human rights, and shared responsibilities in accordance with respective capabilities. These values reflect those identified by civil society, via a series of national deliberations, participatory research and conversations about the vision, purpose, values and criteria of a post-2015 framework, and should be tangibly embedded in the post-2015 agenda as the process moves forwards. Point 2 The report emphasizes that aid alone is not enough to eradicate poverty and suggests concrete actions needed from developed countries, such as stemming illicit capital flows, tax avoidance and evasion, and ensuring corporations report on social, environmental, and economic impact of their activities, have the potential for longer term transformational impacts, but regulation will be needed to ensure that all private sector actors, not only those on board with the sustainable development agenda, take necessary steps to achieve a just, sustainable future for all. Securing that political will and cooperation is the challenge ahead. Point 3 The report views rapid and sustained growth as a major part of the solution, rather than part of the problem. The report claims that ‘business as usual’ is not an option, but when it comes to growth, its proposals reinforce the status quo. We regret that the Panel has not called for the current model of international trade, business regulation and FDI to be realigned in the interests of people and planet instead of profit and growth. Nor does the report address the fact that growth will not address escalating inequality and that redistribution of wealth and access to resources are needed. The report is naïve in terms of the trade-offs required to achieve sustainability. Point 4 We strongly welcome the way in which the report brings together the environment and development agendas, and while we are pleased to see that the Panel recognizes poverty eradication cannot be achieved without protecting the natural environment, we regret that there is not an explicit call for a single set of post-2015 goals that combines environment and development holistically.

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Point 5 New goals after 2015 is no substitute for action now. The credibility and impact of the post-2015 process depends upon meeting the current MDGs and this means that governments must stick to the commitments that they made in 2000 under both the MDGs and the Rio conventions. Point 6 Financing will be critically important to the success of the post-2015 agenda, with international experts suggesting that that 4% of GDP need to be invested each year in transition economies during a minimum of 20 years. However, the report’s focus on domestic resource mobilization, aid, private capital (from major pension funds, mutual funds, sovereign wealth funds, private corporations, development banks and other investors) suggests business as usual for financing and development, rather than exploring more innovative models like the proposed financial transaction tax. Caution should be taken in assuming the private sector should be the primary source of finance for post-2015; while it would take less to eradicate poverty globally than was used to bail out the banks during the global recession, the political will to achieve this has not yet materialized. Global responsibility Point 1 We welcome the strong endorsement of a universal approach, promoting a single, coherent sustainable development agenda relevant to all nations. This is reflected by targets where developed countries also have the responsibility to deliver, such as addressing food waste, increasing renewable energy, and job creation for youth. Point 2 However, the report fails to significantly improve on the global partnership of MDG8. Insufficient progress was made on this goal because it lacked clear, measurable targets – and the same has happened with goal 12 to create a global enabling environment. While there are indications that the Panel recognizes the importance of quantitative, time-bound targets in the narrative, there is a great distance to go before universal, quantified targets on the global partnership exist. Environmental sustainability Point 1 We welcome the emphasis on sustainable development and bringing together environment and development agendas. This report recognizes the interdependency between our lives and the natural world: poverty cannot be eradicated, nor the wellbeing of all people secured, without addressing the pressures on the natural systems that support life on this planet. Point 2 Already the devastating impacts of climate change are eroding development gains around the world. Climate change adaptation, loss and damage, and resilience should have been more strongly recognised in the goals and targets, and the issue of historic responsibility and climate justice is not addressed in the report. Nevertheless this report represents a welcome shift in understanding sustainable development as one community on one planet. Point 3 We welcome the emphasis on sustainable consumption and production but these messages are at odds with the prominence placed on economic growth. The report doesn’t go far enough in shifting values or address the way in which consumption, identity and the private sector interact, either within the illustrative framework or the narrative. We are concerned that the report implies that there are no

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negative consequences to growth, and ignores that redistribution of wealth and access to resources will be necessary in a just, sustainable future. It also fails to tackle the need for people with high-impact lifestyles will have to be addressed. There seems to be a mismatch between the scale of challenges outlined in the report and the solutions offered, with an over-reliance on market solutions, technology and growth to solve problems that require fundamental changes in our economic and political systems. Poverty eradication / human development outcomes Point 1 Beyond 2015 would like to see governments go further and explore the need for targets to reduce income inequality, which is becoming extreme in many societies and undermining the social and economic potential of humanity. While the ‘zero’ goal to eradicate poverty is laudable, we must also do more than scrape people above a $1.25 per day living standard. Alongside the welcome target on reducing those living below nationally-defined poverty lines, Beyond 2015 recommends that UN member states monitor progress in reducing the numbers of people living on $2 or $4 a day as well. Point 2 The report fails to recognize the marked increase in income inequality over the last twenty years. Despite the fall in the absolute numbers of people on low incomes, it has been at the expense of a massive rise in the incomes of those at the top of the pile. While the report does not perceive this to be a problem, it ignores growing global consensus that the idea that some people are ‘worth’ thousands of times more than others is morally abhorrent. Mounting evidence demonstrates that it also threatens economic, social and political stability, promotes values of status, power and hierarchy over social cohesion and community, and that everyone benefits from a more equal society. This was a major omission in the MDGs, and without a roadmap for reducing extreme income inequality both within and between countries, the next set of global goals risks failure. Human rights / peace + security Point 1 We welcome the reference to human rights principles in the report, such as universality, participation and inclusion, inalienability, and accountability, which are woven throughout both the narrative and the framework, but we look to the UN Task Team report ‘Realizing the Future We Want’ which has human rights as a core value. The HLP report should have included implementation of human rights as the sixth transformational shift; often, where it mentions humanity, it should have said human rights. This should be taken into account by both the Secretary General and member states. Point 2 The report has obviously picked up on input from civil society on peace and security, and takes a pragmatic approach placing it in a broader perspective. However, by linking peace and good governance they have missed out the fact that 75% of conflicts today are driven by resource wars, many of which are external and not a failure of democracy, leadership or governance. This could cause a potential further rift to conflict countries who feel they bear the burden of dealing with conflict alone, when in fact several players have an important role.

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Equity / marginalised groups Point 1 The report makes an encouraging step in the right direction by recognizing people marginalised as a result of disability, age, gender, geography and ethnicity. This is evident in the introduction of the new transformative shift to leave no one behind. We welcome the recommendation for disaggregation of data by disability, representing 1 billion people globally, in addition to gender, age, geographical location and ethnicity, showing that the calls made by civil society have been taken into account and will help make sure that no one is left behind as goals and targets will only be met if every group – defined by income quintile, gender, location or otherwise – has met the target. Point 2 We call on the Secretary General and Member States to build on the encouraging first steps in the HLP Report and ensure that the following key points are integral components of the post-2015 development framework: • •

An unequivocal recognition that the inclusion, equality and equity of all marginalized groups is a precondition to the success of the post-2015 development agenda. Includes concrete, specific indicators for marginalized groups.

Governance Point 1 In the priorities that come from the people on the ground, governance is often at the top of their agenda, and it is right that it has been included as a goal. The inclusion of elements that radically improve people’s ability to influence decisions that impact their lives is a dramatic improvement on the MDGs. Freedom of speech and peaceful protest alongside access to information are fundamental to the right of individuals to flourish, and mean that the post-2015 agenda could challenge the causes, as well as the symptoms of poverty. Point 2 We welcome that the report places people living in poverty at the heart of the post-2015 agenda; the panel should be commended for listening to their stories, ideas and solutions, and recognizing the barriers to development that exist for the poorest. Building the capacity of people to hold their governments to account will be challenging but is a vital next step to achieving the vision of irreversible poverty eradication. It is essential that all people, the poor and marginalized are included throughout the post-2015 process throughout design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Call to Action Beyond 2015 urges the UN Secretary General to build on the HLP report in his forthcoming annual report, making strong and ambitious recommendations for member states to base a post-2015 framework on human rights obligations and to further mainstream inequality and environmental sustainability across the framework. We call on member states to consider the HLP report in the Open Working Group and at the UN Special Event on MDGs and the post-2015 agenda on September 25, but also to meaningfully consider the results of civil society national deliberations on the post-2015 agenda as well as the conceptual thinking around the vision, purpose, values and criteria of a post-2015 framework.

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Press release – for immediate publication High level panel proposes to the UN to put mega business, not people, at the center of development (Montevideo, 31 May 2013) Social Watch, a network of civil society organizations in over 80 countries that monitor their governments compliance with international commitments, expressed deep disappointment with the suggestions of new development goals to replace the MDGs proposed today to the United Nations by a High Level Panel. The document is titled “A New Global Partnership” and the panel claims that, in preparing it, “we heard voices (...) from over 5000 civil society organizations working in about 120 countries” and “we also consulted the chief executive officers of 250 companies in 30 countries, with annual revenues exceeding $8 trillion”. “Money certainly talked louder” commented Roberto Bissio, head of the Social Watch secretariat, pointing to 30 occurrences of the terms “civil society” or “CSOs” in the text against 120 of the words “business,” “corporations” or “companies.” “Trade unions” and “workers” are mentioned only three times each and even “governments” rank lower than “business,” as they are mentioned 80 times. “Eradicating extreme poverty from the face of the earth by 2030” should be “central” to a new development agenda, recommends the panel, which was co-chaired by UK Prime Minister David Cameron and presidents Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia. The poverty eradication pledge adopts the very low $1,25/day benchmark and echoes a similar commitment endorsed by the World Bank in its Spring meeting last April. The panel acknowledges in its technical notes that “continuing on current growth trends, about 5% of people will be in extreme poverty by 2030.” Since the error margin of those estimates is much higher than 5%, the “zero poverty in our generation” promise is not really a commitment but just a prediction of what is bound to happen anyhow and in itself does not require any action from governments or the international community. Already in 1973 then World Bank president Robert McNamara had promised to eradicate absolute poverty by the end of the century and requested more aid and better terms of trade to make that 1

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possible. Now the panel reiterates the promises of 0.7% of ODA to developing countries and of achieving an “open, fair and development-friendly trading system” without explaining why this has not been done in 40 years or why it would be different now, since those commitments of developed countries are equally non-binding. “Hearing citizen and civil society voices is not the same as listening (or heeding?) to them. "For example, in target 1b under the “end poverty” headline the HLP proposes to “increase the share of women and men, communities, and businesses with secure rights to land. “Equating the land access and rights of women, men and communities with business "rights" to land only serves to legitimize the massive corporate land grabbing underway across the globe.” said Tanya Dawkins, co-chair of the Coordinating Committee of Social Watch and director of the Global-Local Links Project. “Citizens with full access to their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights are more than capable of generating sustainable business, enterprises. Civil society and citizens around the world are demanding that securing their human rights receive same kind of urgency, ambition and resources mobilization that mobilized trillions of dollars to bail out banks in record time” she concluded. In the gender equality goal the rights of women that are mentioned explicitly are the rights to inherit property, sign a contract, register a business and open a bank account. Sexual and reproductive rights are mentioned, but under the health goal and this is the only mention to “rights” in relation to health or education. The goal on job goals includes an objective on “creating an enabling business environment and boosting entrepreneurship” but does not mention market failures, while the “good governance” goals includes “ensur(ing) officials can be held accountable” in order to reduce corruption and bribery, but says nothing about accountability of corporations paying bribes. The HLP suggestions fall behind already agreed principles, such as the Guiding Principles on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty” adopted by the UN General Assembly unanimously in September 2012, where “as part of international cooperation” States commit to “conducting assessments of the extraterritorial impacts of laws, policies and practices" and establishes that “business enterprises, have, at the very minimum, (...) to avoid causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their activities, products or services, and to deal with such impacts when they occur." Illicit tax flows and tax evasion are to be “reduced” with unspecified targets in the HLP proposal, but the only reforms envisaged in the global financial system are those aimed at “ensure stability” and “encourage stable, long-term private foreign investment.” The Financial Transaction Tax or Robin Hood Tax that could ensure financial stability and raise billions to bring people out of poverty is not even considered as a possibility. Goal 8, on “global partnership” of the current MDGs, which captured responsibilities of developed 2

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countries, is now titled “creating a global enabling environment and catalyzing long-term finance.” The new formulation excludes all mentions of least developed countries, small island states and landlocked countries, that are currently included. It also drops the promise to “deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries.” The proposed “enabling environment” goal mentions the target of keeping global warming below 2⁰ C, but the goal on energy, which promises “doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix” (presumably by 2030) amounts in practice to only 30% of renewables globally and is less than would be required to achieve the climate target. In a moment when, in the words of IMF managing director Christine Lagarde, “rising income inequality is a growing concern for policymakers around the world” the panel largely ignores the issue. Recent IMF research, explained Madame Lagarde last May 15, “has shown that prolonged periods of steadily rising output are associated with more equality in income distribution. In other words, more equal societies are more likely to achieve lasting growth”. Yet, what the HLP suggests lags behind this new Washington discourse and only talks about “equality of opportunity” and does not mention distribution or redistribution. The report further ignores key principles of the United Nations which the Millennium Declaration reaffirmed in 2000, such as “sovereign equality of all States, respect for their territorial integrity and political independence, resolution of disputes by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, the right to self-determination of peoples which remain under colonial domination and foreign occupation, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for the equal rights of all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion”. Human rights are reduced in practice to civil and political rights, ignoring the Vienna Declaration of 1993 which clearly spelled out that economic, social and cultural rights are and indivisible part of the human rights architecture. The report also reduces peace, one of the pillars of the UN, to internal conflict in developing countries, without mention to disarmament or arms trade regulation and the billions of dollars of military expenditures that could be diverted to sustainable development. Sustainability is mentioned several times, but the notion of respecting planetary boundaries only appears in relation to climate change and even there is no hint to historic responsibilities (of developed countries) or of an equitable distribution of the burdens of adjustment. In sum, Social Watch considers that instead of advancing a new development agenda this report lowers the bar, both in terms of the objectives proposed as well as conceptually. It is not even an expression of minimum common denominator, because on most of the issues it deals with there is already agreed UN language that goes beyond the report recommendations. 3

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Instead of being loyal to the 8 billion people that will inhabit the earth by 2030, the report appears to be the voice of the 250 corporations - and their 8 trillion dollars in revenue. Citizen movements and civil society networks like Social Watch will continue to demand accountability and real ambition. The world doesn't have another 15 years to wait. (ENDS) For further details, contact: Roberto Bissio, coordinator of the Social Watch secretariat e-mail: rbissio@item.org.uy or socwatch@socialwatch.org Skype: roberto.bissio Mobile: +33 6 1279 4750

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13. 6. 7.

Global leaders shirk responsibility to tackle global inequality crisis | Oxfam International

Global leaders shirk responsibility to tackle global inequality crisis Published: 30 May 2013

Oxfam response to UN post-2015 development goals report Responding to the High Level Panel report on post-2015 global development goals, international agency Oxfam welcomed the ambition and coherence of the Panel’s report and proposed goals, and the focus on both ending extreme poverty and tackling the connected crises of climate change and sustainability. Oxfam’s Stephen Hale said: “This report is an important contribution to the post 2015 process. We hope that it will be a reference point for the forthcoming negotiation.” However Oxfam warned that the failure to target soaring income inequality would weaken efforts to achieve equitable and sustainable development progress.

Inequality is soaring Hale said: “The Panel has failed to recognize the growing consensus that high levels of inequality are both morally repugnant and damaging for growth and stability. Without targeted efforts to reduce inequality, social and economic progress will be undermined. Global poverty is declining, but income inequality is soaring. Billions of people are being left behind by economic growth. A plan for reducing inequality was a major omission in the original MDGs, and ignoring income inequalities now will undermine the struggle to eliminate poverty and injustice.”

“The Panel has failed to recognize the growing consensus that high levels of inequality are both morally repugnant and damaging for growth and stability.” Stephen Hale Deputy Advocacy and Campaigns Director, Oxfam

The richest one per cent of the world's population has increased its income by 60% in the last 20 years. The world's 100 richest people amassed $240 billion last year - enough to make a huge contribution to ending extreme poverty more than three times over. Hale said: “Calls for targeted action to narrow extreme inequality gaps have come from every corner of civil society, but it seems the Panel was not listening. Without a roadmap for closing extreme income inequality gaps within and between countries, the next set of global goals is almost certain to be unachievable.” For Oxfam positive elements of the report and goals include: The Panel’s recognition that the challenge of climate change underpins all others. We welcome the goal to keep global warming to below 2C, and mainstreaming emissions reduction in other areas. However, the report should also have pinpointed targets to help poor countries adapt to climate change, and included plans for action on emissions by rich countries. Hunger is the defining challenge of this generation, and the report recognizes the key need to support smallholder agriculture to tackle this problem. Inclusion of a goal on gender equality and women's empowerment is very welcome, and addresses a vital gap in the existing MDGs. Targets for tax and domestic resource mobilization will mobilize resources for achieving post-2015 global development goals.

Actions speak louder than words Hale said: “The post 2015 process is taking up a great deal of bandwidth. Governments need to stay focused on their day jobs. Meeting the remaining MDG targets by 2015 is possible only if governments stick to commitments made more than a decade ago. A promise of new goals is no substitute for action now. The credibility and impact of the post-2015 process hinges on accelerating progress in the run-up to 2015.”

Notes to Editors www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2013-05-30/global-leaders-shirk-responsibility-tackle-global-inequality-crisis

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13. 6. 7.

Global leaders shirk responsibility to tackle global inequality crisis | Oxfam International

HLP report is at www.post2015hlp.org The report was drafted by a High Level Panel co-chaired by President Yudoyono of Indonesia, President Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia and Prime Minister Cameron of the United Kingdom, and delivered to UN SecretaryGeneral Ban Ki-moon. The current Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are set to expire in 2015. The current eight MDGs – which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education – have guided global and national development efforts since 2000. Three of the eight goals have been achieved prior to the final deadline of 2015 – on global poverty rates, slums and water - but progress has been uneven within and across countries. The global economic crisis, aid cuts, and multinational tax dodging that drains billions out of developing country economies every year have also undermined development efforts. 1.4 billion people live below the $1.25 a day poverty line. According to the Brookings Institution, providing every person in the world with a minimum income of $1.25 per day— ie guaranteeing the right not to live in absolute poverty— would cost $66 billion. http://bit.ly/TB5EEG

Contact Information For information please contact: Caroline Hooper-Box, caroline.hooper-box@oxfaminternational.org, +1 202 321 2967

www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2013-05-30/global-leaders-shirk-responsibility-tackle-global-inequality-crisis

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High Level Panel recommendations fall short of the human rights litmus test The Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda delivered its report on May 30 amid much expectation. CESR welcomes the Panel’s clear affirmation that the framework to replace the Millennium Development Goals in 2015 should be grounded in respect for universal human rights. However, the fragmented and inconsistent incorporation of human rights in its proposals, coupled with the prominence given to an outdated vision of market/business-led development, prevents the report from meeting its own stated aim of proposing a truly “transformative shift”. CESR urges the Secretary General and UN member states in their coming deliberations to incorporate human rights and accountability more thoroughly and meaningfully into the vision, purpose and content of the post-2015 agenda, as well as in its implementation framework. There is much to be welcomed in the High Level Panel´s report. The HLP heeds the widespread call for a universal framework of goals applicable to all people in all countries, with targets tailored to national realities and with mechanisms that promote accountability at every level. It calls for a revolution in data gathering and statistical systems, which is of particular significance for tracking disparities and the policy efforts needed to realize human rights. CESR particularly welcomes the Panel’s affirmation that “new goals and targets need to be grounded in respect for universal human rights” (p.5), reflecting one of the most prominent demands emerging from worldwide civil society consultations over the last year. The human rights to food, education, water and sanitation, and sexual and reproductive rights, as well as the rights to freedom of expression, information and association are all referenced in the report, and recognized, along with access to justice, as central to accountable governance. Nevertheless, the Panel’s rhetorical referencing of human rights does not carry through into the report’s operative recommendations and proposals, which fall short of the type of comprehensive human rights-centered development agenda being demanded the world over. For the new framework of goals, targets and indicators to meet the human rights litmus test, it must fully reflect the fundamental human rights principles of universality, indivisibility, equality, participation, transparency and accountability. It must also reinforce the duty of states to guarantee at least minimum essential floors of rights enjoyment, to use the maximum of their

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available resources to realize rights progressively for all, and to engage in international cooperation for this purpose.1 CESR welcomes the Panel’s conclusion that the post-2015 framework “is a universal agenda for which everyone must accept their responsibility”. While affirming at certain points that the framework must be grounded in respect for universal human rights, this is undermined by the assertion that goals should “where possible, be in line with existing commitments”. This is in clear disaccord with UN members states who agreed at Rio+20 that any new sustainable development framework should in all instances be “consistent with international law,” including human rights, humanitarian and environmental legal standards. Overall, the report exhibits a fragmented reading of human rights, at times reinforcing the outdated notion that civil and political freedoms are more “fundamental” than economic, social and cultural rights. In particular, the human rights to adequate health, to social protection and to decent work are undercut by their treatment as aspirational goals, whose fulfillment is contingent on national circumstances. While the report takes a welcome “zero target” approach in some areas, calling for an absolute end to hunger and extreme poverty by 2030, it is insufficiently ambitious in others, with its targets shying away from upholding the core human rights duty incumbent upon states to ensure universal minimum floors of healthcare and social protection. Likewise, rather than a universal human right, decent work (including workers’ protections and the right to work) is referred to pejoratively as a “one-size-fits-all” solution, to be substituted by a weakened and dangerously vague floor of “good jobs.” As well as undercutting international standards, this approach is also far less ambitious than the ILO/WHO Social Protection Floor Initiative recommendations, endorsed in the outcome document of the MDG Review Summit in 2010. Even more worrying, the report’s insistence on “flexibly regulated labor markets” is an open invitation for further weakening of under-protected labor rights. In view of the breadth and depth of setbacks in labor protections over the past 20 years, a human rights vision post-2015 entails smart but rigorous regulation, and a zero tolerance policy for labor rights abuses equally as resolute as the zero tolerance shown for extreme poverty, hunger and corruption. Global consultations yielded a resounding call for the panel to address social and economic inequalities, and the systemic discrimination giving rise to them, in a far-reaching and crosscutting way. The panel makes the welcome proposal that any new targets should only be considered achieved if they are met for all relevant income and social groups. However, given the widespread role rising income inequality has played in causing economic instability and impeding progress on extreme poverty, it is profoundly disappointing that the report argues against including commitments to reduce income inequality. Furthermore, gender equality, although more comprehensively addressed than under the current MDGs, is still framed in a reductive and instrumental way, and the proposed targets dimly reflect the range of measures states are already obliged to take to ensure the equal enjoyment of human rights by women, people with disabilities, indigenous people and others facing systemic discrimination.

1

See Center for Economic and Social Rights, A Matter of Justice: securing human rights in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda, May 2013

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Human rights advocates have been particularly insistent that, alongside the environmental, economic, and social dimensions, a fourth pillar of sustainable development—accountable governance—is fundamental to putting in place the right institutions and effective incentives to translate international political commitments into lived realities. The report partially reflects this demand by proposing a stand-alone governance goal, and specific objectives which could help foster conditions for just and accountable governance, such as guaranteeing access to information and holding officials to account for bribery and corruption.2 However, the report does little to recognize the role of human rights mechanisms, particularly at the national level, in strengthening the fabric of accountable governance. Such mechanisms, whether judicial, quasijudicial, administrative, legislative or social, play a critical role in holding officials and other duty-bearers to account for development achievements and abuses.3 The post-2015 framework should seek to strengthen their effectiveness, and make sure monitoring and accountability synergies are built in. Moreover, the report’s final recommendations do not fully take into account the widening accountability gaps which have both undermined the current MDGs and severely fractured trust in institutions of global and corporate governance. On global governance, the report is laudable in naming human rights and the right to development as principles that should guide a renewed framework of global partnership. The Panel calls on developed countries to “do more to put their own house in order”, both by honoring their aid commitments and also by regulating private finance, reforming trade, cracking down on illicit capital flows, stemming transnational tax evasion (including by businesses), returning stolen assets, and promoting sustainable patterns of consumption and production. It also recognizes the need to make structural changes in the world economy. But these welcome affirmations are barely made operational in the proposals, and the common but differentiated duties of all human rights duty-bearers are not clearly defined. While the recommendation to integrate commitments of global cooperation into each goal is welcome, the failure to model this approach in the illustrative goals risks opening the door to the same accountability failures that have beset the current MDG process. The danger that global commitments will once again be seen as secondary is heightened by the report’s failure to underline that states have binding obligations under international human rights law to ensure their bilateral and multilateral policies contribute to, or at least do not harm, the realization of human rights beyond their borders. The report is also particularly weak in addressing corporate accountability. Human rights norms are unequivocal in requiring that governments set up systems which guarantee the private sector respect human rights universally, irrespective of its contribution to development. In contrast, the report gives undue prominence to an outdated vision of market/business-led development. The Panel calls on governments to “work with business to create a more coherent, transparent and equitable system for collecting corporate tax, to tighten the enforcement of rules that prohibit companies from bribing foreign officials, and to prompt their large multinational corporations to report on the social, environmental, and economic impact of their activities”. But the report’s 2

Beyond 2015, “Just Governance for the World We Need: A critical cornerstone for an equitable and human rights-centered sustainable development agenda post-2015,” 3 See OHCHR/CESR, “Who Will Be Accountable? Human Rights and the Post-2015 Development Agenda”.

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concrete proposals seem to assume this will happen through good intentions alone. The report promotes a woefully inadequate approach to business regulation, arguing that business should not be “hamstrung by unnecessarily complicated regulations”. The report also suggests integrated social and environmental reporting for large businesses, but argues for a voluntary ‘comply or explain’ regime under which companies would either report or explain why they are not reporting. Lessons from 20 years in the corporate accountability field show that to be effective, any integrated reporting regime must be mandatory for all large companies, must include a wide enough scope (ranging from social, human rights and environmental impacts to the areas of finance and taxation), must be reviewed by independent experts in partnership with communities affected, and must be accompanied by clear consequences for conduct which may violate human rights or undercut sustainable development. The report’s failure to promote adherence, at the very least, to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights is another missed opportunity. The reference to the potential for raising domestic revenues through large-scale mineral projects in low-income countries, without acknowledgement of the need to guard against the harmful human rights impacts of extractive industries, betrays a view of corporate activity that is seriously detached from the experiences of communities and individuals affected by mineral exploitation and environmental harm it brings in its wake. Meanwhile, the inclusion of a target on people’s security of tenure to land and property is very welcome, but the concomitant prioritization of security of tenure for business presents very perverse incentives, especially in countries where corporate investments in land, water and natural resources conflict with local communities’ natural resource rights. These and other glaring accountability deficits which have hampered the current MDG process must be addressed in the design of implementation and monitoring infrastructure for the new goals. The Panel puts forward three proposals at the international level: a single locus at the UN for global reporting, a global high level political forum to review progress, advised by an independent committee, and regional-level reporting and peer review. These proposals must be considered in light of the limited effectiveness of the MDG’s voluntary reporting mechanisms, and good practice models for monitoring, review and accountability which have emerged in sectors such as women and children´s health should also be taken into account. While the report makes no mention of the international human rights monitoring system, these expert and peer review mechanisms can reinforce the accountability of national governments and supra-state bodies with regard to the new set of sustainable development commitments, thereby helping to bridge the transnational accountability gaps. The report rightly recognizes that “the post-2015 agenda must enable every nation to realize its own hopes and plans” through national planning and review processes. Yet, instead of reaffirming the imperative of putting people’s participation first, the HLP report proposes that governments “could receive input from” people in shaping national development plans (p. 21). Full and meaningful participation and peoples’ ownership over the development process is a central stepping-stone of a human rights-centered development framework, and is especially vital in the design of national plans and targets to domesticate any sustainable development goals. It is also critical that the framework foster mechanisms of public participation to ensure that resources for development are generated and deployed fairly and transparently. The Panel is to be commended for asserting that “we need a transparency revolution, so citizens can see exactly

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where and how taxes, aid and revenues from extractive industries are spent�. Yet the report misses the opportunity to outline other key fiscal policy arenas particularly needing a boost in public participation and transparency, such as budgeting, procurement, and other forms of taxation. Further, people have a right to participate in the full cycle of fiscal policy processes, not merely to observe from the sidelines. CESR acknowledges the efforts by members of the High Level Panel to integrate human rights language and concerns into its final report. However, a human rights-centered approach to development requires more than dressing the same policy prescriptions in the rhetoric of human rights. It requires a truly transformative set of commitments that can address the accountability shortfalls and asymmetries of power which perpetuate poverty and inequality, with ambitious targets and benchmarks of progress aligned with existing human rights obligations. With these issues in mind, CESR urges the Secretary General and UN member states in their coming deliberations to go beyond preambular references to human rights and incorporate human rights and accountability into the operative content of the post-2015 agenda. Human rights norms and principles should not be considered an optional extra. Instead, they represent the pre-existing and universal normative standards which must underpin all aspects of the agenda, from its guiding vision and goals, to targets and indicators, and systems of both implementation and review. Anything less than this risks resulting in yet another round of unfulfilled promises.

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The Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) was established in 1993 to work for the recognition and enforcement of these rights as a powerful tool for social justice. CESR exposes violations of economic, social and cultural rights through an interdisciplinary combination of legal and socio-economic analysis. CESR advocates for changes to economic and social policy at the international, national and local levels so as to ensure these comply with international human rights standards. CESR serves as a member of the Executive Committee of Beyond 2015, the global civil society campaign which advocates for a strong and legitimate successor framework to the Millennium Development Goals to be adopted in 2015. As part of ongoing global consultations on the post-2015 framework, CESR coordinated Beyond 2015’s position paper on governance together with the Global Call to Action against Poverty. CESR’s aim is to see a post-2015 framework which reinforces states’ compliance with their existing human rights obligations. CESR also works to advance accountability in economic, fiscal and social policy, particularly in the wake of the global economic crisis, and supports the efforts of civil society groups worldwide to engage with human rights accountability mechanisms at the national and global level.

162 Montague Street, 3rd Floor Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA Tel: +1 718 237-9145 Fax: +1 718 237-9147 E-mail: info@cesr.org www.cesr.org

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Joint statement of child-focused agencies on the post-2015 High-Level Panel report May 30, New York – We welcome the release of the report from the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons (HLP) on the Post2015 Development Agenda, and commend the efforts of its Members and its Secretariat to outline an ambitious yet achievable development framework for the years to come after 2015. We fully support the report’s vision of eradicating poverty in all its forms as an imperative for the next generation of sustainable development goals, while leaving no one behind, putting sustainable development at the core, transforming economies, building peace and forging a new global partnership. The HLP’s recognition of the impact of inequalities and its major commitment to the most marginalized and excluded people will be pivotal to ensuring that children all over the world realize their rights. In particular the inclusion of zerobased and universal coverage targets, such as ending preventable child deaths, advances the agenda for children. The HLP’s recognition that children are particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and abuse, and their proposal of a target to eliminate all forms of violence against them is a major breakthrough for children. It is vital that the new set of goals and targets builds upon the success of the MDGs and their unfinished and continuing business for children and we are therefore very pleased that this was central to the HLP’s vision. The High-Level Panel’s suggested targets on disaster risk reduction, nutrition, education, ending preventable child deaths, birth registration, violence against girls and child marriage, all of which, if enacted, will improve the lives of billions of children throughout the world. The Report’s innovative ideas on monitoring and accountability, including the call for a data revolution, have the potential to strengthen the future delivery of programmes to realise the rights of children everywhere. While there is a long road ahead, the HLP’s suggestions, if adopted and fully implemented, and duty bearers held to account for their delivery, will make a significant advancement for the rights of children. Our hope is that the report will be a central consideration in the Post-2015 process, leading to a new sustainable development agenda. -EndFor more information please contact: Stuart Coles Senior Press and Publicity Officer stuart.coles@plan.international.org +44 1483-733211 (office) +44 7500-066891 (mobile)

Andrew Johnson Deputy Secretary General, Child Fund Alliance ajohnson@childfundalliance.org

Kate Dooley, Senior Advocacy Adviser, Save the Children k.dooley@savethechildren.org.uk Ph: +44 78 2583 3667

+19179725664

Richard Morgan Senior Advisor, Post-2015 Agenda, UNICEF morgan@unicef.org

+12123267065

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Sharon Marshall sharon_marshall@wvi.org

@worldvisionUN +14166169147

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May 30, 2013

www.interaction.org

Contacts: Sue Pleming: 202.552.6561 or 202.341.3814 (Cell) or spleming@interaction.org Jeanne Paradis: 202.552.6535 or 202.297.1696 (Cell) or jparadis@interaction.org

NGO alliance welcomes UN plan to eradicate extreme poverty, urges U.S. government engagement WASHINGTON (May 30, 2013) – Leading NGO alliance InterAction welcomed on Thursday the release of a report by the UN Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda that set a target of 2030 to end extreme poverty. The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are set to expire in 2015 and the expert panel gathered in New York City today to propose a new international development agenda for the next two decades to UN member states. The new agenda was drawn up by a panel of global experts, co-chaired by Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and British Prime Minister David Cameron. “We applaud the report’s bold yet practical vision for lifting people out of poverty and preserving the world’s natural resources for future generations,” said Samuel A. Worthington, president and CEO of InterAction, the largest alliance of U.S.-based international NGOs. “Since 1990, the number of people living in extreme poverty has been halved. However, 1.4 billion people still live on less than $1.25 a day; we have a way to go before the goal of eradicating extreme poverty is reached.” In recent decades, the gap has widened between those on the poverty line and the very poorest and most marginalized populations. To close this gap, InterAction’s post-2015 policy paper has similar recommendations to the panel’s report: reducing inequalities, promoting inclusion, ensuring accountability, and focusing on actions which target poor people and help create a healthy planet. “The U.S. government is well-positioned to play a leadership role in developing the detailed post-2015 framework,” said Worthington. “U.S. panel representative John Podesta provided important leadership on many of the key issues. Going forward, the Obama administration should build on the high-level leadership and interagency participation that has marked the process so far. We look forward to ongoing transparent and consultative engagement by U.S. government officials with NGOs, civil society, and the private sector in order to bring a full range of perspectives to the table on how to implement and finance this bold plan.” Worthington added: “The new agenda reflects the voices of people in poor communities and NGOs around the world who were consulted by the expert panel. As UN member states begin the two-year dialogue about the priorities of international development for the next two decades, civil society must continue to be an important voice in these conversations.” InterAction Post-MDG Task Force co-chair organizations – Save the Children and the United Nations Foundation – also welcomed the report. “Today’s report offers a blueprint for eliminating extreme poverty and envisages a world in which no child is born to die, no child goes to bed hungry, and every child grows up to a sustainable and more prosperous future,” said Carolyn Miles, president and CEO of Save the Children. “It is now up to the U.S. government and other UN member states to drive this agenda forward.” “The United Nations Foundation welcomes the report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda – a particularly significant and bold contribution to the development of a new framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals," said Kathy Calvin, president and CEO of the United Nations Foundation.

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************************************************************************************************************** InterAction is the largest alliance of U.S.-based nongovernmental international organizations, with more than 180 members. Our members operate in every developing country, working with local communities to overcome poverty and suffering by helping to improve their quality of life. Visit www.interaction.org. InterAction | 1400 16th St. NW, Suite 210, Washington D.C. 20036 | 202.667.8227 | ia@interaction.org

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Wada Na Todo ABHIYAN Holding The Government Accountable to Its Promise to End Poverty & Social Exclusion

The UN High Level Panel presents a roadmap for development: Some “hits”, many “misses” May 31, 2013, New Delhi: A United Nations panel yesterday unveiled a report that outlines a new framework for achieving targets envisaged under the Millennium Development Goals, a programme that will expire in 2015. The report on how to carry forward efforts to remove social and economic barriers to development is engaging in its vision, but has little actionable details to address key concerns such as ending income inequalities, universal healthcare and sanitation, and ways to finance development. This lack of detail means a wasted historic opportunity and a promise of change that the report had initially held out. The report “A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development,” authored by the 27-member High Level Panel formed by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, covered over 5,000 civil society organisations, alliances and grassroots organisations in 120 countries, more than 250 business leaders from 30 countries through five formal meetings and several outreach events in 10 months to define the broad contours of the new development framework. The UN Panel that was tasked with presenting recommendations to the UN Secretary General on the post2015 development agenda calls its Report both “bold and practical”. We commend the UN High Level Panel and the lead author Homi Kharas for a detailed commentary on the processes that were adopted by the Panel, the resultant concerns that surfaced and their palliative approach to address these concerns. With an umbrella message that the post-2015 development agenda must be ‘universally applicable to all’, i.e. developed and developing countries, the Report outlines five transformational shifts and indicates twelve formulations in the nature of new goals with some detailing of attendant targets within each. Akin to the previous set of MDGs, the new goals also would not be binding but would be monitored by bringing about a data revolution. It seeks that the new frame of development: leaves no one behind; puts sustainable development at the core; transforms economies for jobs and inclusive growth; builds peace and effective, open and accountable institutions for all; and forges a new global partnership. Acknowledging the merit of the existing frame of MDGs, the Panel has chosen to retain the articulation of the new framework in the form of goals, targets and indicators and raised the number of goals from 8 to 12. Gender equality has been moved up from third to second spot. Welcome additions include formulations on good governance and effective institutions, stable and peaceful societies, ending poverty, food and nutrition, water and sanitation, addressing jobs and livelihoods. Adequate attention has also been paid to linking SDGs to the MDGs by incorporating two goals on sustainable energy and natural resource management.

In the words of Amitabh Behar, Global Co-Chair – Global Call to Action against Poverty, “It (the report) has been able to strike a balance between the old and new demands. It does talk of human rights, though it could have been more explicit and also about the socially excluded…even peace and accountable governance. The five transformations needed are clear. I feel it’s also kept an important section on how to achieve the goals. The report also clearly talks of civil society role. The indicative goals are good, they even talk of radical ideas like land rights to x percentage. My only worries are around financing on which it has been silent (about responsibilities) and almost says that it has to be domestic resource mobilization.” WNTA National Secretariat: C-1/E, Second Floor, Green Park Extension, New Delhi 110 016 Tel: 91-11-46082371 Fax: 91-11-46082372 Email: info@wadanatodo.net Website: www.wadanatodo.net

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“UN Report Could Have Been More Explicit About Human Rights”, Says Amitabh Behar, Global Co-Chair – Global Call to Action against Poverty

Wada Na Todo ABHIYAN Holding The Government Accountable to Its Promise to End Poverty & Social Exclusion

In terms of process too, the Panel has three suggestions to assist monitoring and peer review of the new framework. First, starting in 2015, the UN could produce a single Global Sustainable Development Outlook, jointly written every one or two years by a consortium of UN agencies and other international organizations. Second, the Panel suggests that the UN periodically convene a global forum at a high political level to review progress and challenges ahead with involvement of business, civil society and other voices. Third, reporting and peer-review at the regional level could complement global monitoring. To complement these processes, a useful suggestion is the creation of a Global Partnership on Development Data to bring together diverse but interested stakeholders. UN Report Set in Artful Tenor, But Fails to Prescribe Concrete Recommendations On the face of it and given the fevered anticipation related to the recommendations, the Report is set in an aspirational, artful tenor repeating the need for a “transformative framework” and repeatedly extolling the virtue of “pursuing a single, sustainable development agenda is the right thing, the smart thing and the necessary thing to do”. While involvement of diverse stakeholders is welcome, the Report fails to set down concrete recommendations for necessary checks and balances to involvement of multilateral institutions, businesses and private philanthropy, which has been a long-standing civil society demand to ensure that the vested interests of the well-heeled does not dictate the agenda for all. Further, in what appears to be an attempt to explain why many of the burning concerns fail to find mention, the Panel Report cautions against “having too many priorities” (similar to the UN’s MY WORLD Survey that asks people to choose six priorities from a set of sixteen options which are all essential entitlements and cannot be compromised), “unworkably utopian” (to explain why it does not mention universal health coverage or universal sanitation) and “intellectually coherent but not compelling”. “Failure to address Income Inequality: A Lost Opportunity”, Says Paul Diwakar - National Campaign Convenor, Wada Na Todo Abhiyan There have been many misses. “That the Report leaves out addressing income inequality to national policy space and not as part of the global goal setting is hardly an instance of bold recommendations”, notes Paul Diwakar – National Campaign Convenor of Wada Na Todo Abhiyan and a leading Dalit rights activist in India. “Merely mentioning inequality as a cross-cutting concern and leaving it out entirely from any clear formulation is a sheer loss of the historic opportunity that this process offered”, he adds. Some initial reflections follow. With Goal 1 on ending poverty dwelling on the merit of social assistance programmes such as cash transfers, school feeding, food for work, food rations, it is feared that national governments (in India) might see this as a prescriptive nod to ill-formulated cash transfer policies. Goal 2 on gender equality makes no mention of sexual and reproductive rights of women and this gets cubbyholed into sexual and reproductive health under Goal 4 on ensuring healthy lives.

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While we welcome the mention of assessing learning outcomes under Goal 3 on education, the absence of universal access to pre-primary and lower secondary schooling is contrary to the Panel’s claim that the Report comes up with bold solutions. Another instance of this lack of ‘boldness’ is formulation of Goal 6 on universal access to water and sanitation, where sanitation access at homes is not being made universal with the Panel’s sheepish admission that, “we do not believe this would be attainable.” What comes as the biggest dampener is the absence of a commitment to universal health coverage for all in Goal 4. Without addressing these basic challenges to a decent quality of life for all, mere adoption of a human rights frame seems inadequate.

WNTA National Secretariat: C-1/E, Second Floor, Green Park Extension, New Delhi 110 016 Tel: 91-11-46082371 Fax: 91-11-46082372 Email: info@wadanatodo.net Website: www.wadanatodo.net

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Wada Na Todo ABHIYAN Holding The Government Accountable to Its Promise to End Poverty & Social Exclusion

“Commitment to Doubling Renewable Energy Share by 2030: Too Little Too Late”, Says Aditi Kapoor - Director, Alternative Futures Sharing her views on the Report’s attention to sustainable development, Aditi Kapoor – Director (Policy), Alternative Futures feels, “Energy goals are not coherent with sustainable development and not ambitious enough. Given the extent of energy poverty and the target of holding rise in global average temperature to below 2 degree Centigrade, doubling renewable energy share in total energy till 2030 is too less too late. The Report advocates improvement of energy efficiency in agriculture and promotion of ‘sustainable agriculture’ but nowhere approaches sustainable agriculture as pathways away from use of high fossilfuel consuming inputs. The expected radical approach on energy to promote sustainability and equity is missing.” Goals 8 and 12 could also have been truly transformative and significantly addressed some critical concerns affecting the global South. Stating the need for both “good jobs and decent jobs” in the new development agenda under Goal 8 without the necessary clarity that is required might only lead to poorlyconceived national policies on employment. Last but not the least, despite generating a lot of buzz around the need for creating a Global Enabling Environment through effective means of implementation, Goal 12 fails to concretely attend to the financing question. This is limited to merely talking about the ODA target of 0.7% of Gross National Income of developed countries and recommendations for curbing financial flows, tax evasion. Setting concrete targets such as those recommended by the Financial Action Task Force as non-negotiables would have been truly ‘transformative’. Missed out also is the larger frame of bringing in more sharply the role of the global South. Undoubtedly, the UN High Level Panel Report does throw light on many of the critical underlying questions that were not raised in the previous MDG frame. The attention to the process aspect by the Panel, in terms of involvement of multiple and diverse stakeholders throughout the exercise is also commendable. However, the “historic opportunity” that this Report presented might not have been adequately utilized as many concrete steps that needed the necessary push have been left more as suggestions and vague admissions of reality.

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For more details, please contact pooja.parvati@gmail.com. WNTA National Secretariat: C-1/E, Second Floor, Green Park Extension, New Delhi 110 016 Tel: 91-11-46082371 Fax: 91-11-46082372 Email: info@wadanatodo.net Website: www.wadanatodo.net

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About Wada Na Todo Abhiyan (WNTA) Wada Na Todo Abhiyan (WNTA) is a national campaign launched in 2004 and is a coalition of about 4000 civil society organisations in the country with the aim to hold the government accountable to its promise to end poverty and social exclusion. WNTA is also affiliated to the Global Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP).

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Civil Society Response from India to the UN High Level Panel Report on Post-2015 Development Agenda Our Overall Assessment of the Report On 30 May 2013, the UN High Level Panel made public its Report that shares its recommendations for a new global development framework commencing in year 2015 when the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in their present form will cease to exist. With an umbrella message that the post-2015 development agenda must be ‘universally applicable to all’, the Report outlines five transformational shifts and indicates twelve formulations in the nature of new goals with some detailing of attendant targets within each. We commend the Panel for their efforts to reach out to a diverse set of stakeholders and make the process participatory, which was a point of discontent with the way the current MDGs were formulated, and appreciate parts of its intent but also have some serious concerns around the fundamentals of the Report. At a glance, the huge shift as the Report states is of “partnership”, i.e. of turning to the private sector as well civil society “within market principles”, making us quite worried and wary. Further, this big shift comes without a clear articulation of corporate accountability; it is limited to government “prompting” the multinationals, suggestions for companies to internally strengthen their mechanisms, "integrated reporting" and corporations being accountable to their shareholders (which they anyway are). Moreover, even as the report calls for "data revolution", which is welcome, it remains silent about who all come within its ambit. Furthermore, public accountability when it comes to public goods seems vague. Critical from our standpoint is that the role of state and that of state institutions are clearly minimised in the new entrepreneurial governance frame that underpins the HLP Report, and yet it is the only “partner” which is addressed when it comes to issues of corruption, data revolution, and public accountability. Within such a framework which is clearly neoliberal at its core, a number of things get tricky, for instance, "Leave No One Behind"; is it strengthening of the rights framework or are we looking at a shift to "meeting needs framework"? Some positives in terms of the Panel’s recommendations include highlighting human rights and concerns of the socially excluded (albeit muted), and clear formulations to focus on ending violence against women, ending child marriage and equal rights for women to own and inherit property, peace, accountable governance, and curbing tax evasion and illicit financial flows, as also the inter-linkages between the social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainable development, if the new development framework is to succeed. The Report also clearly talks of civil society role in political decision-making and incorporates much of the language that originates from the civil society. While this is cause for cheer, delving deeper into the Report makes it clear that much of the perspective and detailing that is essential to make for concrete actionable recommendations is missing. Worrisome also is the inadequate focus on inequality (particularly income inequality) that could have been articulated as a standalone, universal goal rather than leaving it to the national policy space. Attention to key intersectionalities that affect not only gender inequality but also as perpetuating inequality remains muted in the suggested new development frame. Inadequate attention to public provisioning of basic entitlements is another let-down. One of the chief expectations from the Panel was to suggest the means to implement the global development goals. The Panel while rightly stresses on domestic resource mobilisation among other things, also contradicts the very principle of public finance for development by proposing private capital as a source of long-term finance for developing countries. As experiences from developing countries, such as Brazil, show that reducing inequality and expanding benefits of development are possible only through strong government interventions.

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We welcome that… •

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The report suggests that the international community must not merely reduce, but end, poverty for all groups, and ensure that “neither income nor gender, nor ethnicity, nor disability, nor geography” determine people’s access to essential services and enjoyment of human rights. Universality of development as a human right, the basic premise of inclusion and social justice, is highlighted as the guiding framework of the document. A stand-alone goal on empowering girls and women for gender equality, and specific targets on maternal mortality and sexual and reproductive health and rights. It says, “The next development agenda must ensure that in the future neither income nor gender, nor ethnicity, nor disability, nor geography, will determine whether people live or die, whether a mother can give birth safely, or whether her child has a fair chance in life.” This is a very welcome acknowledgement of the exclusion of marginalised groups, especially people with disabilities. The document also acknowledges the Millennium Declaration and the failure of the MDGs to reach the most marginalised. The call for global partnership based on the principles of equity, sustainability, solidarity, and respect for humanity is appreciable. The report also pays attention to environmental protection in order to eradicate poverty, of which, the most vulnerable and marginalized suffer. The new development framework acknowledges the criticality of improving governance systems and stable and peaceful societies by formulating new goals for these. The Panel’s call for a “Data Revolution,” in which development data and statistics are not only strengthened, but also disaggregated along gender, geographic, income, and other lines, is a powerful step towards ensuring that development policies benefit all groups. Moreover, the requirement that targets be met for all “relevant income and social groups” in order to be considered achieved increases accountability and impetus for governments to craft and invest in policies that benefit those on the margins. On resource mobilization, there is a clear admission of the need to address corruption, step up domestic resource mobilization, clear mention of the need to do away with illicit flows, tax evasion and increase stolen-asset recovery.

We are concerned that… •

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The Panel has not tackled inequality directly by way of a separate goal. Having a separate goal would have underscored not just the ‘why’ but also the ‘how-to’ to address inequality. Addressing inequality through “national policy in each country, not global goal-setting” is a potentially harmful strategy, given that countries have different perceptions and standards of what levels of income inequality are acceptable. Moreover, research done over the past few decades has shown the negative impacts of neo-liberal policies and privatization resulting in deepening inequalities. Therefore, we advocate for the Panel to devise a universal definition of inequality, and the methods of measurement in order to guide and hold national governments accountable, e.g. the Palma ratio. The language of human rights, non-discrimination and social inclusion becomes greatly diluted gradually in the document. The leaning towards a charity-based approach to development will adversely affect the most disadvantaged, including scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), religious minorities and persons with disabilities. While young people’s issues have been considered as cross-cutting, there is need to see them not as beneficiaries, but as leaders and change agents, including young women.

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•

•

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In terms of lost opportunities, what comes as the biggest dampener is the absence of a commitment to free and universal health coverage. Without addressing these basic challenges to a decent quality of life for all, adoption of a human rights frame seems inadequate. Despite disability being mentioned as a cross-cutting concern, there is no reflection of this fact in the report. Neither the goals nor the indicators mention disability. This is a pressing concern as the UN itself notes that people with disabilities comprise 20 percent of the world’s poorest. Ageing and rights of the elderly do not find any mention in the document. They are a section of the population that is most vulnerable to abuse and deprivation. There is a lack of clarity as to how does sustainable development bring peace when justice is missing from the overarching framework. Further, there can be no sustainable development and peace without tackling issues of demilitarization and disarmament and working towards a ‘nuclear arms’-free world. Given the developmental impact that corruption has, and more so, in developing countries, merely stating “swift reduction” in corruption is in no way a pointer to “zero tolerance” to corruption; a zero-target approach would have been reassuring in this regard. While the emphasis on domestic resource mobilization is welcome, recommendations for more progressive tax regimes would have tremendously strengthened this suggestion. As is common knowledge, the absence of progressive tax policies leads to widening inequalities in developing country contexts. Further, letting off developed countries with a cursory suggestion to meet their commitment towards Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the tune of 0.7% of Gross National Product (GNP) and that they find ways to “reduce” illicit flows and tax evasion is not sufficient; here too, a zero-target approach would have been encouraging.

Our Observations on Goal Formulations GOAL 1 (End Poverty): To begin with, adoption of $1.25 a day seems an inadequate marker to measure extreme poverty given that the new frame is looking up to 2030. The Report notes that “Continuing on current growth trends, about 5% of people will be in extreme poverty by 2030, compared with 43.1% in 1990 and a forecast 16.1% in 2015. With slightly faster growth and attention to ensuring that no one is left behind we can eradicate extreme poverty altogether.” Making growth a pre-condition to eliminating poverty reflects the Report’s adherence to a neoliberal macroeconomic frame. Worrisome also are setting of 2015 country poverty lines as markers for the ensuing 15-year period which hardly translates to ending poverty and that the Report continues to talk in terms of proportionate numbers being moved above the poverty line. The Panel while only hinting to inequality ought to have set out specific indicators for nation states to report on measures adopted to address inequality, for instance, linking caste-based exclusion to inequality. Civil society recommends the need to address extreme wealth accumulation to end poverty and inequality. Further, eradicating extreme poverty needs a more analytical approach. For instance, raising the bar from $1.25 to $2 or $4 will not address the issue of ‘conversion handicap’ of persons with disabilities. GOAL 2 (Empower Girls and Women and Achieve Gender Equality): The upfront attention to the issue of violence against women in the Report is welcome. However, it would be useful to highlight the link between violence against women and increased militarization, small arms industry resulting in increased violence within the home and outside. Also, the Report does not take into account the various intersectionalities that confront women facing multiple discriminations and make them even more vulnerable to violence, abuse, neglect and deprivation, for instance the women from the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in India. Despite

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having a goal on gender, the gender analysis seems weak as it does not talk about causes of poverty or gender inequality. While Goal 4 articulates universal sexual and reproductive health and rights as a target, linking this with Goal 2 would have been useful. Further, the issue of sexual and reproductive rights of women and girls with disabilities need to be clearly articulated, especially the question of forced sterilization. The consensus arrived at through the adoption of recommendations of the Commission on the Status of Women could also have bolstered the articulation. For instance, the need to address the differential impact of trade policies on women and men and the focus and impact of development assistance specifically targeting gender equality should have been addressed in the Report. GOAL 3 (Provide Quality Education and Lifelong Learning): We welcome inclusion of both early childhood education and lower secondary education (although these too need to be made universal) as also the move beyond enrolment to completion. While education issues are embedded in other goals, like in water and sanitation in schools, elimination of all forms of violence and discrimination against children (extendable onto issues like child labour), end to child marriage, it creates a rather skewed situation where access to water and toilets in schools is a target but trained and professional teachers is not. A critical omission is that quality has been restricted to learning outcomes. Furthermore, with the two education targets being seen as global minimum standards, it would be critical to understand the implications of regular learning outcomes measurement on an on-going basis at a global level and this will not come without costs. While the Report mentions teachers and overall environment of schools, this is missing from the actual targets. On the question of financing, it would have been useful to highlight the ‘how to’ by way of tax based financing or public provisioning. The Report does not discuss equity and inclusion in education although it does flag the need for universality. Exclusion has been seen predominantly in terms of gender and income and does not really come up systematically. For instance, the fact that children with disabilities are more likely to be the ones out of school needs to be taken into account. GOAL 4 (Ensure Healthy Lives): Despite concerted civil society demands, it is disheartening that universal health coverage does not feature as the umbrella goal. This goal notes the important role that the social, economic, and environmental factors play in determining health outcomes but fails to provide an exhaustive list of these determinants. While the Panel seems to have thought beyond the current set of MDG targets for health, it has failed to reverse the mistake of current MDGs. The focus on outcome is indeed essential but the means to achieving the desired outcomes have greater significance. The Panel has conveniently remained silent on what kinds of inputs, especially financial and health systems are needed to achieve these targets / outcomes. The global health community has been unanimously calling for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as ‘the’ health goal in post-2015 framework. UHC as a goal would have meant that every individual – irrespective of disease, illness, gender, ethnicity, social biases, and disability – obtain the health services s/he needs, without suffering financial hardship and discrimination. Particularly noticeable is the absence of education, gender equality and political stability. Like the goal on education, Goal 4 does not address or provide guidelines for ensuring better quality of health care nor the concerns pertaining to discrimination and exclusion in accessing basic quality health services. Exclusive breastfeeding is widely recognised to be “an unequalled way of providing food for the healthy growth and development of infants” (WHO), and prevents millions of deaths by protecting children from diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhoea and it still does not find a mention under this goal or in the report. For a development framework that is interested in addressing preventable deaths in both resource-poor and affluent societies, the omission of an easy and cost-effective strategy such as exclusive breastfeeding is a big miss.

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All countries that recognise the advantages of using an integrated strategy for addressing maternal and child health recognise the importance of adolescent health in itself and as a determinant of health outcomes later on in life. However, the issue is only provided with a cursory treatment in the report, and is entirely focused on adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health rights at the cost of looking at their right to health and well-being as a whole. The presence of a zero goal on ending preventable infant and under-five deaths and the absence of a zero goal on ending preventable maternal deaths is difficult to understand. Surprisingly, mental health does not feature in this goal even though the WHO says that more than 450 million people are affected. GOAL 5 (Ensure Food Security and Good Nutrition): Even though the report as a whole recognises malnutrition as being one of the leading killers of children under the age of 5, and understands the difference adequate nutrition can make to the life of an individual and countries, it doesn’t propose a target on malnutrition. Addressing hunger is only one part of the problem, the other parts such as exclusive breastfeeding, provision of micronutrient supplements and supplementary nutrition etc. need to be tackled as well if we are to make a breakthrough in the present world where over 165 million children globally are chronically malnourished. Nutrition interventions are also known to be more effective when they are integrated into early childhood care and education programmes but the report does not make this important linkage either under this goal or under the education goal that mentions pre-primary education. Sustainable agricultural production and increased access to irrigation for smallholders is emphasized with due attention to post-harvest loss and infrastructure support. However, considering the lack of awareness amongst farming communities in the developing and least developed countries, one vital point that the Panel seems to have overlooked is access to and informed choice on quality seeds and other inputs. Globally, although it is recognised that among smallholders, women farmers merit special attention, the Report misses mentioning women farmers entirely leave alone recommending any succour. From the global South perspective, it is disappointing to note that rights of farmers do not get discussed at all. Subsuming their specific concerns within umbrella goals for agriculture is unjustified when an alarming number of farmers are committing suicides in countries like India where a majority of the population still depends on agriculture for livelihood. GOAL 6 (Achieve Universal Access to Water and Sanitation): We welcome the universal access to water as a stand-alone goal. We hope that the indicative list to ensure universal access to water that mentions only homes, schools, health centres and refugee camps will be expanded further to also include urban slums, work sites, etc. It is encouraging that the Report addresses the question of sustainable water supply through the sub-targets on fresh water supply, increased water efficiency in agriculture, industry and urban areas, and water recycling. Sanitation access at homes is not being made universal with the Panel’s sheepish admission that, “we do not believe this would be attainable.” Lack of safe access to sanitation leads to increased violence against women (as research shows the link between increased violence and lack of safe public spaces) and stigmatization, and, by not making this universal, the Panel fails to address this critical linkage, thereby making us question the premise of its conviction to eliminate all forms of violence against girls and women (in Goal 2). GOAL 7 (Secure Sustainable Energy) and Goal 9 (Manage Natural Resource Assets Sustainably): Given the anticipation on how well the Report would integrate the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to MDGs, it has attended to the sustainability question by formulating two goals focusing on sustainable energy and sustainable natural resource management. We welcome the goals as both concerns are extremely critical to ensuring a “planet-sensitive” approach. Particularly noteworthy are recommendations to phase out fossil fuel subsidies (in Goal 7) and to maintain country-level government and corporate environmental database. The Panel

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has observed that 70 % of fresh water is being used for irrigation and calls for reducing this usage pattern by increased water-use efficiency. However, sustainable practices such as rainwater harvesting which is also important for mitigating impact of climate change are not considered by the Panel. Reading more closely, we find that the energy goals are not coherent with sustainable development and not ambitious enough. Given the extent of energy poverty and the target of holding rise in global average temperature to below 2 degree Centigrade, doubling renewable energy share in total energy till 2030 is too little too late. The Report advocates improvement of energy efficiency in agriculture and promotion of ‘sustainable agriculture’ but nowhere approaches sustainable agriculture as pathways away from use of high fossil-fuel consuming inputs. The expected radical approach on energy to promote sustainability and equity is missing. Missing also, specific to the global South, are recommendations linking women and energy access, given that women are better energy managers and suffer the most in the event of inadequate supply. Although the Panel has put forth some progressive targets under managing natural resource assets, it overlooks the role and rights of indigenous communities and other natural resource dependent poor. The emphasis on the economic value from natural resources almost overshadows the rights and dignity of the very people who are also counted as beneficiaries from this resource base. GOAL 8 (Create Jobs, Sustainable Livelihoods and Equitable Growth): The specific focus on youth while discussing job creation is welcome. However, by the UN’s own admission, vulnerable employment has decreased only marginally in the last twenty years and youth (and women) comprise a majority in this category (UN MDG Report, 2012). Thus, by not attending to the issue of vulnerable employment in this goal (apart from a muted mention of women in vulnerable employment within Goal 2), the promise made to the youth does not count for much. Further, by stating the need for both “good jobs and decent jobs” in the new development agenda under Goal 8 without the necessary clarity that is required might only lead to poorly-conceived national policies on employment. A critical omission has been leaving out any discussion around the issue of equal wages for all. Further, women’s unpaid work needs to be addressed specifically and ways devised to ensure that this is factored into socio-economic planning. Also, women-led livelihood initiatives must be supported with long-term investments, skills development and social protection. Specific to the global South, wage disparity has been one of the determinants of continued widening inequality and it is unclear how the Panel proposes to leave no one behind without addressing this key concern. GOAL 10 (Ensure Good Governance and Effective Institutions): We strongly welcome the Panel’s attention to governance by way of incorporating a separate goal. Given the crises and failures in governance worldwide, focusing on governance by proposing access to independent media and information, right to information, access to government data and public participation in political processes is greatly encouraging. Clearly one of the successes of civil society activism, its articulation has raised hopes for concerted follow-up action at the national level. More emphasis on ending corruption, greater detailing of the oversight mechanisms and methods of participatory governance would have significantly reinforced this goal. The High Level Panel’s focus on good governance and effective institutions is commendable, especially the focus on the public’s right to information. However, it would have been desirable if the issue of public accountability was not seen just within the framework of corruption, but was recognized as a target in its own right. GOAL 11 (Ensure Stable and Peaceful Societies): Another welcome inclusion to the new development framework is the focus on peace as a pre-condition to development. Calling for

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elimination of violence against children is particularly laudable in the context of developing and less developed countries where children are subject to multiple forms of violence given their exploitation through prostitution, child labour in extremely hazardous circumstances, and through practices such as child soldiers and camel jockeys to name a few. Although the Report briefly notes economic reasons as one of the attendant causes of violence, some more actionable detailing in terms of steps to address economic inequalities and redistribution of resource allocation might have been welcome. Also, while the Panel highlights the need for implementing small arms control as a step towards mitigation, it fails to make any mention of the resource wars that are at the root of most of the global armed conflicts. The goal fails discussing internal “stressors” like caste violation and other forms of discrimination that stratifies society and induces conflict and violence. Given its allusions to transformation, the “right thing to do” would have been a strong message to the global North to own up their role in these natural resource wars and play a more mature role in balancing the power equations globally. GOAL 12 (Create a Global Enabling Environment and Catalyse Long-Term Finance): Despite generating a lot of buzz around the need for creating a Global Enabling Environment through effective means of implementation, the Panel fails to concretely attend to the financing question. This is limited to merely talking about the developed countries’ ODA target of 0.7% of Gross National Product and recommendations for curbing illicit financial flows, tax evasion. Setting zero-targets to end illicit financial flows and tax evasion such as those recommended by the Financial Action Task Force would have been truly ‘transformative’. What is probably the most bothersome is the near-unanimous vote to private sector as an option to finance the new development frame. Related also is the synonymous reference to WTO and fair trade even though civil society has actively rallied against most of the unfair trade practices adopted by WTO which saw many developing and less developed countries lose their bargaining power against the global North. Notable also is the lack of attention to the need for greater corporate sector accountability.

As is the case with any political document conceived out of consensus, the UN High Level Panel Report on the Post-2015 Development Agenda attempts to synthesize a 10-month long process of consulting over 5,000 civil society organisations, alliances and grassroots organisations in 120 countries apart from other stakeholders into a comprehensive framework. Throughout its narrative, it does try (and partially succeeds) to put together a theory that would support the new goal formulations in a bid to address one of the criticisms of the previous set of MDGs. Fresh thinking is evident by way of proposals for peer review of the new framework and some emphasis to the ‘process’ question. However, despite the underlying message that the post-2015 development agenda must be ‘universally applicable to all’, there are several instances of the Panel not saying enough to make the developed countries own up their responsibilities in the new development framework and continues to maintain status quo on the role of corporate sector by not giving a clear and strong message to ensure their accountability. Missed out also is the centrality of the human rights lens in the suggested new development framework. In terms of next steps, we would like to request that the UN Secretary General include some of these specific suggestions emanating from the civil society in his Report that would be tabled at the UN General Assembly and ensure that our voices get heard. We will also train our attention at the national government to ensure that the recommendations from the Panel are taken up by the government and strengthened substantially in order to ensure that the new development framework for the country is human-rights based, socially-just, environmentally-just, accountable and inclusive of all.

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Endorsed by (in alphabetical order): Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, New Delhi Centre for Democracy and Social Action, New Delhi Centre for Legislative Research and Advocacy, New Delhi Centre for Youth and Social Development, Odisha Christian Aid, India Disabled People's International, India Equals – National Center for Social Justice and Empowerment with Special Focus on Disability, Chennai Environics Trust, New Delhi India Alliance for Child Rights, New Delhi Jagori, New Delhi Joint Operation for Social Help, New Delhi National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights / Dalit Arthik Adhikar Andolan, India National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People, New Delhi National Disability Network, India Nine is Mine Campaign, India Oxfam India Pravah, India Right to Education Forum, India Save the Children, India Sightsavers, India The YP Foundation, New Delhi Voluntary Action Network India, New Delhi Voluntary Service Overseas, India Wada Na Todo Abhiyan, India Women’s Coalition Trust, New Delhi Women’s Research and Action Group, Mumbai World Vision India

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Press conference dated 4th June 2013, jointly by EquityBD and VOICE

Does the UN HLP Report on Post 2015 Development Agenda ensure Transformation of Economies?

Lofty Goal, Empty Bowl! Recognize Historical Responsibility First 1. Background

2. Major recommendations of the report

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) announced in 2000 and targeted to halve the poverty have only two years to fulfill the commitments by 2015. Discussions have taken place around the globe among governments, United Nations and civil society organizations to measure out the achievements so far. Many raised concerns and put critical arguments on the approach though some achievements on the goals and targets have been achieved by the nation states. Review of the MDGs has already indicated the failures of the commitments of the millennium goals and targets. Meantime, United Nations and the global leadership have reiterated commitments to carry forward in post 2015 and expressed concerns on how to ensure sustainable development goals as a universal process. UN Secretary General (UNSG) has appointed 27 world eminent persons in a high level panel (HLP) where UK Prime Minister David Cameron, Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, and Indonesian President Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono act as co chairs.

Explaining the inferences, HLP wrote “ The evidence leaves much room for judgment on what goals would be most transformative, and relevant to the most countries, But based on the criteria above, we have narrowed down the illustrative list to 12 goals, and 54 targets, the achievement of which would dramatically improve the condition of people and the planet by 2030.”

The HLP have had extensive discussion all over the world, as they explain “In all, we heard voices and reviewed recommendations for goals and targets from over 5000 civil society organizations ranging from grassroots organizations to global alliances working in about 120 countries across every major region of the world. We also consulted the chief executive officers of 250 companies in 30 countries, with annual revenue exceeding $ 8 trillion, academics from developed and developing countries, international and local NGOs and civil society movements, and parliamentarians.” Consultations also have been organized by civil society organizations around the world while civil society, grassroots organizations and voices of marginalized and communities have been counted and put forward to the HLP to consider. Civil society organizations have also organized Forum during the official HLP meetings engaging wide range of stakeholders including the HLP members and exchange opinion on the post 2015 development framework. HLP report titled “ A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development” has been published and th circulated on 30 June 2013 and discussion have been going on to provide feedback to consider further post 2015 development framework.

The report stated that “the goals are deliberately divided into categories corresponding to the specific transformative shifts described earlier and they must interact to provide results. Following 12 goals are suggested : (i) end poverty, (ii) empower girls and women and achieve gender equality, (iii) provide quality education and lifelong learning; (iv) ensure healthy lives; (v) ensure food security and good nutrition; (vi) achieve universal access to water and sanitation; (vii) secure sustainable energy; (viii) create jobs, sustainable livelihood and equitable growth; (ix) manage natural resource asset sustainability; (x) ensure good governance and effective institutions; (xi) ensure stable and peaceful societies; and (xii) create a global enabling environment and catalyze long term finance.” In respect of strategies as HLP report mentioned “ if these goals and their accompanying targets were pursued they would drive the five key transformations, (i) leave no one behind, (ii) transform economics, (iii) implement sustainable development, (iv) build effective institutions and (v) forge a new global partnership.” And as cross cutting issues the report analyzed (i) Peace, (ii) Inequality, (iii) Climate change, (iv) Cities, (v) Young people, (vi) Girls and Women, and (vii) Sustainable consumption and production patterns.

3. Striking balance and taking position Un denying the fact that so called notion of free market, private finance in development, role of state etc have some roles in existing development paradigm. The HLP report has overlooked these structural factors. There are experiential questions and those must be needed to take into consideration further. These are following; (a) The HLP report doesn’t clarify fully how the sustained growth and sustainable development will take place in post 2015 period. Rather a

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conflicting idea spreads in the report around the issues of open market economy. The report doesn’t assert whether post 2015 development framework will be further extension of a free market that creates income inequality and widen rich and poor divide or a regulated market which facilitates development i.e. growth with equality and redistribution of wealth and job creation in the least developed countries; (b) The HLP report has emphasized on private financing in development; but there are hardly any interests from private sector to finance in development with standardized accountable mechanism. Moreover, private sector triumphs for profit, not for development. So private finance dependence mechanism for post development agenda is questionable and puts huge doubt among the actors on the ground. We believe that development assistance from developed countries should be from public finance and the unfinished business must be carried forward in post 2015.

4. Our concern, unresolved issues We observe, there are unresolved contentious issues that have not been addressed in the HLP report as follows: (a) Developed countries have to recognize their historical responsibility first: There are historical evidences that underdevelopment in least developed and some developing countries have some basic reasons. Most of those countries were colonized and their resources have been exploited that fueled industrial development in most of the developed countries. Now a day, climate catastrophe has been putting devastations in the LDCs and developing countries. And because of high level of carbon emission in developed countries climate change vulnerability have been increased and people are being put in the worst condition in life and livelihood. So, at first, the developed countries has to recognize these ecological and carbon debt. Developed countries must have to take these historical responsibilities and compensate for the damage they did to the LDCs and developing countries. (b) LDCs and developed countries need democratic policy space in International Financial Institutions

(IFIs) and at UN : Policy space for LDCs and developing countries must get the policy space in the international financial institutions like World Bank and International Monetary Fund etc,. And a strong reform is needed to get the democratic space in the decision making process which we suggest, must be based on “one country one vote� not based on monetary portfolio. There should be also a fair representation from LDC and developing countries in the UN Security Council. The result of the policy decisions in most cases especially yielding from the IFIs is not pro poor and pro development for the people of the developing countries. The HLP must recognize this democratic policy space and ask for the strong reform in this regard. (c) Drop all debts and no to debt creating instrument for LDCs in the name of development assistance: Most of the least developing countries have been entrapped into debt problems. Most of their revenue has to spend for debt servicing either to the developed countries or to the IFIs. In respect of climate financing, developed countries have continuously been imposing debt creating loan instrument through IFIs, which in fact, doubles the burden. The HLP report completely ignored this. We strongly urge to the HLP to recommend to stop debt creating instrumental measures for the least developing countries and to provide development assistance as grant and compensation must be paid as their part of historical responsibilities. (d) Need to hold back the arm race and army expenditure: The HLP report has mentioned about peace and security. They have illustrated four sub goals in this regard. Goal no. 11 states to: ensure stable and peaceful societies. Arm race, arm business and army expenditure have been increasing in nature which is the major threat for peace and security. Invested money in this regard could be diverted for poverty eradication and development. There is nothing in the HLP report to reduce the arms business that provokes conflicts in the many States. We hope that the HLP and UN SG will take this into their concern and formulate new goal in respect to hold back arm race and army expenditure.

We, Equitybd and VOIC hereby put our comments and recommendations to be considered by the HLP and to accommodate these recommendations in the post 2015 development framework.

For further contact: Ahmed Swapan Mahmud, VOICE, Mobile +8801711881919 Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, EquityBD, Mobile +8801711529792 www.equitybd.org and www.voicebd.org

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Post-2015 High-Level Panel Report Marginalises the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) The much awaited High-Level Panel (HLP) Report on the Post-2015 development agenda is deeply disappointing for LDC civil society. While setting the ending of extreme poverty as a core objective, and an aspiration to ensure every person achieves a basic standard of well-being, it ignores existing agreements that focus particularly on the world’s poorest and most marginalised LDCs. The HLP Report ironically gives no “special attention� to the LDCs, as called for in previously agreed development efforts. It is even regressive in the spirit of global partnership, as the new Goal 12 Create A Global Enabling Environment and Catalyze Long-Term Finance proposed by the HLP only includes the already agreed aid target of 0.15-0.20% of GNP for LDCs, whereas the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) carry specific targets on trade, aid and debt issues in relation to the LDCs in the eighth goal. It ignores and undermines trade justice and debt cancellation which are critical development issues of the LDCs and its peoples. The 49 LDCs - 34 being in Sub-Saharan Africa - have been identified as such because they face acute development challenges resulting from persistent poverty and vulnerability and hence, marginalising the LDCs is a grave oversight in terms of the so-called bold yet practical post-2015 development agenda. More than 75 per cent of the nearly 900 million LDC populations live in poverty and the LDCs are the most off track in achieving the internationally agreed development goals (IADGs), including the MDGs. They consistently occupy the bottom rung of the Human Development Index (HDI) rankings. Geographical factors and environmental constraints are major contributors to their vulnerability. Out of the 49 LDCs, 17 are landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), 10 are small island developing states (SIDS) and 20 are mountainous countries. Most of the LDCs are characterised by conflict, post-conflict and politically unstable situations with 24 of them being categorised as fragile states. As a group they have much in common, which is the principal reason for the recognition of the LDC category by the United Nations (UN) in the first place. The UN post-2015 development agenda must therefore not only recognise the need for special development attention of LDCs, but ensure that these are at the centre of any strategy for implementing the agenda.

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For most LDCs, their vulnerability is increased by the effectives of climate change. The target on holding the increase in global average temperature below 2oC pre-industrial levels, in line with international agreements is also less ambitious than the science-based predictions that it would be prudent to aim well below 1.5oC or even 1oC, in line with the cautionary principle. The HLP Report’s acceptance of the less ambitious target goes against the spirit and fight for climate justice based on the principles of historical responsibility and common but differentiated responsibilities. Moreover, it is totally unacceptable to the LDCs whose very survival is at stake with increasing desertification, glacial melting, sea level rise and other extreme weather events that our people are battling with, when they are least responsible for the climate catastrophe. That the number of people in LDCs affected by extreme weather events has almost doubled is a stark warning of what is likely to come. Rising from 100 million during the period 1970-1979 to 193 million over the period 2000-2010, this is exacerbating the massive issue of climate-induced migrants. The post-2015 development agenda must therefore carry bold and ambitious non-negotiables on emission cuts, climate finance and climate technology if indeed we are talking about a truly sustainable development agenda. LDC civil society also expresses its concerns on the reinforced credibility and legitimacy given to businesses and the private sector as drivers of growth and sustainable development. The Report underlines the potential of private business to create more value and further states, the Panel noted the huge potential to use public money to catalyse and scale up private financing for sustainable development. Yes, small and medium-sized businesses have been an important part of any communities’ development. However, the dominant neoliberal paradigm that promotes increased privatisation, corporatisation and financialisation of development is aggressively pursued. We cannot accept an approach that uses public finance to leverage private financing for a development model that is liable to promote the interests of a minority more than the majority. We totally oppose the proposed privatisation of essential services that all too often results in the effective denial of these services for significant sectors of society. The Report explicitly states that the most important source of long-term finance will be private capital, coming from major pension funds mutual funds, sovereign wealth funds, private corporations, development banks, and other investors….. whose record to date all too often promotes an anti-people development paradigm that tramples upon people’s rights and planetary boundaries. We are also critical of the promotion of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as a fair and development-friendly trading system and that it is the most effective tool to increase the development impact of trade, for in reality; the very development dimension is missing in the WTO negotiations. The current battle in Geneva between the LDCs and development countries over the waiver of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to LDCs within the ambit of the TRIPS Agreement is a glaring example in this regard. The LDCs’ request for an unconditional waiver until they graduate from the LDC status, based

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on sound and valid grounds, is being opposed and negotiated for an impractical short-term transition period coupled with the conditionality like the no-roll back clause that would prevent LDCs from reducing their existing levels of intellectual property protection albeit adverse to their development needs. Clearly, there is complete lack of policy coherence for a transformative, peoplecentred and planet-sensitive development as envisioned by the HLP Report. Furthermore, from the development perspective of the LDCs and its peoples, the Report has failed to integrate the voices of the very most marginalised and poorest section of the international community who have special needs and hence, require special development attention. We therefore call for a Post-2015 sustainable development agenda that will genuinely and meaningfully support, as well as sustain the development interests of the LDCs and its peoples. We call for a Post2015 sustainable development agenda which will duly integrate and bolster the newly adopted Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA) for the LDCs for the Decade 2011-2020; thereby, realising its overarching goal to overcome the structural challenges faced by the LDCs in order to eradicate poverty and to enable graduation of at least half of the LDCs by the end of the decade.

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Asia Development Alliance (ADA)

ADA Statement on the UN HLP Report on Post 2015 Development Agenda 12 June 2013

1. We, members and partners of the Asia Development Alliance (ADA) composed of national and sub-national development CSO/NGO platforms in Asia cautiously welcome the final report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda released on 30 May 2013 and at the same time express our concerns and disappointment about its adequacy in addressing key challenges identified in the ADA’s statement (Bangkok, 2 Feb. 2013) and response to the communiqué of the 4th HLP (Bali, 27 March 2013) 2. The title of the report “A New Global Partnership: Eradicating Poverty and Transform Economies through Sustainable Development” as well as the “five big, transformative shifts” and “12 Illustrative Goals and Targets” seem to capture our expectations and preoccupations and they are undoubtedly much better than the MDGs framework. Looking closely into the detailed contents of the report, however, the analysis and recommendations contained in the report seem to be ‘new’ but is lacking in the aspect of being refreshing and adequately inspirational, ‘bold’ but not visionary and ambitious and ‘practical’ but not transformative and radical. 3. Below are our assessment and recommendations in terms of our perspectives and proposals in our previous statements which are believed to be important for its improvement in the follow-up process, in particular, drafting of the UN Secretary General’s report to the UN General Assembly. 4. First of all, we are pleased to note that some issues and concerns we highlighted were recognized and reflected in the report which we think are positive and significant contribution of the HLP to the Post-2015 development agenda. 1) Reaffirmation of human rights including the right to development as well as universality, equity, sustainability and solidarity as basic principles under ‘forge a new global partnership’ (page 9) 2) Recognition of the universal agenda and ‘the need to promote a single and coherent post-2015 development agenda’ 3) More comprehensive scope of the post-2015 development goals such as inclusion of the illicit financial flows, money-laundering, tax evasion and hidden ownership of assets (goal 12), peace and security aspects of development (goal 11), and health, food and nutrition, water and sanitation, energy, job in a more explicit manner (goal 3-8) 4) Recognition of international migration, urbanization and technology as factors (page 18) 5) Recognition of other global cooperation forms such as g7+, G20, BRICS, Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC) (page 24) 6) Emphasis on ‘sustainable production and consumption’, 7) Emphasis on ‘data revolution’ for better monitoring and accountability in measuring progress’

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5. However, we remain concerned because the report failed to address the following important issues which we believe are essential if we are to ‘end poverty and transform economies through sustainable development and global partnership’. 1) Urgent need to address rising inequality - global and national – as top priority specific goal. 2) Mainstreaming human rights through human rights-based approaches to development 3) How to operationalize important human rights standards such as the 1986 UN Declaration on the Right to Development and the core human rights treaties, in particular, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and its Optional Protocol was not properly addressed, 4) How to utilize the existing available monitoring and accountability human rights mechanisms such as the UN special procedures, treaty bodies, Universal Periodic Review (UPR), in particular, the UN Independent Expert on Extreme Poverty, Human Rights and International Solidarity, Equitable and Democratic International Order, 5) Reaffirmation of the 2011 Istanbul Program of Action (IPoA) for Least Developed Countries (LDCs), 6) Urgent need to address debt cancellation in terms of historical and ecological debt 7) Financial Transaction Tax (FTT) and disarmament as innovative sources of financing for development 8) National and international supervisory mechanisms to promote transparency of national and transnational corporations, and regulate speculative financial capitals including the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 9) A more just, fairer and equitable global financial and trade architecture and framework as an essential part of democratic global governance, 10) Need to strongly promote global governance and inclusive partnership indicating clear roles each development actor need to play in new development frameworks, 11) Recognition of the internationally recognized principles of common but differentiated responsibilities 12) Urgent need to operationalize the Green Climate Fund (GCF) with full participation of civil society 13) Alternative measurement system of wellbeing or happiness beyond GDP 6. We would like to take this opportunity to thank the HLP members for their efforts and also urge the UN Secretary General to produce a truly inspirational, visionary and transformative post-2015 development agenda. 7. We also assure our full commitment and support to make the Post-2015 Development Agenda process and final outcome more meaningful and beneficial to specially billions of people living in poverty, injustice and insecurity for survival. 8. We look forward to receiving a report by the UN Secretary General for further dialogue and engagement in the months to come and beyond. <end> Asia Development Alliance (ADA) is a regional forum of national and sub-national development NGO/CSO platforms in Asia to promote more effective communication, coordination and cooperation in the Post-2015 Development Agenda process. It was officially launched in Bangkok on 2 February 2013. http://www.facebook.com/groups/ADA2013/ ADA201322@gmail.com

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World Vision’s Response to the HLP Report June 2013 World Vision welcomes the 30 May Report of the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons (HLP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda as presenting a bold vision for the eradication of extreme poverty. The majority of priority issues for which we advocated are reflected in the Report in varying degrees. The challenge is now for the UN Secretary General to retain and strengthen the HLP’s proposals as he prepares his recommendations to the UN General Assembly in September. This paper sets out World Vision’s response to the Report. It is structured in two sections. The first addresses the key principles – what the HLP calls ‘transformative shifts’ – that frame the Report. The second outlines our positions on our priority themes: health, nutrition and food security, fragility, and child protection. Section 1: The five ‘transformative shifts’ The Panel notes five transformative shifts that it hopes will define the difference between the Post-2015 development agenda and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These are: leave no one behind; put sustainable development at the core; transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth; build peace and effective, open and accountable institutions for all; and forge a new global partnership. As an organisation concerned with realising the rights of the most vulnerable children we are particularly pleased to see the commitment to ‘leave no one behind’ with its promise to finish the work of the MDGs by moving towards the eradication of poverty and focusing on the most excluded populations. We are encouraged that this theme is supported throughout the Report through the articulation of zero targets (end preventable child deaths, eliminate all forms of violence against children, end hunger). These targets can only be achieved by focusing on the hardest to reach: those populations both within and between countries that have been left out of the MDGs. The Report contains very little detail on how these commitments will be realised. We note and affirm the call for a ‘data revolution’ that will ‘enable us to reach the neediest and find out whether they are receiving essential services.’ We note that references to human rights, while present, do not feature uniformly across the goals and targets. There is, for example, no mention of the right to health. Mainstreaming human rights principles is one way to strengthen the universality of the Post-2015 development agenda. World Vision looks forward to drawing from our experience in working with vulnerable children and communities to further specify how this principle can be translated into practice. The following three principles – sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and peace and accountable governance – respond to the well-known criticism of the MDGs that they failed to address the drivers of development. World Vision acknowledges that these challenges will need to be addressed if ambitious development targets are to be achieved. We welcome the focus on building peace, recognising the international community’s failure to deliver on the MDGs in fragile and conflict affected states but are concerned that, as currently constructed, this principle suggests an equivalence between peace and institutional strengthening when in fact peace is an objective and institutions are a means to an end. On the whole, the Report has underplayed the foundational role that peace plays, and failed to address the pivotal and distinct role of fragile contexts as an arena of development beyond that envisaged in the original MDGs. The illustrative goals still mostly suggest linear progress rather than a more complex interplay of drivers of conflict, poverty and fragility. World Vision is committed to ensuring that the focus on accountability spans the local to global continuum and includes engaging citizens in the planning, monitoring and review of initiatives that impact

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their lives. If the international community is to deliver on its commitment to addressing inequality, it will need to take individuals seriously as agents of development. World Vision has developed a social accountability methodology called Citizen Voice and Action (CVA) that is demonstrating important results in health, education and other sectors. Now being implemented across 32 countries, CVA transforms the dialogue between communities and government in order to improve services that impact the daily lives of children and their families. Social accountability tools like CVA have demonstrated impressive results on impact measures, corroborated by academic research. In one example, a randomized field experiment of 50 communities in Uganda showed that using a methodology almost identical to CVA resulted in a 33% drop in under five mortality. The final transformative shift, to forge a new global partnership, provides good framing for a focus that is part of the MDGs (8) but is often considered to be the most neglected of those goals. We welcome the relatively inclusive nature of the definition of this partnership, which includes CSOs and “People” alongside governments, international institutions, business and others. Section 2: Priority Themes a) Child Nutrition The call to ‘be the first generation in human history to end hunger’ features in the executive summary and throughout the Report. Child nutrition features prominently in Goal 5 to ‘Ensure Food Security and Good Nutrition’. The inclusion of three specific elements of malnutrition (stunting, wasting and anaemia) under the second target is a particular improvement on the poor positioning of nutrition within the MDG framework. There is a strong recognition of the first 1,000 days of a child’s life (through pregnancy to age two) being ‘crucial to giving a child a fair chance’. This specific focus on the critical window of opportunity for nutrition is particularly important in relation to focusing efforts where most impact can be made and life-long gains secured. The Report draws attention to the fact that the HLP ‘would like every child not to suffer from stunting’ but states that this cannot be achieved by 2030. However stunting reduction targets set as part of the post-2015 framework must be ambitious and must certainly go beyond the target set by the World Health Assembly in 2012 to reduce stunting globally by 40% by 2025. Without additional modelling it is difficult to give a detailed breakdown for what this ambitious target should be but a reduction of stunting by least 50% by should be the minimum target within the timeframe. It is critical that the inter-generational cycle of poor nutrition is recognised within the narrative under Goal 5. The fact that undernourished women give birth to underweight babies who have higher risks of mortality before age five and are more likely to develop chronic diseases as adults links this agenda clearly to the goal of ‘ensuring healthy lives’, both in terms of ending preventable child deaths and tackling the growing burden of non-communicable diseases. b) Child Health Child health features prominently within Goal 4 to ‘Ensure healthy lives’, the target to ‘end preventable infant and under-five deaths’ is the first under that goal. Further, health features across many of the other goals and also throughout the narrative of the Report. Specific examples are the target to ensure universal access to modern energy services under Goal 7, which would help reduce deaths (many among children under five) from respiratory illnesses linked to indoor air pollution and the target under Goal 6 to end open defecation and increase access to sanitation, which would reduce deaths of children from diarrhoea. Further contributions to improve child and maternal health can be found in the target under Goal 2 to end child marriage, in Goal 3 (education) and in Goal 1 (the target on social protection).

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Universal Health Coverage features within the narrative under Goal 4 but is not specifically included as a target, as had been recommended by the Global Thematic Consultation on Health and Post-2015. The Report instead frames the health goal in terms of outcomes, ‘recognising that to achieve these outcomes requires universal access to basic healthcare’ and calling for ‘steady progress in ensuring Universal Health Coverage and access to quality essential health services’. While World Vision advocates for strengthened health systems, we broadly agree that the critical targets should be at the outcome level. The Report includes infant deaths (under 1 year of age) as a specific target rather than the expected newborn or neonatal deaths (in the first month of life). More attention is being paid to the increasing share of newborn deaths in overall under-five mortality and the use of the infant mortality rate is much less common. We call for future targets to focus on newborn survival. The Report draws attention to the impact of inequities on child health and survival. It adopts the upper threshold of 20 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is now widely accepted by global health stakeholders. It is critical that the Report specifies that this target is relevant to ‘all income quintiles’. This should drive a focus on reducing inequity. World Vision notes that child mortality rates also differ according to other criteria and that attention should also be accorded to identity markers such as disability, geography, ethnicity and citizenship status as is relevant by context. In the narrative under Goal 4 the Report lists ‘simple and affordable’ solutions to prevent child deaths, including skilled birth attendance, nutritious food, sanitation and vaccinations. However it should be noted that breastfeeding is missing from this list. Evidence from the Lancet estimated that immediate and exclusive breastfeeding could reduce child mortality by 13%, making it the single preventive intervention of those studied with greatest potential impact to save children’s lives. World Vision calls for the incorporation of breastfeeding as a recognised intervention in future iterations of a goal on health. The Report has a target to decrease the maternal mortality ratio but no suggested target, assuming that this will be set by individual countries. World Vision recommends the target of 50 per 100,000 live births that is currently being discussed by global health stakeholders including relevant UN agencies. The Report has a target to increase the proportion of children, adolescents, at-risk adults and older people that are fully vaccinated. The percentage increase here is again suggested as being set by countries but it is important the definition of ‘fully vaccinated’ is not set solely based on which vaccines are currently available in each country. For example the ‘fully vaccinated’ definition for children underfive should consider the rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccines, which have been proven to save lives but are not currently available in all high burden child mortality settings. c) Development in fragile contexts The Report addresses peace/fragility both as a standalone goal and as a cross-cutting theme. This is what World Vision and our partners have been asking for. The Report recognises that there is no development without peace and no peace without development. The Report is strong on cooperation between different types of actors, especially governments, multilaterals, civil society and the private sector. While we welcome the integration of children’s issues in the narrative, future elaborations of a goal on peace need to increase the emphasis on the inclusion of citizens. World Vision recommends the following areas for improvement: Inclusive peace settlement should be a target. It is that important, and is a part of meaningful justice. Systems approaches in the document are institutionally oriented rather than user oriented. They are about the structures, not about the experience of using them (or more openly about the

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user’s experience of a particular thing, like health). This is important in fragile contexts as there may be some level of system without a more formal institutional structure in place. While World Vision is concerned with the existence of functional institutions, we are also concerned that the Report is weak on the complementary question of how people experience them. For example justice should be measured as the experience of justice. At present it is about the quality of the institutions. The target under Goal 11 to ‘stem the external stressors that lead to conflict’ (11c) is too abstract to be useful. It needs to take a stronger stand on the role and responsibility of external actors. A stronger argument about the international destabilising effects of conflict and fragility is recommended and external actors – neighbour governments, developed countries, private sector and aspects of the international system – need to be referenced. They are well served as contributors to development but the paper has balked at also referencing their negative influence. As a result, too much responsibility for cross border issues still falls on the subject government. Deepen the analysis of how the (lack of) achievement in the other goals acts as a driver of conflict and fragility.

d) Child Protection World Vision welcomes the inclusion of the illustrative goals and targets in the HLP Report that directly contribute to strengthening protection systems for children. They are: - Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against girls and women (Goal 2, target 2a) - End child marriage (Goal 2, target 2b) - Provide free and universal legal identity, such as birth registration (Goal 10, target 10a) - Reduce violent deaths per 100,000 by x and eliminate all forms of violence against children (Goal 11 target 11a) There are two areas that we had wanted to see included which have not appeared in the Report. The first is the elimination of the worst forms of child labour (ILO Convention 182). We believe this can be covered within the target on violence and look forward to working with states on elaborating appropriate indicators. The second missing dimension is a recognition of the need to strengthen protection systems. World Vision is supportive of outcome-based indicators. In the area of child protection, however, we call for protection to be mainstreamed across the other development sectors in order to recognise the profoundly interdependent character of delivering on the agreed outcomes. The Report outlines a range of development goals and targets which, if fulfilled, will make a difference in building a protective environment for most vulnerable children. These goals and targets are not among ‘the usual suspects,’ and seemingly peripheral, yet important for supporting safe environments for children. They include: - Quality education and life long learning with a target for ensuring every child, regardless of circumstances receive quality formal education (paraphrase of goal 3 target 3b). It is widely accepted that schools are important institutions within child protection systems. Effective schools systems that reach vulnerable populations could potentially strengthen prevention and response capabilities within child protection systems. - Achieve universal access to water and sanitation. Bringing water and sanitation systems into homes means the reduction of children, especially girls, exposed to violations in one of their most private activities. - Secure sustainable energy. The correlation between the presence of light in homes and on the streets and violence is well documented. World Vision has heard from young people that this is a particular concern in their communities.

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Ensure stable peaceful societies. This requires among other things, according to the HLP, increased public participation in political processes and civic engagement at all levels. A study conducted on child protection practices in communities where WV was operational revealed the crucial importance of citizen (including children and youth) mobilization to address exploitation, abuse and violence experienced by children. Creating the structures to allow girls and boys the space to address these concerns with local leaders/politicians had an immediate impact on a reduction of these violations.

World Vision must also take the bold step to cross those lines and strengthen ties with other CSOs from other sectors, including education, water and sanitation whose successes in realizing robust goals and targets in their areas of interest will contribute to children’s well-being. The extent to which this can be achieved will depend on resources and capacity. At the very least, however, we must monitor what is happening in these sectors as they are key contributors to creating safe environments for children. Comments and questions on this document should be directed to kirsty_nowlan@wvi.org

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MAY 2013

Gender and Development Network Response to ‘A new global partnership: Eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development’ - Report of the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda1 June 2013 The Gender and Development Network (GADN) has previously outlined our position on women’s and girls’ rights in the new Post 2015 framework2. Our members have also commented more broadly elsewhere on the all the aspects of the High Level Panel’s report on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. In this response we focus specifically on women’s and girls’ rights and gender equality, highlighting those areas that are welcome and should be promoted and those where we feel more work is needed as the process to develop a new framework continues. Given the constraints of an international process such as the High Level Panel, we feel that the approach towards empowering women and girls has been a largely positive one. There is much in the report that we hope to see in the final framework, particularly the recognition that women’s and girls’ empowerment is important in its own right and that a standalone goal is a necessary catalyst. The roundtable consultations with women’s rights organisations were also appreciated by members of the network.

1. A standalone goal to empower girls and women and achieve gender equality GADN has argued that a standalone goal is crucial as a catalyst to provide the necessary political will and resources to achieve women’s empowerment and gender equality, and therefore warmly welcomes its inclusion in the report. This is vital and we urge others to continue to promote this approach within the final framework. It is also significant that the illustrative goal (page 34) refers to women’s and girl’s empowerment as well as equality. Within this goal, targets on violence against women and girls, economic empowerment and political participation had been identified by us as priorities for marginalised women, and we therefore support their inclusion. Next steps At present illustrative target d) on discrimination in political, economic and public life is very broad and clearly needs more work to ensure that it is specific enough to be retained in a final framework. The current wording should be strengthened to propose positive action promoting women’s and girls’ political

1

http://www.un.org/sg/management/hlppost2015.shtml http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/GADN%20Briefing%203%20-%20Gender%20equality%20and%20the%20post2015%20framework.pdf and http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/gadn-post-2015-report/

2

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and economic empowerment in addition to the proposed obligations on eliminating discrimination.

2. Integrating transformative targets on women’s and girls’ empowerment across all goals As well as a standalone goal, it is important the framework addresses women’s and girls’ empowerment throughout, and we are therefore pleased that the report recognises women and girls as a cross cutting issue: “Gender equality is integrated across all of the goals both in specific targets and by making sure that targets are measured separately for women and men, or girls and boys, where appropriate” (page 17). In this context GADN warmly welcomes the inclusion of universal sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and a decrease in maternal mortality under goal 4 Ensure Healthy Lives (page 38) both of which are central to the achievement of women’s rights. In particular the mention of SRHR represents a breakthrough which should be promoted within the future processes. It is widely recognised that women and girls are disproportionately affected by armed conflict, which in turn exacerbates gender inequality. We therefore welcome the inclusion of goal 10 on ensuring stable and peaceful societies and the mainstreaming of measures to address the causes of conflict and instability across the framework. Substantial efforts will be needed to ensure that these measures are included in the final framework. We were also pleased to see the following sentence under ‘Inequalities’ on page 16: “We propose targets deliberately build in efforts to tackle inequality and which can only be met with a specific focus on the most excluded and vulnerable group” GADN has, further, argued that under each goal there should be targets that not only redress inequality but are specifically designed to transform power relations between women and men. Next steps As has been acknowledged in some of the presentations of the report, there is now substantial need to ensure that this integration of women’s and girls’ rights happens, not just in the choice of indicators but also in refining the targets under every goal to ensure they explicitly reflect the priorities of marginalised women and girls and promote their rights. These targets should be designed to transform gender power relations in the future, as well as ameliorating the current impact of discrimination against women. Specific examples for some of the illustrative goals are listed below:

GADN response to High Level Panel Post-2015 report

www.gadnetwork.org.uk

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2

Goal 8 Create Jobs, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Equitable Growth (page 46) The integration of transformatory targets on women’s empowerment is noticeably missing around the discussion of growth and jobs. The creation of jobs is no guarantee that women will be able to access these employment opportunities or that they will benefit equally, with equal pay and conditions. Barriers for women must be addressed; the burden of unpaid care undermines the prospects of employment and secure livelihoods for many women but is not mentioned. The dilution of the decent work agenda to ‘good jobs’ is most likely to adversely affect women workers, as is the call for a ‘flexible workforce’ given that women are less likely to have secure employment. Goal 10 Ensure Good Governance and Effective Institutions (page 50) The focus on public participation in illustrative target c) is particularly welcome. Given that women and vulnerable groups are most likely to be excluded from participation we suggest that specific reference should be made to their increased participation in political processes and civic engagement. Goal 11 Ensure Stable and Peaceful Societies (page 52) A gender perspective will be needed for all indicators under Goal 11. For example, illustrative target 11d on reforming the security and justice sectors should include indicators that aim to increase the gender sensitivity of those institutions, for example by recruiting more women into front line and senior positions. Goal 12 Create a Global Enabling Environment (page 54) Financing targets are valuable, but the type of financing is also important. Long term, stable and flexible funding and funding specifically for women’s organisations have both been shown to be more effective in promoting gender equality.

3.

Monitoring by gender, income and other ‘groups’

GADN supports ‘Leave no one behind’ (page 7) as an important principle, and further supports the important practical proposal on pages 16-17 that: “Targets will only be considered achieved if they are met for all relevant income and other social groups” (which we understand will include gender). Next steps To make this a reality, the intersectionality of discrimination that many women face (where race, age, or disability interacts with gender to compound disadvantage) will need to be incorporated into data collection and monitoring. In particular the focus on youth is not matched by recognition of the problems faced by older women. Nor is any mention made of those facing discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. GADN response to High Level Panel Post-2015 report

www.gadnetwork.org.uk

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3

For this approach to be effective, more targets will need to be framed in terms of ‘outcomes’ that can be monitored by income and social groups rather than by ‘methods’. (Target 8a on page 46 does not refer to the number of people with good and decent jobs and livelihoods but to an increase in their provision)

4.

Data Revolution

GADN has long called for more disaggregated data, and so welcomes calls for a ‘data revolution’ (page 23). Next steps As well as what data is collected, the questions of who collects the data and how it is collected should also be addressed. Recognising that the individual is frequently a better unit of analysis than the household is also key to gender equality. The promotion of women and girls’ empowerment requires changes in informal social norms, measuring such changes will need to be part of the data revolution.

5.

The Underlying Framework

There is substantial evidence that current policies of unregulated economic growth, privatisation, and reduced government spending, have deepened inequalities and promoted human rights violations, particularly against women. Yet the report is silent as to whether the current economic model is really fit for purpose. Furthermore, while calling for sustainable development there is little said on the limits of growth. Next steps The Post 2015 framework must address the need to regulate the private sector to ensure equality and rights goals, and focus on the lack of accountability of corporations to the broader community beyond shareholders. The report tends to justify the promotion of equality (whether of income or gender) as valuable primarily as an instrument of economic growth. While equality is smart economics, it is also a goal in its own right. GADN recognises the important role of state actors and civil society in shaping economic forces to achieve rights and justice. Next steps There should be a clear commitment to the promotion of equality and human rights as the foundation of the development framework and, specifically, to the existing obligations of governments to promote gender equality and women’s rights3.

3

Under The Convention on the Elimination http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw.htm

of

all

forms

GADN response to High Level Panel Post-2015 report

of

Discrimination

Against

Women.

www.gadnetwork.org.uk

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4

The Gender & Development Network (GADN) brings together expert NGOs, consultants, academics and individuals committed to working on gender, development and women’s rights issues. Our vision is of a world where social justice and gender equality prevail and where all women and girls are able to realise their rights free from discrimination. Our goal is to ensure that international development policy and practice promotes gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights. Our role is to support our members by sharing information and expertise, to undertake and disseminate research, and to provide expert advice and comment on government policies and projects. For more information or to join the Gender & Development Network, please e-mail: info@gadnetwork.org.uk Gender & Development Network c/o ActionAid 33-39 Bowling Green Lane London EC1R 0BJ T: 020 3122 0609 E: info@gadnetwork.org.uk www.gadnetwork.org.uk

Working groups GADN brings together members working on thematic issues through working groups. The Post-2015 working group is aiming to improve the framework so that it better promotes women’s and girls’ rights and gender equality.

Registered charity no. 1140272

GADN response to High Level Panel Post-2015 report

Disclaimer GADN produces a series of background briefings and discussion papers for use by our members and others. These are produced by the Secretariat in consultation with our Advisory Group and relevant Working Groups. They do not necessarily represent the views of all our members.

www.gadnetwork.org.uk

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5

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1 The Women’s Major Group (www.womenrio20.org) brings together 400 organisations and individuals working on sustainable development from a women’s rights perspective at local, national, regional and global level 2 Members of the Women’s Major Group who authored and have endorsed are listed at the end 3 http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/UN-Report.pdf

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¤ 8" &+.,*!%(1+$3*,.%/($+ )*().*1+=,A1 )-*1,(")+)-2 ' & ' $& #& ( '/ &#* %) (- 8 #" ) ( #" ) , (/ #&%(* $* ¥% " $ª ¨+$ª # $* " &( =( '+ ) * ¨%( , # $* %¨ %* ( ¥% ")7 ¤%- , (4 * ( &%(* ) %+"ª .&" $ * * * ) ( ¥ *4 $ª * * * ( ¥ * ) *% +$ , () " )) *% ª+ * %$7 # #"' & ( #" # ( " #& & ' (# #!$ ( ' #" &- ) ( #"3 " ¥ $ª ( & ( */ $ &( # (/ ª+ * %$ # / , $ , ª4 ¥ (") ( ¨ ( " )) " ! "/ *% %#&" * ) %$ª (/ ) %%" ª+ * %$ * $ %/)4 +$ª (# $ $¥ * ( ( ¥ * *% ª+ * %$4 $ª - * ¨ (=( $¥ %$) '+ $ ) ¨%( * ( %-$ ª , "%&# $* $ª - ""= $¥4 ) - "" ) * * %¨ * ( ¨ # " ) $ª %##+$ * )7 ¢ (") - % ª% $%* %#&" * ) %$ª (/ ª+ * %$ ( #%( " ! "/ *% ¨%( ª $*% ("/ # (( ¥ 5 .& ( $ ("/ &( ¥$ $ / $ª "ª ( $¥5 $ª ( " )) " ! "/ *% " *% . ( ) * ( %$%# ( ¥ *)4 $)+( )+)* $ " " , " %%ª)4 %( )) #&"%/# $*7 ( ) ")% $% %$) ª ( * %$ *% * $ ª ¨%( ¥ (") *% %#&" * ) %$ª (/ ª+ * %$ %( )) * (* (/ ª+ * %$ %( %* ( ¨%(#) %¨ #&"%/# $* *( $ $¥ %( " , " %%ª )! "") *% , )) *% ª $* -%(! $ª )% " &(%* * %$7 ( ) )%"+* "/ $% ¥ $ª ( $ "/) ) %( )& ¨ ( %## $ª * %$) ¨% +) ª %$ $)+( $¥ ¥ (") $ ( , * ) .+ " */ ª+ * %$ * * &(%, ª ) * # - * * !$%-" ª¥ %+* * ( %ª ) $ª * ( ( ¥ *) * * * / $ ª $ %(ª ( *% 5. Women's Major Group Statement, Bonn: http://www.womenrio20.org/docs/final_Women%20Statements_Endorsements-2.pdf

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WHO has set a target to phase out DDT use in combatting malaria latest by 2020, earlier if possible. KL Call to Action 2012 http://arrow.org.my/APNGOs/KL_Call_to_Action.pdf

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Drafting team includes: Alexandra Garita, Resurj Mexico; Gabriele Koehler Germany; Sascha Gabizon WICF Netherlands; Shannon Kowalski, International Women's Health Coalition, USA; Almuth Ernsting Biofuelwatch UK; Gillian Bowser USA; Nicole Bidegain DAWN Uruguay; Alejandra Scampini, AWID, Uruguay; Noelene Nabulivou DAWN, Fiji; Simone Lovera, Global Forest Coalition, Paraguay; Eleanor Blomstrom, Women’s Environment and Development Organization, USA; Vivienne Solis, Coopesolidar, Costa Rica; Elina Doshanova, Social Eco Fund, Kazakhstan; Maria Melinda Ando - Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW), Malaysia; Yveline Nicolas, ADEQUATIONS, France, Marcella Balara, ICAE – Chile & Uruguay.

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Statement on the Report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda The High-Level Task Force for the ICPD welcomes the Report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. We acknowledge with appreciation the broad-based consultative process undertaken and the dedication of the Panel Members, the Secretariat and authors of the report, as well as the many individuals and organizations in and outside the United Nations System, including women’s and youth organizations, who have worked diligently to provide their contributions and share their vision of a better world for all humanity. We welcome the Panel’s calls for ending extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and preventable deaths, but also for going beyond, “to start countries on the path of sustainable development”; affirming freedom of information, speech and of the media, the rule of law and access to justice, and building accountable and transparent institutions as “core elements of wellbeing, not optional extras”. We assert the need for independent and rigorous monitoring and accountability systems involving states and civil society, while ensuring all have a voice in decisions affecting their lives; and welcome the call for a ‘data revolution’, which should be rights-based and equity-focused. And while the new development agenda should build on existing UN Member State agreements, we embrace the notion that we should strive “to go beyond previous agreements to make people’s lives better”. More specifically, we especially welcome the Report’s findings and recommendations on fundamental priorities shared by the High-Level Task Force for the ICPD and a large global constituency, in particular:

A stand-alone goal on the empowerment of women and girls and achieving gender equality, alongside the proposal to mainstream gender equality across all other goals and targets. We note with particular appreciation the inclusion of what has been a major ‘missing MDG’: the elimination and prevention of violence against women and girls. This provides the basis for developing concrete commitments and specific targets for operationalization on both the prevention and response domains as this process unfolds. Similarly, we welcome the target on ending a specific form of gender-based violence perpetrated against adolescent girls: child marriage. Overall, we acknowledge with appreciation the efforts to adopt a more comprehensive approach than what is currently in the MDGs, and expect that the process will expand more precisely and holistically in this central area of gender equality and women’s and girls’ empowerment.

The affirmation of universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights as essential to healthy societies, to the empowerment of women and girls and achieving gender equality. These are fundamental human rights that should be respected, protected and fulfilled for all individuals, as they are cross-cutting dimensions of people’s lives.

The recognition of adolescents’ and youth’s needs and rights, to education, life skills, employment opportunities, health, including access to sexual and reproductive health and rights, and as active

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participants in decision-making. We consider, nonetheless, that the scope is somewhat limited and that adolescents as a specific group require greater focus and attention. A related concern is the omission of a target on what has been a consistently voiced demand throughout the consultative process, including by youth from around the world as reflected in the Bali Youth Forum Declaration (2012): universal access to comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, in and out of school. This is a basic right that should be understood as integral to the concept of quality, relevant education that equips individuals, as the Report itself states, with basic “skills for life”. Comprehensive sexuality education goes beyond “an understanding of sexual and reproductive health”, to provide knowledge, critical thinking and decision-making skills that all young people need to stay healthy, fully develop their personal potential, and plan their lives. It is also a key element for enabling countries to secure the demographic dividend of economic growth referred to in the Report, and must be considered a necessary element for the proposed target on achieving sexual and reproductive health and rights. We note that HIV and AIDS and population dynamics receive minimal treatment in the Report. The impact of HIV and AIDS on individuals, communities, societies and development prospects is well known, especially in the hardest hit regions, with women, young people and marginalized groups at particularly high risk. Understanding and integrating relevant population data projections and trends analysis is an essential tool for sound nationalto-global planning, including for setting targets and achieving commitments under the new global development framework. Overall, we consider that a stronger human rights-based approach should be reflected throughout, reinforcing international human rights standards and State obligations under international law, with explicit reference to especially marginalized groups facing systematic discrimination, including on the basis of age, sex, race, ethnicity, class, caste, religious affiliation, marital status, occupation, disability, HIV status, national origin, immigration status, language, sexual orientation or gender identity, among other factors. The Report provides a noble contribution and reference point to the inter-governmental processes and preparations underway, specifically the Open Working Group on the Sustainable Development Goals, the General Assembly Special Event on Achieving the MDGs, the forging of a forward-looking agenda for the twentyyear review of ICPD implementation, and the submission of the Secretary-General’s report on the Post-2015 Development Agenda to the General Assembly. As these preparations and deliberations evolve, we urge that the above-mentioned observations and goals and targets be taken into account, retained and used as a basis upon which to build more precise, meaningful and robust commitments, with qualitative and quantitative targets. These should form part of transparent and effective monitoring and accountability systems that ensure ‘no one is left behind’, that meaningfully involve civil society, including women’s and youth movements, and that a truly integrated approach to the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development as aspired to in the Report will thereby be achieved, with people and their human rights squarely at the centre.

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additional logos forthcoming

Feminist Reflections: UN’s High Level Panel Report on Post-2015 Development Agenda On 30th May 2013, the High Level Panel (HLP) of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda launched its report. A New Global Partnership: Eradicate poverty and transform economies through sustainable development sets out 12 illustrative goals and 52 targets aimed at “ending poverty in all its forms”, ensuring “that no person – regardless of ethnicity, gender, geography, disability, race or other status - is denied universal human rights and basic economic opportunities”, and ending “hunger and ensur[ing] a basic standard of wellbeing”. We appreciate the efforts undertaken in the HLP to establish the inter-linkages between social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and welcome a: stand alone goal on “Empower girls and women and achieve gender equality”, and associated targets on eliminating violence, ending child marriage, equal rights for women to own and inherit property, and eliminate discrimination in political, economic and public life; specific target on sexual and reproductive health and rights under the “Ensure healthy lives” goal; and specific target on maternal mortality under the “Ensure healthy lives” goal. However, and despite acknowledging the need for profound economic transformation, the report fails to: offer the necessary transformational building blocks for a new sustainable human development agenda; provide a transformational approach to address growing inequalities within and between countries and between women and men, as well as the root causes of poverty, including the growing feminization and intergenerational transfer of poverty;

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address the current macro-economic model which perpetuates poverty and inequality; include people who are discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity; link existing human rights accountability mechanisms at the regional and global levels in its accountability discussion; and address limited financing as a key barrier to advancing sustainable development, including women’s rights and gender equality. The report also fails to include a target to reduce growing wealth inequalities, and suggests instead that this should be the decision of countries. This suggestion ignores enormous wealth inequalities between nations. It fails to acknowledge, even in the narrative, the large body of research demonstrating that neo-liberal policies of economic growth, privatization, de-regulation and reduced government spending, have increased inequalities and fueled human rights violations, particularly for women. We welcome the report’s attempt to position young people and adolescents as a crosscutting theme by highlighting education (albeit overlooking the discussion on transition to secondary and quality education), access to health, including sexual and reproductive health and rights, and job creation. However, the report opted to address these concerns from an instrumentalist approach rather than a human rights one. A sustainable development agenda must look beyond young people as beneficiaries of services and potential employees, to recognizing their roles, particularly those of young women, in political and social transformations. The report omits crucial aspects of adolescents and young people’s health and rights, including the importance of access to comprehensive sexuality education, abortion, the impact of HIV and AIDS on young people, and sexual orientation and gender identity. The report repeatedly points to the economic value in addressing human rights and sustainable development, rather than to the intrinsic value of rights enjoyment. It also mainly addresses civil and political rights and does not take economic and social rights as the ethical framework needed to set global economic policy. In fact it offers a dangerous direction in justifying the rights of corporations and businesses over people and the planet, over human rights and global public goods. It also presents a picture of people living in poverty in developing countries in need while failing to address responsibilities of those monopolizing wealth, resources and power. The report identifies the need for more food, more funds, more growth, but fails to touch on the need for re-distribution of resources or wealth or the distortions created by pro-transnational corporate economic policies. In fact, it elevates the private sector as a preeminent sustainable development actor, and does so with fleeting 2

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reference to the importance of social and environmental standards, with business’ role defined as “adopting good practices and paying fair taxes”. In addition it fails to tackle the growing and daily conflicts between corporations and human rights defenders, including women human rights defenders. We welcome the efforts of the HLP to go beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in addressing situations of conflict and violence. We agree with the report that peace and good governance are not optional, but core elements of wellbeing, and that a “transformative” agenda is required to move beyond business as usual. However, for development to be sustainable rather than degenerative, more is needed. It is critical to recognize that there can be no development without disarmament and the full and equal participation of women. To overcome the violence that is built into local and global social, economic, cultural, and political structures, we need an integrated approach that strengthens a holistic understanding of peace and security for all. New Global Partnership The Panel proposes that the new global partnership with the responsibility for eradicating poverty and transforming economies through sustainable development include “governments”, “the business community”, and “multilateral institutions”. While other groups, including civil society, are listed, they are not highlighted here because the report itself places little emphasis on them. In fact, the report adopts and attempts to expand the neoliberal project to the extent that many proposals, including the goal of gender equality, read as mere instruments to feed into the market. This emphasis not only neglects the detrimental effects of neoliberalism on sustainable development, it consistently contradicts the international human rights framework. A genuine new global partnership would have those most marginalized, women of the global south, at the center, and ensure truly democratic processes, transparent decision making and accountability. On Context and Trends Analyses Given that the HLP’s report is a reference point for the post 2015 sustainable development agenda, with the potential to influence policy making through 2030, it is necessary to ask: Is the report sufficiently informed by the global trends and challenges leading to 2030? In fact, the report is remarkable for its lack of both context and trend analyses. Contextual analysis of the global economy, with reference to the effects of the financial crisis and ensuing austerity measures on inequalities would be useful for goal and target setting. For example, it mentions social protection programs without articulating the need for them during economic downturns. The report is also silent about the need for counter cyclical economic policy to ensure that minimum core human rights standards are met. Within the context of global governance, both the rise of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and the increasing influence of the G-20, point to the growing strength of the aggregate power of these countries. However, the majority of people 3

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living in poverty now live in middle-income countries, particularly the BRICS. They have the potential to reconstruct economic narratives and influence attempts to “create a global enabling environment and catalyse long term finance” (goal 12), particularly through a development bank backed by the BRICS. These realities create opportunities and challenges for financing sustainable development. By 2030 approximately 60% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban centers. Urbanization is on the increase in developing countries, with urban centers estimated to generate the bulk of economic growth. With increased urbanization will come migration, and in many countries, as in the past, women will make up a significant share of this migrant population searching for a better life for themselves and their families. Coupled with climate change, increasing urbanization will create challenges for ending poverty, achieving gender equality, and accessing water, food and energy and housing. It is imperative that the post 2015 sustainable development agenda is informed by such realities and trends. On Accountability The new global partnership will involve multiple partners and the report calls for “mutual accountability”, noting that everyone involved must be “fully accountable.” How can this happen, when “like the MDGs, they would not be binding”? The report notes that “each country is being asked what it wants to do, on a voluntary basis.” It promotes the private sector as the engine of development, while gesturing toward selfregulatory and weak systems that have failed to ensure that the private sector is accountable for environmental and human rights violations. The report also notes that “accountability must be exercised at the right level: governments to their own citizens, local governments to their communities, corporations to their shareholders, civil society to the constituencies they represent.” This contradicts and undermines the call for “mutual accountability”. In this multipolar scenario, governments and the United Nations must be honest about the limits that are imposed to hold corporations to account for violations such as land grabbing, worker exploitation and corruption. Overall, the numerous references to the private sector’s key role in driving development after 2015 are very concerning, especially given the lack of commensurate safeguards to ensure that human rights are protected and promoted above private sector interests, and the lack of concrete monitoring and regulation of the private sector. The Goals We think that having a clear framework that is specific, measurable, time-bound and attainable is a powerful way to motivate action and mobilise resources. We appreciate the proposal to have global goals with national targets as it increases country ownership, which increases the chances of success. However, we would like to see the development of a mechanism that ensures that the national targets are sufficiently ambitious to ensure that countries are taking meaningful action. 4

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We do not support the selection of targets from a “menu”, as this could lead to difficult or unpopular areas being dropped from action, and reduces the cohesive global action tackling a particular issue. All targets and indicators must be covered at a meaningful level by all governments, even if they have the flexibility to judge their own rate of progress over time. This is especially important for sexual and reproductive health and rights. The goals are missing critical inter-linkages, specifically in terms of women's rights and gender equality. For example, climate change is highlighted as a cross-cutting issue, but links between climate change, women and the illustrative targets intended to address aspects of climate change are not made. Targets related to energy, agriculture, transport, deforestation and food security need to articulate the inter-linkages, e.g., in terms of women's access to and control of natural resources, their role in sustainable energy solutions and capacity building, or they will not be prioritized. Similarly, women’s empowerment and ensuring stable and peaceful societies are both goals, however, there are no indicators linking the two, such as inclusion of women and women’s organizations in peace negotiations. Goal 1: End Poverty The report continues to use the discredited World Bank poverty measurement of 1.25 USD per day. This is not a poverty line but a starvation line. It measures how many people are likely to soon die of malnutrition, exposure, etc., rather than a measurement of living with dignity, which is what eradication of poverty should indicate. Higher national poverty lines can be defined nationally but the Panel has lacked the courage or ambition to draw a higher and broader global poverty line. While the report acknowledged the importance of land to development, it focuses on security of tenure and the commercializing potential of land rather than the fact that landlessness is the largest single indicator of poverty. The report suggests an increase by “x% the share of [….] businesses with secure rights to land, property and other assets”. The inclusion of ‘businesses’ can be easily distorted and enable land-grabbing and forced evictions. In addition, there is no differentiation in references to “the business community”, yet disaggregation between small, medium and larger private sector entities is critical as they are not perceived or treated as the same. The report presumes a neo-liberal purpose for land which is not the experience nor aim of most small land-owners. Measuring the distribution of land and resources and aiming for more equitable distribution amongst people, rather than corporations, would be meaningful. Goal 2: Empower Girls and Women and Achieve Gender Equality Gender equality is an essential component of sustainable development, and we will not achieve progress on the post 2015 framework without it. While we welcome this goal we hope that more work can be done to make it meaningful. Empowering girls and 5

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women and achieving gender equality (Goal 2) cannot be accomplished in isolation from ending poverty. However Goal 1 as currently written, in part equates the right of businesses to own land with that of women and communities. As a result it effectively ignores the current practice of land grabbing, environmental degradation and displacement that occurs when corporations are able to own and control land. The HLP is correct to highlight the target of preventing and eliminating all forms of violence against girls and women. However, the links between gender-based violence and impunity, militarization, military spending, and the prevalence of small arms must be addressed if meaningful gains are to be made. The child marriage indicator is welcomed only if the term is explicitly defined as in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Goal 4: Ensure Healthy Lives This goal acknowledges sexual and reproductive health and rights as critical components of a healthy life and an essential component of a healthy society, however, we are concerned by the lack of specificity in the suggested target. We welcome reference in the narrative around health that “discrimination can create barriers to health services for vulnerable groups”, but the lack of further discussion around supporting marginalized and key populations and providing stigma-free services is a gap. Goal 7: Secure Sustainable Energy The target to phase out fossil fuel subsidies is welcomed, but it is too vague and won’t compel change. It should at the very least cover the eradication of subsidies to fossil fuel industries and carbon emitting multinationals. Goal 8: Create Jobs, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Equitable Growth The report recognizes the importance of jobs to sustainable development, but reduces labor to the value it brings to economic growth and consumption. It undermines the Decent Work agenda by creating a reduced category of “good jobs” for the developing world, with the implication being that the developed world can expect the broader decent work agenda. It notes that the concept of decent work which “recognizes and respects the rights of workers, ensures adequate social protection and social dialogue,” may be too much for some developing countries and suggests a “middle ground” for them. Is the HLP saying that some workers, simply because of their geographic location, do not deserve to have internationally agreed upon rights? It also suggests that good jobs need to be “secure and fairly paid,” however, there is no indication of what fair pay would amount to – would that be less than 1.25 USD per day? In addition, labor market flexibility, the report notes, is required to stimulate growth, which contradicts the notion of labor security. Women are most often subjected to ‘flexible’ labor markets and the erosion of labor rights due in part to traditional gender division of labor within the household. Within this context, unpaid

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labor must also be addressed. This requires that unpaid work must be recognized, reduced and redistributed. The report suggests that favorable business environments are required for entrepreneurialism, but ignores the experiences of small, women-led enterprises that are often unable to compete with foreign multinationals which are given investment incentives, such as taxes exemptions. Re-directing subsidies from multinationals to local micro-enterprises, small businesses and cooperatives would create jobs. This goal set a target to “strengthen productive capacity by providing universal access to financial services”, which begs the question, why this emphasis? Why not investments in productive activities with the potential to generate jobs, gender-aware and contextspecific skills development programs, and social protection programs – all of which generate decent jobs, sustain livelihoods and result in more equitable growth? Goal 10: Ensure Good Governance and Effective Institutions “Institutions,” for this goal, are defined as covering “rules, laws, and government entities, but also the informal rules of social interactions.” Given that “businesses” feature so prominently in this report, its absence in this section, for this goal is stunning. Corporations are given a free pass. A global regulatory framework set by governments to protect people from the avarice of business is essential if sustainable development is the ultimate goal, especially given that the only priority of the private sector is its profit motive. Extraterritorial obligations, as elaborated in the Maastricht Principles, should be used as the foundation for facilitating good governance in the context of the new global partnership outlined in this report. The increased focus on civil participation and voice is welcomed, however stronger specificity is required and participation should include decision-making. Goal 11: Ensure Stable and Peaceful Societies It is undeniable that violations of human rights and injustice are ingredients for instability, conflict and war. Actions that ensure that people in general, and women in particular, are able to live without fear and want are key to ensuring stable and peaceful societies. Ensuring that governments are investing in and budgeting for peace and not increasing militarization are key. A target to reduce military spending and increase social spending would be of singular value. Again, the report focuses here on symptoms but not causes. In particular, we recommend that the link between gender inequality and militarization be recognized and addressed, and that a holistic approach to the Women, Peace and Security agenda that addresses participation, prevention, protection, and relief and recovery be integrated into sustainable development efforts, including goals and indicators. There is a need to recognize that nuclear weapons, as well as climate change, pose unprecedented threats to humanity; that arms, including small arms and light 7

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weapons, promote environmental degradation and reduce state capacity to invest in social equality and sustainable development, and fuel gender-based violence, especially against women human rights defenders; that the effects of militarism, military spending, and the arms trade erode gender equality and the realization of women’s rights; and that development, peace and security require conflict prevention through women’s full and equal participation and leadership, not just a “transparency revolution”. Goal 12: Create a Global Enabling Environment and Catalyze Long Term Finance While there is a target to keep warming to 2 degrees C, there is no target for countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It also fails to recognize the role and responsibility of large-scale historical emitters in contributing to climate change and its inequitable impacts (geographical, gender, economic, etc.), from which we already see the reversal of existing development gains. An enabling environment requires clear recognition of common but differentiated responsibilities in addressing climate change impacts, mitigating causes and creating the conditions for long term sustainable development. Overall the financing goal lacks the kind of urgency and ambition that mobilized trillions of dollars to bail out banks in record time. This goal fails to recognize the sustained critique of international financial systems and the need to reform them. The 2008 crisis, and others which came before, including with Long Term Capital Management in 1998, are evidence that we need reform of the financial regulatory system, where the needs of people and not of capital are at the center, and policies are developed and goals set with a recognition that women and men do not share the same realities, and that they experience economic crises differently. Governments have an obligation to effectively regulate financial institutions and markets to prevent economic crises. We appreciate efforts to define clear financing targets to achieve the goals, but believe the report should have given attention to how funding is delivered to maximize impact. Research from recent years indicate that effective financing for gender equality must move away from fragmented, short-term funding to longer term partnerships that are predictable and flexible, and provide multiyear support. Further, the report failed to highlight the need to secure resources for the diversity of actors engaged in this work, including civil society, and among them, women’s organizations and movements, who are doing some of the most impactful and innovative work in this field, holding the line on past gains, pushing for new policy and behavior changes, providing critical services, and holding governments accountable to their commitments. While discussed in some detail in the narrative of the report, the Panel has failed to recommend sufficient substantive changes to tax systems that would ensure corporations make some contribution to sustainable development and the communities that sustain them. The report is also silent on the need for governments to mobilize the maximum available resources to meet human rights obligations and ensure the full 8

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enjoyment of economic and social rights, following principles of non-retrogression and minimum essential levels/minimum core obligations. This goal is also delinked from several of the other articulated goals, e.g., it fails to address the need to ensure functioning supply chains or access to essential medicines as targets, as was included in Goal 8 in the MDG framework. This is a serious omission as some of the challenges to ensuring access to essential reproductive health medicines and realizing sexual and reproductive health and rights are connected to weaknesses with the financing, supply chains and health systems that deliver access to essential medicines, including reproductive health medicines. Conclusion In moving forward, we recommend that a human rights approach to sustainable development processes be strengthened through enhanced recognition of state obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill women’s human rights and gender equality. We recommend clear regulations to ensure that economic interests are not allowed to override the greater aim of respecting human rights and promoting sustainable development. We call for a change in the current policies of international institutions that serve to entrench inequalities through neoliberal reforms that leave countries struggling to meet their sustainable development objectives. While the HLP report is more of the same, or some would argue, MDG +, the world between 2015-2030 will be changing in many ways, including the balance of economic and political power. The Secretary General provided an opportunity for something more; it was a missed opportunity. It is now up to him and the member states to ensure that the next fifteen years post 2015 will be a time of people above profits.

Drafting Team: Katia Araujo, Huairou Commission; Heather Barclay, International Planned Parenthood Federation; Marta Benavides, Feminist Task Force; Savi Bisnath, Center for Women’s Global Leadership; Eleanor Blomstrom, Women’s Environment and Development Organization; Clare Coffey, ActionAid; Kate Lappin, Asia Pacific Forum for Women, Law and Development; Rosa Lizarde, Feminist Task Force; Abigail Ruane, Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom; Alejandra Scampini, Association for Women’s Rights in Development If your organization would like to endorse this review, please send name of organization, country and name of contact to cwgl@rci.rutgers.edu by 12 noon (EST)/17:00 (GMT) on 12th June. Endorsed by: Center for Women’s Global Leadership (CWGL) Feminist Task Force Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) 9

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A NEW GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP: ERADICATE POVERTY AND TRANSFORM ECONOMIES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda

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A NEW GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP: ERADICATE POVERTY AND TRANSFORM ECONOMIES THROUGH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Copyright ©2013 United Nations All rights reserved. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 E 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017 email: publications@un.org web: un.org/publications Disclaimer: The members of the Panel may not be in full agreement with every specific point and detail of the report, but they all endorse the report.

Produced by

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LETTER FROM THE CO-CHAIRS OF THE HIGH-LEVEL PANEL OF EMINENT PERSONS ON THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 30 May 2013 Secretary-General, In July 2012 you tasked us with jointly chairing a twenty-seven person panel to make recommendations to you on the development agenda beyond 2015. We hope that you will find our resultant report both bold and practical. We have consulted extensively, in every region and across many sectors, including listening to the voices and priorities of people living in poverty themselves. We are very grateful for the valuable support provided to us by the Panel’s secretariat led by Dr Homi Kharas and have benefited greatly from the regional, national and thematic consultations organised by the UN System and member states. Our panel conducted its work in a very positive spirit of cooperation. Through passionate and vigorous debate we have learnt much from each other. We transmit our recommendations to you with a feeling of great optimism that a transformation to end poverty through sustainable development is possible within our generation. We outline five transformational shifts, applicable to both developed and developing countries alike, including a new Global Partnership as the basis for a single, universal post-2015 agenda that will deliver this vision for the sake of humanity. Our report provides an example of how new goals and measurable targets could be framed in the wake of these transformative shifts. This list is illustrative rather than prescriptive. While views naturally differed within the panel on the exact wording of particular illustrative goals or targets we agreed that our report would be found wanting without a collective attempt to demonstrate how a simple clear agenda building on the MDGs and the Rio+20 process might be elaborated. We hope it will stimulate debate over the prioritisation that will be needed if the international community is to agree a new development framework before the expiry of the Millennium Development Goals.

Yours sincerely,

Dr Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

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David Cameron

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The members of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel Of Eminent Persons On The Post-2015 Development Agenda wish to extend their deepest appreciation to the governments, organisations, institutions, United Nations entities and individuals who provided valuable perspectives, ideas and support throughout the course of the Panel’s work. The Panel extends its sincere gratitude for financial and in-kind contributions received from the governments of Colombia, Denmark, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Liberia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and from the Ford Foundation, Havas, and the Hewlett Foundation. The deliberations of the Panel were informed by the broad consultative process conducted by the United Nations, as directed by the Secretary-General in our terms of reference. This includes national and global thematic consultations under the aegis of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG), regional consultations undertaken by the Regional Commissions, consultations with businesses around the world under the guidance of the UN Global Compact, and the views of the scientific and academic community as conveyed through the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. We are grateful for the perspective these extensive consultations provided. The Panel also wishes to thank people from more than 5000 civil society organisations and 250 chief executive officers of major corporations who shared their valuable ideas and views during a series of consultations, both in person and online. We are grateful to all those who submitted policy briefs, research and inputs to the process, the full list of which appears at www.post2015hlp.org. Panel members wish to express their sincere appreciation for the dedication and intellectual rigour of the Panel secretariat (listed in Annex VI), led by Dr. Homi Kharas, and to the institutions which have released them to undertake the work of supporting the Panel. They extend their appreciation to their advisers for their support and dedication throughout the report’s development. All of these contributions and support are gratefully acknowledged and warmly appreciated.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “Our vision and our responsibility are to end extreme poverty in all its forms in the context of sustainable development and to have in place the building blocks of sustained prosperity for all.” i The Panel came together with a sense of optimism and a deep respect for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The 13 years since the millennium have seen the fastest reduction in poverty in human history: there are half a billion fewer people living below an international poverty line of $1.25 a day. Child death rates have fallen by more than 30%, with about three million children’s lives saved each year compared to 2000. Deaths from malaria have fallen by one quarter. This unprecedented progress has been driven by a combination of economic growth, better policies, and the global commitment to the MDGs, which set out an inspirational rallying cry for the whole world. Given this remarkable success, it would be a mistake to simply tear up the MDGs and start from scratch. As world leaders agreed at Rio in 2012, new goals and targets need to be grounded in respect for universal human rights, and finish the job that the MDGs started. Central to this is eradicating extreme poverty from the face of the earth by 2030. This is something that leaders have promised time and again throughout history. Today, it can actually be done. So a new development agenda should carry forward the spirit of the Millennium Declaration and the best of the MDGs, with a practical focus on things like poverty, hunger, water, sanitation, education and healthcare. But to fulfil our vision of promoting sustainable development, we must go beyond the MDGs. They did not focus enough on reaching the very poorest and most excluded people. They were silent on the devastating effects of conflict and violence on development. The importance to development of good governance and institutions that guarantee the rule of law, free speech and open and accountable government was not included, nor the need for inclusive growth to provide jobs. Most seriously, the MDGs fell short by not integrating the economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development as envisaged in the Millennium Declaration, and by not addressing the need to promote sustainable patterns of consumption and production. The result was that environment and development were never properly brought together. People were working hard – but often separately – on interlinked problems. So the Panel asked some simple questions: starting with the current MDGs, what to keep, what to amend, and what to add. In trying to answer these questions, we listened to the views of women and men, young people, parliamentarians, civil society organisations, indigenous people and local communities, migrants, experts, business, trade unions and governments. Most important, we listened directly to the voices of hundreds of thousands of people from all over the world, in face-to-face meetings as well as through surveys, community interviews, and polling over mobile phones and the internet. We considered the massive changes in the world since the year 2000 and the changes that are likely to unfold by 2030. There are a billion more people today, with world population at seven billion, and another billion expected by 2030. More than half of us now live in cities. Private investment in developing countries now dwarfs aid flows. The number of mobile phone subscriptions has risen from fewer than one billion to more than six billion. Thanks to the internet, seeking business or information on the other side of the world is now routine for many. Yet inequality remains and opportunity is not open to all. The 1.2 billion poorest people account for only 1 per cent of world consumption while the billion richest consume 72 per cent. Above all, there is one trend – climate change – which will determine whether or not we can deliver on our ambitions. Scientific evidence of the direct threat from climate change has mounted. The stresses of unsustainable production and consumption

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patterns have become clear, in areas like deforestation, water scarcity, food waste, and high carbon emissions. Losses from natural disasters–including drought, floods, and storms – have increased at an alarming rate. People living in poverty will suffer first and worst from climate change. The cost of taking action now will be much less than the cost of dealing with the consequences later. Thinking about and debating these trends and issues together, the Panellists have been on a journey. At our first meeting in New York, the Secretary General charged us with producing a bold yet practical vision for development beyond 2015. In London, we discussed household poverty: the daily reality of life on the margins of survival. We considered the many dimensions of poverty, including health, education and livelihoods, as well as the demands for more justice, better accountability, and an end to violence against women. We also heard inspiring stories of how individuals and communities have worked their way to prosperity. In Monrovia, we talked about economic transformation and the building blocks needed for growth that delivers social inclusion and respects the environment: how to harness the ingenuity and dynamism of business for sustainable development. And we saw with our own eyes the extraordinary progress that can be made when a country once ravaged by conflict is able to build peace and security. In Bali, we agreed on the central importance of a new spirit to guide a global partnership for a people-centred and planet-sensitive agenda, based on the principle of our common humanity. We agreed to push developed countries to fulfil their side of the bargain – by honouring their aid commitments, but also reforming their trade, tax and transparency policies, by paying more attention to better regulating global financial and commodity markets and by leading the way towards sustainable development. We agreed that developing countries have done much to finance their own development, and will be able to do more as incomes rise. We also agreed on the need to manage the world’s consumption and production patterns in more sustainable and equitable ways. Above all, we agreed that a new vision must be universal: offering hope – but also responsibilities – to everyone in the world. These meetings and consultations left us energized, inspired and convinced of the need for a new paradigm. In our view, business-as-usual is not an option. We concluded that the post-2015 agenda is a universal agenda. It needs to be driven by five big, transformative shifts:

1. Leave no one behind. We must keep faith with the original promise of the MDGs, and now finish the job. After 2015 we should move from reducing to ending extreme poverty, in all its forms. We should ensure that no person – regardless of ethnicity, gender, geography, disability, race or other status – is denied universal human rights and basic economic opportunities. We should design goals that focus on reaching excluded groups, for example by making sure we track progress at all levels of income, and by providing social protection to help people build resilience to life’s uncertainties. We can be the first generation in human history to end hunger and ensure that every person achieves a basic standard of wellbeing. There can be no excuses. This is a universal agenda, for which everyone must accept their proper share of responsibility. 2. Put sustainable development at the core. For twenty years, the international community has aspired to integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability, but no country has yet achieved this. We must act now to halt the alarming pace of climate change and environmental degradation, which pose unprecedented threats to humanity. We must bring about more social inclusion. This is a universal challenge, for every country and every person on earth. This will require structural change, with new solutions, and will offer new opportunities. Developed countries have a special role to play, fostering new technologies and making the fastest progress in reducing unsustainable consumption. Many of the world’s largest companies are already leading this transformation to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. Only by mobilizing social, economic and environmental action together can we eradicate poverty irreversibly and meet the aspirations of eight billion people in 2030. 3. Transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth. We call for a quantum leap forward in economic opportunities and a profound economic transformation to end extreme poverty and improve livelihoods. This means a rapid shift to sustainable patterns of consumption and production--harnessing innovation, technology, and the potential of private business to create more value and drive sustainable and inclusive growth. Diversified economies, with equal opportunities for all, can unleash the dynamism that creates jobs and livelihoods, especially for young people and women. This is a challenge for every country on earth: to ensure good job possibilities while moving to the sustainable patterns of work and life that will be necessary in a world of limited natural resources. We should ensure that everyone has what they need to grow and prosper, including access to quality education and skills, healthcare, clean water, electricity, telecommunications and transport. We should make it easier for people to

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invest, start-up a business and to trade. And we can do more to take advantage of rapid urbanisation: cities are the world’s engines for business and innovation. With good management they can provide jobs, hope and growth, while building sustainability. 4. Build peace and effective, open and accountable institutions for all. Freedom from fear, conflict and violence is the most fundamental human right, and the essential foundation for building peaceful and prosperous societies. At the same time, people the world over expect their governments to be honest, accountable, and responsive to their needs. We are calling for a fundamental shift – to recognize peace and good governance as core elements of wellbeing, not optional extras. This is a universal agenda, for all countries. Responsive and legitimate institutions should encourage the rule of law, property rights, freedom of speech and the media, open political choice, access to justice, and accountable government and public institutions. We need a transparency revolution, so citizens can see exactly where and how taxes, aid and revenues from extractive industries are spent. These are ends as well as means. 5. Forge a new global partnership. Perhaps the most important transformative shift is towards a new spirit of solidarity, cooperation, and mutual accountability that must underpin the post-2015 agenda. A new partnership should be based on a common understanding of our shared humanity, underpinning mutual respect and mutual benefit in a shrinking world. This partnership should involve governments but also include others: people living in poverty, those with disabilities, women, civil society and indigenous and local communities, traditionally marginalised groups, multilateral institutions, local and national government, the business community, academia and private philanthropy. Each priority area identified in the post-2015 agenda should be supported by dynamic partnerships. It is time for the international community to use new ways of working, to go beyond an aid agenda and put its own house in order: to implement a swift reduction in corruption, illicit financial flows, money-laundering, tax evasion, and hidden ownership of assets. We must fight climate change, champion

i

free and fair trade, technology innovation, transfer and diffusion, and promote financial stability. And since this partnership is built on principles of common humanity and mutual respect, it must also have a new spirit and be completely transparent. Everyone involved must be fully accountable. From vision to action. We believe that these five changes are the right, smart, and necessary thing to do. But their impact will depend on how they are translated into specific priorities and actions. We realized that the vision would be incomplete unless we offered a set of illustrative goals and targets to show how these transformative changes could be expressed in precise and measurable terms. This illustrative framework is set out in Annex I, with more detailed explanation in Annex II. We hope these examples will help focus attention and stimulate debate. The suggested targets are bold, yet practical. Like the MDGs, they would not be binding, but should be monitored closely. The indicators that track them should be disaggregated to ensure no one is left behind and targets should only be considered ‘achieved’ if they are met for all relevant income and social groups. We recommend that any new goals should be accompanied by an independent and rigorous monitoring system, with regular opportunities to report on progress and shortcomings at a high political level. We also call for a data revolution for sustainable development, with a new international initiative to improve the quality of statistics and information available to citizens. We should actively take advantage of new technology, crowd sourcing, and improved connectivity to empower people with information on the progress towards the targets. Taken together, the Panel believes that these five fundamental shifts can remove the barriers that hold people back, and end the inequality of opportunity that blights the lives of so many people on our planet. They can, at long last, bring together social, economic and environmental issues in a coherent, effective, and sustainable way. Above all, we hope they can inspire a new generation to believe that a better world is within its reach, and act accordingly.

Monrovia Communiqué of the High Level Panel, February 1, 2013, http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/ Monrovia-Communique-1-February-2013.pdf

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CONTENTS Chapter 1: A Vision and Framework for the post-2015 Development Agenda ........................ 1 Setting a New Course ............................................................................................................................. Remarkable Achievements Since 2000 ................................................................................................. Consulting People, Gaining Perspective ............................................................................................... The Panel’s Journey............................................................................................................................... Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing World ........................................................................... One World: One Sustainable Development Agenda ............................................................................

1 1 1 2 3 4

Chapter 2: From Vision to Action—Priority Transformations for a post-2015 Agenda ......... 7 Five Transformative Shifts ..................................................................................................................... 1. Leave No One Behind ........................................................................................................................ 2. Put Sustainable Development at the Core ........................................................................................ 3. Transform Economies for Jobs and Inclusive Growth ........................................................................ 4. Build Peace and Effective, Open and Accountable Public Institutions .............................................. 5. Forge a new Global Partnership ........................................................................................................ Ensure More and Better Long-term Finance.........................................................................................

7 7 8 8 9 9 12

Chapter 3: Illustrative Goals and Global Impact ............................................................................. 13 The Shape of the Post-2015 Agenda ..................................................................................................... Risks to be Managed in a Single Agenda .............................................................................................. Learning the Lessons of MDG 8 (Global Partnership for Development) ................................................ Illustrative Goals ..................................................................................................................................... Addressing Cross-cutting Issues ........................................................................................................... The Global Impact by 2030 ....................................................................................................................

13 14 15 15 16 18

Chapter 4: Implementation, Accountability and Building Consensus ....................................... 21 Implementing the post-2015 framework ............................................................................................. Unifying Global Goals with National Plans for Development................................................................ Global Monitoring and Peer Review ..................................................................................................... Stakeholders Partnering by Theme ....................................................................................................... Holding Partners to Account ................................................................................................................. Wanted: a New Data Revolution ........................................................................................................... Working in Cooperation with Others .................................................................................................... Building Political Consensus .................................................................................................................

21 21 21 22 23 23 24 24

Chapter 5: Concluding Remarks........................................................................................................... 27 Annex I Illustrative Goals and Targets ................................................................................................ 29 Annex II Evidence of Impact and Explanation of Illustrative Goals ............................................. 32 Annex III Goals, Targets and Indicators: Using a Common Terminology .................................... 57 Annex IV Summary of Outreach Efforts ............................................................................................. 59 Annex V Terms of Reference and List of Panel Members ............................................................... 65 Annex VI High-level Panel Secretariat ................................................................................................ 69

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CHAPTER 1: A VISION AND FRAMEWORK FOR THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA Setting a New Course We, the High-Level Panel on the post-2015 Development Agenda, were asked for recommendations that would “help respond to the global challenges of the 21st century, building on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and with a view to ending poverty”.ii We discussed two of the world’s biggest challenges – how to end poverty and how to promote sustainable development. We have not come up with all the answers, but we do believe the lives of billions of people can be improved, in a way that preserves the planet’s natural resource assets for future generations. Progress on this scale is possible, but only if governments (at all levels), multilateral institutions, businesses, and civil society organizations are willing to change course and reject business-as-usual. They have a chance to develop and put in place a new agenda: one that confronts the challenges of the modern world head-on. They have an opportunity to transform their thinking, and their practice, to solve current problems with new ways of working. They can join forces, tackle poverty, the economy and the environment together, and bring about a paradigm shift.

Remarkable Achievements Since 2000 After the MDGs were adopted, dozens of developing-country planning ministries, hundreds of international agencies and thousands of civil society organizations (CSOs) rallied behind them. Together, they have contributed to remarkable achievements; half a billion fewer people in extreme poverty; about three million children’s lives saved each year. Four out of five children now get vaccinated for a range of diseases. Maternal mortality gets the focused attention it deserves. Deaths from malaria have fallen by one-quarter. Contracting HIV is no longer an automatic death sentence. In 2011, 590 million children in developing countries – a record number – attended primary school. This unprecedented progress was driven by a combination of economic growth, government policies, civil society engagement and the global commitment to the MDGs. Given this success, it would be a mistake to start a new development agenda from scratch. There is much unfinished business from the MDGs. Some countries achieved a great deal, but others, especially low-income, conflict affected countries, achieved much less. In the course of our discussions, we became aware of a gap between reality on the ground and the statistical targets that are tracked. We realized that the next development agenda must build on the real experiences, stories, ideas and solutions of people at the grassroots, and that we, as a Panel, must do our best to understand the world through their eyes and reflect on the issues that would make a difference to their lives.

Consulting People, Gaining Perspective Over the last nine months, the Panel has spoken with people from all walks of life. We have reviewed almost one thousand written submissions from civil society and business groups working around the world. We have consulted experts from multilateral organizations, national governments and local authorities. We have debated vigorously and passionately among ourselves. We agreed that the post-2015 agenda should reflect the concerns of people living in

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| CHAPTER 1: A VISION AND FRAMEWORK FOR THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

poverty, whose voices often go unheard or unheeded. To gather these perspectives, Panel members spoke to farmers, indigenous and local communities, workers in the informal sector, migrants, people with disabilities, small business owners, traders, young people and children, women’s groups, older people, faith-based groups, trade unions and many others. We also heard from academics and experts, politicians and philosophers.

of speech and association and to monitor where their government’s money is going.

In all, we heard voices and reviewed recommendations for goals and targets from over 5000 civil society organisations – ranging from grassroots organisations to global alliances – working in about 120 countries across every major region of the world. We also consulted the chief executive officers of 250 companies in 30 countries, with annual revenues exceeding $8 trillion, academics from developed and developing countries, international and local NGOs and civil society movements, and parliamentarians.

People with disabilities also asked for an end to discrimination and for equal opportunity. They are looking for guarantees of minimum basic living standards. Representatives of indigenous groups and local communities wanted recognition of their need to live more balanced lives in harmony with nature. They want restitution, non-discrimination and respect for their ancestral ways. Those working in the informal sector also called for social protection and for reducing inequalities, as well as for opportunities to secure good and decent jobs and livelihoods.

In these meetings, people living in poverty told us how powerless they felt because their jobs and livelihoods were precarious. They said they fear getting sick, and lack safety. They talked about insecurity, corruption, and violence in the home. They spoke of being excluded and abused by society’s institutions and of the importance of transparent, open and responsive government that recognizes their dignity and human rights. The Panel heard some similar priorities voiced by mayors and local elected officials. These leaders deal daily with marginalized groups asking for help getting food, shelter, health care, meals at school, education and school supplies. They strive to supply their constituents with safe water, sanitation, and street lighting. They told us that the urban poor want jobs that are better than selling small items on the street or picking through rubbish dumps. And, like people everywhere, they want security so their families can safely go about their lives. Young people asked for education beyond primary schooling, not just formal learning but life skills and vocational training to prepare them for jobs. In countries where they have acquired good education and skills, they want access to decent jobs. They want opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. They crave mentoring, career development, and programmes led by youth, serving youth. Young people said they want to be able to make informed decisions about their health and bodies, to fully realize their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). They want access to information and technology so they can participate in their nation’s public life, especially charting its path to economic development. They want to be able to hold those in charge to account, to have the right to freedom

Women and girls asked in particular for protection of their property rights, their access to land, and to have a voice and to participate in economic and political life. They also asked the Panel to focus on ending violence against women and discrimination at work, at school and in the law.

Businesses spoke of their potential contribution to a post-2015 development agenda. Not just providing good and decent jobs and growth, but delivering essential services and helping billions of people access clean and sustainable energy and adapt to climate change. They spoke of being willing to share accountability for the next agenda, and about what they need from governments if they are to do more – sound macroeconomic policies, good infrastructure, skilled workers, open markets, a level playing field, and efficient and accountable public administration. All these groups asked that when the post-2015 agenda is put into place, it includes a plan for measuring progress that compares how people with different income levels, gender, disability and age, and those living in different localities, are faring – and that this information be easily available to all.

The Panel’s Journey These views and perspectives helped us to understand better how to think about the post-2015 agenda and how to put flesh on the idea of a bold yet practical vision for development that the Secretary-General challenged us to produce at our first meeting in New York. In London, we discussed household poverty: the daily reality of life on the margins of survival. We agreed to seek to end extreme poverty by 2030. We learned how important it is to tackle poverty in all its dimensions, including basic human needs like health, education, safe water and shelter as well as fundamental human rights: personal security, dignity, justice, voice and

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empowerment, equality of opportunity, and access to SRHR. Several of these issues were not covered in the MDGs and we agreed they must be added in a new agenda. We recognized the need to focus on the quality of public services, as well as on access to their delivery. We realized that providing access to nutritious food and drinking water would not endure unless food and water systems are also addressed. In Monrovia, we talked about economic transformation and the building blocks needed for growth that delivers social inclusion and respects the environment – how to harness the ingenuity and dynamism of business for sustainable development. We saw with our own eyes the extraordinary progress that can be made when a country once ravaged by conflict is able to build peace and security, but also the enormous challenge of providing basic services, like power, roads and telecommunications to connect people and firms to a modern economy. We heard about the business opportunities in pursuing green growth to promote sustainable development, and about the potential for individual entrepreneurs to fulfil their dreams, and for large businesses to connect to smallholder farmers. We learned that there are critical shortages of the skilled professionals who are needed to make governments and firms more efficient. We saw the need for the agenda to include jobs, institutions, and modern, reliable and sustainable energy. In Bali, we discussed common global challenges, including the dangers posed by climate change and the need for development strategies to include making households and countries more resilient. We focused on the elements of a new global partnership. We agreed that developed countries had to do more to put their own house in order. They must honour their aid commitments but go beyond aid to lead global efforts to reform trade, crack down on illicit capital flows, return stolen assets, and promote sustainable patterns of consumption and production. We asked where the money would come from to finance the massive investments that will be needed for infrastructure in developing countries, and concluded that we need to find new ways of using aid and other public funds to mobilize private capital.

Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing World Our conversations with people added to our own experiences about how significantly the world has changed since the Millennium Declaration was adopted in 2000. We are also aware of how much more the world will change by 2030. It will be more urban, more middle class, older, more connected, more interdependent, more vulnerable and more constrained in its resources – and still working to ensure that globalization brings maximum benefits to all. For many, the world today feels more uncertain than it did in 2000. In developed countries, the financial crisis has shaken belief that every generation will be better off than the last. Developing countries, for their part, are full of optimism and confidence as a result of a decadelong growth spurt, but many also fear that slow progress in reforming global trade and stabilising the world financial system may harm their prospects. Half the world’s extreme poor live in conflict-affected countries, while many others are suffering the effects of natural disasters that have cost $2.5 trillion so far this century.iii In today’s world, we see that no country, however powerful or rich, can sustain its prosperity without working in partnership to find integrated solutions. This is a world of challenges, but these challenges can also present opportunities, if they kindle a new spirit of solidarity, mutual respect and mutual benefit, based on our common humanity and the Rio principles. Such a spirit could inspire us to address global challenges through a new global partnership, bringing together the many groups in the world concerned with economic, social and environmental progress: people living in poverty, women, young people, people with disabilities, indigenous and local communities, marginalised groups, multilateral institutions, local and national governments, businesses, civil society and private philanthropists, scientists and other academics. These groups are more organised than before, better able to communicate with each other, willing to learn about real experiences and real challenges in policymaking, committed to solving problems together.

Envisioning a new Global Partnership “We agreed on the need for a renewed Global Partnership that enables a transformative, people-centred and planet-sensitive development agenda which is realized through the equal partnership of all stakeholders. Such partnership should be based on the principles of equity, sustainability, solidarity, respect for humanity, and shared responsibilities in accordance with respective capabilities.” Bali Communiqué, March 28, 2013iv

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We are deeply aware of the hunger, vulnerability, and deprivation that still shape the daily lives of more than a billion people in the world today. At the same time we are struck by the level of inequality in the world, both among and within countries. Of all the goods and services consumed in the world each year, the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty only account for one per cent, while the richest 1 billion people consume 72 per cent.V Every year, one billion women are subject to sexual or physical violence because they lack equal protection under the law;VI and 200 million young people despair because they lack equal opportunities to acquire the skills they need to get decent jobs and livelihoods.vii At the same time there is unprecedented prosperity and dynamism in many countries. Two billion people already enjoy middle class lifestyles, and another three billion are set to join them by 2030. Low- and middle-income countries are now growing faster than high-income ones – which helps to reduce global inequality. And many countries are using public social protection programs and social and environmental regulations to bring down high levels of domestic inequality by improving the lives of the worst-off, while also transforming their economies so that growth is sustained over the long term and provides more good jobs and secure livelihoods. This means it is now possible to leave no one behind – to give every child a fair chance in life, and to achieve a pattern of development where dignity and human rights become a reality for all, where an agenda can be built around human security. While we were writing this report, the world passed an alarming threshold: atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was measured at over 400 parts per million, probably the highest level in at least 800,000 years.viii There is no evidence yet that the upward trend has been slowed or reversed, as it must be if potentially catastrophic changes in climate are to be avoided. Despite all the rhetoric about alternative energy sources, fossil fuels still make up 81 per cent of global energy production--unchanged since 1990. ix To continue on this business-as-usual path would be very dangerous. Changes in consumption and production patterns are essential, and they must be led by the developed countries. Recent food and energy crises, and high prices for many commodities, point to a world where increasing resource scarcity is the norm. In environmental “hot spots,” the harm that is coming if we don’t halt current trends will be irreversible. Of the 24 most important ways the poor depend on natural resources, 15 are in serious decline, including: more than 40 per cent of global fisheries that have crashed or are overfished; loss of 130 million hectares of forests in the last decade; loss of 20 percent of mangrove forests since 1980; threats to 75 per cent of the world’s coral reefs, mostly in small island developing states where dependence on reefs is high.x

Yet the Panel is impressed by the extraordinary innovations that have occurred, especially the rate at which new technologies are adopted and diffused, and by the opportunities these technologies offer for sustainable development. The number of mobile phone subscriptions has risen from fewer than a billion to more than 6 billion, and with it many mobile (m-) applications – m-banking, m-health, m-learning, m-taxes – that can radically change economies and service delivery in sustainable ways. The powerful in today’s world can no longer expect to set the rules and go unchallenged. People everywhere expect businesses and governments to be open, accountable, and responsive to their needs. There is an opportunity now to give people the power to influence and control things in their everyday lives, and to give all countries more say in how the world is governed. Without sound domestic and global institutions there can be no chance of making poverty reduction permanent. There are 21 countries that have experienced armed conflict since 2000 and many others where criminal violence is common. Between them, these claim 7.9 million lives each year.xi In order to develop peacefully, countries afflicted by or emerging from conflict need institutions that are capable and responsive, and able to meet people’s core demands for security, justice and well-being. A minimally functional state machinery is a pre-requisite and a foundation for lasting development that breaks the cycle of conflict and distrust. People care no less about sound institutions than they do about preventing illness or ensuring that their children can read and write – if only because they understand that the former play an essential role in achieving the latter. Good institutions are, in fact, the essential building blocks of a prosperous and sustainable future. The rule of law, freedom of speech and the media, open political choice and active citizen participation, access to justice, non-discriminatory and accountable governments and public institutions help drive development and have their own intrinsic value. They are both means to an end and an end in themselves.

One World: One Sustainable Development Agenda The Panel believes there is a chance now to do something that has never before been done – to eradicate extreme poverty, once and for all, and to end hunger, illiteracy, and preventable deaths. This would be a truly historic achievement. But we wanted to do more and we thought: ending extreme poverty is just the beginning, not the end. It is vital, but our vision must be broader: to start countries on the path of sustainable development – building on the

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foundations established by the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiroxii, and meeting a challenge that no country, developed or developing, has met so far. We recommend to the Secretary-General that deliberations on a new development agenda must be guided by the vision of eradicating extreme poverty once and for all, in the context of sustainable development. We came to the conclusion that the moment is right to merge the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability guiding international development. Why now? Because 2015 is the target date set in the year 2000 for the achievement of the MDGs and the logical date to begin a second phase that will finish the job they started and build on their achievements. Member states of the General Assembly of the United Nations have also agreed at Rio+20 to develop a set of sustainable development goals that are coherent with and integrated into the development agenda beyond 2015. 2015 also marks the deadline for countries to negotiate a new treaty to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Developing a single, sustainable development agenda is critical. Without ending poverty, we cannot build prosperity; too many people get left behind. Without building prosperity, we cannot tackle environmental challenges; we need to mobilise massive investments in new technologies to reduce the footprint of unsustainable production and consumption patterns. Without environmental sustainability, we cannot end poverty; the poor are too deeply affected by natural disasters and too dependent on deteriorating oceans, forests and soils. The need for a single agenda is glaring, as soon as one starts thinking practically about what needs to be done. Right now, development, sustainable development and climate change are often seen as separate. They have separate mandates, separate financing streams, and separate processes for tracking progress and holding people accountable. This creates overlap and confusion

when it comes to developing specific programs and projects on the ground. It is time to streamline the agenda. It is also unrealistic to think we can help another one billion people to lift themselves out of poverty by growing their national economies without making structural changes in the world economy. There is an urgent need for developed countries to re-imagine their growth models. They must lead the world towards solutions to climate change by creating and adopting low-carbon and other sustainable development technologies and passing them on to others. Otherwise, further strains on food, water and energy supplies and increases in global carbon emissions will be inevitable – with added pressures from billions more people expected to join the middle class in the next two decades. People still living in poverty, or those in nearpoverty, who have been the most vulnerable to recent food, fuel and financial crises, would then be at grave risk of slipping back into poverty once more. This is why we need to think differently. Ending poverty is not a matter for aid or international cooperation alone. It is an essential part of sustainable development, in developed and developing countries alike. Developed countries have a great responsibility to keep the promises they have made to help the less fortunate. The billions of dollars of aid that they give each year are vital to many low-income countries. But it is not enough: they can also co-operate more effectively to stem aggressive tax avoidance and evasion, and illicit capital flows. Governments can work with business to create a more coherent, transparent and equitable system for collecting corporate tax in a globalized world. They can tighten the enforcement of rules that prohibit companies from bribing foreign officials. They can prompt their large multinational corporations to report on the social, environmental, and economic impact of their activities. Developing countries, too, have a vital part to play in the transformative shifts that are needed. Most of them are growing rapidly and raising their own resources to

Our Vision and Our Responsibility Our vision and our responsibility is to end extreme poverty in all its forms in the context of sustainable development and to have in place the building blocks of sustained prosperity for all. The gains in poverty eradication should be irreversible. This is a global, people-centred and planet-sensitive agenda to address the universal challenges of the 21st century: promoting sustainable development, supporting job-creating growth, protecting the environment and providing peace, security, justice, freedom and equity at all levels. Monrovia CommuniquĂŠ of the High Level Panel, February 1, 2013

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fund their own development. They already contribute the most to global growth and expansion of global trade. They have young, dynamic populations. They are urbanising, modernising and absorbing new technologies faster than ever before. But they face critical choices. The infrastructure investments they make today will lock-in energy use and pollution levels tomorrow. The way they manage natural resource revenues today will determine the options available to their young people tomorrow. They must make smart choices to turn cities into vibrant places full of opportunities, services and different lifestyles, where people want to work and live. There is a global ethic for a globalised world, based on our common humanity, the Rio principles and the shared ethos of all traditions: “do as you would be done by.” Moreover, the benefits of investing in sustainable

development are high. Every dollar invested in stopping chronic malnutrition returns $30 in higher lifetime productivity.xiii Expanded childhood immunization improves health in later life, with benefits worth 20 times the cost.xiv The value of the productive time gained when households have access to safe drinking water in the home is worth 3 times the cost of providing it.xv And we cannot wait before moving to sustainable development. Scientists warn us that we must aggressively move beyond current voluntary pledges and commitments to reduce carbon emissions or else we will be on a path to at least a 4-degree Celsius warming over pre-industrial levels by this century’s end. According to the World Bank, such “4°C scenarios” would be devastating.xvi Pursuing a single, sustainable development agenda is the right thing, the smart thing and the necessary thing to do.

ii

See Terms of Reference, Annex V. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, 15 May, 2013, http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=6821 Bali Communiqué of the High Level Panel, March 27, 2013, http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/FinalCommunique-Bali.pdf v HLP Secretariat calculations vi UNiTE to end violence against women. Fact Sheet. http://www.un.org/en/women/endviolence/pdf/VAW.pdf vii Education For All (EFA) monitoring report (2012). Youth and Skills: Putting Education to Work. (p. 16) viii Luthi et al., 2008, Nature 453, 379-382 ix World Energy Outlook Factsheet, 2011, International Energy Agency, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/ factsheets/factsheets.pdf x UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). This was a four-year, multi-volume scientific appraisal by more than 1,000 experts. xi The World Development Report, 2011: Conflict, Security and Development, World Bank xii The Future We Want, United Nations, A/RES/66/288*, 11 September 2012 xiii Copenhagen Consensus (2012). Expert Panel Findings, (p. 4) and Hoddinott et al. (2012). Hunger and Malnutrition. Challenge Paper Copenhagen Consensus 2012 (p. 68) xiv Jamison, D., Jha, P., Bloom, D. (2008). The Challenge of Diseases. Challenge Paper Copenhagen Consensus 2008 (p. 51) xv Whittington, D. et al. (2008). The Challenge of Water and Sanitation. Challenge Paper Copenhagen Consensus 2008 (p. 126) xvi Turn Down the Heat, The World Bank, November 2012, http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_ heat_Why_a_4_degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf iii

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CHAPTER 2: FROM VISION TO ACTION—PRIORITY TRANSFORMATIONS FOR A POST-2015 AGENDA Five Transformative Shifts The Panel views five big, transformative shifts as the priorities for a forward-looking, compelling and integrated sustainable development agenda based on the Rio principles. The first four shifts are where the focus for action is mostly at the country level, while the fifth transformative shift, forging a new global partnership, is an overarching change in international cooperation that provides the policy space for domestic transformations. We believe there is a need for a paradigm shift, a profound structural transformation that will overcome the obstacles to sustained prosperity. The transformations described below apply to all countries. They are universally relevant and actionable. The details may vary, and responsibilities and accountabilities will inevitably differ, in line with the circumstances and capabilities of each country. We recognise that there are enormous differences among countries in resources and capabilities, differences rooted in long-ago history and often beyond their individual control. But every country has something to contribute. Countries are not being told what to do: each country is being asked what it wants to do, on a voluntary basis, both at home and to help others in meeting jointly identified challenges.

1. Leave No One Behind The next development agenda must ensure that in the future neither income nor gender, nor ethnicity, nor disability, nor geography, will determine whether people live or die, whether a mother can give birth safely, or whether her child has a fair chance in life. We must keep faith with the promise of the MDGs and now finish the job. The MDGs aspired to halve poverty. After 2015 we should aspire to put an end to hunger and extreme poverty as well as addressing poverty in all its other forms. This is a major new commitment to everyone on the planet who feels marginalised or excluded, and to the neediest and most vulnerable people, to make sure their concerns are addressed and that they can enjoy their human rights. The new agenda must tackle the causes of poverty, exclusion and inequality. It must connect people in rural and urban areas to the modern economy through quality infrastructure – electricity, irrigation, roads, ports, and telecommunications. It must provide quality health care and education for all. It must establish and enforce clear rules, without discrimination, so that women can inherit and own property and run a business, communities can control local environmental resources, and farmers and urban slum-dwellers have secure property rights. It must give people the assurance of personal safety. It must make it easy for them to follow their dreams and start a business. It must give them a say in what their government does for them, and how it spends their tax money. It must end discrimination and promote equality between men and women, girls and boys. These are issues of basic social justice. Many people living in poverty have not had a fair chance in life because they are victims of illness or poor healthcare, unemployment, a natural disaster, climate change, local conflict, instability, poor local leadership, or low-quality education – or have been given no schooling at all. Others face discrimination. Remedying these fundamental inequalities and injustices is a matter of respect for people’s universal human rights. A focus on the poorest and most marginalised, a disproportionate number of whom are women, follows directly from the principles agreed to in the Millennium Declaration and at Rio.xvii These principles should remain the foundation of the post-2015 agenda. To be sure that our actions are helping not just the largest number of people, but the neediest and most vulnerable, we will need new ways of measuring success. Strategies

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and plans will have to be developed to reach those not adequately covered by existing programmes. The cost of delivering services in remote areas may be only 15 to 20 per cent higher than average, to judge by practical experience in many countries. This seems reasonable and affordable, given higher tax revenues expected in most countries, and sustained aid to the lowest income countries. Above all it is the right thing to do.

2. Put Sustainable Development at the Core For twenty years, the international community has aspired to integrate the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability, but no country has yet achieved patterns of consumption and production that could sustain global prosperity in the coming decades. A new agenda will need to set out the core elements of sustainable lifestyles that can work for all. The Panel is convinced that national and local governments, businesses and individuals must transform the way they generate and consume energy, travel and transport goods, use water and grow food. Especially in developed countries, incentives and new mind-sets can spark massive investment in moving towards a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, while promoting more sustainable and more efficient consumption and production. Developing countries, when they get access to new technologies, can leapfrog straight to new, more sustainable and more efficient consumption and production. Both approaches are simply smart public policy. It is sometimes argued that global limits on carbon emissions will force developing countries to sacrifice growth to accommodate the lifestyles of the rich, or that developed countries will have to stop growing so that developing countries can develop – substituting one source of pollution for another. We do not believe that such trade-offs are necessary. Mankind’s capacity for innovation, and the many alternatives that already exist, mean that sustainable development can, and must, allow people in all countries to achieve their aspirations. At least one-third of the activities needed to lower global carbon emissions to reasonable levels, such as switching to LED lighting to conserve electricity, more than pay for themselves under current market conditions. Consumers will pay more up front if they can see future savings clearly and if the right incentives are in place to make the switch. Examples abound of smart, feasible, cost-effective, green economy policies: improved vehicle aerodynamics, constructing buildings for energy efficiency, recycling waste, generating electricity from landfill gas—and new technologies are constantly coming on-stream. But concerted efforts are needed to develop and adopt them.

There are other ways to reduce carbon emissions at very little cost; for example restoring soil, managing grasslands and forests in a sustainable way.xviii Healthcare costs can fall significantly with a switch to clean transport or power generation, helping offset the costs. But incentives – taxes, subsidies and regulations – must be in place to encourage this – incentives that are largely not in place now. With the right incentives, and some certainty about the rules, many of the world’s largest companies are prepared to commit themselves to moving to sustainable modes of production on a large scale. In developing countries too, the benefits of investing in sustainable development are high, especially if they get access to new technologies. Small investments to allow cross-border trading in electricity could save sub-Saharan Africa $2.7 billion every year, by substituting hydro for thermal power plants.xix Sustainable production is far cheaper than “Grow now, clean later.” Already, some industries have developed global standards to guide foreign investment in sustainable development. Examples can be found in mining, palm oil, forestry, agricultural land purchases, and banking. Certification and compliance programmes put all companies on the same footing. As more industries develop sustainability certification, it will be easier for civil society and shareholders to become watchdogs, holding firms accountable for adhering to industry standards and worker safety issues, and being ready to disinvest if they do not. Today, however, only 25 per cent of large companies report to shareholders on sustainability practices; by 2030, this should be commonplace.

3. Transform Economies for Jobs and Inclusive Growth The Panel calls for a quantum leap forward in economic opportunities and a profound economic transformation to end extreme poverty and improve livelihoods. There must be a commitment to rapid, equitable growth – not growth at any cost or just short-term spurts in growth, but sustained, long-term, inclusive growth that can overcome the challenges of unemployment (especially youth unemployment), resource scarcity and – perhaps the biggest challenge of all – adaptation to climate change. This kind of inclusive growth has to be supported by a global economy that ensures financial stability, promotes stable, long-term private financial investment, and encourages open, fair and development-friendly trade. The first priority must be to create opportunities for good and decent jobs and secure livelihoods, so as to make growth inclusive and ensure that it reduces poverty and inequality. When people escape from poverty, it is most often by joining the middle class, but to do so they will need

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the education, training and skills to be successful in the job market and respond to demands by business for more workers. Billions more people could become middle-class by 2030, most of them in cities, and this would strengthen economic growth the world over. Better government policies, fair and accountable public institutions, and inclusive and sustainable business practices will support this and are essential parts of a post-2015 agenda. A second priority is to constantly strive to add value and raise productivity, so that growth begets more growth. Some fundamentals will accelerate growth everywhere – infrastructure and other investments, skills development, supportive policies towards micro, small and medium sized enterprises, and the capacity to innovate and absorb new technologies, and produce higher quality and a greater range of products. In some countries, this can be achieved through industrialisation, in others through expanding a modern service sector or intensifying agriculture. Some specialise, others diversify. There is no single recipe. But it is clear that some growth patterns – essentially those that are supported by open and fair trade, globally and regionally – offer more opportunities than others for future growth. Third, countries must put in place a stable environment that enables business to flourish. Business wants, above all, a level playing field and to be connected to major markets. For small firms, this often means finding the right business linkages, through supply chains or cooperatives, for example. Business also wants a simple regulatory framework which makes it easy to start, operate and close a business. Small and medium firms, that employ the most people, are especially hamstrung at present by unnecessarily complicated regulations that can also breed corruption. This is not a call for total deregulation: social and environmental standards are of great importance. But it is a call for regulation to be smart, stable and implemented in a transparent way. Of course, businesses themselves also have a role to play: adopting good practices and paying fair taxes in the countries where they operate, and being transparent about the financial, social and environmental impact of their activities. Fourth, in order to bring new prosperity and new opportunities, growth will also need to usher in new ways to support sustainable consumption and production, and enable sustainable development. Governments should develop and implement detailed approaches to encourage sustainable activities and properly cost environmentally and socially hazardous behaviour. Business should indicate how it can invest to reduce environmental stresses and improve working conditions for employees.

4. Build Peace and Effective, Open and Accountable Public Institutions Freedom from conflict and violence is the most fundamental human entitlement, and the essential foundation for

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building peaceful and prosperous societies. At the same time, people the world over want their governments to be transparent, accountable and responsive to their needs. Personal security, access to justice, freedom from discrimination and persecution, and a voice in the decisions that affect their lives are development outcomes as well as enablers. So we are calling for a fundamental shift—to recognise peace and good governance as core elements of well-being, not an optional extra. Capable and responsive states need to build effective and accountable public institutions that support the rule of law, freedom of speech and the media, open political choice, and access to justice. We need a transparency revolution so citizens can see exactly where their taxes, aid and revenues from extractive industries are spent. We need governments that tackle the causes of poverty, empower people, are transparent, and permit scrutiny of their affairs. Transparency and accountability are also powerful tools for preventing the theft and waste of scarce natural resources. Without sound institutions, there can be no chance of sustainable development. The Panel believes that creating them is a central part of the transformation needed to eradicate poverty irreversibly and enable countries across the world, especially those prone to or emerging from conflict, to develop sustainably – and that therefore institutions must be addressed in the new development agenda. Societies organise their dialogues through institutions. In order to play a substantive role, citizens need a legal environment which enables them to form and join CSOs, to protest and express opinions peacefully, and which protects their right to due process. Internationally, too, institutions are important channels of dialogue and cooperation. Working together, in and through domestic and international institutions, governments could bring about a swift reduction in corruption, money laundering, tax evasion and aggressive avoidance, hidden ownership of assets, and the illicit trade in drugs and arms. They must commit themselves to doing so.

5. Forge a new Global Partnership A fifth, but perhaps most important, transformative shift for the post-2015 agenda is to bring a new sense of global partnership into national and international politics. This must provide a fresh vision and framework, based on our common humanity and the principles established at Rio. Included among those principles: universality, equity, sustainability, solidarity, human rights, the right to development and responsibilities shared in accordance with capabilities. The partnership should capture, and will depend on, a spirit of mutual respect and mutual benefit. One simple idea lies behind the principle of global

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partnership. People and countries understand that their fates are linked together. What happens in one part of the world can affect us all. Some issues can only be tackled by acting together. Countries have resources, expertise or technology that, if shared, can result in mutual benefit Working together is not just a moral obligation to help those less fortunate but is an investment in the long-term prosperity of all. A renewed global partnership will require a new spirit from national leaders, but also – no less important – it will require many others to adopt new mind-sets and change their behaviour. These changes will not happen overnight. But we must move beyond business-as-usual – and we must start today. The new global partnership should encourage everyone to alter their worldview, profoundly and dramatically. It should lead all countries to move willingly towards merging the environmental and development agendas, and tackling poverty’s symptoms and causes in a unified and universal way. What are the components of a new global partnership? It starts with a shared, common vision, one that allows different solutions for different contexts but is uniformly ambitious. From vision comes a plan for action, at the level of the individual country and of smaller regions, cities or localities. Each needs to contribute and cooperate to secure a better future. A new global partnership should engage national governments of all countries, local authorities, international organisations, businesses, civil society, foundations and other philanthropists, and people – all sitting at the table to go beyond aid to discuss a truly international framework of policies to achieve sustainable development. It should move beyond the MDGs’ orientation of state-to-state partnerships between high-income and low-income governments to be inclusive of more players. A new global partnership should have new ways of working – a clear process through which to measure progress towards goals and targets and to hold people accountable for meeting their commitments. The United Nations can take the lead on monitoring at the global level, drawing on information from national and local governments, as well as from regional dialogues. Partnerships in each thematic area, at global, national and local levels, can assign responsibilities and accountabilities for putting policies and programs in place. Each participant in the global partnership has a specific role to play: National governments have the central role and responsibility for their own development and for ensuring universal human rights. They decide on national targets, taxes, policies, plans and regulations that will translate the vision and goals of the post-2015 agenda into practical reality. They have a role in every sector and at many levels

– from negotiating international trade or environmental agreements to creating an enabling environment for business and setting environmental standards at home. Developed countries must keep their promises to developing countries. North-South aid is still vital for many countries: it must be maintained, and increased wherever possible. But more than aid is needed to implement sustainable development worldwide. Developed countries are important markets and exporters. Their trade and agriculture practices have huge potential to assist, or hinder, other countries’ development. They can encourage innovation, diffusion and transfer of technology. With other major economies, they have a central role in ensuring the stability of the international financial system. They have special responsibilities in ensuring that there can be no safe haven for illicit capital and the proceeds of corruption, and that multinational companies pay taxes fairly in the countries in which they operate. And, as the world’s largest per-capita consumers, developed countries must show leadership on sustainable consumption and production and adopting and sharing green technologies. Developing countries are much more diverse than when the MDGs were agreed – they include large emerging economies as well as countries struggling to tackle high levels of deprivation and facing severe capacity constraints. These changing circumstances are reflected in changing roles. Developing country links in trade, investment, and finance are growing fast. They can share experiences of how best to reform policy and institutions to foster development. Developing countries, including ones with major pockets of poverty, are cooperating among themselves, and jointly with developed countries and international institutions, in South-South and Triangular cooperation activities that have become highly valued. These could be an even stronger force with development of a repository of good practices, networks of knowledge exchange, and more regional cooperation.xx Local authorities form a vital bridge between national governments, communities and citizens and will have a critical role in a new global partnership. The Panel believes that one way to support this is by recognising that targets might be pursued differently at the sub-national level – so that urban poverty is not treated the same as rural poverty, for example. Local authorities have a critical role in setting priorities, executing plans, monitoring results and engaging with local firms and communities. In many cases, it is local authorities that deliver essential public services in health, education, policing, water and sanitation. And, even if not directly delivering services, local government often has a role in establishing the planning, regulatory and enabling environment—for business, for energy supply, mass transit and building standards. They have a central role in disaster risk reduction – identifying risks, early warning

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and building resilience. Local authorities have a role in helping slum-dwellers access better housing and jobs and are the source of most successful programs to support the informal sector and micro-enterprises. International institutions will play a key role. The United Nations, of course, has a central normative and convening role, and can join partnerships through its development funds, programmes and specialised agencies. International financial institutions can compensate for the market’s failures to supply long-term finance for sustainable projects in low- and middle-income countries, but they need to be more innovative, flexible and nimble in the way they operate. The Panel noted the huge potential to use public money to catalyse and scale up private financing for sustainable development. For example, only 2 per cent of the $5 trillion in sovereign wealth fund assets has so far been invested in sustainable development projects.xxi Business is an essential partner that can drive economic growth. Small- and medium-sized firms will create most of the jobs that will be needed to help today’s poor escape poverty and for the 470 million who will enter the labour market by 2030. Large firms have the money and expertise to build the infrastructure that will allow all people to connect to the modern economy. Big businesses can also link microenterprises and small entrepreneurs with larger markets. When they find a business model that works for sustainable development, they can scale it up fast, using their geographic spread to reach hundreds of millions of people. A growing number of business leaders with whom we discussed these issues are already integrating sustainable development into their corporate strategies. They spoke of a business case with three components that goes well beyond corporate social responsibility. First, use innovation to open up new growth markets, and address the needs of poor consumers. Second, promote sustainable practices and stay cost-competitive by conserving land, water, energy and minerals and eliminating waste. Third, attract the highest calibre employees and promote labour rights. Many companies recognise, however, that if they are to be trusted partners of governments and CSOs, they need to strengthen their own governance mechanisms and adopt “integrated reporting”, on their social and environmental impact as well as financial performance. Many businesses today are committed to doing this; the new global partnership should encourage others to follow suit. Civil society organisations can play a vital role in giving a voice to people living in poverty, who include disproportionate numbers of women, children, people with disabilities, indigenous and local communities and members of other marginalised groups. They have important parts to play in designing, realising, and monitoring this new agenda. They are also important

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providers of basic services, often able to reach the neediest and most vulnerable, for example in slums and remote areas. In a new partnership, CSOs will have a crucial role in making sure that government at all levels and businesses act responsibly and create genuine opportunities and sustainable livelihoods in an open-market economy. Their ability to perform this role depends on an enabling legal environment and access to due process under the law, but they should also commit to full transparency and accountability to those whom they represent. Foundations, other philanthropists and social impact investors can innovate and be nimble and opportunistic, forming bridges between government bureaucracies, international institutions and the business and CSO sectors. Foundations and philanthropists can take risks, show that an idea works, and create new markets where none existed before. This can give governments and business the confidence to take the initiative and scale up successes. Social impact investors show that there can be a “third way” for sustainable development – a hybrid between a fully for-profit private sector and a pure grant or charity aid program. Because they make money, their efforts can be sustainable over time. But because they are new, neither business nor charity, they do not fall neatly into traditional legal frames. Some countries may need to consider how to modify their laws to take better advantage of this sector. Scientists and academics can make scientific and technological breakthroughs that will be essential to the post-2015 agenda. Every country that has experienced sustained high growth has done so through absorbing knowledge, technology and ideas from the rest of the world, and adapting them to local conditions.xxii What matters is not just having technology, but understanding how to use it well and locally. This requires universities, technical colleges, public administration schools and welltrained, skilled workers in all countries. This is one example of the need for the post-2015 agenda to go well beyond the MDG’s focus on primary education. Energy is a good example of where a global technology breakthrough is needed. When governments cooperate with academia and the private sector, new ways of producing clean and sustainable energy can be found and put into practice.xxiii This needs to happen quickly: the infrastructure decisions of today will affect the energy use of tomorrow. Science in many fields, like drought-resistant crops, can be advanced by using open platforms where scientists everywhere have access to each other’s findings and can build on them freely and collaborate broadly, adding useful features without limit. Open platform science can speed the development of new ideas for sustainable

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development and rapidly bring them to scale. It can support innovation, diffusion and transfer of technology throughout the world. People must be central to a new global partnership. To do this they need the freedom to voice their views and participate in the decisions that affect their lives without fear. They need access to information and to an independent media. And new forms of participation such as social media and crowd-sourcing can enable governments, businesses, CSOs and academia to interact with, understand and respond to citizens’ needs in new ways.

Ensure More and Better Long-term Finance The Panel believes that most of the money to finance sustainable development will come from domestic sources, and the Panel urges countries to continue efforts to invest in stronger tax systems, broaden their domestic tax base and build local financial markets. Low- and middle-income country governments have made great strides in raising domestic revenues, and this has helped expand public services and investments, vital for sustainable growth, as well as creating ownership and accountability for public spending. But developing countries will also need substantial external funding. The main part of this will not be aid from developed countries, although aid remains vital for low-income countries and the promises made on aid must be kept. The most important source of long-term finance will be private capital, coming from major pension funds, mutual funds, sovereign wealth funds, private corporations, development banks, and other investors, including those in middle-income countries where most

new savings will come from by 2030. These private capital flows will grow and become less prone to sudden surges and stops, if the global financial system is stable and well regulated, and if they finance projects backstopped by international financial institutions. The money is there – world savings this year will likely be over $18 trillion – and sponsors of sustainable projects are searching for capital, but new channels and innovative financial instruments are needed to link the two. Support systems (know-how, financial institutions, policies, laws) must be built and, where they exist, must be strengthened. A broad vision of how to fund development has already been agreed by governments at a conference held in Monterrey, Mexico in 2002. The Monterrey Consensus agreed that “each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasised. At the same time, domestic economies are now interwoven with the global economic system…”xxiv So these efforts should be supported by commitments made on aid, trade and investment patterns, as well as technical cooperation for development. The Panel believes the principles and agreements established at Monterrey remain valid for the post-2015 agenda. It recommends that an international conference should take up in more detail the question of finance for sustainable development. This could be convened by the UN in the first half of 2015 to address in practical terms how to finance the post-2015 agenda. The Panel suggests that this conference should discuss how to integrate development, sustainable development and environmental financing streams. A single agenda should have a coherent overall financing structure.

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The Millennium Declaration urged “efforts to promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, as well as respect for all internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development.” It also supported the “freedom of the media to perform their essential role and the right of the public to have access to information.” xviii Towards a Global Climate Change Agreement, McKinsey (2009) xix Rosnes et al. (2009), Powering Up: Costing Power Infrastructure Spending Needs in sub-Saharan Africa, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, Paper 5 (Phase II) xx South-South Cooperation is guided by the “principles of respect for national sovereignty, national ownership and independence, equality, non-conditionality, non-interference in domestic affairs and mutual benefit.” High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation, Nairobi, Kenya (2009) xxi UNCTAD (2012) World Investment Report. Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies. http://www.unctad-docs.org/files/ UNCTAD-WIR2012-Full-en.pdf xxii Commission on Growth and Development (2008) The Growth Report. Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. World Bank: Washington DC. xxiii For example, the US-India Partnership to Advance Clean Energy has already generated $1.7 billion in public and private resources for clean energy. xxiv United Nations, Monterrey Consensus on the International Conference on Financing for Development, in Monterrey, Mexico. United Nations, 2002

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CHAPTER 3: ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS AND GLOBAL IMPACT The Shape of the Post-2015 Agenda Bold commitments in these five areas – leave no one behind, put sustainable development at the core, transform economies, build peace and effective and accountable institutions, and forge a new global partnership – would allow the international community to keep the promises made under the MDGs, raise the bar where experience shows we can do more, and add key issues that are missing. Together, these would be significant steps towards poverty eradication as an essential part of sustainable development. Precisely because the scope of the post-2015 agenda is so broad – blending social progress, equitable growth and environmental management – it must have clear priorities, and include shared global metrics as well as national targets. It is around these that the global community can organize itself. We believe that the combination of goals, targets, and indicators under the MDGs was a powerful instrument for mobilising resources and motivating action. For this reason, we recommend that the post-2015 agenda should also feature a limited number of highpriority goals and targets, with a clear time horizon and supported by measurable indicators. With this in mind, the Panel recommends that targets in the post-2015 agenda should be set for 2030.xxv Longer time frames would lack urgency and might seem implausible, given the volatility of today’s world, while shorter ones would not allow the truly transformative changes that are needed to take effect. Goals can be a powerful force for change. But a goal framework is not the best solution to every social, economic and environmental challenge. They are most effective where a clear and compelling ambition can be described in clearly measurable terms. Goals cannot substitute for detailed regulations or multilateral treaties that codify delicately-balanced international bargains. And unlike treaties, goals similar to the MDGs are not binding in international law. They stand or fall as tools of communication, inspiration, policy formulation and resource mobilisation. The agenda should also include monitoring and accountability mechanisms involving states, civil society, the private sector, foundations, and the international development community. It should recognise each party’s contribution to development finance, recognizing common challenges but also different capabilities and needs. It will need to be informed by evidence of what works, and focus on areas where, by acting together, the global community can achieve the transformations needed for sustainable development. A goal framework that drives transformations is valuable in focusing global efforts, building momentum and developing a sense of global urgency. It can be instrumental in crystallising consensus and defining international norms. It can provide a rallying cry for a global campaign to generate international support, as has been the case with the MDGs. The Panel recommends that a limited number of goals and targets be adopted in the post-2015 development agenda, and that each should be SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound. A set of clear and easily applicable criteria, to guide the shape of the post-2015 agenda in line with the Rio+20 Outcome, is that each goal should: • Solve a critical issue, and have a strong impact on sustainable development, based on existing research; • Encapsulate a compelling message on issues that energise people, companies and governments; • Be easy to understand and communicate without jargon; • Be measurable, using credible and internationally comparable indicators, metrics and data, and subject to monitoring;

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• Be widely applicable in countries with different levels of income, and in those emerging from conflict or recovering from natural disaster; • Be grounded in the voice of people, and the priorities identified during consultations, especially children, youth, women and marginalized and excluded groups; • Be consensus-based, whenever possible built on UN member states’ existing agreements, while also striving to go beyond previous agreements to make people’s lives better. Whenever possible, goals and targets should reflect what people want, without dictating how they should get there. For example, all countries might subscribe to a target of reducing food waste by a given percentage. But a lowincome country might achieve this by investing in better storage and transport facilities, to keep food from spoiling before it gets to market, while a high-income country might do it by changing how food is packaged, sold, and consumed to reduce the amount of food thrown away by households. The Panel recommends that the post-2015 goals, while keeping those living in extreme poverty, and the promises made to them, at the heart of the agenda, should raise the level of ambition for 2030 to reach all the neediest and most vulnerable. They should call for improving the quality of services. They should capture the priorities for sustainable development. And they should connect to one another in an integrated way. Of course, given vastly different capabilities, histories, starting points and circumstances, every country cannot be asked to reach the same absolute target. All countries would be expected to contribute to achieving all targets, but how much, and at what speed, will differ. Ideally, nations would use inclusive processes to make these decisions and then develop strategies, plans, policies, laws, or budgets to implement them.xxvi A few examples that came up during Panel discussions illustrate how priorities might vary, depending on country circumstances. The Panel agreed that some high-income countries might be expected to move further and faster on clean energy targets, because most start from a low base and all have responsibilities to do more to move towards sustainable consumption and production patterns. Many can also do more to provide equitable access to health and education services for isolated, poor or immigrant communities at home. And youth unemployment is a serious problem everywhere. The priorities expressed in consultations in middle-income countries focused more on reducing inequality, a good education, better quality healthcare, reliable infrastructure, a transparent and responsible government, especially at local levels for improved city management, creating more and better jobs and livelihoods and freedom from violence. Similar priorities are expressed in low-income countries, as well as the need to transform economies and reduce

extreme poverty. Landlocked countries often call for better connections to the global economy; small island developing states for economic diversification, and a stronger response to climate change. All countries have an interest in a better managed global economy, one that is more stable, more fair, more attentive to common resources, and more willing to cooperate in scientific and technical exchange. All would benefit from shared early-warning systems to identify and prevent natural disasters and pandemics.

Risks to be Managed in a Single Agenda If the new development agenda is to be truly transformational, there are several major risks to be managed. The international community will need to ensure that a single, sustainable development agenda is not: • over-loaded with too many priorities, a product of compromises rather than decisions – lacklustre and bland instead of transformative and focused; • Focused on the agenda of the past – and not oriented towards future challenges; • insufficiently stretching – business as usual; • unworkably utopian; • intellectually coherent, but not compelling; • narrowly focused on one set of issues, failing to recognise that poverty, good governance, social inclusion, environment and growth are connected and cannot be addressed in silos. The best way of managing these risks is to make sure that the post-2015 development agenda includes clear priorities for action that the international community can rally behind. These should be in areas where there are genuinely shared global aspirations, and which will make a transformative difference to sustainable development and poverty reduction. The MDGs show how a goal framework can be used. One reason why they are successful is that they are inspirational, limited in number – eight goals and 21 targets – and easy to understand. The more successful targets are also measurable with clear deadlines. With eyes on the goals, money has been raised, partnerships built and strategies designed. When new technologies were needed, partners designed them. Good practices were shared. Field workers on the ground and policymakers in capitals learned and adapted. Of course, much progress would have happened even without the MDGs, but there is little doubt in our minds that they made a dramatic impact in some key areas. The same should apply to the development agenda after 2015. Those priorities that can be addressed through a goal framework should be. Goals have shown their

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value in focusing global efforts, building momentum and developing a sense of global jeopardy. They can be instrumental in crystallising consensus and defining international norms. Making sure that countries stretch themselves is a risk in a universal agenda. Setting the same targets for everyone, as happened with the MDGs in practice (though not by design), will not work because countries have such different starting points. But in a few cases the ambition for the whole world should be the same: to establish minimum standards for every citizen. No one should live in extreme poverty, or tolerate violence against women and girls. No one should be denied freedom of speech or access to information. No child should go hungry or be unable to read, write or do simple sums. All should be vaccinated against major diseases. Everyone should have access to modern infrastructure – drinking water, sanitation, roads, transport and information and communications technologies (ICT). All countries should have access to cost-effective clean and sustainable energy. Everyone should have a legal identity. It is tempting to apply universal targets at a high level everywhere, but for some countries that risks becoming utopian. The Panel would like every child not to suffer from stunting or anaemia, but that can probably not be achieved in all countries by 2030. We would like everyone to be covered by social protection systems, but not if that means reducing the quality of such systems to a meaningless level. We would like everyone to have a decent job, but that too is probably unachievable in a mere 15 years, even in the most developed countries. We found it useful to balance ambition and realism using some guidelines. In most cases, national targets should be set to be as ambitious as practical, and in some cases global minimum standards that apply to every individual or country should be set. We would suggest that in all cases where a target applies to outcomes for individuals, it should only be deemed to be met if every group – defined by income quintile, gender, location or otherwise – has met the target. In this way, countries would only be able to meet their commitments if they focus on the most vulnerable. Where data for indicators are not yet available, investments in data gathering will be needed. When indicators are not already agreed or are unclear (for example in defining quality), we suggest inviting technical experts to discuss and refine their models and methods.

Learning the Lessons of MDG 8 (Global Partnership for Development) The Panel saw some progress in the areas which are covered in MDG8, but was disappointed with the pace of progress in several areas. Many countries lowered tariffs, but the Doha Development Round was not concluded. Official agencies wrote down tens of billions of dollars of debts, but still left many countries financially exposed. There has been substantial progress in improving the affordability of medicines, but many people still lack access

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to affordable essential drugs. A technology revolution has occurred in information and communications, but with little contribution from MDG8. Despite the shortcomings of MDG8, aggravated by the lack of quantitative and time-bound targets, the Panel views a stronger global partnership for development, the objective of MDG8, as central to a new development agenda. The Panel puts this new global partnership at the heart of all its recommendations, and we believe a goal must be included in the post-2015 agenda as a tangible way to express key elements of the new global partnership. The most important changes to MDG8 that we recommend are to: • Develop targets that are universal; • Quantify targets, wherever feasible; • Pay more attention to raising stable, long-term finance for development; • Signal priorities in areas that go beyond aid, so these can be monitored; • Infuse global partnerships and cooperation into all the goals. The Panel believes that the international community must come together and agree on ways to create a more open, more fair global trading system. An intergovernmental committee of experts, mandated by Rio+20, will propose options for an effective sustainable development financing strategy. Reforms in the international financial architecture are needed to ensure stability of the global financial system and allow it to contribute to real economic growth. The international agreement to hold the increase in global average temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels must be kept. This would help countries adapt to and mitigate the dangerous effects of climate change. The world has the opportunity to work together in new ways to reduce illicit flows, increase the recovery of stolen assets, promote access to technology and science and develop a global partnership on development data.

Illustrative Goals The Panel has concluded that its agreed vision and recommended priorities for the shape of the post2015 development agenda cannot be communicated effectively without offering an example of how goals might be framed. For this reason, a set of illustrative goals is set out in Annex I, with supporting detail in Annex II. These illustrative goals show how priorities can be translated into compelling and measurable targets. To be completely clear, the Annex material is not offered as a prescriptive blueprint, but as examples that can be used to promote continued deliberation and debate. But we hope that they inspire, and that UN member states, and the many outside constituencies from whom we have already heard, will find them a useful contribution to their deliberations on the post-2015 agenda.

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A key issue is the balance among any proposed goals, and the connections between them. A true transformation to sustainable development will only happen when countries move forward on several fronts at the same time. For example, to reduce child deaths we may typically look to the medical community and health solutions such as vaccinations or insecticide-treated bed-nets. These are indeed crucial. But empowering women and educating girls is also very important in saving children’s lives; so for the best results, work on all these fronts must be combined. Equally, doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix will reduce carbon intensity, but so will increasing consideration of sustainability in public procurement, led by developed countries. To take another example, smallholder farmers’ incomes might be rapidly raised by giving them land security and access to credit, but even more so if they are able to transport their produce to market and have mobile phones and electronic banking, so that they know how prices are moving and can get paid straight away. And if global food markets work better – are more transparent and stable – smallholder farmers will have better information on what to plant to get the most value from their farms. Similarly, education can help reach many goals, by raising awareness and thus leading to mass movements for recycling and renewable energy, or to a demand for better governance and an end to corruption. The goals chosen should be ones that amplify each other’s impact and generate sustainable growth and poverty reduction together. The Panel wanted to test if there were indeed a few goals and targets that would satisfy the criteria laid out above and achieve its vision to end extreme poverty in all its forms in the context of sustainable development – and we considered many options. This led us to settle on a set of goals and targets that we think would fulfil the vision we expressed. Without being prescriptive, we believe it is important to show, through specific examples, that it is possible to express our ambition in a simple and concrete way, despite the complexities of sustainable development and countries’ vastly different circumstances and priorities. The evidence leaves much room for judgment on what goals would be most transformative, and relevant to the most countries. But based on the criteria above, we have narrowed down the illustrative list to 12 goals and 54 targets, the achievement of which would dramatically improve the condition of people and the planet by 2030. We have deliberately not divided the goals into categories corresponding to the specific transformative shifts described earlier. Our strong belief is that all the goals must interact to provide results. In our illustration, we decided to suggest the following goals: (i) end poverty; (ii) empower girls and women and achieve gender equality; (iii) provide quality education and lifelong learning; (iv) ensure healthy lives; (v) ensure food security and good nutrition; (vi) achieve universal access to water and sanitation; (vii) secure sustainable energy; (viii) create jobs, sustainable

livelihoods and equitable growth; (ix) manage natural resource assets sustainably; (x) ensure good governance and effective institutions; (xi) ensure stable and peaceful societies; and (xii) create a global enabling environment and catalyse long-term finance. We believe that if these goals and their accompanying targets were pursued, they would drive the five key transformations – leave no one behind, transform economies, implement sustainable development, build effective institutions and forge a new global partnership.

Addressing Cross-cutting Issues Several issues are not directly addressed through a single goal, but are treated in many of them. These include peace, inequality, climate change, cities, concerns of young people, girls, and women, and sustainable consumption and production patterns. Peace. The Panel strongly believes that conflict – a condition that has been called development in reverse – must be tackled head-on, even within a universal agenda. We included in our illustrative list a goal on ensuring stable and peaceful societies, with targets that cover violent deaths, access to justice, stemming the external causes of conflict, such as organised crime, and enhancing the legitimacy and accountability of security forces, police and the judiciary. But these targets alone would not guarantee peace or development in countries emerging from conflict. Other issues, like jobs, participation in political processes and local civic engagement, and the transparent management of public resources are also important. These countries should also benefit from a strengthened financing framework that allows resources to be allocated to those countries most in need. Inequality. Likewise, our illustrative framework tackles inequality of opportunity head on, across all goals. When everyone, irrespective of household income, gender, location, ethnicity, age, or disability, has access to health, nutrition, education, and other vital services, many of the worst effects of inequality will be over. Other aspects of inequality more relevant to social inclusion, such as security of tenure and access to justice, are also addressed as explicit targets. We recognized that every country is wrestling with how to address income inequality, but felt that national policy in each country, not global goalsetting, must provide the answer. History also shows that countries tend to have cycles in their income inequality as conventionally measured; and countries differ widely both in their view of what levels of income inequality are acceptable and in the strategies they adopt to reduce it. However, the Panel believes that truly inclusive, broad-based growth, which benefits the very poorest, is essential to end extreme poverty. We propose targets that deliberately build in efforts to tackle inequality and which can only be met with a specific focus on the most excluded and vulnerable groups. For example, we believe that many targets should be monitored using data broken down by

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income quintiles and other groups. Targets will only be considered achieved if they are met for all relevant income and social groups. Climate change. In our illustrative targets, we address the most important contributors to a low-carbon trajectory: more sustainable transport infrastructure; improved energy efficiency and use of renewable energy; the spread of more sustainable agricultural practices; tackling deforestation and increasing reforestation in the context of improving peoples’ livelihoods, and food security, taking into account the value of natural resources, and bio-diversity. We also encourage incorporation of social and environmental metrics into accounting practices. These should be part of any sustainable development agenda, even if there were no concern over rising global temperatures, and are deservedly part of a universal framework. We also strongly endorse the call to hold the increase in global average temperature to 20 C above preindustrial levels, in line with international agreements. But we also recognise that already there is a need to build climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction into regional and national strategies, and encourage countries to focus on these plans. Cities. The Panel recognised that city governments have great responsibilities for urban management. They have specific problems of poverty, slum up-grading, solid waste management, service delivery, resource use, and planning that will become even more important in the decades ahead. The post-2015 agenda must be relevant for urban dwellers. Cities are where the battle for sustainable development will be won or lost. Yet the Panel also believes that it is critical to pay attention to rural areas, where three billion near-poor will still be living in 2030. The most pressing issue is not urban versus rural, but how to foster a local, geographic approach to the post-2015 agenda. The Panel believes this can be done by disaggregating data by place, and giving local authorities a bigger role in setting priorities, executing plans, monitoring results and engaging with local firms and communities. Young people. Today’s adolescents and youth are 1.8 billion strong and one quarter of the world’s population. They are shaping social and economic development, challenging social norms and values, and building the foundation of the world’s future. They have high expectations for themselves and their societies, and are imagining how the world can be better. Connected to each other as never before through new media, they are driving social progress and directly influencing the sustainability and the resilience of their communities and of their countries. These young people face many obstacles, ranging from discrimination, marginalization, and poverty, to violence. They find it hard to find a first job, so we believe a jobs target with a specific indicator for youth employment, should be included in the next goal framework.xxvii Young people must be subjects, not objects, of the post-2015 development agenda. They need access to the right kind of health (including access to SRHR) and education to improve their job prospects and life skills, but they must also be active participants

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in decision-making, and be treated as the vital asset for society that they are. Girls and Women. The majority of those living in extreme poverty are female. A people-centred agenda must work to ensure the equal rights of women and girls, and empower them to participate and take on leadership roles in public life. Women across the world have to work hard to overcome significant barriers to opportunity. These barriers can only be removed when there is zero tolerance of violence against and exploitation of women and girls, and when they have full and equal rights in political, economic and public spheres. Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, infrastructure, the full range of health services including SRHR, water and sanitation, the equal right to own land and other assets, a safe environment in which to learn and apply their knowledge and skills, and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work, and have an equal voice in decision-making. Gender equality is integrated across all of the goals, both in specific targets and by making sure that targets are measured separately for women and men, or girls and boys, where appropriate. But gender equality is also an important issue in its own right, and a stand-alone goal can catalyse progress. Sustainable consumption and production patterns. Our main focus has been on food, water and energy systems—the basics of life. But we also strongly believe that a wider change towards sustainable consumption and production patterns is vital. The most important changes will be driven by technology, by innovations in product design, by detailed policy guidelines, by education and changed behavior, and by social innovations embedded in communities. But change is already happening fast, and today’s aspiration may be tomorrow’s discarded idea. For this reason, we have framed illustrative targets that set a high ambition but allow for details to evolve over time. Much of the new technology and most of the new products will come from business. We embrace the positive contribution to sustainable development that business must make. But this contribution must include a willingness, on the part of all large corporations as well as governments, to report on their social and environmental impact, in addition to releasing financial accounts. Already about one quarter of all large corporations do so. We suggest that a mandatory ‘comply or explain’ regime be phased in for all companies with a market capitalization above $100 million equivalent. xxviii The same principle should apply to governments. National accounting for social and environmental effects should be mainstreamed by 2030. Governments, especially in developed countries, should explore policy options for green growth as one of the important tools available to promote sustainable development. Besides protecting natural resources, these measures will support a movement towards sustainable consumption and production. And, if sustainable consumption is to be a part of everyday life, as it must, tomorrow’s consumers will need to be socially

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aware and environmentally conscious. Awareness-raising in schools, and public information campaigns more broadly, could play a big part in changing mind-sets by showing the advantages of moving towards sustainable consumption and production.

The Global Impact by 2030 What would happen if developed and developing countries, and other partners too, committed themselves to implementing the goals and targets we describe? We can imagine a world in 2030 that is more equal, more prosperous, more peaceful and more just than that of today. A world where extreme poverty has been eradicated and where the building blocks for sustained prosperity are in place. A world where no one has been left behind, where economies are transformed, and where transparent and representative governments are in charge. A world of peace where sustainable development is the overarching goal. A world with a new spirit of cooperation and partnership. This is not wishful thinking. The resources, know-how and technology that are needed already exist, and are growing every year. Using these, much has already been achieved. Twenty-five years ago, few would have imagined that by 2015, one billion people would have lifted themselves out of extreme poverty. If a messenger from the future had told us that polio would be gone from all but three countries; that four out of five of the world’s children would be vaccinated, or that 590 million children would attend school, we would not have believed it. Yet it has happened. In shaping the scenario for what the world can achieve by 2030, the Panel considered several factors and made several assumptions. Growth: Global output is set to double by 2030. On current trajectories, although the per capita income gap between developed and developing countries will remain large, it will have narrowed. By 2030, most developing countries should have experienced fast enough economic growth, averaging 5 per cent per year, to bring extreme poverty down below five per cent. Specific policy measures must do the rest of the job to ensure that no one is left behind. We cannot take growth for granted, however, and must redouble our efforts to ensure that it can continue at these levels, and be made more inclusive and sustainable, through structural transformations in every economy. We believe that with the right policy measures, strong political leadership and strengthened institutions, growth can accelerate further – even, and perhaps especially, in low-income countries where the potential for catch-up is greatest. Finance: As more countries graduate into middle-income status and are able to access private capital markets, official development assistance (ODA) can be concentrated on the remaining low-income countries and grow proportionately to match their needs. With large mineral projects about to come on stream in many low-income countries, there is great potential for raising domestic revenues. But these

new revenues will often be only temporary, and must be managed wisely. Demographic change: Global population growth is expected to slow to just one per cent per year between now and 2030, when the global population will likely reach 8 billion, on its way to more than 9 billion by 2050.xxix There will be more people and older people. The impact of both trends must be taken into account. The world’s labour force will grow by about 470 million. For many developing countries, this surge is a demographic dividend in waiting, if the extra people are given the right opportunities, services and skills. Creating so many jobs sounds daunting, but it is less than what nations achieved between 1995 and 2010, when the global labour force grew by almost 700 million. International Migration: The universal human rights and fundamental freedoms of migrants must be respected. These migrants make a positive economic contribution to their host countries, by building up their labour force. Sending countries benefit from getting foreign exchange in the form of remittances and from greater trade and financial flows with countries where they have a large diaspora. By 2030, as global population rises, there could be 30 million more international migrants, remitting an additional $60 billion to their home countries through lowcost channels. Urbanization: The world is now more urban than rural, thanks to internal migration. By 2030 there will be over one billion more urban residents and, for the first time ever, the number of rural residents will be starting to shrink. This matters because inclusive growth emanates from vibrant and sustainable cities, the only locale where it is possible to generate the number of good jobs that young people are seeking. Good local governance, management and planning are the keys to making sure that migration to cities does not replace one form of poverty by another, where even if incomes are slightly above $1.25 a day, the cost of meeting basic needs is higher. Technology: Many efficient and affordable products are already being engineered and adapted to meet the needs of sustainable development.xxx Examples include energyefficient buildings and turning waste into energy—proving that it is possible to generate revenues while reducing pollution. Among other proven new technologies are smart grids, low-carbon cities, mass transit, efficient transport and zoning policies, integrated storm-water management, mini-grids for rural electrification, and solar cookers and lanterns. New vaccines, mobile banking and improved safety-nets are also potential game-changers. Other technologies need to be developed: for that, we see huge potential from international research collaborations and voluntary open innovation platforms. By 2030, if the transformative shifts we have described are made, the barriers that hold people back would be broken down, poverty and the inequality of opportunity that blights the lives of so many on our planet would end. This is the world that today’s young people can create.

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Examples of Potential Impactxxxi By 2030 the world would have: 1.2 billion fewer people hungry and in extreme povertyxxxii 100 million more children who would otherwise have died before they were fivexxxiii 4.4 million more women who would otherwise have died during pregnancy or childbirthxxxiv 1.3 billion tons of food per year saved from going to wastexxxv 470 million more workers with good jobs and livelihoodsxxxvi 200 million more young people employed with the skills they need to get good workxxxvii 1.2 billion more people connected to electricityxxxviii 190 to 240 million hectares more of forest coverxxxix $30 trillion spent by governments worldwide transparently accounted forxl People everywhere participating in decision-making and holding officials accountable Average global temperatures on a path to stabilize at less than 2° C above pre-industrial levels 220 million fewer people who suffer crippling effects of natural disastersxli

xxv Local and regional authorities are already working with a horizon of 2030 (Manifesto for the City of 2030) balancing a long-term vision with the fast changing nature of the world today. xxvi Similar national target setting was used after the Jomtien Summit on Education (1990) and the World Summit on Children in New York (1990) xxvii Young people are defined here as those aged 15 to 24. xxviii This recommendation was previously made by the United Nations Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012). Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A Future Worth Choosing, New York xxix United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables. ESA/P/WP.220 xxx World Bank (2012) World Bank Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development. World Bank: Washington DC. xxxi All figures assume a baseline of 2015, unless otherwise noted (figures are approximate) xxxiI World Bank, PovcalNet (as of 2010): http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm?1 xxxiII WHO Factsheet 2012: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs290/en/ xxxIV WHO Factsheet 2012: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/ xxxv FAO, Global Food Losses and Food Waste (2011) xxxvI International Labour Organisation, Global Employment Trends 2013 xxxvii International Labour Organisation, World Employment Report, 2012 xxxviii World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ EXTENERGY2/0,,contentMDK:22855502~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:4114200,00.html xxxix Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, 2010, http://www.fao.org/news/story/pt/item/40893/icode/ xl General government total expenditure in Purchasing Power Parity, based on IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April, 2013 xli UN Development Programme, http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/fast-facts/english/FF_ DRR_05102012(fv).pdf

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CHAPTER 4: IMPLEMENTATION, ACCOUNTABILITY AND BUILDING CONSENSUS Implementing the Post-2015 Agenda The illustrative goals and targets we have set out are bold, yet practical. Like the MDGs, they would not be legally binding, but must be monitored closely. The indicators that track them should be broken down in many different ways to ensure no one is left behind. We recommend that any new goals should be accompanied by an independent and rigorous monitoring system, with regular opportunities to discuss results at a high political level. We also call for a data revolution for sustainable development, with a new international initiative to improve the quality of statistics and information available to people and governments. We should actively take advantage of new technology, crowd sourcing, and improved connectivity to empower people with information on the progress towards the targets. We see an opportunity in the post-2015 agenda to include new players in partnerships at all levels, to introduce new ways of working across an agenda that goes beyond aid, and to introduce a new spirit of multilateralism and international cooperation. Implementing an agenda of this breadth and scope, holding people accountable for progress and keeping the agenda high on the political radar of world leaders cannot be taken for granted. But this time, unlike with the MDGs, we do not have to start from scratch. There are established processes to move from an agreement in New York to a programme in a remote village, agencies that are collaborating with statistical offices around the world, a willingness of global leaders to pay more attention to sustainable development, and local initiatives that can be scaled up.

Unifying Global Goals with National Plans for Development The post-2015 agenda must enable every nation to realise its own hopes and plans. We learned from the MDGs that global targets are only effectively executed when they are locally-owned – embedded in national plans as national targets – and this is an important lesson for the new agenda. Through their national planning processes each government could choose an appropriate level of ambition for each target, taking account of its starting point, its capacity and the resources it can expect to command. They could receive input on what is realistic and achievable in each target area from citizens, officials, businesses and civil society in villages, towns, cities, provinces and communities. This is an opportunity for governments to ensure access of citizens to public information that can be used as the basis of national strategies and plans. In many circumstances international partners and agencies will be invited to assist in helping countries implement their plans and achieve their targets—on average 30 official development partners, many with more than one development agency, are operating in each developing country. These agencies have a responsibility to harmonize their efforts with national plans, operate through the government budget where practicable, and collaborate with each other to ensure the maximum impact for the least effort.

Global Monitoring and Peer Review The post-2015 development agenda must signal a new era for multilateralism and international cooperation. The United Nations can lead in setting the agenda because of its unique and universal legitimacy and its ability to coordinate and monitor globally. But the UN system has yet to fully realise the vision of “working as one’”. It is beyond the scope of this report to propose options for reform at the UN, but the Panel calls for every step to be taken to improve coordination and deliver on a single, integrated sustainable development agenda, including building on positive recent steps to improve collaboration between the UN’s agencies, funds and programmes, and with the international financial institutions.

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The Panel has three suggestions that could assist with a coordinated and cooperative international approach to monitoring and peer review. The monitoring must be seen by everyone as a way of motivating progress and enhancing cooperation, not as a tool for conditionality. First, the Panel suggests that the UN identifies a single locus of accountability for the post-2015 agenda that would be responsible for consolidating its multiple reports on development into one review of how well the post-2015 agenda is being implemented. Starting in 2015, the UN could produce a single Global Sustainable Development Outlook, jointly written every one or two years by a consortium of UN agencies and other international organizations.xlii This would monitor trends and results, as well as risks that threaten to derail achievement of the targets. It would also recommend ways of implementing programmes more effectively. Second, the Panel suggests that the UN should periodically convene a global forum at a high political level to review progress and challenges ahead. An independent advisory committee should give advice and recommendations as background for this forum. Such a body should be invited to comment in a blunt and unvarnished way, and include business, civil society and other voices. Third, reporting and peer-review at the regional level could complement global monitoring. It is often easier to review policies in-depth with friendly and constructive neighbours than with the whole world. The UN’s five

regional commissions, with regional development banks, member governments and regional organizations, could form part of an improved coordinating mechanism in each region of the world, which would discuss and report on the sustainable development agenda in advance of each global forum. xliii

Stakeholders Partnering by Theme We live in an age when global problems can best be solved by thousands, even millions, of people working together. These partnerships can guide the way to meeting targets and ensuring that programmes are effective on the ground. Such groups are sometimes called ‘multi-stakeholder partnerships’. They bring together governments (local, city, national), experts, CSOs, businesses, philanthropists, universities and others, to work on a single theme. These partnerships are powerful because each partner comes to the table with direct knowledge and strong evidence, based on thorough research. This enables them to innovate, to advocate convincingly for good policies, and thus to secure funding. They have the skills to apply knowledge of what has worked before to new operations, and to scale up promising ideas to reach large populations in many countries – ‘implementation and scaling up.’ There are already a number of such global multi-stakeholder partnerships delivering promising results, at scale: in health, nutrition, education, agriculture, water, energy, information and communications technology, financial services, cities and open government.

An Example of a Multistakeholder Partnership in Practice: Delivering Quality Education The Global Partnership for Education is getting quality education to marginalized children, coordinating education’s many players, offering aid without wasteful replication, and following local leadership. It directs funds to a single local group in a country. 70 low-income countries are eligible. A typical group includes educators, development agencies, corporations (domestic and global), regional development banks, state education ministries, civil society and philanthropic organizations, sometimes UNESCO and UNICEF representatives, and other experts—with the ministry of education leading. GPE’s funds come with technical support to strengthen the national (or provincial) education plan. GPE helps create capacity to monitor progress. Its work is whatever the country deems necessary: building latrines or early-childhood centres; training teachers or writing curricula in mother tongues; distributing textbooks, adding vocational programs or digital learning systems with corporate partners (Microsoft, Nokia and publisher Pearson now offer digital, mobile educational tools around Africa). GPE’s board of directors is global, with a tilt toward developing-country representation. Funding is long-term, phasing out when national income rises. Its budget today exceeds $2 billion. GPE is single-sector (education) but shows how collaboration can bring better results. Similar models might prove useful in other areas.

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A decade or more ago, when the first global partnerships started in earnest, they mostly shared the costs, benefits and risks of financing large projects. Today they do much more. They can bring know-how and training, and in other ways tackle obstacles that no single government ministry, private business or CSO could surmount alone. They are especially good at scaling up, because they are global and experienced. Bringing evidence from business, civil society and experts worldwide to bear on a single topic, they can be persuasive about fixing weak policies and institutions. And when they see that their task cannot be accomplished by business-as-usual, they innovate to develop new solutions, always in line with national policies and priorities. One of their most exciting features is that they can bring about a change in mind-sets, altering the thinking of millions of people worldwide. It may be a simple issue: the campaign to encourage hand-washing or to use insecticide-treated bed nets against malaria. It may be complex, like a campaign to recognize and address human contributions to climate change, or the need to change to sustainable consumption patterns. But always it involves reaching people in every country and in every walk of life. The Panel suggests that the concept of goal- or sectorspecific global partnerships should be a central part of the new development agenda. These should aspire to a high standard of transparency, evaluation and monitoring, and involving business, civil society, philanthropic organisations, international organisations and governments.

Holding Partners to Account Accountability must be exercised at the right level: governments to their own citizens, local governments to their communities, corporations to their shareholders, civil society to the constituencies they represent. Accountability is central to the global partnership and, in

line with that spirit, all parties should respect these lines of accountability and trust their partners to fulfil their commitments. But accountability only works when people have the right information, easily available and easy to use. New types of transparent accounting make this possible. We need data to be available, and we need the accountability that follows. Without them, the global partnership will not work. The MDGs brought together an inspirational vision with a set of concrete and time-bound goals and targets that could be monitored by robust statistical indicators. This was a great strength of the MDGs and, as time progressed, data coverage and availability have increased. However, much more needs to be done. Even now, over 40 developing countries lack sufficient data to track performance against MDG1 (eradicate extreme poverty and hunger), and time lags for reporting MDG outcomes remain unsatisfactorily high.

Wanted: a New Data Revolution The revolution in information technology over the last decade provides an opportunity to strengthen data and statistics for accountability and decision-making purposes. There have been innovative initiatives to use mobile technology and other advances to enable real-time monitoring of development results. But this movement remains largely disconnected from the traditional statistics community at both global and national levels. The post-2015 process needs to bring them together and start now to improve development data. Data must also enable us to reach the neediest, and find out whether they are receiving essential services. This means that data gathered will need to be disaggregated by gender, geography, income, disability, and other categories, to make sure that no group is being left behind.

A New Data Revolution “Too often, development efforts have been hampered by a lack of the most basic data about the social and economic circumstances in which people live... Stronger monitoring and evaluation at all levels, and in all processes of development (from planning to implementation) will help guide decision making, update priorities and ensure accountability. This will require substantial investments in building capacity in advance of 2015. A regularly updated registry of commitments is one idea to ensure accountability and monitor delivery gaps. We must also take advantage of new technologies and access to open data for all people.â€? High Level Panel Bali CommuniquĂŠ, March 28, 2013

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Better data and statistics will help governments track progress and make sure their decisions are evidencebased; they can also strengthen accountability. This is not just about governments. International agencies, CSOs and the private sector should be involved. A true data revolution would draw on existing and new sources of data to fully integrate statistics into decision making, promote open access to, and use of, data and ensure increased support for statistical systems. To support this, the Panel recommends establishing a Global Partnership on Development Data that brings together diverse but interested stakeholders – government statistical offices, international organisations, CSOs, foundations and the private sector. This partnership would, as a first step, develop a global strategy to fill critical gaps, expand data accessibility, and galvanise international efforts to ensure a baseline for post-2015 targets is in place by January 2016. A further aspect of accountability and information is how governments and businesses account for their impact on sustainable development. Only a few progressive, large businesses try to account for their social and environmental footprint. The Panel proposes that, in future – at latest by 2030 – all large businesses should be reporting on their environmental and social impact – or explain why if they are not doing so. Similarly, governments should adopt the UN’s System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, along with the Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) introduced by the World Bank, with help provided to those who need help to do this. These metrics can then be used to monitor national development strategies and results in a universally consistent way. This will help sustainable development evolve, because new and better accounting will give governments, and firms clear information on their bottom line, keeping them accountable for their actions, and will give consumers the chance to make informed choices.

Working in Cooperation with Others Countries already come together informally in many settings to discuss what they can do to achieve more, and more sustainable, development. These global cooperation forums, such as the g7+, G-20, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, and regional forums, are playing important roles. None tackle the whole agenda, but each one tackles important parts. These groups may be informal, but they can be of enormous help in providing political leadership and practical suggestions to sustain the post-2015 agenda

and bring to life the spirit of global partnership in their respective forums. • The g7+, for instance, has drawn attention to the special challenges faced by fragile states in defining countryowned and country-led plans to move from conflict to peaceful and sustainably developing societies. • The G-20 has worked to address global bottlenecks in food and energy security, financial stability and inclusion, and infrastructure. • The BRICS are working to develop a large new bank for financing sustainable infrastructure projects. • The Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation established in Busan in 2011, is working to help countries and thematic groups establish effective partnerships involving many different stakeholders. • Regional platforms in Asia, Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Europe are stepping in to cooperate successfully in areas of specific concern to the region and to form unified approaches towards trade, climate adaptation and mitigation, finance, infrastructure and other cross-border issues. In each of these cases an existing international forum is already actively promoting an aspect of sustainable development. They, and others, can make an important contribution to the post-2015 development agenda.

Building Political Consensus International agreement on a single, universal agenda to succeed the MDGs is vital, but not assured. One challenge is to agree on clear, compelling, and ambitious goals, through a transparent and inclusive process in the UN. And to do so within a timescale that enables a smooth transition from the MDGs to a new development agenda from January 2016. Success will drive forward efforts to help hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people as well as efforts to achieve sustainable development. Furthermore, the Panel believes that international trust and belief in the credibility of the UN would be at stake if the MDG targets were to expire without agreement on what will succeed them. Already several important milestones are in view on the path to 2015. A special event convened by the President of the General Assembly on the MDGs is planned for 25 September 2013. This presents an opportunity for the UN to set a clear path towards final agreement on the post2015 development agenda and we encourage member

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states to seize that opportunity. During 2014, an Open Working Group, established at Rio+20, will report to the UN General Assembly with recommendations on a set of sustainable development goals. Another UN working group is expected to begin work soon on financing for sustainable development. And the UN Secretary-General will again report to the General Assembly on the MDGs and the post-2015 development agenda during 2014. The Panel believes that these discussions and processes could culminate in a summit meeting in 2015 for member states to agree the new goals and to mobilize global action so that the new agenda can become a reality from January 2016. The Panel calls for the continued constructive engagement of the UN Member States and their affiliated groupings, such as G77 and other country groupings, to reach such an agreement within a timescale that enables a smooth transition from the MDGs to a new development agenda. Only UN member states can define the post-2015 agenda. However, we believe that the participation of civil society representatives in the UN processes will bring important perspectives to the discussions and help raise public awareness and interest. And we suggest that private sector experience and the insights of academic experts from every region

xlii

of the world would also support a strong and credible process. A transparent and inclusive process will help build the conditions for political agreement, but it alone is insufficient. The courage and personal commitment of political leaders will be needed to reconcile myriad national views, and to embrace useful insights from others. We must develop trust through dialogue, and learn lessons on reaching consensus from other multilateral processes. There will be difficult decisions to be made and not everyone will get everything they want. But global agreement is essential and we believe strongly that the global community and member states of the United Nations can and will rise to the occasion. At the Millennium Summit in 2000, the world’s leaders renewed their commitment to the ideals of the United Nations, paving the way for the MDGs. The significance and value of such global goals has steadily grown since the Millennium Declaration was universally agreed. Today’s leaders – whether from government, business or civil society – must be as ambitious and practical about a new development agenda. They must embrace a dynamic, innovative approach to partnership, if we are to fulfil the hopes and expectations of humanity.

This reiterates the recommendation made by the High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012)

xliii

The joint Asian Development Bank, UNESCAP and UNDP, for example, recently reported jointly on the achievements of the MDGs and the post-2015 development agenda in South-East Asia.

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUDING REMARKS We envision a world in 2030 where extreme poverty and hunger have been ended. We envision a world where no person has been left behind, and where there are schools, clinics, and clean water for all. It is a world where there are jobs for young people, where businesses thrive, and where we have brought patterns of consumption and production into balance. Where everyone has equal opportunity and a say over the government decisions that affect their lives. We envision a world where the principles of equity, sustainability, solidarity, respect for human rights and shared responsibilities in accordance with respective capabilities, has been brought to life by our common action. We envision a world in 2030 where a renewed global partnership, building on the solid foundations of the Millennium Declaration and the Rio principles and outcomes, has transformed the world through a universal, people-centred and planet-sensitive development agenda achieved with the shared commitment and accountability of all. We have a historic opportunity to do what no other generation has ever done before: to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 and end poverty in many of its other forms. But we will not be able to do this if we neglect other imperatives of the sustainable development agenda today – the desire to build prosperity in all countries, the need to slow or reverse environmental degradation and man-made contributions to global warming, the urgent need to end conflict and violence while building effective and accountable institutions for all. Tackling these social, economic and environmental issues at the same time, while bringing to bear the energy and resources of everyone concerned with development – governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society, businesses, foundations, academics and people in all walks of life – is our singular challenge. We recognize that the world has changed significantly since the Millennium Declaration in 2000, and are aware how much it will change by 2030. There will be more people in the middle class, and more retired people. People will be more connected to each other, using modern communication technologies, but perhaps more uncertain about what the future may bring. We are convinced that the next 15 years can be some of the most transformative in human history and that the world possesses the tools and resources it needs to achieve a bold and ambitious vision. We envision a new global partnership as the basic framework for a single, universal post-2015 agenda that will deliver this vision for the sake of humanity. We have a choice to make: to muddle through as we have done, making progress on some fronts but suffering setbacks elsewhere. Or we can be bold and set our eyes on a higher target, where the end of many aspects of poverty is in sight in all countries and where we have transformed our economies and societies to blend social progress, equitable growth and environmental management. The illustrative goals and targets annexed to this report are offered as a basis for further discussion. We do not know all the answers to how to reach these objectives, but it is our fervent hope that by coming together we can inspire a new generation to act in a common interest.

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ANNEX I: ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS AND TARGETS The world faces a historic opportunity. Not only to end poverty – but also to tackle the challenges to people and planet so that we can end extreme poverty in all its forms irreversibly in the context of sustainable development. The destination is clear: a world in 2030 that is more equal, more prosperous, more peaceful, and more just. A world where development is sustainable. Making this vision a reality must be a universal endeavor. There is much work to be done, but ending extreme poverty – and creating lasting prosperity – is within our reach. We do not need to wait for others to act to start moving. We can, each one of us, begin taking steps towards a more prosperous and sustainable 2030. Here’s how: Commit. Commit to changing the way we think and the way we act. In the new global partnership, each of us has a role and a responsibility. Prioritise. We believe five transformative shifts can create the conditions – and build the momentum – to meet our ambitions. • Leave No One Behind. We must ensure that no person – regardless of ethnicity, gender, geography, disability, race or other status – is denied basic economic opportunities and human rights. • Put Sustainable Development at the Core. We must make a rapid shift to sustainable patterns of production and consumption, with developed countries in the lead. We must act now to slow the alarming pace of climate change and environmental degradation, which pose unprecedented threats to humanity. • Transform Economies for Jobs and Inclusive Growth. A profound economic transformation can end extreme poverty and promote sustainable development, improving livelihoods, by harnessing innovation, technology, and the potential of business. More diversified economies, with equal opportunities for all, can drive social inclusion, especially for young people, and foster respect for the environment. • Build Peace and Effective, Open and Accountable Institutions for All. Freedom from violence, conflict, and oppression is essential to human existence, and the foundation for building peaceful and prosperous societies. We are calling for a fundamental shift – to recognize peace and good governance as a core element of wellbeing, not an optional extra. • Forge a New Global Partnership. A new spirit of solidarity, cooperation, and mutual accountability must underpin the post-2015 agenda. This new partnership should be built on our shared humanity, and based on mutual respect and mutual benefit. Make a Roadmap. We believe that a goal framework that drives transformations is valuable in focusing global efforts, mobilising action and resources, and developing a sense of global jeopardy. It can be instrumental in crystallising consensus and defining international norms. It can provide a rallying cry for a global campaign to generate international support, as has been the case with the MDGs. Goals are the crucial first steps to get us, as a global community, moving in the same direction. They must, therefore, be few, focused and with quantitative targets. Here we set out an example of what such a set of goals might look like. Over the next year and a half, we expect goals to be debated, discussed, and improved. But every journey must start somewhere. The Panel recommends that all these goals should be universal, in that they present a common aspiration for all countries. Almost all targets should be set at the national level or even local level, to account for different starting points and contexts (e.g. 8a increase the number of good and decent jobs and livelihoods by x). A few targets are global, setting a common and measurable standard to be monitored in all countries (e.g. 7a doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix). Some targets will require further technical work to agree robust, measurable indicators (e.g. 11d on external stressors). And some targets could represent a global minimum standard if a common numerical target could be agreed internationally (e.g. 4c if a global standard for maternal mortality was set at 40 per 100,000). To ensure equality of opportunity, relevant indicators should be disaggregated with respect to income (especially for the bottom 20%), gender, location, age, people living with disabilities, and relevant social group. Targets will only be considered ‘achieved’ if they are met for all relevant income and social groups.

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UNIVERSAL GOALS, NATIONAL TARGETS 1 2 3

Candidates for global minimum standards, including ‘zero’ goals. Indicators to be disaggregated. Targets require further technical work to find appropriate indicators.

1. End Poverty

1a. Bring the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day to zero and reduce by x% the share of people living below their country’s 2015 national poverty line 1, 2 1b. Increase by x% the share of women and men, communities, and businesses with secure rights to land, property, and other assets 2, 3 1c. Cover x% of people who are poor and vulnerable with social protection systems 2, 3 1d. Build resilience and reduce deaths from natural disasters by x% 2

+

2. Empower

2a. Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against girls and women 1, 2, 3

Girls and Women and Achieve Gender Equality

2b. End child marriage 1, 2

3. Provide

3a. Increase by x% the proportion of children able to access and complete pre-primary education 2

Quality Education and Lifelong Learning

3b. Ensure every child, regardless of circumstance, completes primary education able to read, write and count well enough to meet minimum learning standards 1, 2

2c. Ensure equal right of women to own and inherit property, sign a contract, register a business and open a bank account 1, 2 2d. Eliminate discrimination against women in political, economic, and public life 1, 2, 3

3c. Ensure every child, regardless of circumstance, has access to lower secondary education and increase the proportion of adolescents who achieve recognized and measurable learning outcomes to x% 1, 2 3d. Increase the number of young and adult women and men with the skills, including technical and vocational, needed for work by x% 2, 3

4. Ensure

4a. End preventable infant and under-5 deaths 1, 2

Healthy Lives

4b. Increase by x% the proportion of children, adolescents, at-risk adults and older people that are fully vaccinated 1, 2 4c. Decrease the maternal mortality ratio to no more than x per 100,000 1, 2 4d. Ensure universal sexual and reproductive health and rights 1, 2 4e. Reduce the burden of disease from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and priority non-communicable diseases 2

5. Ensure Food Security and Good Nutrition

5a. End hunger and protect the right of everyone to have access to sufficient, safe, affordable, and nutritious food 1, 2 5b. Reduce stunting by x%, wasting by y%, and anemia by z% for all children under five 1, 2 5c. Increase agricultural productivity by x%, with a focus on sustainably increasing smallholder yields and access to irrigation 3 5d. Adopt sustainable agricultural, ocean and freshwater fishery practices and rebuild designated fish stocks to sustainable levels 1 5e. Reduce postharvest loss and food waste by x% 3

6. Achieve Universal Access to Water and Sanitation

6a. Provide universal access to safe drinking water at home, and in schools, health centers, and refugee camps 1, 2 6b. End open defecation and ensure universal access to sanitation at school and work, and increase access to sanitation at home by x% 1, 2 6c. Bring freshwater withdrawals in line with supply and increase water efficiency in agriculture by x%, industry by y% and urban areas by z% 6d. Recycle or treat all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge 1, 3

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7. Secure

7a. Double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

Sustainable Energy

7b. Ensure universal access to modern energy services 1, 2 7c. Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency in buildings, industry, agriculture and transport 7d. Phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption 1,3

8. Create Jobs, 8a. Increase the number of good and decent jobs and livelihoods by x 2 Sustainable 8b. Decrease the number of young people not in education, employment or training by x% 2 Livelihoods, 8c. Strengthen productive capacity by providing universal access to financial services and infrastructure and Equitable such as transportation and ICT 1, 2, 3 Growth 8d. Increase new start-ups by x and value added from new products by y through creating an enabling business environment and boosting entrepreneurship 2, 3

9. Manage

9a. Publish and use economic, social and environmental accounts in all governments and major companies 1

Natural Resource Assets Sustainably

9b. Increase consideration of sustainability in x% of government procurements 3 9c. Safeguard ecosystems, species and genetic diversity 9d. Reduce deforestation by x% and increase reforestation by y% 9e. Improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion by x tonnes and combat desertification

10. Ensure

10a. Provide free and universal legal identity, such as birth registrations 1,2

Good Governance and Effective Institutions

10b. Ensure people enjoy freedom of speech, association, peaceful protest and access to independent media and information 1, 3 10c. Increase public participation in political processes and civic engagement at all levels 2,3 10d. Guarantee the public’s right to information and access to government data 1 10e. Reduce bribery and corruption and ensure officials can be held accountable 3

11. Ensure

11a. Reduce violent deaths per 100,000 by x and eliminate all forms of violence against children 1, 2, 3

Stable and Peaceful Societies

11b. Ensure justice institutions are accessible, independent, well-resourced and respect due-process rights 1, 2 , 3

12. Create a Global Enabling Environment and Catalyse Long-Term Finance

12a. Support an open, fair and development-friendly trading system, substantially reducing trade-distorting measures, including agricultural subsidies, while improving market access of developing country products 3

11c. Stem the external stressors that lead to conflict, including those related to organised crime 3 11d. Enhance the capacity, professionalism and accountability of the security forces, police and judiciary 3

12b. Implement reforms to ensure stability of the global financial system and encourage stable, long-term private foreign investment 3 12c. Hold the increase in global average temperature below 20 C above pre-industrial levels, in line with international agreements 12d. Developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as official development assistance to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20% of GNP of developed countries to least developed countries; other countries should move toward voluntary targets for complementary financial assistance 12e Reduce illicit flows and tax evasion and increase stolen-asset recovery by $x 3 12f. Promote collaboration on and access to science, technology, innovation, and development data 3

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32

ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS GOAL 1

END POVERTY

a) Bring the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day to zero and reduce by x% the share of people living below their country’s 2015 national poverty line b) Increase by x% the share of women and men, communities and businesses with secure rights to land, property, and other assets c) Cover x% of people who are poor and vulnerable with social protection systems d) Build resilience and reduce deaths from natural disasters by x%

Every day, poverty condemns 1 out of 7 people on the planet to a struggle to survive. Many of those living in extreme poverty are ignored, excluded from opportunities, sometimes for generations. Today, 1.2 billion people suffer under the hardship of living on less than the equivalent of $1.25 per person per day.1 This means that they can only buy the same amount of goods and services as $1.25 would buy in the United States. For more than a billion people, $1.25 a day is all there is to feed and clothe, to heal and educate, to build a future. We can be the first generation to eradicate this extreme poverty. This is a global minimum standard and must apply to everyone, regardless of gender, location, disability or social group. Continuing on current growth trends, about 5% of people will be in extreme poverty by 2030, compared with 43.1% in 1990 and a forecast 16.1% in 2015. With slightly faster growth and attention to ensuring that no one is left behind we can eradicate extreme poverty altogether. Poverty is not, of course, just about income. People who live in poverty in whatever country are always on the edge, chronically vulnerable to falling sick, losing a job, forced eviction, climate change or natural disaster. Their earnings vary by day, by season and by year. When shocks hit, it is catastrophic. Since 2000, deaths related to natural hazards have exceeded 1.1 million and over 2.7 billion people have been affected. Poor people often lack the resources or support to recover. Global leaders have agreed that “poverty has various manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to ensure sustainable livelihoods, hunger and malnutrition, ill-health, limited or lack of access to education and other basic services, increased morbidity and mortality from illness, homelessness and inadequate housing, unsafe environments, and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterized by a lack of participation in decision-making and in civil, social, and cultural life.” 2 The post-2015 agenda should tackle all of these aspects of poverty and confront inequality to make sure no one is left behind. People want the chance to lift themselves out of poverty and they aspire for prosperity. We considered suggesting a higher target – perhaps $2 a day – to reflect that escaping extreme poverty is only a start. However, we noted that each country, and places within countries, often have their own threshold for what constitutes poverty. Many such poverty lines are well above $1.25 or $2 a day. It is our hope and

1. Based on World Bank’s PovcalNet data from 2010 (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/ index.htm?1). These figures may change considerably when updated purchasing power parity figures become available later this year. 2. WSSD (1995): http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm. Paragraph 193. WSSD (1995): http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm. Paragraph 19

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expectation that countries will continuously raise the bar on the living standards they deem minimally acceptable for their citizens and adjust their poverty line upwards over time, and that the global poverty line will follow suit to at least $2 by 2030. That is why we have included a target for reducing the share of people below the national poverty line as well as for extreme poverty. People in poverty need the tools to cope with adverse and potentially devastating shocks. They have a strong interest in good management of their environment because on average they get more than half their income from farming marginal lands, fishing coastal waters and scouring forests for wild foods, medicinal plants, fodder, building materials and fuel. No one is more vulnerable than people in poverty to desertification, deforestation and overfishing, or less able to cope with floods, storms, and droughts. Natural disasters can pull them into a cycle of debt and illness, to further degradation of the land, and a fall deeper into poverty. To address these challenges, one target focuses on resilience. Resilience means individuals being ready to withstand, able to adapt–when it comes to health, economic or climatic shocks—and able to recover quickly. Resilience enables people to move from the fringes of survival to making long-term investments in their own future through education, better health, increased savings and protection for their most valuable physical assets such as home, property and means of livelihood. For society, the by-product is greater economic productivity.

People are more likely to make long-term investments when they feel secure on their property.3 Tenancy reform in West Bengal led to a 20% increase in rice productivity. Indigenous peoples and local communities often have traditional rights over land.4 But when people or communities lack legal property rights they face the risk that they will be forced to leave their land. Business will also invest less and be less able to contribute to the economy. We know property rights are important, but also realise the challenges of measurement. We urge further work on this issue. Social assistance programs are another potential gamechanger that can directly improve equality. They have been extraordinarily successful in Mexico, Brazil and other countries. We can build on these successes and adopt them more widely. We can aim to improve the effectiveness of these programs by ensuring greater coherence, reducing overheads and overall costs. And we can use modern technology and increasing evidence of what works to more precisely target specific needs. But social assistance programs vary considerably in quality and perverse incentives can be created if the focus is just on access. We do not yet know how to measure all aspects of quality, but encourage experts to think about the proper standards. Targets found under other goals address non-income dimensions of poverty: basic needs like health, education, water, sanitation, electricity and other infrastructure; basic freedoms like legal registration, freedom from fear and violence, peace, freedom to access information and participate in civic life.

Number of Developing Countries with Social Protection Coverage 60 50

School Feeding

Countries

40 30

Cash Transfer

20 10 0

Food Rations

Food for Work

Source: Nora Lustig, Author’s construction based on information from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.

3.Tenure security was originally included in the MDGs, but a lack of globally comparable data at the time led to its replacement; since then, UN Habitat and partners have made progress in developing a methodology consistent across countries and regions. See MDG Report (2012), p. 57. Secure tenure is defined by UN Habitat as “evidence of documentation that can be used as proof of sencure tenure status; or when there is either de facto or perceived protection against forced evictions.” 4. Karlan, D. et al. (2012). Agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints. Yale University, Processed; Banerjee, A. et al. (2002). Empowerment and efficiency: the economics of tenancy reform. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 110 (2): 239-280

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34 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 2

EMPOWER GIRLS AND WOMEN AND ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY

a) Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against girls and women b) End child marriage c) Ensure equal right of women to own and inherit property, sign a contract, register a business and open a bank account d) Eliminate discrimination against women in political, economic, and public life

Far too many women continue to face oppression and deeply embedded discrimination. This affects everything from access to health and education to the right to own land and earn a living, to equal pay and access to financial services, to participation in decisionmaking at local and national levels, to freedom from violence. Gender equality is integrated across all of our illustrative goals, but the empowerment of women and girls and gender equality is an important issue in its own right. Half of the world’s people are women – and a people-centered agenda must work to realize their equal rights and full participation. Gender-based violence is both persistent and widespread. This violence takes many different forms: rape, domestic violence, acid attacks, so-called “honor” killings. It cuts across the boundaries of age, race, culture, wealth and geography. It takes place in the home, on the streets, in schools, the workplace, in farm fields, refugee camps, during conflicts and crises. Our first target on preventing and eliminating all forms of violence against girls and women is universal. But measurement is complex. When women feel more empowered and believe justice will be done, reported incidents of violence may rise. Child marriage is a global issue across, but sensitive to, culture, religions, ethnicity and countries. When children marry young, their education can be cut short, their risk of maternal mortality is higher and they can become trapped in poverty. Over the last decade, 15 million girls aged 10-14 have been married.5 Women should be able to live in safety and enjoy their basic human rights. This is a first and very basic step. But we must go further. Women across the world strive to overcome significant barriers keeping them from realizing their potential. We must demolish these barriers. Women with equal rights are an irreplaceable asset for every society and economy. We know that gender equality transforms not only households but societies. When women can decide how to spend their household’s money, they tend to invest more in their children.6 A woman who receives more years of schooling is more likely to make decisions about immunization and nutrition that will improve her child’s chances in life; indeed, more schooling for girls girls and women between 1970 and 2009 saved the lives of 4.2 million children.7, 8 No society has become prosperous without a major contribution from its women.9 The World Economic Forum finds that the countries with small gender gaps are the same countries with

5. Who Speaks for Me? Ending Child Marriage (Washington DC); Population Reference Bureau 2011 6. Source: World Bank, 2012. “World Development Report. Gender Equality and Development.” From: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/ EXTWDR2012/0,,contentMDK:22999750~menuPK:8154981~pagePK:64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:7778063,00.html. p 5 7. Decreases in child mortality 1970-1990 meant that 8.2 million more children survived. The survival of more than half of these children (4.2 million) can be attributed to increased years of schooling for girls. 8. Gakidou, E, et al. 2010. “Increased Educational Attainment and its Effect on Child Mortality in 175 Countries between 1970 and 2009: a Systematic Analysis.” The Lancet. 376(9745).p 969 9. With the potential exception of some natural resource-rich principalities

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the highest ratings for “international competitiveness”— and microeconomic studies suggest that the economic participation of women drives household income growth.10 Considerable progress has been made in bringing about greater gender equality in access to health and education. This momentum must be maintained by making sure that targets in these areas are broken down by gender. Much less progress has been made in narrowing social, economic and political gaps, so our focus is on these two issues. Half of the women in the labor force are in vulnerable employment, with no job security and no protection against economic shocks. Women are far more likely than men to be in vulnerable employment in many places, with rates from 32 per cent to 85 per cent in different regions, versus 55 per cent to 70 per cent for men.11 All too often, they receive less pay than their male counterparts for the same work.

We must work to fulfill the promise of women’s equal access to, and full participation in, decision-making, and end discrimination on every front. This must happen in governments, companies and in civil society. In countries where women’s interests are strongly represented, laws have been passed to secure land rights, tackle violence against women and improve health care and employment.12 Yet women currently occupy less than 20 percent of parliamentary seats worldwide.13 The message is simple. Women who are safe, healthy, educated, and fully empowered to realize their potential transform their families, their communities, their economies and their societies. We must create the conditions so they can do so.

Higher Gender Equality Associated with Higher Income 14

Human Development Index

Gender Inequality Index

0.2

0.9 0.8 0.7

0.4

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6

0.3

6

8

10

GDP per Capita in constant 2005 Dollars, log scale

10. Hausmann,R, L.Tyson,Y.Bekhouche & S.Zahidi (2012) The Global Gender Gap Report 2012. World Economic Forum: Geneva. 11. ILO, 2012. “Global Employment Trends: Preventing a deeper jobs crisis.” From: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_171571.pdf.p 11 12. UNWOMEN, 2012. “In pursuit of justice” From: http://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/EN-Report-Progress.pdf 13. UNWOMEN, 2012. “In pursuit of justice” From: http://progress.unwomen.org/pdfs/EN-Report-Progress.pdf 14. UNDP Human Development Report: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data/explorer/

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36 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 3

PROVIDE QUALITY EDUCATION AND LIFELONG LEARNING a) Increase by x% the proportion of children able to access and complete preprimary education

+ b) Ensure every child, regardless of circumstance, completes primary education able to read, write and count well enough to meet minimum learning standards c) Ensure every child, regardless of circumstance, has access to lower secondary education and increase the proportion of adolescents who achieve recognized and measurable learning outcomes to x% d) Increase the number of young and adult women and men with the skills, including technical and vocational, needed for work by x%

Education is a fundamental right. It is one of the most basic ways people can achieve wellbeing. It lifts lifetime earnings as well as how much a person can engage with and contribute to society. Quality education positively effects health, and lowers family size and fertility rates. Availability of workers with the right skills is one of the key determinants of success for any business—and of capable and professional public bureaucracies and services. Investing in education brings individuals and societies enormous benefits, socially, environmentally and economically. But to realize these benefits, children and adolescents must have access to education and learn from it.15 Across the world, investment in education clearly benefits individuals and societies. A study of 98 countries found that each additional year of education results in, on average, a 10 per cent increase in lifetime earnings – a huge impact on an individual’s opportunities and livelihood. In countries emerging from conflict, giving children who couldn’t attend school a second chance is one way to rebuild individual capabilities and move into national recovery.16 However, globally, there is an education, learning and skills crisis. Some 60 million primary school-age children and 71 million adolescents do not attend school. Even in countries where overall enrolment is high, significant numbers of students leave school early. On average, 14 per cent of young people in the European Union reach no further than lower secondary education.17 Among the world’s 650 million children of primary school age, 130 million are not learning the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic.18 A recent study of 28 countries found that more than one out of every three students (23 million primary school children) could not read or do basic maths after multiple years of schooling.19 We believe it important to target learning outcomes, to make sure every child performs up to a global minimum standard upon completing primary education. To do this, many countries have found that pre-primary education, getting children ready to learn, is also needed, so we have added a target on that.20 All around the world, we are nearing universal primary school enrollment, although 28 million children in countries emerging from conflict are still not in school. In more than

15. Brookings Institution (2013) Toward Universal Learning: What Every Child Should Learn. 16. Psacharopoulos, G., Patrinos, H. Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics 12(2). 2004 17. EFA Global Monitoring Report (2012). Youth and skills: Putting education to work. (Page 21). 18. EFA Global Monitoring Report (2012). Youth and skills: Putting education to work. (Page 7). 19. Africa Learning Barometer http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/01/16-africa-learning-watkins. 20. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families (2010). Head Start Impact Study. Final Report. Washington, DC. esco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2012-skills/

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with skills for life, work and earning a livelihood.

20 countries, at least one in five children has never even been to school.21 There, the unfinished business of MDG 2, universal primary education, continues to be a priority. We need to ensure all children, regardless of circumstance, are able to enroll and complete a full course of primary and lower secondary education and, in most cases, meet minimum learning standards.

Teachers are often early mentors who inspire children to advance. The quality of education in all countries depends on having a sufficient number of motived teachers, well trained and possessing strong subject-area knowledge. Equity must be a core principle of education. Educational disparities persist among and within countries. In many countries where average enrolment rates have risen, the gaps between, for example, rural girls from a minority community and urban boys from the majority group are vast. Some countries have made significant gains in the last decade in reducing disparities based on disability, ethnicity, language, being a religious minority and being displaced.

Of course, education is about far more than basic literacy and numeracy. While the targets are about access to school and learning, education’s aims are wider. As set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, education enables children to realize their talents and full potential, earn respect for human rights and prepares them for their role as adults.22 Education should also encourage creative thinking, teamwork and problem solving. It can also lead people to learn to appreciate natural resources, become aware of the importance of sustainable consumption and production and climate change, and gain an understanding of sexual and reproductive health. Education supplies young people

As children move on to higher levels of education the education gap still remains enormous. Many children who finish primary school do not go on to secondary school. They should, and we have included a target to reflect this.

Education Benefits Individuals and Societies23

Return on Investment (%)

Asia

Europe/ MENA

LAC

OECD

SSA

20%

10%

Skills learned in school must also help young people to get a job. Some are non-cognitive skills—teamwork, leadership, problem solving. Others come from technical and vocational training. Wherever it takes place, these skills are important components of inclusive and equitable growth. They are needed to build capacity

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and professionalism in governments and business, especially in fragile states. The barriers to education, and the most effective solutions, will vary by country. But the commitment to learning must be constant and unwavering

21. Education for All Global Monitoring Report. The hidden crisis: Armed Conflict and Education, 2011. http://www.unesco.org/ new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/reports/2011-conflict/ 22. UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations 23. Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2002)

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38 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 4

ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES

a) End preventable infant and under-5 deaths b) Increase by x% the proportion of children, adolescents, at-risk adults and older people that are fully vaccinated c) Decrease the maternal mortality ratio to no more than x per 100,000 d) Ensure universal sexual and reproductive health and rights e) Reduce the burden of disease from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and priority non-communicable diseases

Health enables people to reach their potential. Healthy children learn better. They become healthy adults. Healthy adults work longer and more regularly, earning higher and more regular wages. Though we focus on health outcomes in this goal, to achieve these outcomes requires universal access to basic healthcare. We must start with a basic commitment to ensure equity in all the interconnected areas that contribute to health (social, economic and environmental). But in addition, we must make steady progress in ensuring Universal Health Coverage and access to quality essential health services. That means reaching more people, broadening the range of integrated, essential services available to every person, and ensuring that services are affordable for all. Countries at all income levels have work to do to reach this ideal. The Panel chose to focus on health outcomes in this goal, recognizing that to achieve these outcomes requires universal access to basic healthcare. Health outcomes are often determined by social, economic and environmental factors. Discrimination can create barriers to health services for vulnerable groups and lack of protection leaves many individual and families exposed to sudden illness and the catastrophic financial effects this can bring. Investing more in health, especially in health promotion and disease prevention, like vaccinations, is a smart strategy to empower people and build stronger societies and economies. Almost 7 million children die before their fifth birthday, every single year.24 For the most part, these deaths are easily preventable. We know that the solutions are simple and affordable: having skilled birth attendants present; keeping babies warm and getting them safe water, nutritious food, proper sanitation, and basic vaccinations.25 Many children who die before they reach their fifth birthdays are born to mothers living in poverty, or in rural communities, or who are still in adolescence26 or otherwise vulnerable. By ending preventable child deaths, we are aiming for an upper threshold of 20 deaths per 1000 live births in all income quintiles of the population.27 Women continue to die unnecessarily in childbirth. The World Health Organization estimates that every minute and a half, a woman dies from complications of pregnancy or childbirth. Women living in poverty, in rural areas, and adolescents are especially at risk.28 Timely access to well-equipped facilities and skilled birth attendants will 24. WHO (2012). Fact sheet No. 290. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs290/en/ 25. UNICEF/WHO (2012). Global Immunization Data. http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/Global_Immunization_Data.pdf 26. WHO (2012). Adolescent pregnancy. Fact sheet N째364. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs364/en/ 27. Child Survival Call to Action, http://apromiserenewed.org/files/APR_Progress_Report_2012_final_web3.pdf 28. WHO (2013): http://www.who.int/features/qa/12/en/

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drastically reduce this risk. Universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is an essential component of a healthy society. There are still 222 million women in the world who want to prevent pregnancy but are not using effective, modern methods of contraception. This results in 80 million unplanned pregnancies, 30 million unplanned births and 20 million unsafe abortions every year. About 340 million people a year are infected by sexually-transmitted disease.29 Every $1 spent on modern contraception would save $1.40 in maternal and newborn health care.30 But access to SRHR, especially by adolescents, is low. The quality of such services is generally poor. The public health case is clear – ensuring these rights benefits not only individuals, but broader communities.

live longer, they face increased rates of cancer, heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and other chronic illness. On average, people lose 10 years of their lives to illness, mostly to non-communicable diseases.31 These should be addressed, but the priorities will vary by country. The benefits of investing in health are immediate and obvious, both for specific interventions and for strengthening health systems more broadly. Immunizations save 2 to 3 million lives each year.32 Bednets are a well-known and affordable way to ward off malaria. Education that leads people to understand and use quality health services is a useful complement. The table below shows how the benefits of investing in health outweigh the costs.33 Every $1 spent generates up to $30 through improved health and increased productivity.

In high-income countries, rising health costs are a major threat to fiscal stability and long-term economic growth. Obesity is a growing problem. When people

Health Solutions are Affordable and Available Tuberculosis: case finding & treatment Heart attacks: acute low cost management Expanded immunization Malaria: prevention & treatment HIV: combination prevention Local surgical capacity

0

10

20

30

Ratio Affordable solutions are within reach. Modern medicine and improved treatment can help, as can a range of other factors, such as cleaner air, more nutritious food and

other parts of the interconnected post-2015 agenda. Ensuring healthy lives will be an ongoing process in all countries and communities.

29. Glasier, A. et al. (2006). Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death. The Lancet Vol. 368: 1595 - 160727. Singh, S., Darroch, J. (2012). Adding it up: Costs and benefits of contraceptive services.Estimates for 2012. Guttmacher Institute: p.16 30. Singh, S., Darroch, J. (2012). Adding it up: Costs and benefits of contraceptive services.Estimates for 2012. Guttmacher Institute: p.16 31. Salomon et al. (2012). Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010. The Lancet Vol. 380: 2144–2162 32. UNICEF/WHO (2012). Global Immunization Data. http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/Global_Immunization_Data.pdf 33. Jamison, D., Jha, P., Bloom, D. (2008). The Challenge of Diseases. Copenhagen Consensus 2008 Challenge Paper

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40 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 5

ENSURE FOOD SECURITY AND GOOD NUTRITION

a) End hunger and protect the right of everyone to have access to sufficient, safe, affordable, and nutritious food b) Reduce by x% stunting, wasting by y% and anemia by z% for all children under 5 c) Increase agricultural productivity by x%, with a focus on sustainably increasing smallholder yields and access to irrigation. d) Adopt sustainable agricultural, ocean, and freshwater fishery practices and rebuild designated fish stocks to sustainable levels e) Reduce postharvest loss and food waste by x%

Food is essential to all living beings. Producing it takes energy, land, technology and water. Food security is not just about getting everyone enough nutritious food.It is also about access, ending waste, moving toward sustainable, efficient production and consumption. The world will need about 50 percent more food by 203034; to produce enough food sustainably is a global challenge. Irrigation and other investments in agriculture and rural development can help millions of smallholder farmers earn a better living, provide enough nutritious food for growing populations, and build pathways to sustainable future growth. Today, 870 million people in the world do not have enough to eat.35 Undernourished women give birth to underweight babies, who are less likely to live to their fifth birthday and more likely to develop chronic diseases and other limitations. The first 1,000 days of a child’s life are crucial to giving a child a fair chance; 165 million children are ‘stunted’ or smaller than they should be for their age; others are ‘wasted’ and anaemic. Inadequate nutrition prevents their brains from developing fully and, ultimately, limits their ability to make a living. 36 Poverty is the main cause of hunger – most people are hungry or undernourished because they cannot afford sufficient nutritious food, not because of supply failures. Recent increases in food price volatility have shown how sharp rises in the price of food can worsen poverty. Producing more food will be essential. But it will not alone ensure food security and good nutrition. In developed countries, the lack of a nutritious diet in childhood increases the risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In all countries, adequate nutrition in childhood improves learning as well as lifelong physical, emotional and cognitive development. It lifts the individual’s potential, and the country’s. Childhood nutrition programs have proven successful. Reducing malnutrition, especially among the youngest children, is one of the most cost-effective of all development interventions. Every $1 spent to reduce stunting can yield up to $44.50 through increased future earnings.37 Moving to large-scale sustainable agriculture, while increasing the volume of food produced, is the great challenge we face. It can be done, but this will require a dramatic shift. Agriculture has for many years suffered from neglect. Too few policies are in place to improve rural livelihoods. Too little investment has been made in research. This is true even as the goods and services produced in rural areas are in high demand— food as well as biofuels, eco-system services and carbon sequestration, to name a few.

34. http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/who-will-feed-the-world-rr-260411-en.pdf 35. FAO (2012). The state of food insecurity in the World 36. UNICEF / WHO (2012). Information sheet. http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_infosheet.pdf 37. Hoddinott, J. et al. (2012). Hunger and malnutrition. Copenhagen Consensus 2012 Challenge Paper

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Small Island Developing States. Reducing wastewater in coastal areas, as outlined the illustrative goal on water and sanitation, will help. But overfishing is another problem, reducing an important source of protein for billions of people. Three-quarters of the world’s fish stocks are being harvested faster than they can reproduce and 8-25 per cent of global catch is discarded. This degradation and waste creates a cycle which depletes necessary fish stocks to unsustainable levels. It also harms the ocean’s biosystems. We can and must correct this misuse; properly managing fish stocks gives fish enough time to reproduce and ensure sustainable fisheries. Currently, 30 per cent of fish that are harvested are overfished, while 12.7 per cent have greater capacity and could be fished more before reaching their natural limit.40

In many places, food production tripled in the 20th century, thanks in part to high-yield crop varieties. But in many places, soils have eroded and been depleted of nutrients, holding back food production, despite incredible potential.38 Improved land management, fertilizers, more efficient irrigation systems and crop diversification can reverse land degradation. Specific investments, interventions and policies can deliver results. Agricultural investments reduce poverty more than investments in any other sector. In developed countries, agricultural research provides returns of 20 to 80 per cent – a great investment in any economy.39 Greater yields, sustainable agricultural intensification and less postharvest loss can help smallholder farmers produce enough to feed their families and earn a living. At the same time, less food waste in developed countries can help reduce demand for food. With these changes towards sustainable agricultural consumption and production, we can continue to feed this generation and the 8 billion people on the planet in 2030.

Sustainable food production will also require infrastructure and access to markets and financing, agricultural extension services to spread the benefits of technology and innovation, more predictable global markets and enhanced tenure security. Together, they can overcome the constraints that limit agricultural productivity.

We cannot forget the world’s oceans. Poor management of the oceans can have particularly adverse impacts for

Benefit-Cost Ratios of Investments Reducing Stunting 24

Bangladesh

15

Ethiopia

44.5

India

24.4

Kenya

0

10

20

30

40

Ratio

38. Sanchez, Pedro. Tripling crop yields in tropical Africa. Nature Geoscience 3, 299 - 300 (2010). 39. Alston, J. (2010). The benefits from agricultural research and development, innovation and productivity growth. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers. No. 31. OECD Publishing 40. FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012

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42 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 6

ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION

a) Provide universal access to safe drinking water at home and in schools, health centers and refugee camps b) End open defecation and ensure universal access to sanitation at school and work, and increase access to sanitation at home by x% c) Bring freshwater withdrawals in line with supply and increase water efficiency in agriculture by x%, industry by y% and urban areas by z% d) Recycle or treat all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge

Access to water is a basic human right. Safe drinking water is something everyone in the world needs. Between 1990 and 2010, more than 2 billion people gained access to basic drinking water, but 780 million people still remain without.41 Around two billion people lack access to continuous, safe water.42 Improving access – as well as quality – is becoming more urgent as the world faces increasing water scarcity. By 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in places classified as water scarce.43 People living in poverty are likely to be most at risk. Even those who currently have access to basic drinking water do not have a guarantee of continued access. Agriculture draws 70 per cent of all freshwater for irrigation and may need even more as the demand for intensive food production rises. Already, rising demand from farms is causing water tables to fall in some areas and, at the same time, industry and energy are demanding more water as economies grow. Better water resource management can ensure there will be enough water to meet competing demands. Distribution of water among industry, energy, agriculture, cities and households should be managed fairly and efficiently, with attention to protecting the quality of drinking water. To accomplish this, we need to establish good management practices, responsible regulation and proper pricing. The MDG targets have focused on improving the sources of water collection and reducing the amount of time it takes, especially for women, to collect water for basic family needs. We must now act to ensure universal access to safe drinking water at home, and in schools, health centres and refugee camps. This is a global minimum standard that should be applied to everyone—regardless of income quintile, gender, location, age or other grouping. Investing in safe drinking water complements investments in sanitation and hygiene. Water, sanitation and hygiene work together to make people healthier, and to reduce the grief, and time and money spent, when family members fall ill and need to be cared for. There is some evidence that private and adequate sanitation in schools allows menstruating girls to continue to attend school and learn, and reduces the likelihood that any child will get sick and have to leave school. Agriculture and tourism also benefit when the physical environment is cleaner and more hygienic. On average, the benefits of investing in water management, sanitation, and hygiene range from $2 to $3 per dollar invested.44

41. UNICEF/ WHO (2012). Progress on drinking water and sanitation. 2012 update. 42. UNICEF/ WHO (2012). Progress on drinking water and sanitation. 2012 update. 43. UNDESA (2013). International decade for action ‘Water for Life’ 2005-2015. http://www.un.org/ waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml 44. Whittington, D. et al. (2009). The Challenge of Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Less Developed Countries. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics. Vol. 4, Nos. 6–7. pp 469–609.http://ictph.org.in/downloads/professor-whittington/Whittington-et-al-Foundationsand-Trends-2009.pdf

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Benefit-Cost Ratios of ICT Interventions

3.2

Rural water

Biosand filter

2.7

Community−led total sanitation

2.7 1.8

Large dam

0

1

2

3

Ratio The MDG target on increasing access to sanitation is the one we are farthest from reaching. Around 1.1 billion people still defecate in the open and another 1.4 billion have no toilets, septic tanks, piped sewer systems or other means of improved sanitation.45 Such poor sanitation contributes to widespread chronic diarrhea in many lower-income areas. Each year, 760,000 children under 5 die because of diarrhea.46 Those who survive diarrhea often don’t absorb enough essential nutrients, hindering their physical and mental development. Building sanitation infrastructure and public services that work for everyone, including those living in poverty, and keeping human waste out of the environment, is a major challenge. Billions of people in cities capture and store waste, but have nowhere to dispose of it once their latrines or septic tanks fill. Innovations in toilet design, emptying pits, treating sludge and reusing waste can help local governments meet the enormous

challenge of providing quality public sanitation services – particularly in densely populated urban areas. While we aspire to a global goal to have sanitation in the home for everyone by 2030, we do not believe this would be attainable. So our target is more modest, but we hope still achievable. As cities grow and people consume more, solid waste management is a growing problem. Wastewater pollutes not only the natural environment, but also the immediate living environment, and has an enormous detrimental impact on the spread of disease. Establishing or strengthening policies – at national, subnational and local levels – to recycle or treat wastewater collection, treatment and discharge can protect people from contaminants and natural ecosystems from harmful pollution.

45. UNICEF/ WHO (2012). Progress on drinking water and sanitation. 2012 update. 46. WHO (2013): http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/

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44 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 7

SECURE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

a) Double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix b) Ensure universal access to modern energy services c) Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency in buildings, industry, agriculture and transport d) Phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption

The stark contradictions of our modern global economy are evident in the energy sector. We need reliable energy to reduce poverty and sustain prosperity, but must increasingly get it from renewable sources to limit the impact on the environment. Globally, 1.3 billion people do not have access to electricity.47 2.6 billion people still burn wood, dung, coal and other traditional fuels inside their homes, resulting in 1.5 million deaths per year.48 At the same time, extensive energy use, especially in high-income countries, creates pollution, emits greenhouse gases and depletes non-renewable fossil fuels. The scarcity of energy resources will grow ever greater. Between now and 2030, high-income economies will continue to consume large amounts. They will be increasingly joined by countries which are growing rapidly and consuming more. And by 2030, when the planet reaches around 8 billion people, there will be 2 billion more people using more energy. All this energy use will create enormous strains on the planet. Governments naturally seek growth, prosperity and well-being for their people. In seeking sustainable energy for all, we must ensure that countries can continue to grow, but use all the tools at our disposal to promote less carbon-intensive growth. As high-income countries replace outdated infrastructure and technologies, they can and should transition to less energy-intensive pathways. These challenges are enormous. But so are the opportunities. Done right, growth does not have to bring huge increases in carbon emissions. Investments in efficient energy usage, renewable energy sources, reducing waste and less carbon-intensive technologies can have financial benefits as well as environmental ones. Tools are already available. We can reach large-scale, transformative solutions worldwide with more investment, collaboration, implementation and political will. There is considerable momentum already. The Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4ALL) has signed up over 50 countries, mobilized $50 billion from the private sector and investors and formed new public-private partnerships in transport, energy efficiency, solar cooking and finance.49 The G20 committed to phasing out inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, while providing targeted support for the poorest. This means that governments can have life-line energy pricing for poor consumers—they are not the ones who are wasting consumption. It also means that large energy consumers should pay full price—including for the damages caused to health by pollution and the taxes that should be paid on energy. We can build on and consolidate this momentum by explicitly drawing on SE4ALL and G20 targets and focusing on access, efficiency, renewable energy and reducing the waste of fossil-fuel subsidies. Up-front investment in new technologies – from simple solar LED lights to advanced hydropower – can save lives, reduce expenses and foster growth. In 47. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ EXTENERGY2/0,,contentMDK:22855502~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:4114200,00.html 48. World Health Organization, Fuel For Life: Household Energy and Health, http://www.who.int/ indoorair/publications/fuelforlife.pdf 49. United Nations (2013). Sustainable Energy for All Commitments - Highlights for Rio +20. http:// wwwsustainableenergyforall.org/actions-commitments/high-impact-opportunities/item/109-rioplus-20

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making this transition to sustainable energy, we must pay particular attention to the poor and vulnerable. Subsidies are one way that countries help people in need get affordable energy, so phasing out inefficient subsidies should not exclude targeted support for the poorest. Providing people with access to modern and reliable energy to cook and light their homes has enormous social, economic and environmental benefits. The use of traditional fuels indoors is toxic, causing illness and death. A lack of light prevents children from studying and learning and women can spend too much time gathering wood for fires. Just one kilogram of ‘carbon black’ particles produced by kerosene lamps contribute as much warming to the atmosphere in two weeks as 700 kilograms of carbon dioxide circulating in the atmosphere for 100 years.50 The solutions are available and affordable – all we must do is act. Rising energy use need not parallel faster growth – as the figure shows. Between 1990 and 2006, increased energy efficiency in manufacturing by 16 member countries of the International Energy Agency resulted in 14-15 per cent reduction of energy use per unit of output and reduced CO2 emissions, saving at least $180 billion.51 But we must pick up the pace. Globally, we must double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport and double the share of renewables in the energy supply.52 Although new infrastructure requires an up-front investment, the long-term financial, not to mention environmental and social, payoffs are substantial.

Adopting cost-effective standards for a wider range of technologies could, by 2030, reduce global projected electricity consumption by buildings and industry by 14 per cent, avoiding roughly 1,300 mid-size power plants.53 It is crucial that technologies and innovations be widely shared. Low- and middle-income countries have the chance to leapfrog the old model of development and choose more sustainable growth. But they face two significant constraints: technology and finance. Cleaner and more efficient technologies are often patented by private corporations. Finance is also a problem: the benefits of more efficient technologies come from future savings, while the costs are concentrated at the beginning. If developed countries take the lead in applying these technologies, costs will fall and the technologies will become more accessible to developing countries. To overcome these constraints, governments can use a mix of taxes, subsidies, regulations and partnerships to encourage clean-energy innovation. Partnering countries can use open-innovation forums to accelerate the development of clean-energy technologies and rapidly bring them to scale. These open-source forums should be linked to real public-works projects that can offer financing, and the chance for rapid adoption and broad deployment. We must also reduce waste by ensuring proper pricing. About 1.9 trillion dollars, or 2.5% of the world’s total GDP, is spent every year to subsidize fossil fuel industries and protect low prices.54 If subsidies are reduced, these revenues could be redirected to other pressing priorities. Elimination could reduce as much as 10 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.55

50. UC Berkeley and the University of Illinois at Urbana published by the Journal of Environmental Science & Technology. http:// news.illinois.edu/news/12/1210kerosene_TamiBond.html47. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Indicators_2008-1.pdf 51. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Indicators_2008-1.pdf 52. This implies a 2.4% annual efficiency gain by 2030 compared to 1.2% from 1970 to 2008, according to the Global Energy Assessment (GEA) from the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis. 53. United Nations (2012). Sustainable Energy For All: A Framework for Action http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/sustainableenergyforall/shared/Documents/SE%20for%20All%20-%20Framework%20for%20 Action%20FINAL.pdf 54. International Monetary Fund, Energy Subsidy Reform: Lessons and Implications (Washington: IMF, 2013) http://www.imf.org/ external/np/pp/eng/2013/012813.pdf http://rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-IB-09-10.pdf. 55. Allaire, M and Brown (2009), S: Eliminating Subsidies For Fossil Fuel Production: Implications for U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Markets: Washington DC: Resources for the Future. http://rff.org/RFF/Documents/RFF-IB-09-10.pdf.

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46 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 8

CREATE JOBS, SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS, AND EQUITABLE GROWTH a) Increase the number of good and decent jobs and livelihoods by x b) Decrease the number of young people not in education, employment or training by x% c) Strengthen productive capacity by providing universal access to financial services and infrastructure such as transportation and ICT d) Increase new start-ups by x and value added from new products by y through creating an enabling business environment and boosting entrepreneurship

Countries at different stages of development all need to undertake profound socioeconomic transformations to end extreme poverty, improve livelihoods, sustain prosperity, promote social inclusion and ensure environmental sustainability. The Panel’s discussions on “economic transformation” identified key aspects of a transformative agenda: the necessity to pursue inclusive growth; to promote economic diversification and higher value added; and to put in place a stable, enabling environment for the private sector to flourish. Changing consumption and production patterns to protect our ecosystems and societies, and putting in place good governance and effective institutions are also important for the growth agenda, but discussed under other goals. There is no quick, easy way to create jobs for all. If there were, every politician in every country would already be doing it. Every country struggles with this challenge. Globally, the number of unemployed people has risen by about 28 million since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008, with another 39 million who have likely given up in frustration. Rising unemployment hits young people especially hard. More and more young people are not in employment, education or training, with long-lasting effects on their ability to lead a fulfilling and productive life. We have separate targets for jobs and livelihoods, and for jobs for young people to give specific emphasis to the latter. These targets should be broken down by income quintile, gender, location and other groups. Through these targets, we want societies to focus on how well the economy is performing, through a measure that goes beyond GDP or its growth. Indicators for the jobs target could include the share of paid employment by sector (services, manufacturing, agriculture); and the share of informal and formal employment. Between 2015 and 2030, 470 million more people will enter the global labor force, mostly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.56 This is potentially a huge boon that could sustain growth that is already happening. Over the past decade, 6 of the 10 fastest growing economies in the world were in Africa. As more young people enter the work force and birth rates decline, Africa is set to experience the same kind of ‘demographic dividend’ that boosted growth in Asia over the last three decades. But young people in Africa, and around the world, will need jobs — jobs with security and fair pay — so they can build their lives and prepare for the future. The ILO’s concept of “decent work” recognizes and respects the rights of workers, ensures adequate social protection and social dialogue, and sets a high standard toward which every country should strive. However, it has become clear that there can be middle ground for some developing countries, where “good jobs” – those which are secure and fairly paid – are a significant step towards inclusive and sustainable economic

56. Lam,D & M.Leibbrandt (2013) Global Demographic Trends: Key Issues and Concerns. Input Paper to HLP Panel. Processed.

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POST-2015 | 47

development. The conditions of labour markets across countries differs so much. There is no ‘one size fits all’ approach – good jobs and decent jobs will both be needed in the next development agenda. Sustained, broad-based, equitable growth requires more than raising GDP. It takes deliberate action. Businesses need reliable, adequate infrastructure. That means roads, power, transport, irrigation and telecommunications. It means customs, government inspections, police and courts that function smoothly, and cross border arrangements that facilitate the movements of goods to new markets. Business also adds the most lasting value when it embraces a responsible corporate business code with clear norms for transparency and accountability. People and businesses need the security and stability of a predictable environment to make good economic decisions. The prospects for diversification and moving towards higher value added—needed in some countries to go beyond reliance on commodity exports—can be measured by the number of new start-ups that occur each year and the value added from new products. As countries become richer and their economies get more sophisticated, they usually produce a larger array of goods and services. There are some essential elements we know work across countries and regions. Jobs and opportunities expand when the market economy expands and people find their own ways to participate. Every economy needs dynamism to grow and adapt to consumer demand.

This means enabling new businesses to start up and creating the conditions for them to develop and market new products, to innovate and respond to emerging opportunities. In some economies this is about moving from primary extractive industries to value added products and more diverse manufacturing and services. In others it might be about specialization. Financial services are critical to the growth of business, but also raise the income of individuals. When people have the means to save and invest or get insurance, they can raise their incomes by at least 20 per cent. We know this works. Farmers in Ghana, for example, put more money into their agricultural activities after getting access to weather insurance, leading to increased production and income.57 We need to ensure that more people have access to financial services, to make the most of their own resources. Policies and institutions can help ensure that governments establish promising conditions for job creation. Clear and stable rules, such as uncomplicated ways of starting a business, and fair and stable rules on taxes and regulations, encourage businesses to hire and keep workers. Flexibly regulated labor markets and lowcost, efficient access to domestic and external markets help the private sector thrive. Businesses and individuals alike benefit from training and research programs that help adapt new, breakthrough technologies to local conditions and foster a culture of entrepreneurship.

57. Karlan et al (October 2012) Agricultural Decisions After Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints. Yale University.

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48 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 9

MANAGE NATURAL RESOURCE ASSETS SUSTAINABLY

a) Publish and use economic, social and environmental accounts in all governments and major companies b) Increase consideration of sustainability in x% of government procurements c) Safeguard ecosystems, species and genetic diversity d) Reduce deforestation by x% and increase reforestation by y% e) Improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion by x tonnes and combat desertification

Protecting and preserving the earth’s resources is not only the right thing to do, it is fundamental to human life and well-being. Integrating environmental, social and economic concerns is crucial to meeting the ambition of a 2030 which is more equal, more just, more prosperous, more green and more peaceful. People living in poverty suffer first and worst from environmental disasters like droughts, floods and harvest failures, yet every person on earth suffers without clean air, soil and water. If we don’t tackle the environmental challenges confronting the world, we can make gains towards eradicating poverty, but those gains may not last. Today, natural resources are often used as if they have no economic value, as if they do not need to be managed for the benefit of future generations as well as our own. But natural resources are scarce, and damage to them can be irreversible. Once they are gone, they are gone for good. Because we ‘treasure what we measure’, an important part of properly valuing the earth’s natural abundance is to incorporate it into accounting systems. Our current systems of accounting fail to integrate the enormous impact of environmental concerns; they become ‘externalities’, effects which matter and have real social and economic consequences, but which are not captured in calculations of profit, loss and growth. Countries’ standard measure of progress is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or, for companies, profit. This leaves out the value of natural assets. It does not count the exploitation of natural resources or the creation of pollution, though they clearly effect growth and well-being. Some work is already being done to make sure governments and companies do begin to account for this: the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, the Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services and corporate sustainability accounting have been piloted and should be rolled out by 2030. More rapid and concerted movement in this direction is encouraged. Value for money assessments in public procurement can be a powerful tool for governments to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development. This can enable governments to use their considerable purchasing power to significantly accelerate the market for sustainable practices. Ecosystems include forests, wetlands and oceans. Globally, over a billion people living in rural areas depend on forest resources for survival and income.58 Yet the world loses about 5.2 million hectares of forest per year to deforestation. Growing global demand for food, animal feed, fuel and fiber is driving deforestation. Many of these forests have been traditionally managed by indigenous peoples and local communities. When forests are cleared, people and communities lose a traditional source of their livelihoods while societies lose an important natural resource that could be managed for more sustainable economic development. The destruction of forests also accelerates climate change, which affects everyone. 58. Forest resources provide 30% or more of the cash and non-cash incomes of a significant number of households living in and near forests. Shepherd, G. 2012. IUCN; World Bank.

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Emissions from deforestation

Billion tons of CO2e/yr

3

2

1

0

Without REDD

Africa

National Historical

Asia

Higher than Historical for Low Deforestation

Weighted Global and National Rates

Flow Withholding and Stock Payment

Annualized Fraction of Forest Carbon at Risk of Emission

Cap and Trade for REDD

Latin America

Maintaining forests with many different species and planting a wide range of food crops benefits people’s livelihoods and food security.59 Such measures would keep forests providing essential services, such as protecting the watershed, mitigating climate change, increasing local and regional resilience to a changing climate and hosting many species. With 60 per cent of the world’s ecosystems degraded, tens of thousands of species have already been lost. New partnerships are needed to halt the loss of forests, to capture the full value of forests to people and society, and to tackle the drivers of deforestation. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) is an emerging global effort to give developing

countries economic incentives to conserve their forests and increase reforestation in the context of improving people’s livelihoods and food security, taking into account the value of natural resources, and bio-diversity. These major efforts in low-carbon development and carbon sequestration need more financial support. Every year, 12 million hectares of land become degraded—half the size of the United Kingdom-losing opportunities to grow 20 million tons of food. World leaders have already agreed to strive for a land degradation-neutral world and to monitor, globally, what is happening in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. It is time to do this systematically in the new post2015 framework.

59. Busch, Jonah, et. al. Environmental Research Letters, author calculations (October-December 2009). Available at http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/4/044006/fulltext/

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50 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 10

ENSURE GOOD GOVERNANCE AND EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS

a) Provide free and universal legal identity, such as birth registrations b) Ensure that people enjoy freedom of speech, association, peaceful protest and access to independent media and information c) Increase public participation in political processes and civic engagement at all levels d) Guarantee the public’s right to information and access to government data e) Reduce bribery and corruption and ensure officials can be held accountable

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, signed over 60 years ago, set out the fundamental freedoms and human rights that form the foundations of human development. It reiterated a simple and powerful truth – that every person is born free and equal in dignity and rights. This truth is at the very heart of a people-centered agenda, and reminds us how high we can reach, if we reaffirm the value of every person on this planet. It is through people that we can transform our societies and our economies and form a global partnership. People the world over are calling for better governance. From their local authorities to parliamentarians to national governments to the multilateral system, people want ethical leadership. They want their universal human rights guaranteed and to be recognized in the eyes of the law. They want their voices to be heard and they want institutions that are transparent, responsive, capable and accountable. People everywhere want more of a say in how they are governed. Every person can actively participate in realizing the vision for 2030 to in bring about transformational change. Civil society should play a central, meaningful role but this requires space for people to participate in policy and decision-making. This means ensuring people’s right to freedom of speech, association, peaceful protest and access to independent media and information. Strengthening the capacity of parliaments and all elected representatives, and promoting a vibrant, diverse and independent media can further support governments to translate commitments into action. The word “institutions” covers rules, laws and government entities, but also the informal rules of social interactions. Institutions enable people to work together, effectively and peacefully. Fair institutions ensure that all people have equal rights and a fair chance at improving their lives, that they have access to justice when they are wronged. Government is responsible for maintaining many of society’s central institutions. One of the most basic institutional responsibilities is providing legal identity. Every year, about 50 million births are not registered anywhere, so these children do not have a legal identity. That condemns them to anonymity, and often to being marginalized, because simple activities – from opening a bank account to attending a good school – often require a legal identity. Openness and accountability helps institutions work properly – and ensures that those who hold power cannot use their position to favour themselves or their friends. Good governance and the fight against corruption are universal issues. Everywhere,

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institutions could be more fair and accountable. The key is transparency. Transparency helps ensure that resources are not wasted, but are well managed and put to the best use. Many central institutions are public. But not every one. The need for transparency extends to all institutions, government entities as well as businesses and civilsociety organizations. To fulfill the aims of the post2015 agenda requires transparency from all of them. When institutions openly share how much they spend, and what results they are achieving, we can measure progress towards each goal. Openness will make success much more likely. Publishing accounts – including sustainability accounts – brings ownership and accountability to the entire post-2015 agenda. Sustainability encourages societies to measure more than money -- and to account for the

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value of all of the other natural and societal resources that bring prolonged prosperity and well-being. Accountability works best in an environment of participatory governance. The Millennium Declaration declared freedom one of six fundamental values, and stated that it is best ensured through participatory governance. One target that would be useful is to decrease the extent of bribery and corruption in society. There are concerns with how reliably this is measured—but many indicators are imprecise and this should just lead to re-doubled efforts to improve the understanding of how pervasive this may be. When evidence is found of bribery or corruption, involving public officials or private individuals, they should be held to account. Zero tolerance.

52 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 11

ENSURE STABLE AND PEACEFUL SOCIETIES

a) Reduce violent deaths per 100,000 by x and eliminate all forms of violence against children b) Ensure justice institutions are accessible, independent, well-resourced and respect due-process rights c) Stem the external stressors that lead to conflict, including those related to organized crime d) Enhance the capacity, professionalism and accountability of the security forces, police and judiciary

Without peace, there can be no development. Without development, there can be no enduring peace. Peace and justice are prerequisites for progress. We must acknowledge a principal lesson of the MDGs: that peace and access to justice are not only fundamental human aspirations but cornerstones of sustainable development. Without peace, children cannot go to school or access health clinics. Adults cannot go to their workplaces, to markets or out to cultivate their fields. Conflict can unravel years, even decades, of social and economic progress in a brief span of time. When it does, progress against poverty becomes daunting. By 2015, more than 50 per cent of the total population in extreme poverty will reside in places affected by conflict and chronic violence.60 To end extreme poverty and empower families to pursue better lives requires peaceful and stable societies. Children are particularly vulnerable in situations of conflict.61 In at least 13 countries, parties continue to recruit children into armed forces and groups, to kill or maim children, commit rape and other forms of sexual violence against children, or engage in attacks on schools and/or hospitals. Recognising their particular vulnerability to violence, exploitation and abuse, the Panel proposes a target to eliminate all forms of violence against children. The character of violence has shifted dramatically in the past few decades.62 Contemporary conflict is characterized by the blurring of boundaries, the lack of clear front lines or battlefields, and the frequent targeting of civilian populations. Violence, drugs and arms spill rapidly across borders in our increasingly connected world. Stability has become a universal concern. Physical insecurity, economic vulnerability and injustice provoke violence, and violence propels communities further into impoverishment. Powerful neighbours, or global forces beyond the control of any one government, can cause stresses. Stress alone, though, does not cause violence: the greatest danger arises when weak institutions are unable to absorb or mitigate such stress and social tensions. Safety and justice institutions are especially important for poor and marginalized communities. Security, along with justice, is consistently cited as an important priority by poor people in all countries. In 2008, the International Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor estimated that as many as 4 billion people live outside the protection of the law.63 But every country can work towards social justice, begin to fashion stronger institutions for 60. OECD, Ensuring Fragile States are Not Left Behind, 2013 Factsheet on resource flows and trends, (2013) http://www.oecd.org/dac/incaf/factsheet%202013%20resource%20flows%20final.pdf 61. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict (A/66/782–S/2012/261, April 2012) 62. WDR 2011, p.2 63. Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (2008), Making the Law Work for Everyone. Volume I in the Report of the Commission. United Nations: New York.61. WDR (2011), pp218-220.

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conflict resolution and mediation. Many countries have successfully made the transition from endemic violence to successful development, and we can learn important lessons from their powerful example. It is crucial that we ensure basic safety and justice for all, regardless of a person’s economic or social status or political affiliation. To achieve peace, leaders must tackle the problems that matter most to people: they must prosecute corruption and unlawful violence, especially against minorities and vulnerable groups. They must enhance accountability. They must prove that the state can deliver basic services and rights, such as access to safety and justice, safe drinking water and health services, without discrimination. Progress against violence and instability will require local, national, regional and global cooperation. We must also offer sustained and predictable support. Too often, we wait until a crisis hits before providing the necessary commitments to bring safety and stability. Assistance from the international community to places suffering from violence must plan longer-term, using a

64. WDR (2011), pp218-220.

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ten- to fifteen-year time horizon. This will allow enough time to make real gains and solidify those gains. And during that time, providing the basics, from safety to jobs, can improve social cohesion and stability. Good governance and effective institutions are crucial. Jobs and inclusive growth are linked to peace and stability and deter people from joining criminal networks or armed groups. Steps to mitigate the harmful effects of external stressors such as volatile commodity prices, international corruption, organized crime and the illicit trade in persons, precious minerals and arms are sorely needed. Effectively implementing small arms control is especially important to these efforts. Because these threats cross borders, the responses must be regional and international. Some innovative cross-border and regional programs exist, and regional organizations are increasingly tackling these problems.64 To ensure that no one is left behind in the vision for 2030, we must work collectively to ensure the most fundamental condition for human survival, peace.

54 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

GOAL 12

CREATE A GLOBAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT AND CATALYZE LONG-TERM FINANCE

a) Support an open, fair and development-friendly trading system, substantially reducing trade-distorting measures, including agricultural subsidies, while improving market access of developing country products b) Implement reforms to ensure stability of the global financial system and encourage stable, long-term private foreign investment c) Hold the increase in global average temperature below 20 C above preindustrial levels, in line with international agreements d) Developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as official development assistance to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20% of GNP of developed countries to least developed countries; other countries should move toward voluntary targets for complementary financial assistance e) Reduce illicit flows and tax evasion and increase stolen-asset recovery by $x f ) Promote collaboration on and access to science, technology, innovation, and development data

An enabling global environment is a necessary condition for the post-2015 agenda to succeed, to set us on a course towards our vision of a 2030 which is more prosperous, more equitable, more peaceful and more just. An enabling environment makes concrete the spirit of a new global partnership, bringing cooperation to bear on pressing global challenges. Creating a global trading system that actively encourages sustainable development is of paramount importance. Increasingly, countries are driving their own development, and this dynamism is driven by trade more than aid. Ensuring that the global trading system is open and fair creates the platform for countries to grow. The WTO is the most effective tool to increase the development impact of trade, and a successful conclusion of the Doha round of trade talks is urgently needed to put the conditions in place for achieving the post-2015 agenda. Currently, goods and services produced by firms in least-developed countries (LDCs) face quotas and duties that limit their ability to cross borders and succeed in the global marketplace. Systems that provide market access for developing countries, including preference programmes and duty-free, quota-free market access, can assist LDCs. However, even when these fees and limits are reduced, other complications can arise, such as ‘rules of origin’, that can create unnecessary red tape and paperwork for LDCs. This curtails the participation of LDCs in global production chains, and reduces their competitiveness in the global marketplace. Some agricultural subsidies can distort trade and market access of developing country products. A system that better facilitates the movement of people, goods and services would go a long way towards allowing more people and more countries to benefit fully from globalisation. Increased trade and access to markets brings more equitable growth and opportunity for all – the surest way to defeat poverty and deprivation.

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Stability of the financial system is crucial to enable longterm growth and sustainable development. The severe downsides of an interconnected world were brought to life in the global financial crisis in 2008. Risky actions in one part of the world can wreak havoc on people across the globe – and can reverse gains in eradicating poverty. Commodities are especially volatile and we urge continued commitment to initiatives such as the Agricultural Market Information System, to enhance food market transparency and encourage coordination of policy action in response to market uncertainty.

that has been put in. Some of this is money-laundering of bribes and stolen funds, and some is to evade taxes. Much more can and should be done to stop this. It starts with transparency in all countries. Developed countries could be more actively seizing and returning assets that may have been stolen, acquired corruptly, or transferred abroad illegally from developing countries. The average OECD country is only “largely compliant” in 4 of 13 categories of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations when it comes to detecting and fighting illicit financial flows65.

Following the financial crisis, there is more concern that the international financial architecture must be reformed, and agreed regulatory reforms implemented consistently, to ensure global financial stability. Recommendations and actions are being implemented, both in major individual financial centres and internationally.

If the money is openly tracked, it is harder to steal. That is the motivation behind the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, a voluntary global standard that asks companies to disclose what they pay, and has governments disclose what they receive. Other countries could adopt EITI and follow the example of the United States and the EU in legally compelling oil, gas and mining companies to disclose financial information on every project.

The proper place to forge an international agreement to tackle climate change is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Panel wants to underline the importance of holding the increase in global average temperatures below 2 degrees Centigrade above preindustrial levels, in line with international agreements. This is all the more important as, despite existing agreements, the world is missing the window to meet the promise made to limit global warming to a 2 degree rise over pre-industrial temperatures. Without tackling climate change, we will not succeed in eradicating extreme poverty. Some of the concrete steps outlined in this report, on renewable energy, for example, are critical to limiting future warming and building resilience to respond to the changes that warming will bring. The 2002 Monterrey Consensus was an historic agreement on development finance that guides policy today. Developed countries that have not done so agreed to make concrete efforts towards lifting their aid budgets towards the target of 0.7% of GNP. As part of that, they reaffirmed their commitments to offer assistance equal to 0.15 to 0.2% of GNP to leastdeveloped countries. This is still the right thing to do. Official development assistance (ODA) that flows to developing countries is still a very important source of financing: 55 cents of every dollar of foreign capital that comes into low-income countries is ODA. Other countries should also move toward voluntary targets for complementary financial assistance. Developed countries have to go beyond aid, however. There are signs that the money illegally taken out of sub-Saharan Africa and put in overseas tax havens and secrecy jurisdictions is greater than all the aid money

Developed countries could also pay more attention to exchanging information with developing countries to combat tax evasion. Together, they can also crack down on tax avoidance by multinational companies through the abuse of transfer pricing to artificially shift their profits across international borders to low-tax havens. When developed countries detect economic crimes involving developing countries, they must work together to make prosecuting such crimes a priority. Domestic revenues are the most important source for the funds needed to invest in sustainable development, relieve poverty and deliver public services. Only through sufficient domestic resource mobilization can countries ensure fiscal reliance and promote sustainable growth. Data is one of the keys to transparency, which is the cornerstone of accountability. Too often, development efforts have been hampered by a lack of the most basic data about the social and economic circumstances in which people live. To understand whether we are achieving the goals, data on progress needs to be open, accessible, easy to understand and easy to use. As goals get more ambitious, the quality, frequency, disaggregation and availability of relevant statistics must be improved. To accomplish this requires a commitment to changing the way we collect and share data. Systems are not in place today to generate good data. This is a special problem for poor countries, but even the most powerful and wealthy countries have only a limited understanding of, for example, how many patients in a given area are accessing healthcare services, and how and what happens when they do.

65. OECD, “Measuring OECD Responses to Illicit Financial Flows,” Issue Paper for DAC Senior Level Meeting 2013, DCD/ DAC(2013)13, 2013, p.4.

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56 | ANNEX II: EVIDENCE OF IMPACT AND EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS

The availability of information has improved during the implementation of the MDGs, but not rapidly enough to foster innovations and improvements the delivery of vital services. Learning from data – and adapting actions based on what we learn from it – is one of the best ways to ensure that goals are reached. To be able to do this, we need to start now, well ahead of 2015. We need to build better data-collection systems, especially in developing countries. Without them, measuring the goals and targets set out here can become an undue and unfeasible burden. With them, a global goal framework is an effective way of uniting efforts across the globe. Building the statistical capacities of national, subnational and local systems is key to ensuring that policymakers have the information they need to make good policy. The UN Statistical Commission should play a key role.

The innovation, diffusion and transfer of technology is critical to realizing true transformation. Whether in information, transportation, communications or lifesaving medicines, new technologies can help countries leapfrog to new levels of sustainable development. Some technologies exist which can help us reach our vision for 2030, and science is making ever greater progress in this direction, but some technologies have yet to be developed. Partnerships can help us develop the tools we need, and ensure that these innovations are more broadly shared. At its heart, a global enabling environment must encourage substantial new flows for development, better integrate resources by engaging the talents of new partners from civil society and the private sectors, and use new approaches. This goal underpins the action and partnerships needed to fully achieve the ambitious aims of the post-2015 agenda.

Data are a true public good, and are underfunded, especially in low-income countries. That must change. Technical and financial support from high-income countries is sorely needed to fill this crucial gap.

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POST-2015 | 57

ANNEX III: GOALS, TARGETS AND INDICATORS: USING A COMMON TERMINOLOGY In consultations for the report, we talked a lot about goals and targets and found that people use these words in quite different ways. Since the global community will continue with this discussion over the next year and a half, we hope that a clear understanding of and a commonly-shared terminology will make those discussions as productive as possible. For the sake of clarity, we use definitions for goals, targets and indicators as shown in Table 1.

Term

How it is Used in this Report

Example from MDGs

Goal

Expresses an ambitious, but specific, commitment. Always starts with a verb/action.

Reduce child mortality

Targets

Quantified sub-components that will contribute in a major way to achievement of goal. Should be an outcome variable.

Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

Indicators

Precise metric from identified databases to assess if target is being met (often multiple indicators are used).

Under-5 mortality rate Infant mortality rate Proportion of 1-year olds immunized against measles

A goal should be specific and relate to only one objective. By now, most of the proposals for post-2015 goals agree that they should be few in number in order to force choices and establish priorities. But there are different ways of doing this. In some proposals, each goal tackles several issues. For example, we have seen proposals to combine food and water into one goal, but these are distinct challenges, each with their own constituencies, resources, and issues. When they are combined into a single goal, it does not lead to more focus or prioritization; it just obscures the reality of needing to do two things. It is important that goals be as specific as possible in laying out a single challenge and ambition. We believe that the focus of goals should be on issues with the greatest impact on sustainable development, measured in terms of the number of people affected, the contribution to social inclusion, and the need to move towards sustainable consumption and production patterns. Ideally each goal has ‘knock on’ effects in other areas so that the set of goals, taken together, is truly transformative. So for example, quality education is important in itself, but it also has an enormous impact on growth and jobs, gender equality, and improved health outcomes. Targets translate the ambition of goals into practical outcomes. They may be outcomes for people, like access to safe drinking water or justice, or outcomes for countries or communities, like reforestation or the registration of criminal complaints. Targets should always be measurable although some may require further technical work to develop reliable and rigorous indicators.

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58 | ANNEX III: GOALS, TARGETS AND INDICATORS: USING A COMMON TERMINOLOGY

The target specifies the level of ambition of each country, by determining the speed with which a country pursues a goal. That speed can be a function of many things: the priorities of the country, its initial starting point, the technical and organizational possibilities for improvement, and the level of resources and number of partners that can be brought to bear on the problem. We believe that a process of allowing countries to set their own targets, in a highly visible way, will create a “race to the top”, both internationally and within countries. Countries and sub-national regions should be applauded for setting ambitious targets and for promising to make large efforts. Likewise, if countries and sub-national regions are too conservative in their target setting, civil society and their peers can challenge them to move faster. Transparency and accountability are central to implementing a goals framework. In some cases, there may be a case for having a global minimum standard for a target, where the international community commits itself to do everything possible to help a country reach a threshold level. That applies to the eradication of extreme poverty by 2030, for example. This could be extended in several other areas, including ending gender discrimination, education, health, food, water, energy, personal safety, and access to justice. Such minimum standards can be set where this is a universal right that every person on the planet should expect to realize by 2030. The only global targets we kept were those that have already been set out as objectives by the SecretaryGeneral’s Sustainable Energy for All Initiative; and those that are truly global problems for which only a global target would work, such as reform of the international financial and trade systems. In the report, we often talk about “universal access” or “eradicating extreme poverty”. These terms need to be interpreted in each country context. Social issues are not like diseases. It is possible to be clear about eradicating small-pox, but it may be harder to demonstrate that extreme poverty has been eradicated. Someone, somewhere, may be excluded or still living in poverty, even if the proper social safety nets are in place. The intention is that such exceptions should be very rare; specialists in each area should be called upon to define when the target can be said to be reached. Targets should be easy to understand. This means one direction should be a clear ‘better’ outcome. For example, a reduction in child mortality is always a good thing; an increase in literacy rates is always a good thing. Some potential targets, however, are less clear-cut. Take rural jobs, for example, a target that was suggested at one point. It could be that more rural jobs are due to improved market access, infrastructure or participation

in value chains; but it could just as easily be that there is an increase in rural jobs because there aren’t enough jobs being created in cities and migrants are returning home. In the first case, more rural jobs are a sign of improvement. In the latter case, they are a signal of decline. Hence, the number of rural jobs is probably not a good candidate for a target. The interpretation of the direction of change depends too much on country context. It is important to be clear that allowing countries to set the speed they want for each target is only one approach to the idea of national targets. The other suggestion considered by the Panel is to have a “menu”, whereby a set of internationally agreed targets are established, and then countries can select the ones most applicable to their particular circumstances. For example, one country might choose to focus on obesity and another on noncommunicable disease when thinking about their priorities for health. In the terminology used in this report, national targets refer only to the national differences in the speed with which targets are to be achieved. As an example, every country should set a target to increase the number of good or decent jobs and livelihoods by x but every country could determine what x should be based upon the specific circumstances of that country or locality. Then these can be aggregated up so that you can compare achievements in job creation across countries and over time. The indicator reflects the exact metric by which we will know if the target has been met. The Panel did not discuss specific indicators, but it does recommend that indicators be disaggregated to allow targets to be measured in various dimensions, by gender, geography, age, and ethnicity, for example. Averages conceal more than they reveal. The more disaggregated the indicator, the easier it is to identify trends and anomalies. If a target is universal, like access to basic drinking water at home, it is not enough just to measure the average trend and expect that will continue. For example, the national average trend on basic drinking water may be very good if a major urban project is being implemented, but rural homes may be left out completely. Universal access requires sufficient disaggregation of the indicator to allow discrepancies from the average trend to be identified early on. We suggest that a target should only be considered achieved if it is met for relevant income and social groups. The Panel reiterates the vital importance of building data systems to provide timely, disaggregated indicators to measure progress, in all countries, and at all levels (local, sub-national, and national).

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POST-2015 | 59

ANNEX IV: SUMMARY OF OUTREACH EFFORTS The High Level Panel and its individual members have undertaken an extensive and multi-faceted outreach effort, spanning every major region of the world and bringing together a diverse cross-section of stakeholders and interest groups. Widespread interactions have created an active and deliberate process to listen to people’s voices and aspirations as an input into the Panel report. Many groups, including UN entities, helped organize these meetings, and the Panel would like to express its deep appreciation for these efforts.

Global, Regional and Thematic Consultations During its meetings in New York (September 2012), London (November 2012), Monrovia (January 2013) and Bali (March 2013), the Panel held global meetings with youth, academia, private sector, parliamentarians and elected representatives of civil society. Social media channels were also used to enable individuals to contribute virtually to these interactions. Panel members have also hosted regional and thematic consultations. These have enabled a deeper understanding of regional specificities - Latin American and the Caribbean, Asia, Arab States, Africa, the g7+ group of fragile states, Pacific Island countries and the group of Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP) - as well as engagement with specific issues and constituencies - including Conflict and Fragility, Governance and the Rule of Law, Migration, Local Authorities, Businesses, and Health. These meetings are listed on the Panel website. Written outcomes of these and other consultations with recommendations for Panel consideration are available on the Panel’s website (www.post2015hlp.org).

Online Outreach Efforts Online consultations, eliciting more than 800 responses from civil society to the 24 Framing Questions guiding the work of the High Level Panel, were undertaken in two phases between October 2012 and January 2013. The summary is on the Panel website. A third online consultation on partnerships was also undertaken in March 2013. Teleconferences and ‘Twitter town halls’ have also been organized by Panelists to facilitate engagement with sub-national and youth groups. Online and social media channels – including the use of the ‘World We Want’ platform and HLP linked Facebook and Twitter accounts – have helped to share updates and invite responses to the Panel’s work. The HLP website has been used to disseminate information on the Panel’s outreach efforts in multiple languages.

Key Recommendations: Each conversation enabled an appreciation of the complex, multi-dimensional and yet integral nature of the lessons and aspirations for the post-2015 agenda, and each has deeply influenced and informed the Panel’s work, even if not all recommendations were taken on board. While it would be impossible to capture all the insights, recommendations that have emerged from the major consultations held as part of the Panel’s outreach include:

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60 | ANNEX IV: SUMMARY OF OUTREACH EFFORTS

Theme

Examples of Some of the Issues Raised (More Extensive List and Inputs at www.post2015hlp.org)

Inequality; Universal Access and Equal Opportunity

• Metrics should be put in place to track progress on equal access and opportunity across age, gender, ethnicity, disability, geography, and income • Social protection floors should be established, alongside the right to decent work; A Global Fund for Social Protection should be established • Inequality should be a stand-alone goal and cross-cutting theme; it should address inequality within and between countries • Goals and targets on universal access to health (including sexual and reproductive rights); access to inclusive education and life-long learning; access to water, sanitation, hygiene, food sovereignty and nutrition security are included • Investments are made in essential services and participatory and accountable systems for the sustainable management of resources are created; • Participation is emphasized and people are empowered with the right information • Infrastructure with improved access to roads, land and energy is developed; Social partnerships must supersede public-private partnerships

Employment and Inclusive Growth

• A goal on decent work with targets on employment creation, reduction of vulnerable work with indicators for women and young people is included • Sustained access to productive assets by the poor communities, or nations is enabled; Green jobs for sustainable development are promoted • Specific benefits and safeguards are provided for the informal sector; Innovative ways for them to organize such as through unions and cooperatives is encouraged • A new trade system based on expanding production capabilities is encouraged and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is not the only measure of economic progress • Global Future studies and foresight are emphasized; Alternative paths such as delinking growth from natural resource extraction and consumption are researched • Better use of sovereign funds, development finance institutions and a global knowledge commons is promoted

Environment, Natural Resource Management and Climate Change; Challenges of Urbanization

• A single framework integrates environmental sustainability and poverty elimination • New goals are considered within planetary boundaries; polluters pay and patterns of consumption are addressed • International support for climate change mitigation, adaptation, disaster risk reduction (DRR) and humanitarian response is mobilized; DRR is integrated into sustainable development strategies • Means of resilience for vulnerable communities are defined – with a focus on women • Scientific knowledge is built at every level and shared across countries • Specific measures to improve the lives of the urban poor are taken; their right to housing; essential services, jobs and livelihoods is enabled by policies adapted to informal sectors • Environmental sustainability in cities is enhanced by improving risk prevention, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy sources • The ‘Avoid-Shift-Improve’ approach in the transport sector is adopted • Partnerships around migration are promoted; the its role in development is recognized

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Theme

Examples of Some of the Issues Raised (More Extensive List and Inputs at www.post2015hlp.org)

Conflict, Fragility and State Building

• The needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Landlocked Developing Countries, and Fragile and Conflict Affected States are prioritized • The New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States (Busan, 2011) is reinforced as a key step for national and international partners to work in conflict-affected and fragile states • LDCs are protected against scarcity of vital resources and destabilizing price shocks • Measures to end violence against women and girls are prioritized; Steps are taken to end impunity and ensure access to justice for all social groups • All social groups must be able to express political opinion without fear and participate in decision making; Divisions within society are constructively resolved • Steps are taken to eliminate trans-national crime & stop the flow of illicit drugs, arms and war commodities • Objectives on the ‘right to self-determination’ are included and a time-bound program to achieve development targets is set at the end of every occupation • Measures to strengthen regional, sub-regional and cross-regional cooperation, especially South-South cooperation, are undertaken • Enhanced transparency of the business sector, particularly in their relations with fragile states is ensured; along with alignment of efforts for shared prosperity.

Governance and Human Rights

• A stand-alone goal for open, accountable and participatory governance with measurable, intermediate and progressive targets on citizen engagement, rule of law, fiscal transparency and procurement is established • Principles of transparency, accountability, integrity and participation are integrated into all other goals; capacities of public institutions at all levels are strengthened • Poor and socially excluded groups are part of decision making at all levels; minimum standards for an enabling environment for CSOs are promoted • Existing human rights norms, operational standards and commitments are a nonnegotiable normative base of the new framework; development policies, programs and practice at all levels reflect obligations under international human rights law • Strengthen access to justice and judicial accountability for human rights; national human rights monitoring bodies and quasi-judicial regulatory bodies are supported with the mandate, capacities and resources required to monitor violations of human rights and to act on complaints • Systematic integration of national reporting on development goals in reports to the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council and to international human rights treaty monitoring bodies is promoted • International cooperation and technical and financial assistance is consistent with human rights obligations and due diligence to prevent human rights abuses

Means of Implementation

• Call for changes in the global economic and financial architecture through fair trade, stopping illicit financial flows and effectively tackling tax evasion and avoidance • Existing commitments on quantity and quality of aid must be met; climate finance must be public, obligatory, predictable, grant-based, and free from conditionalities

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62 | ANNEX IV: SUMMARY OF OUTREACH EFFORTS

Theme

Examples of Some of the Issues Raised (More Extensive List and Inputs at www.post2015hlp.org) • International trade rules and policies must be socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable; public financing for development guarantees financial and development additionality to promote positive and sustainable development impact • Commodity markets must be regulated, and speculation banned; trade-distorting agricultural subsidies in developed countries should be eliminated • Domestic resource mobilization must be enabled through changes to international tax regulation; loan-based forms of development cooperation should not be used to deliver financing commitments • Comprehensive and participatory debt audits should be conducted, with measures for immediate cancellation and repudiation of debts illegitimately owed • Flexibilities in the Trade Related Aspects of intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) must allow greater access to technology, knowledge, food sovereignty, access to health • Countries must build regional agreements to address tax competition and excessive tax incentives; Increase transparency and information exchange around tax havens • Reach universal domestic resource targets: corporate tax take, tax/GDP ratio; innovative, democratic financing mechanisms, with a focus on women, is prioritized

Children and Youth

• Include child rights provisions in constitutions, review national laws and codes in line with international standards; increase budgets for child protection agencies • Ensure the participation of children and youth in decision making at all levels; invest in innovative and sustained youth-led and youth-serving programmes • Health care services must be sensitive to young people’s sexual and reproductive health and rights and barriers faced by groups such as youth living with HIV and young women • Young people must be able to access employment and economic opportunities that encompass fair wages, possibilities for funding and mentorship, equal opportunities, job and social security that offer chances for career development and training. • Traditional education is made relevant to youths’ daily lives, the progress of their communities, their work and economic prospects, and the exchange of knowledge and information in the digital economy • A focus on the post-conflict context and vulnerable groups - including women and girls, disabled youth, LGBT youth, and youth in war-affected areas - is necessary

Women

• There is a reinforced standalone gender goal and expanded gender targets and indicators • Women’s access to land, property, productive resources, information and technology is strengthened; their unpaid care and social reproduction roles are accounted for • All forms of gender-based violence are addressed; access to justice must be prioritized and a package of critical services is made available to all victims of gender-based violence • Laws that discriminate on the basis of gender, criminalize or marginalize specific groups on the basis of their gender identify or sexual orientation must be repealed • Specific and cross-cutting financial allocations for women’s rights (gender budgeting) is ensured; disaggregated data is available to monitor implementation and outcomes • Women’s leadership in decision-making, including affirmative action measures for political participation at all levels; and in the private sector must be prioritized • The role of climate change, natural disasters, land grabbing and the extractives model of development in perpetuating women’s poverty is recognized and addressed

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Theme

Examples of Some of the Issues Raised (More Extensive List and Inputs at www.post2015hlp.org)

Other Vulnerable Groups: i. Disability and Ageing ii. Informal Sector iii.Indigenous Groups iv. Ethnic Minorities v. Dalits vi. Migrants vii. LGBTQI viii. Victims and Survivors of Gender Violence ix. Small–scale farmers, peasants, Fisherfolk communities x. Workers and Unemployed xi. Urban Poor

• The new framework should be human rights-based and include stand-alone goals on inequality and non-discrimination, healthy life expectancy and universal social protection floors

Parliamentarians and Local Authorities

• Elected representatives at all levels are recognized as key stakeholders by virtue of their legislative oversight, budget approval and representation duties

• Disaggregation of data by disability, age group and gender should be part of all targets • Disability and ageing must be mainstreamed across policies of the government, and laws that prevent discrimination against the disabled and aged must be put in place • Mechanisms to recognize and protect the collective rights of indigenous peoples to land, territories and resources and other rights under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) must be ensured • Legislative and institutional mechanisms to recognize the indivisible rights of indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, dalits and other socially excluded groups must be put in place • Discriminatory laws and policies that criminalize LGBTQI groups and sex workers must be repealed • Policies that defend the rights of peasants, fisher folk and other marginalized groups to access land, water and other resources are put in place; legal status to the urban poor is provided and their rights as citizens is protected • Affirmative actions to empower women and other vulnerable groups to participate in the formal economy are introduced

• The importance of eliminating corruption, removing discriminatory laws and promoting respect for human rights, the rule of law and democracy is stressed • Establish robust strategies for enhancing the quality, production, use and timely distribution of socio-economic data, in particular disaggregated data, to inform development strategies, policies and targets at all levels • Develop a set of sustainable development goals which fully respect all the Rio principles; call for accelerated implementation of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) 2005-2015 and achievement of its goals. • Align national and international macroeconomic policies (fiscal, trade, monetary, financial flows) to ensure accessible and inclusive growth, human rights, social justice and sustainable development • Emphasize full delivery on all ODA commitments by OECD/DAC, including the target of 0.7% of GNI for ODA. Put in place mechanisms for accountable and transparent public expenditures, including redirecting military related resources to development purposes

Private Sector

• Adopt an integrated approach reflecting all three pillars of sustainability – social, economic and environmental – with one set of combined goals • Promote scalable and transformational partnerships for development as a critical enabler; precise targets, with regular milestones and clear accountabilities are set to evaluate progress • The ten principles of the UN Global Compact (covering human rights, labour, environmental and anti-corruption measures) serve as the basis for standards for business in the post-2015 agenda.

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64 | ANNEX IV: SUMMARY OF OUTREACH EFFORTS

Theme

Examples of Some of the Issues Raised (More Extensive List and Inputs at www.post2015hlp.org) • Businesses can adopt inclusive and sustainable business models, that benefit SMEs in developing countries and support transitions from informal to formal sectors. • Innovation and new technology in developing countries is encouraged; investment in telecommunications and infrastructure is made essential • Increased and better targeted financial flows from private finance are supported; incountry hubs of public-private partnership supported; foreign direct investment to developing countries is encouraged as way to move beyond aid

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POST-2015 | 65

ANNEX V: TERMS OF REFERENCE AND LIST OF PANEL MEMBERS Terms of Reference for the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda 1. The High-level Panel of Eminent Persons will be convened by the UN Secretary-General to advise him on a bold and at the same time practical development agenda beyond 2015. 2. The High-level Panel will consist of 26 Eminent Persons, including representatives of governments, the private sector, academia, civil society and youth, with the appropriate geographical and gender balance. Panelists are members in their personal capacity. 3. The panel should conduct its work on the basis of a rigorous analysis of credible shared evidence. The panel should engage and consult widely with relevant constituencies at national, regional and global levels. 4. The Special Advisor of the Secretary-General for Post2015 will be an ex-officio member of the HLP and serve as link to the UN system. 5. The output of the Panel will be a report to the Secretary-General which will include: a) Recommendations regarding the vision and shape of a Post-2015 development agenda that will help respond to the global challenges of the 21st century, building on the MDGs and with a view to ending poverty. b) Key principles for reshaping the global partnership for development and strengthened accountability mechanisms; c) Recommendations on how to build and sustain broad political consensus on an ambitious yet achievable Post-2015 development agenda around the three dimensions of economic growth, social equality and environmental sustainability; taking into account the particular challenges of countries in conflict and post-conflict situations. 6. To this end, it would be essential for the work of the HLP and of the intergovernmental Working Group on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to inform each other in order to ensure both processes are mutually reinforcing. The HLP should advise the SecretaryGeneral on how the SDGs relate to the broader Post2015 development agenda. 7. To prepare the report, the Panel will take into consideration:

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a) The Millennium Document of Rio+20;

Declaration,

The

Outcome

b) The findings of the Report of the Secretary-General’s UN Task Team for the preparation of the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda; as well as lessons learned and best practices from the MDGs. c) The findings of the various national and thematic consultations at regional and national levels which are coordinated by the UNDG as part of the preparations for the Post-2015 Development Agenda; d) The need to build momentum for a constructive dialogue on the parameters of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, and propose innovative ways for governments, parliaments, civil society organizations, the business sector, academia, local communities to engage continuously in such a dialogue; e) The ongoing work of the UN Task Team, the Special Advisor to the SG on Post-2015, the report of the Global Sustainability Panel of the SecretaryGeneral and the findings of the Global Sustainable Development Network Initiative; as well as f ) Any other relevant inputs it may deem appropriate. 8. The HLP will be supported by a dedicated and independent secretariat headed by a senior official (Lead Author of the HLP report). The secretariat will also be able to draw from the wealth of knowledge and expertise made available to it by the UN system. 9. The Deputy Secretary-General will oversee, on behalf of the Secretary-General, the Post-2015 process. 10. The Panel will present its report to the SecretaryGeneral in the second quarter of 2013. The report will serve as a key input to the Secretary-General’s report to the special event to follow up on efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and to discuss the possible contours of the Post-2015 Development Agenda to be organized by the President of the sixty-eighth session of the General Assembly in September 2013.

66 | ANNEX V: PANELS TERMS OF REFERENCE AND LIST OF PANEL MEMBERS

LIST OF PANEL MEMBERS

H.E. Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia Co-Chair

H.E. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia Co-Chair

The Right Honourable David Cameron MP, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Co-Chair

H.M. Queen Rania Al Abdullah Jordan

Gisela Alonso Cuba

Fulbert Amoussouga GĂŠro Benin

Abhijit Banerjee India

Gunilla Carlsson Sweden

Patricia Espinosa Mexico

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POST-2015 | 67

Maria Angela Holguin

Naoto Kan66

Tawakkol Karman

Colombia

Japan

Yemen

Sung-Hwan Kim

Horst Kรถhler

Graรงa Machel

Republic of Korea

Germany

Mozambique

Betty Maina

Elvira Nabiullina

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

Kenya

Russian Federation

Nigeria

66. Mr. Naoto Kan attended the first two meetings, which were respectively held in September (New York) and November (London) of 2012. Mr.Kan subsequently stepped down from the panel.

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68 | ANNEX V: PANELS TERMS OF REFERENCE AND LIST OF PANEL MEMBERS

Andris Piebalgs

Emilia Pires

John Podesta

Latvia

Timor-Leste

United States of America

Paul Polman

Jean-Michel Severino

Izabella Teixeira

Netherlands

France

Brazil

Kadir Topbas

Yingfan Wang

Turkey

China

Amina J. Mohammed ex officio

- 242 -

POST-2015 | 69

ANNEX VI: HIGH LEVEL PANEL SECRETARIAT AND AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS Homi Kharas, Lead Author and Executive Secretary The Brookings Institution

Karina Gerlach, Deputy Executive Secretary UN Department of Political Affairs

Molly Elgin-Cossart, Chief of Staff Center on International Cooperation

David Akopyan, Chief of Operations UN Development Programme

Asan Amza, Operations Specialist UN Development Programme

Kara Alaimo, Head of Communications Hany Besada, Research Specialist North-South Institute

Haroon Bhorat, Head of Research University of Cape Town

Lysa John, Head of Outreach Nicole Rippin, Research Specialist German Development Institute

Nurana Sadiikhova, Operations/Finance Specialist UN Development Programme

CĂŠline Varin, Executive Associate UN Development Programme

Jiajun Xu, Junior Research Specialist Oxford University

Natabara Rollosson, Logistics Coordinator Jill Hamburg Coplan, Editor

- 243 -

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┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ ╟НсЦТ сБ░ сЕХ┼БсХ╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣┼Эс▒╢ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜р╖Э снетж╜ 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

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р╗жсо╣ тЮЙ╒▒снесм▒ с╡▓ ╩бсЦТтк╣ с▒е слЩ╞▒ сЗб с░Ж┼бспХ тбНтзЙрб╣сиХ тж╜╟О с▒╢сЗб█╡ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣ ┼Эс▒╢си▒сХ╜ смСр╕Н╙╣рпЭсо╣ спжс░Жсое с▒в╔Ъ сБ╣сйвтж╣раер▓╛ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жтж╣сйб▌Е

тж╜таЩ 6/ сБ╣╩Ср╛Щ сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Жсоб ╓е см╡ спЭ тЕ╛ р╗жсоЭр▓╜ ╟НсЦТрб╜ 6/ ┼Бсне╔к тЮЙ╒▒ 6/ )JHI -FWFM 1BOFM PG &NJOFOU 1FSTPOT PO UIF 1PTU %FWFMPQNFOU "HFOEB спХтме )-1 сое ╟НсЦТтж╣сйН 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜скб тДХс▒╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм╟Ос▒╜сФНтлнсо╣ спжс░Ж┼Э со╣─Нсое сЩ╣р▓Хтж╣┼Бсп▒ тж╣сйб▌Е )-1со╣ снесм▒соб сЦЩ─е b╟О со╣ с▒╢сЗб сБ░ сКес▒╢сЗбe ╔Бтй╢┼Э с╕бсйОс▒в ╔Бтй╢сое ┼Бр▓Етж╣сйН сжетеер╕НтЛХ р╗ж сжесЬ╜сже р╗ж ра║соБр▒Ю р╗ж рпЭтЭХтЛХр╕НсЙн р╗ж сХ╜соБр▒Ю сБ░ ╩СтФб╟Оa р╗жсоЭр▓╜ ╟НсЦТрб╣сийсоЭр╗С тЖ╜сКй} рае╟О с╡▓сЧнраесХ╜}рае╟О сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлн с╕бсйОс▒╢сЗб сБЭeсЗбр╛Щ тж║─е сБ░ тДОсЧн╓е тАл▌бтАмтв╜a тбН тзЙрб╣сий▌Е рй▒тж╜ сЦТсДе ╔Бтй╢сое ┼Бр▓Етж╣сйН снесм▒со╣ с▒йсБ╣соб сйНсЦТсоЭр▓╜ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е спХреЕ )-1 снесм▒реЕсоб р╝Йрв▒ }спЩ сп▒─КсоЭр▓╜ тк╜ра║тж╣█╡ ├дсое с│С├ХсоЭр▓╜ тж╣сйбсоЭр╗С JO UIFJS QFSTPOBM DBQBDJUZ тЮЙ╒▒ ┼Цра║со╣с░ЖсоЭр▓╜█╡ %BWJE $BNFSPO сйв╟О тЕ╛р╕Н &MMFO +PIOTPO 4JSMFBG рпЭспХсДБспХрпЭ тАлтШЦ▌бтАмр▓Ъ 4VTJMP # :VEIPZPOP спЩрае╓ЕспХсФН тАлтШЦ▌бтАмр▓ЪспХ спер╗жрб╣сий▌Е 6/ )-1█╡ тж╜ тВЙр▓бсо╣ спесЬ╜тлнсо╣ *OUFSJN .FFUJOH р╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ тЕ╛ тлнсо╣ тлнсо╣р╖Э ├СтД▒

02

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

тЖ╜с│жтлнсо╣си▒сХ╜ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜спЩ rсФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜сое тШЦ тж╜ сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣скб ─Юс▒╜с▒етк╣ " /FX (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ &SBEJDBUF 1PWFSUZ BOE 5SBOTGPSN &DPOPNJFT UISPVHI 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU сое сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Жси▒├н с▒╜тЗ╜ тж╣сйб▌Е 6/ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜█╡ тАлтзЦ ▌бтАмсЭН ╟н┼БсФНтзО┼Э тЕ╛ } р╝Ктв╜ HPBMT скб } сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ UBSHFUT р▓╜ спХр╡ЙсиХс╕е сййсЬ╜с▒в ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜р╖Э с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйбсоЭр╗С спХ█╡ 6/%1со╣ ╟Оa сБ░ ╔бр▓╜сГн с╡Эс▒╜сДе тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣ /BUJPOBM BOE (MPCBM 5IFNBUJD $POTVMUBUJPOT ─С┼Эскб тзЙ╠╣ ╓е см╡ 6/ тЕ╛тлн╩Сe с╡▓ s1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒й спесмнтУН тЬЪсДетлнсо╣rси▒сХ╜ сБ╜тв╜рвБ s1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Ж сЕХ┼БсХ╜rсо╣ ╩СтЕйсп▒р┤нр▓╜ спХсмКрвБ сййс▒╢спХ▌Е 6/ сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Ж сЕХ┼БсХ╜█╡ спХтме ╓еe с▒╢сЗбe тй▓сФвсое снетж╜ сп▒р┤нр▓╜ тк╜смКрвБ ├дспХ▌Е тЬЪтпй )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜си▒ сЧн}рб╜ тАлтзЦ ▌бтАмсЭН ╟н┼БсФНтзО сБ░ сййсЬ╜с▒в ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜█╡ 6/ сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Ж сЕХ┼БсХ╜си▒ тАл▌бтАмсЗбсЗеспХ тбНтзЙрвБ aтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТспХ тУН▌Е┼Б с▒ер╕╛рб╣┼Б спй▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ сЕЩ сйС╟Н█╡ тиЖтме 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜со╣ тЕйсХ╛ сйОтзБсое тж╣█╡ )-1 сЕХ┼Б сХ╜си▒ тАл тзХ▌бтАмсЗесХ╛тзХсЕХ┼Бсп▒ тж╜▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ смСсЦБ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э снетж╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣┼Эс▒╢си▒ тАл тзХ▌бтАмсФХтаХсЕХ┼Б )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜со╣ с╡Эсл╡ ╘ХсмКсое сЗесХ╛тж╣сйб▌Е рй▒тж╜ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜ сБ╜тв╜ спХтмесо╣ ╟Ос▒╜сФНтлнсо╣ тЕй╩С такaрае тбНтзЙтж╣сйбсоЭр╗С ╙╣сжеa тиЖтме 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜со╣ сБ╜с▒есВКтиЖси▒ тАлтзХ▌бтАмсХ╜рае тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣тж╣сйб▌Е

─МтАл┌жтАм┼ЫрдГ╚З ─╡╒Б ╤Д ╥Г─М╘┤ ╚жтАл█ЖтАм─ЩтАл▄БтАм )-1 с▒╜ тВЙ тлнсо╣█╡ ╓е см╡ спЭ тАл█ХтАмсл╢си▒сХ╜ сйХр▓Щ▌Е )-1 ╟НсЦТ спХтме тДМ тлнсо╣ тАл▄йтАмр╕нтУЭ тВЙ тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ ╓е см╡сое р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ тж╜ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜со╣ сКес▒еси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм╟Н сФв┼Э спХтмесо╣ тЮЙ╒▒ тк╜ра║ ─етлоси▒ тАлтй▓ тж╜▌бтАмсо╣a спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е с▒╜ тВЙ )-1 тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ 1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУН ╘Х ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜█╡ .%(Tсо╣ с░Жс▒▒сое ─есЬЪтж╣р╗ХсХ╜ .%(Tскб zспХ ▌ЙсЩ╜тж╣┼Б р╗жтк╢тж╣р╗С тКВс▒╢aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜a рвБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ }сБ╜тзХсзЭ тж╜ ▌Е█╡ тНЙсЦЭсХ╜сЬЕa спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е рй▒тж╜ ╓е см╡си▒ спйсий▐╣ 3JP тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜ тАл╫ЭтАм со╣рб╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜р╝Ктв╜ 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT спХтме 4%(T скбрае спЭ ┼бсЦТ спй█╡ р╝Ктв╜a рб╣сиХсзЭ тж╣р╗С сФНтлнс▒в спЩe}сБ╜ сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ тбНсмКс▒в ─Юс▒╜сЦТс░Жси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм┼Бр▓Ер╖Э тШБтАл▌бтАмр▓╜ тж╜ р╝Ктв╜a сЦЕр╕Юрб╣сиХ тж╜▌Е█╡ со╣─Нси▒ тАл▌бтАмсЗбсЗесо╣ тЮЙ╒▒снесм▒реЕспХ

03

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

ра║со╣тзй▌Е ╙╣сжеa р╝Ктв╜со╣ сЦЕр╕Ю сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ р╝Ктв╜ тАл▌НтАмсЦТсое снетж╜ спХтзк сБ░ р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАмр╕в р║╡ тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣со╣ с╡▓сл╡сЦТрае vс│Срб╣сий▌Е спХтме сйХр╕С с▒╜ тВЙ тЮЙ╒▒тлнсо╣█╡ ╓е см╡ спЭси▒сХ╜ см╡ спЭ╩нс╕б спЭe р▒С▐╣ си▒сХ╜ сйХр▓ЩсоЭр╗С )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜со╣ ╩СсЕЩ ╟Нс│С сБ░ тй╢сЬ╛си▒ тАл╫Э тж╜▌бтАмсо╣р╖Э тШЦтзХ 1PTU }сБ╜р╝Ктв╜█╡ ╓е╩нс╕бр╖Э тАл▌НтАмсЦТ╩Стж╜соЭр▓╜ с▒╢тж╣█╡ ├дсоЭр▓╜ со╣─НспХ сЩ╣р▓Хрб╣сий ▌Е рй▒тж╜ }спЩ ╟Оa ╔бр▓╜сГн тВЙсм▒си▒сХ╜ bb ┼бр▓Й р╝Ктв╜р╖Э сЦЕс▒╢тж╣█╡ ▌Й─е с▒▓╔ЭсГ╢ 5ISFF 5JFSFE "QQSPBDI ┼Э ╔бр▓╜сГн тВЙсм▒со╣ р╝Ктв╜скб ╟ОaсДе р╝Ктв╜р╖Э ╟НсЗетж╣█╡ спХс╡▓ ╟Нс│Сс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсГ╢ 5XP 5SBDL "QQSPBDI си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс▒╜сжйспХ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е ра║сЬ╜си▒ с▒╜ тВЙ )-1 тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ rспЩe}сБ╜ )VNBO %FWFMPQNFOU s┼Э r┼БсмК сБ░ сФ╛─е +PCT BOE -JWFMJIPPET sси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс╡Эс▒╜тШБр│БспХ тзЙ╠╣ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н█╡▀С р▒С▐╣тлнсо╣со╣ с╡Эс▒╜тШБр│Бсоб с╡Э р▓╜ сФНтлнсЕХткЩтКЦ с╡▓сЭНсо╣ с▒▓╔ЭсГ╢ 4PDJBM 1SPUFDUJPO 'MPPS "QQSPBDI си▒ тАл╫Э тж╜▌бтАмсо╣a с╡▓сЭНспХ рб╣сий▌Е спЩe}сБ╜┼Э ┼бр▓Йтж╣сйН тЬЪтпй сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣р╖Э снетж╜ ╞▒соВсо╣ с╡▓сл╡сЦТспХ v с│Срб╣р╗ХсХ╜ .%(Tсо╣ тЕйреТ╞▒соВси▒ с▒╜тж╜рб╜ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜р╖Э 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒сХ╜ █╡ с╡▓реТ╞▒соВ┼Э с╕всиж╞▒соВсоЭр▓╜ тк╢тАлтже тзБ▌бтАмсл╡a спйсоЭр╗С спжтж║р╖Б сР▒ сжетАлсз▓ ▄нтАмс╕йсо╣ ╞▒ соВси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмр╝Ктв╜с▒╜сЬ╜рае тжесл╡тж╣▌Е█╡ ▀Сси▒ ┼ЦqтАл▌бтАмa тй╢сЦТрб╣сий▌Е ┼БсмК сБ░ сФ╛─е с╡Э с▒╜скб ┼бр▓Йтж╣сйН с▒е сЦЩ─е тДО╓есЭЕсиж р╛Щс▒╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс╡▓сл╡сЦТспХ vс│Срб╣сийсоЭр╗С ┼БсмКтВЮтЗ╜ сое снетж╜ ─Юс▒╜сЦТс░Ж┼Э сБЭeсЗбр╛Щ тк╜сЦТтк╡скб zсоб ╘ХсмКспХ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣рб╣сий▌Е )-1 с▒╜ тВЙ тлнсо╣█╡ rс╕бсЧос▒в сГйсйвсое снетж╜ ╟ОaсКнржКсЙ╡р▓╛ /BUJPOBM #VJMEJOH #MPDLT GPS 4VTUBJOFE 1SPTQFSJUZ sспХрпЭ█╡ с╡Эс▒╜р▓╜ ╓е см╡ спЭси▒сХ╜ см╡ спЭ╩нс╕б рпЭ спХсДБр╕Нсже сЩ╣раеспЩ р╝Нр▓╜сКесжеси▒сХ╜ сйХр▓Щ▌Е р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ ─Юс▒╜с▒етк╣ aтАл▄ЖтАмсл╡ сЧнскб с▒бтзХсл╡сЧн ┼Цс▒╢тж╣┼Б с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмсЦТ┼Э сБЭeсЗбр╛Щсо╣ сйОтзБ ├СсГе╒нсЬЕскб с▒╜рае╟Н тЗ╢ сЗес░в сБ░ тЙЙсзЮ╟О с╡▓сЭН ╔Щр╕Н┼Б сжетеер╕НтЛХ }сБ╜тйетлК сБ░ тАл▌ЪтАмр╗Х┼Эс▒╜р╖Э с╡▓сЭНсоЭр▓╜ тж╜ ╘ХсмКспХ ▌Ер╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е )-1 снесм▒реЕсоб спЭeсо╣ тлнсо╣ ╘ХсмКсое сБ╡тФ╢соЭр▓╜ сЦЩ╩С рае с▒е┼Эс▒╜си▒ тАлтГ╣▌б тж╜▌бтАмр╖Э снетзХ тбНсмКс▒в ─Юс▒╜сЦТс░Жсое vс│Стж╣█╡ ра║сЬ╜си▒ тк╣─Ю┼Э тактк╡ сБ░ сжйсЕХсЗесзЭ╩нс╕б тбН┼етж╣█╡ ╘ХсмКсо╣ rр╝Нр▓╜сКесже тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНб .POSPWJB $PNNVOJRV├й sр╖Э тВетФ╛тж╣сйб▌Е тЬЪтпй р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ ╩бсЦТтк╣ с▒е слЩ╞▒сЗб с░Ж┼бсо╣ тАл╫ЪтАмсФксЦТс░Жси▒ тАл▌бтАм тж╜ сБ╜с▒╜ ╘ХсмКсое р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНбси▒ сБ╣сйвтж╣сйб▌Е 8F TIPVME FYQMPSF QPMJDZ PQUJPOT GPS HSFFO HSPXUI BT POF PG UIF JNQPSUBOU UPPMT BWBJMBCMF UP QSPNPUF TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU 6/ )-1 B р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНб█╡ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜ сп▓сЦТсое снетж╜ ╩СтЕйсп▒р┤нр▓╜ р╕йр▓Йрб╣сийсоЭр╗С р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНбсо╣ сКес▒есЗбсЗесоб ▌Есон со╣ #PY ┼Э z▌Е

04

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

#PY р╝Нр▓╜сКесже тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНб т┐▒ сКес▒есЗбсЗе сБ╜тИн 0VS WJTJPO BOE SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ JT UP FOE FYUSFNF QPWFSUZ JO BMM JUT GPSNT JO UIF DPOUFYU PG TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU BOE UP IBWF JO QMBDF UIF CVJMEJOH CMPDLT PG TVTUBJOFE QSPTQFSJUZ GPS BMM 8F TFFL UP HBJO JO QPWFSUZ FSBEJDBUJPO JSSFWFSTJCMF 5IJT JT B HMPCBM QFPQMF DFOUSFE BOE QMBOFU TFOTJUJWF BHFOEB UP BEESFTT UIF VOJWFSTBM DIBMMFOHFT PG UIF TU DFOUVSZ QSPNPUJOH TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU TVQQPSUJOH KPC DSFBUJOH HSPXUIT QSPUFDUJOH UIF FOWJSPONFOU BOE QSPWJEJOH QFBDF TFDVSJUZ KVTUJDF GSFFEPN BOE FRVJUZ BU BMM MFWFMT тЗ╜тГ╣ 6/ )-1 B

с▒╜ тВЙ тлнсо╣█╡ ╓е см╡ спЭси▒сХ╜ спЭ спЭe сБ╜р╕Нси▒сХ╜ }тЖ╜рб╣сий▌Е сБ╜р╕Нтлн со╣со╣ тДМ╘Бсоб тЬЪтпй сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлнр╖Э тЕйтДОтж╣сйН сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлнсо╣ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒ тАл▌бтАм тж╜ со╣─Нсое ┼ЦсоБтж╣█╡ сЬ╜eсое wраер▓╛ тж╣сйб▌Е спХтме спХтЬбeсо╣ тлнсо╣╩Сeра║сжй )-1█╡ 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜со╣ спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣┼Э тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО ╔Щр╕Н┼Б }сБ╜с░Нсм▒си▒ тАл тзХ▌бтАм тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣тж╣сйб▌Е спХси▒ тАл тзХ▌бтАм╩бсЦТтк╣ с▒е с░Ж┼бсоб 1PTU спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣сое снетзХ сЗб сФС ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсое тк╜смКтж╣█╡ сВКсжйсо╣ сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э тлнрпнтж╣сйб▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ с▒╜ тВЙ тлн со╣ ─С┼Эр╛ЩспЩ rсБ╜р╕Н тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНб #BMJ $PNNVOJRV├й sси▒сХ╜█╡ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсо╣ с╡▓сл╡ сЦТсое vс│Стж╣р╗ХсХ╜ sсФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО B SFOFXFE (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ со╣ }╓▒сое с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйб▌Е #PY тВЩ┼Б сБ╜р╕Н тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜ )-1 сФНр╛Х╟Особ тЕ╛ }р▓╜ ╟НсЦТ рб╜ 1PTU сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйсое с▒╜сжйтж╣сйН )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э с▒╜тЗ╜тж╣├н рвБ с▒╜ тВЙ тлн со╣ спХс▒е╩нс╕б сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜ }сБ╜сое скер┤нтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тж╣сйб▌Е

05

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

#PY сБ╜р╕Н тНЕсАЕтАл▄йтАмтНб т┐▒ сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО с▒╜сЬ╜сЗбсЗе сБ╜тИн 8F BHSFFE PO UIF OFFE GPS B SFOFXFE (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ UIBU FOBCMFT B USBOTGPSNBUJWF QFPQMF DFOUSFE BOE QMBOFU TFOTJUJWF EFWFMPQNFOU BHFOEB XIJDI JT SFBMJTFE UISPVHI UIF FRVBM QBSUOFSTIJQ PG BMM TUPDLIPMEFST 4VDI QBSUOFSTIJQ TIPVME CF CBTFE PO UIF QSJODJQMFT PG FRVJUZ TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ TPMJEBSJUZ SFTQFDU GPS IVNBOJUZ BOE TIBSFE SFTQPOTJCJMJUJFT JO BDDPSEBODF XJUI SFTQFDUJWF DBQBCJMJUJFT тЗ╜тГ╣ 6/ )-1 C

с▒╜ тВЙ )-1 тлнсо╣ спХс▒е )-1 сФНр╛Х╟Особ тЮЙ╒▒сЕХ┼БсХ╜ тЖ╜с│ж р╛Щсжйси▒ тАлтй▓ тж╜▌бтАмсо╣р╖Э снетзХ ╓е см╡ спЭси▒сХ╜ спЭ e тАл█ХтАмсл╢ спесЬ╜тлнсо╣р╖Э с╡ЭтЖ╜тж╣сйб▌Е спесЬ╜тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜ )-1 сФНр╛Х╟Особ r.%(Tси▒сХ╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в ╔бр▓╜сГн }сБ╜р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ 'SPN UIF .%(T UP *MMVTUSBUJWF (MPCBM %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT рпЭ█╡ с▒╜р╝Ксо╣ сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э тШЦтзХ с▒╜ тВЙ тлнсо╣си▒ сХ╜ с▒╜сжйрб╣сий▐╣ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйсо╣ сЩ╣с▒╢сжй┼Э сЦЕр╗жсп▒р┤нр╖Э тлнрпнтж╣сйб┼Б s)-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜ тЕйсжй 4FMFDUFE %SBGU 5FYU сое сЧн}тж╣сйН )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜со╣ сХ╜сЪБс▒в сЗбсЗеси▒ тАлтЮЙ тж╜▌бтАм╒▒ снесм▒реЕсо╣ со╣─Нсое ┼ЦсоБтж╣сйб▌Е ╙╣сжеa спесЬ╜тлнсо╣си▒сХ╜█╡ ╔Щра║сжй тНЙсЦЭсХ╜сЬЕр╖Э спХр╡Й с╕б р╝Ьтж╜ сп╡сйНс░вс▒▒ QFOEJOH JTTVFT си▒ тАл╫Э тж╜▌бтАмсо╣рае спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н▌Е сййр╖Э реЕсиХ тактк╡ скб сЗес░в ┼БсмК сЗйтакреТ }сБ╜с░Нсм▒┼Э zсоб с╡Эс▒╜р╖Э ражр╕Ю р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ сЩ╣р╕ЮтзХсзЭ тж╣█╡с╕б сйНр▒Н р╝Ктв╜со╣ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜р▓╜ }сБ╜тзХсзЭ тж╣█╡с╕бси▒ тАлр╛Щ тж╜▌бтАмс▒╜скб 4%(Tскб 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜скбсо╣ ┼б─еси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсВКтиЖсЦТ реТспХ тЗ╡aс▒всоЭр▓╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣рб╣сий▌Е спХр▒Нтж╜ тЕ╛ тВЙр▓б тлнсо╣ спХтме )-1█╡ ╓е см╡ спЭси▒сХ╜ спЭ сз▓спЭe тАл█ХтАмсл╢си▒ сХ╜ сйХр╕С с▒╜ тВЙ )-1 тлнсо╣р╖Э тШЦтзХ с╕б╙╜ }см╡eсо╣ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жсо╣ ─СсЭЕспЩ rсФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОrсоЭр▓╜ р╗жр╗жрб╜ сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э тВетФ╛тж╣сйб▌Е ▌Есон┼Э zсоб ╘ХсмКсое тАл▌ХтАм┼Б спй█╡ спХ сЕХ┼БсХ╜█╡ тйес░Н тАл▌бтАмс╡▓си▒ ┼Ц}рб╣сиХ спй▌Е

06

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

1PTU ├Т╤МтАл▄Г█ЖтАм╬╡ тАл рев┌жтАм6/ ─МтАл┌жтАм┼ЫрдГ╚З ╥Г─М╘┤ ╓е сФйтГ╜╓есЦБсиЩ .JMMFOOJVN %FDMBSBUJPO спХ тзКсо╣рб╜ тме .%(T тАл▌НтАмсЦТсое снетзХ р╕п соб тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖреЕспХ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓н┼Б ╔Щр▓╜ спЩтзХ с▒е сЦЩ─е█╡ тАл╫бтАмрпер╕нтж╜ сЦТ┼Эр╖Э ├Срв▒сий▌Е сиЦр╗ж со╣ спЩ╟Нa с▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼Еси▒сХ╜ тФйтЗ╜тж╣сйб┼Б тзХр╕й▌Е сВТр╕нр╗жси▒ тАлтж╣▌НтАм█╡ сжера║спХ сФНр╕╛со╣ сне╩Ср▓╜сЗбтЦС сГ╕сиХ╙╣├н рб╣сий▌Е р╗ж с╡▓ р╗жсо╣ сжера║спХ ▌Есз▓тж╜ с╕йсД▓си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсййсВКс▒▓ с│жсо╣ тй╜тФ╛сое сБ╝├н рб╣сий┼Б р╝ЙсЦТсФНр╕╛р╖Бси▒ тУС ┼бсЭНсое aс╕б┼Б сФНтлнс▒в спХсЫйр▓╜ спЩсЬ╛ рб╣сий▌Е р╕▒рпЭр╕Нсже сФНр╕╛р╖Бсоб р▓╜ qсЧнтж╣сйбсоЭр╗С ▐╡ спХсФв )*7 qсйЭспХ с╡Юсонсое со╣ сБЩтж╣с╕б сжл█╡ сЬ╜тАл▌бтАмa рб╣сий▌Е спХр▒Нтж╜ ─С┼Э█╡ ▌ЙсЩ╜тж╜ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жсо╣ ─С┼Эa сжетАл ▄нтАм─Юс▒╜сЦТ с░Ж┼Э с▒╢сЗбс▒╢тВж сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлнсо╣ тВЩсйНскб .%(Tси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм╔бр▓╜сГн тВЙсм▒со╣ ╩СсйНa с│жтзКрб╜ тЕ╛тДХс▒в ─С┼ЭрпЭ тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ сжес╕врае .%(Tсо╣ р╕псоб сЗбсЗеспХ тзХ─С┼Эс▒╜р▓╜ ╘Йсжеспй█╡ ├д рй▒тж╜ сФНсЭЕспХ▌Е .%(T спХтзк сЦТ┼Эси▒ спйсиХсХ╜ с╕бсйОe ╔Щр╕Н┼Б ╟Оae таЩтВЙa тУНр╗С тЬЪтпй сЗес░в сБ░ тЙЙ сзЮ╟Оси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм┼Бр▓Еa сБЩтпВтж╣сйб▌Е сЩ╣тК╣р▓╜ ╙╣тФб╙╣█╡ р╝Ктв╜тК╣скб р╝Ктв╜ тАл▌НтАмсЦТaтАлтйе тж╜▄ЖтАм сЭЕ┼Эсо╣ тВЙспХ HBQ рае с│Хс░Нтж╣сйб▌Е ╙╣сжеa .%(T }сБ╜со╣ сВС─ЮспХ рб╜ ╓етАл▌бтАмскб сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ сЩ╣р╕Юсо╣ ╩Сс╡бспХ рб╣█╡ ╓е тйес░Н█╡ р╕псобр╗Хси▒сХ╜ тВЙспХa спй ▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е с▒е сЦЩ─е█╡ ┼Э├Сси▒ сКетзХ ▐╡смТ раесЬ╜тк╡ рб╣сий┼Б ▐╡ р╕псоб с╡▓сФСтКЦспХ сФ╛─Й╘НсоЭр╗С ┼Бр▓Ътк╡ спЩ╟Нa с╖╛aтж╣┼Б спй▌Е рй▒тж╜ смСр╕Н█╡ с▒е сЦЩ─еa сЛБр╖Х├н сйС─С рб╣█╡ ра║сЬ╜си▒ ражр╕Юс▒всоЭр▓╜ сДбтк╡тж╣█╡ сз▓сФвсо╣ сЦЩ─етк╡ HMPCBMJTBUJPO со╣ сЬ╜тАл▌бтАмси▒ сФХ┼Б спй▌Е р╛ХсиисЕХ▌Ерае тйес░Н█╡ ┼Э├Сси▒ сКетзХ сБЩрп╣р╖Э ▐╡смТ сййтКВтж╣╩Сa тп╣реБ сФвтлКси▒ тАл╫┤тАмсйН спй▌Е }рае╟О сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ сЦБс╕е╟О рй▒тж╜ с░Нс▒╢сне╩Сси▒сХ╜ сГ╕сиХ╘Б сЩ╣ сизсийсоЭр╗С р╕псоб ╟О aреЕспХ сп▒сйСс░НтзХсо╣ тжЭтзХр╖Э спж├н рб╣сий▌Е ╙╣сжеa с▒е сЦЩ─ес▒в ─Юс▒╜ UIF XPSME FDPOPNZ со╣ ╟Нс│Сс▒в сДбтк╡сизспХ ╟Оaсо╣ ─Юс▒╜сЦТс░Жсое тШЦтзХ сЩ╣сиЦр╗жсо╣ сКй┼Есое тзХ─Стж╜ ▌Е█╡ ├дсоб тйесЭЕс▒вспХс╕б р╝Ьтж╣▌Е тж╜таЩ сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣a см▒с│С рй▒█╡ ╟Ос▒╜тй▓р▓Жси▒ ╟Отж╜рб╣█╡ ┼Эс▒╜рпЭ█╡ сФ╛bрае тФйтжЭтж╣сйНсзЭ тж╜▌Е смСр╕Н█╡ ┼Э├С .%(T спХтзк┼Эс▒╢си▒сХ╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАм }сБ╜сое снетзХ }рае╟Осо╣ сйОтзБрае с╡▓сл╡тж╣▌Е█╡ ├дсое сжн сЩ╣ спйсий▌Е с╖к сБЩрп╣сФНтлн с╕бсЧо с▒в сГйсйвсое снетж╜ }сБ╜со╣с▒╜█╡ р╝ЙреБ ╟Оa сБ░ }спЩси▒├н тзХтАлрб╣▌ЪтАм█╡ тзХ─С┼Эс▒╜спЩ ├дспХ▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ 1PTU со╣с▒╜█╡ тйе сЬ╜тАл▌бтАмсо╣ ╔бр▓╜сГн ┼Эс▒╜р╖Э тзХ─СтзБ сЩ╣ спй█╡ сВКтиЖсоЭр▓╜ сЦЕс▒╢рб╣сиХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХр╗С спХ█╡ сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсое тШЦтзХ спХр╡ЙсиХс╕й сЩ╣ спйсое ├дспХ▌Е рй▒тж╜ 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜█╡ сЭЕс▒╜ ─Юти╣сое сБ╡тФ╢соЭр▓╜ тж╜ тзХ─СсВКсжйсое с▒╜ сЬ╜тзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ }сБ╜тзХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХр╗С ╔Щра║сжй тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣си▒ тбНтзЙрб╣с╕б сжлсж╣▐╣ тАл▌бтАмсФвси▒ тАл▌бтАм

07

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

тж╜ ┼Бр▓Ерае тбНтзЙтж╣сйНсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е тЬЪтпй с▒е сЦЩ─есо╣ тЖ╜сКй┼ЕтКЦсо╣ с▒йсБ╣спХ сФХ┼Бспй█╡ сЗес░в сБ░ тЙЙсзЮ╟Оси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмтВЙсДетк╡ рб╜ с▒▓╔ЭспХ тжесл╡тзБ ├дспХ▌Е ╙╣сжеa 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜█╡ ▌ЙспЭтк╡рб╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜со╣с▒╜р▓╜ с▒╜сЬ╜рб╣сиХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е с╕б╔й╩нс╕б смСр╕Н█╡ }сБ╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜ ╩СтмесДбтк╡со╣ aс╕б }╓▒сое сЗер╕Н тж╣сйН сФНсмКтзХск╡▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ спХреЕ }╓▒соб с│жс│ж ткЭсмКрб╣сиХ }сБ╜ теер▓╜╔Щр░Й сБ░ теер▓╜с▒╛ тЬЩр╖Э сЩ╣тзктзЙси▒ спйсиХсХ╜ р╕псоб ткЭрпбсое aс▓Щск╡▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ смСр╕Н█╡ }сБ╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАм }сБ╜ ╩СтмесДбтк╡рпЭ█╡ }╓▒реЕсое тж╣╙╣со╣ со╣с▒╜р▓╜ ▌ЙспЭтк╡тзХсзЭ тзБ сЬ╜с▒▒си▒ спХр╖Хр▒б▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ )-1 снесм▒реЕсоб сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜си▒ тАл} сзЮ тзХ▌бтАм╟Осо╣ тГ╜}a ╒╣ █╡ сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлн╩С╟Н $JWJM 4PDJFUZ 0SHBOJTBUJPOT спХтме $40T сйСe сЩ╣спЦспХ с│СтАл р▒Н▌НтАм спХсФвспЩ }╟Осо╣ } сБЭe╩Ссиж сЦБс╕е╟О сБ░ }рае╟Осо╣ тж║сп▒реЕ ╟Ос▒╜ сБ░ с╕бсйО сКе с▒╢сЗб╩С┼б /PO (PWFSONFOUBM 0SHBOJTBUJPOT /(0T ╔Щр╕Н┼Б со╣тлнсо╣ со╣─Нсое сЩ╣ р▓Хтж╣сйН ╓е спХтмесо╣ ╔бр▓╜сГн }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒ тАлтЖ╜ тзХ▌бтАмсмСсЦБс▒всоЭр▓╜ сДбтк╡рб╣сиХсзЭ тзБ тАлтзЦ ▌бтАмсЭНсФНтзОсое тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣тж╣сйб▌Е с╖к с╕бсЧос▒в сГйсйвспХ aтАлсБЩ тж╜▄ЖтАмрп╣сФНтлнр╖Э снетж╜ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒сХ╜█╡ #PY ┼Э zсоб тАлтзЦ ▌бтАмсЭН┼Эс▒╜р╖Э смСсЦБс▒всоЭр▓╜ тбНтзЙтж╣сйНсзЭ тж╜ ▌Е█╡ ├дспХ▌Е

#PY 1PTU со╣с▒╜р╖Э снетж╜ тЖ╜смСсЦБ сДбтк╡┼Эс▒╜ с▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼Е тЩХтК╣ -FBWF /P 0OF #FIJOE

с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜со╣ с╡▓с▒▒тк╡ 1VU 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU BU UIF $PSF

спЭсп▒р╕Н тВЮтЗ╜┼Э тбНсмКс▒в сЦТс░Жсое снетж╜ ─Юс▒╜╟Нс│С сДбтк╡ 5SBOTGPSN &DPOPNJFT GPS +PCT BOE *ODMVTJWF (SPXUI

тактк╡╟НтЗ╢ сБ░ тмЙ┼Эс▒вспХ┼Б тЪНр╗жтж╣р╗С тВжспеспй█╡ ╟Оaс▒╜рае ╟НтЗ╢ #VJME 1FBDF BOE &GGFDUJWF 0QFO BOE "DDPVOUBCMF 1VCMJD *OTUJUVUJPOT

сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО ╟НтЗ╢ 'PSHF B OFX (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ

тЗ╜тГ╣ 6/

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

сж┐со╣ aс╕б смСсЦБ┼Эс▒╜ с╡▓ rс▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼Е тЩХтК╣s█╡ .%(Tсо╣ ╩СсЕЩ р╝Ктв╜спЩ с▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жсое 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒рае тбНтзЙтж╣сйН с╕бсЧос▒вспЩ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жсое тШЦтзХ р╝Ктв╜тАл▌НтАмсЦТспХ aтАлраетж╣▄ЖтАмр▓╛ тзХсзЭ тж╜▌Е█╡ со╣сБЩр╖Э aс╕е▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜ р╣ЖрпЮси▒сХ╜ со╣сБЩтж╣█╡ с▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼Е тЩХтК╣рпб ▌ЙсЩ╜тж╜ сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣a сжетАл ▄нтАмсКй┼Е┼Э сВСс▒╜ FYDMVTJPO ╔Щ р╕Н┼Б сЗйтакреТ┼Э zсоб сКй┼Есо╣ см▒спЩсое с▒╜├СтзЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ р╝ЙреБ тй╢тФ╜со╣ сКй┼Есое тзХ─Стж╣█╡ ├дсое со╣сБЩтж╜▌Е рв▒ сГйс╣Щ ┼Эс▒╜спЩ rс╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜со╣ с╡▓с▒▒тк╡sрпб ╟Ос▒╜сФНтлнсо╣ с╕бсЧоaтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТсое снетж╜ сФНтлнт░Т─Юс▒╜т░Ттк╣─Юсое тШЦтзКс▒всоЭр▓╜ р╝ЙсФктзБ ├дсое vс│Стж╜▌Е спХ█╡ рй▒тж╜ сЧнсКескб сФ╛сФС со╣ тЮЙтЦХ┼Э тФесЧнсВСтЗ╜┼Э ┼бр▓Йрб╜ спХсЫйр╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜┼Э сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣ с╡▓сЭН со╣ тАл╫ЪтАмсФк─Юс▒╜ HSFFO FDPOPNZ тЕкс╕есое тбНтзЙтж╜▌Е ▌ЕсонсоЭр▓╜ )-1█╡ rспЭсп▒р╕Н тВЮтЗ╜┼Э тбНсмКс▒в сЦТс░Жсое снетж╜ ─Юс▒╜╟Нс│С сДбтк╡sрпЭ█╡ смСсЦБ ┼Эс▒╜р╖Э с▒╜сЬ╜тзЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ с▒йтАл▌бтАмсКй┼Есое тЩХтК╣тж╣┼Б }спЩсо╣ сФ╛─ер╖Э тиЖсФвсЬ╜тФН сЩ╣ спй█╡ ─Ю с▒╜с▒в ╟Нс│Сс▒етк╣ сБ░ раесзЮсое снетж╜ ─Юс▒╜с▒в ╩Стлнa с╡▓сл╡тж╣▌Е█╡ ├дсое vс│Стж╜▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ сКй┼Е сБ░ сЗйтакреТсое qсЧнсЬ╜тФЕ┼Б тбНсмКс▒в сЦТс░ЖспХ aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмспЭсп▒р╕Н▌ЕсмХ спЭсп▒р╕Нсо╣ ╩СтлнтВЮтЗ╜┼Э сФ╛─есЕХс░ЖспХ смСсЦБс▒всоЭр▓╜ тзХ─Срб╣сиХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е ▌ЕсонсоЭр▓╜ ▐╡ тАл╫│тАмсоб сЦТ с░Жсое сзЭ╩Стж╣█╡ сЦТс░ЖспХ aтАлраетж╣▄ЖтАмр▓╛ с╕бсЧос▒всоЭр▓╜ aтК╣р╖Э сЗбaтж╣┼Б сФ╛сФСсЦТсое с╖╛a сЬ╜тФЕ█╡ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖспХ тжесл╡тзБ ├дспХ▌Е рй▒тж╜ ╟Оa█╡ сКес╖йтАл▄йтАмсЬЕa aтАлсжй тж╜▄ЖтАмс▒╢рб╜ тк╣─Юсое р╕йр▓ЙтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖтзХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е р╕йс╕бр╕ксоЭр▓╜ сЦТс░Жсое тШЦтзХ сФйр▓╜смХ сГйсйв┼Э сФйр▓╜смХ ╩Стлнa aтАл сЩ╣ тзБ▄ЖтАмспйраер▓╛ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмсЧнсКескб сФ╛сФСсое с╕бсм▒тж╣█╡ сФйр▓╜смХ сВКсГ╢сое с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйН с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜спХ aтАлраетж╣▄ЖтАмр▓╛ тж╣сйНсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е ╓Е сГйс╣Щ смСсЦБ┼Эс▒╜█╡ rтактк╡╟НтЗ╢ сБ░ тмЙ┼Эс▒вспХ┼Б тЪНр╗жтж╣р╗С тВжспеспй█╡ ╟Оaс▒╜рае ╟Н тЗ╢sспХр╗С спХ ┼Эс▒╜█╡ сЗес░в сБ░ тбОр▓ЖсоЭр▓╜сЗбтЦСсо╣ сп▒соБa тактк╡р│О┼Б сГйтВЮтж╜ сФНтлн ╟НтЗ╢ сое снетж╜ тжесЩ╣ ╩СсЕЩсл╡сЧнспХр╗С спХр╖Э снетзХ с▒╢сЗб█╡ тмЙ┼Эс▒вспХ┼Б тВжспеспй█╡ ╟Оaс▒╜раер╖Э ╟НтЗ╢тж╣сйНсзЭ тж╜▌Е█╡ ├дсое со╣сБЩтж╜▌Е рй▒тж╜ тЪНр╗жсЦТ┼Э тВжр╛ХсЦТ vтк╡р╖Э тШЦтзХ тактк╡р╖Э снетй▓тж╣█╡ сл╡сЧнреЕсое сВКс╕бтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тж╣сйНсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е р╕йс╕бр╕ксоЭр▓╜ rсФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО ╟НтЗ╢sсоб р╝ЙреБ ╟Оaскб }спЩсоб ┼Цра║смХр╗жтДХрпЭ █╡ ┼бс▒▒си▒сХ╜ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜р╖Э со╣тж╜ сДбтк╡┼Эс▒╜ с╡▓ aс░Ж с╡▓сл╡тж╣▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОспХрпб сЕХтаЩсЦТ ┼ЦтаксЦТ с╕бсЧоaтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТ сйСтАл ▌бтАмTPMJEBSJUZ

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

спЩ╟н }сБ╜╟н сйОр░кси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмтВжспе┼Э zсоб см▒тК║сое ╩СсЕЩсоЭр▓╜ тж╜ ╟Оa сБ░ ╟Ос▒╜с▒╢тК╣си▒ сХ╜со╣ сФйр▓╜смХ со╣сБЩсо╣ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОспХрпЭ тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО соб .%(Tскб сКе╞▒тж╣сйбсое ржн ┼ЦсйН╩С┼б┼Э }рае╟Оeсо╣ тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсое ╒╣сиХсХ╜ ╟Оa с╕бсВКс▒╢сЗб ╟Ос▒╜╩С╟Н сБЭeсЗбр╛Щ $40T с░Н▌Й сБ░ сп▒сЦБ▌ЙтДХ ┼Этж║сп▒ сБ░ тж║сп▒ ╔Щр╕Н┼Б сФНрпн }спЩ спХрпЭ█╡ ▌Есз▓тж╜ с╡ЭтДХр╖Э р╝Йрв▒ тбНтзЙтж╜▌Е спХскб zсоб тАл ▌бтАмсмСсЦБ сДбтк╡┼Эс▒╜█╡ тв╜ си▒сХ╜ сЕХспХ█╡ ├д┼Э zсоб тЕ╛ }со╣ р╝Ктв╜ HPBMT скб }со╣ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ UBSHFUT р▓╜ спХр╡ЙсиХс╕е ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ сййсЬ╜сжй }сБ╜ ┼Эс▒╢си▒ сХ╜ смСсЦБс▒всоЭр▓╜ ┼Бр▓Ерб╣сий▌Е )-1a с▒╜сжйтж╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜█╡ .%(Tсо╣ ╔бр▓╜ сГн теер▒йспесмнтУНр▓╜сЯЙсо╣ сЦТ┼Цсл╡спЩсое ╔ЩтАл▌бтАмр▓╜ ─есЬЪтж╣сйб▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е с╖к .%(Ta ╔бр▓╜сГн теер▒йспесмнтУНр▓╜сЯЙ сЦТ┼Цс▒вспХсий▌Е┼Б такaтж╣█╡ спХсоБ с╡▓ aс░Ж с╡▓сл╡тж╜ ├дсоб с▒╜ тж╜рб╜ сЩ╣со╣ спХтзХтж╣╩С сЫНсмХ р╝Ктв╜р╖Э с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣┼Б тКВс▒╢aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜тК╣р╖Э с▒╢тзХс╕е ╩Сe╘Х тАл▌НтАмсЦТтж╣раер▓╛ тж╣сйб▌Е█╡ ├дспХ┼Б спХси▒ ржСрпЭ 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜ сйОсЬ╜ с▒╜тж╜рб╜ сЩ╣ со╣ р╝Ктв╜р╖Э спХтзХтж╣╩С сЫЮ├н с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣┼Б с▒╢тзХс╕е сЬ╜eсжйси▒ тКВс▒╢aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜тК╣р╖Э тАл▌НтАмсЦТ тзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ сййсЬ╜сжйсое }сБ╜тж╜ ├дспХ▌Е ▌ЕсЬ╜ р╕▒тж╣р╗Х 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜ сйОсЬ╜ ╟НтДХс▒вспХ┼Б 4QFDJGJD тКВс▒╢aтАлтж╣▄ЖтАмр╗С .FBTVSBCMF тАл▌НтАмсЦТaтАлтж╣▄ЖтАм┼Б "UUBJOBCMF ┼б р▓ЙсЦТ спйсоЭр╗С 3FMFWBOU сЬ╜eс▒в р╝Ктв╜a спй█╡ 5JNF CPVOE 4."35тж╜ р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ } сБ╜тж╣┼Бсп▒ тж╜ ├дспХ▌Е

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╟ОaсДе сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ 5BSHFUT

B спЭ сЧнрд╛ тАлсБЩ р▒Н▌НтАмр╕н спЩ╟Н ╔Эс▒й┼Э ╓е ╩Сс╡б ╟ОaсКй┼ЕсЦБ сБЩр╕н сФ╛тк╜сп▒ сКесоЙ Y qсЧн

сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣ &OE 1PWFSUZ

C тШБс╕б с░НсФС сБ░ ╔Щ слЩ с░НсФСси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсЕХс░Жрб╜ ╟нр╕Нси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсйНсЦТ┼Э ╘ЙсЦТ тНЕ сАЕтАл тЭС▄йтАмсФНсижсо╣ сКесоЙ Y с╖╛a D сФНтлнсЕХс░ЖсЬ╜сЬЕтЦ╜си▒ тАл тКЦсзЮтЙЙ тж╜▌бтАмсБ░ сКй┼ЕтКЦ Y сЕХткЩ E тлнсЕЦaтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТ ╟НтЗ╢┼Э сп▒сйСс░НтзХси▒ со╣тж╜ сФНр╕╛р╖Б Y qсЧн

10

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ (PBMT

сЧн╓б сБ░ сйНсЦТ сйОр░к vтк╡скб сз▓сЦТтакреТ тАл▌НтАмсЦТ &NQPXFS (JSMT BOE 8PNFO BOE "DIJFWF (FOEFS &RVBMJUZ

╟ОaсДе сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ 5BSHFUT

B сЧн╓бскб сйНсЦТси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмр╝ЙреБ с│жр╢╣со╣ тбОр▓Ж сВКс╕б сБ░ ╔Эс▒й C сБЩсЦТ╓е ─СткЭ ╔Эс▒й D с░НсФС сЧнсоБ сБ░ сФвсЧо ─есзЮсХ╜ сХ╜р╗ж сФНсиж реТр▓╛ сБ░ собтзк─ес│н сЦЕр╕Юси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм сйНсЦТсо╣ ра║реТтж╜ ╟нр╕Н сЕХс░Ж E с▒╢тК╣с▒в сФНтлнс▒в ┼Цс▒в сФ╛тк╜си▒ спйсиХсХ╜ сйНсЦТси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмтВЙсДе с▒╜├С B соБсже╞▒соВ сЬ╜сп▓ сБ░ скер┤нa aтАлра║сже тж╜▄ЖтАмсКесоЙ Y с╖╛a

сз▓с╕йсо╣ ╞▒соВ сБ░ таксФ╛╞▒соВ с▒╜┼Ц 1SPWJEF 2VBMJUZ &EVDBUJPO BOE -JGFMPOH -FBSOJOH

C р╝ЙреБ сжера║спХ сиХриБтж╜ сФвтлКси▒рае сЗй╟Нтж╣┼Б спЮ┼Б сеС┼Б ─есФСтзБ сЩ╣ спй█╡ тЖ╜сЧнсо╣ ╞▒соВсЩ╣с╡бси▒ с╡бтж╣█╡ тАл▄ЖтАмр▓Жсое wтЗ╜ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тЕйреТ╞▒соВсое скер┤нтж╣ раер▓╛ сЕХс░Ж D р╝ЙреБ сжера║спХ сиХриБтж╜ сФвтлКси▒рае сЗй╟Нтж╣┼Б с╡▓реТ╞▒соВсо╣ тЕй╔к▌Й─ер╖Э сЬ╜сп▓ тзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ сЕХс░Жтж╣┼Б тДОсЧн╓есо╣ спЩс▒╢рб╣┼Б тКВс▒╢aтАлтж║ тж╜▄ЖтАмсЬЦ сЦТ┼Э сКесоЙ Y с╖╛a E с╕вс░Жси▒сХ╜ тжесл╡р▓╜ тж╣█╡ ╩СсЪБтАл▄ЖтАмр▓Ж сБ░ с╕всиж╩СсЪБсое wтЗ╣ тДО╓етКЦ сБ░ сЦТспЩ ╘Й╓бсо╣ сКесоЙ Y с╖╛a B сййсВКaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмсйвсже сБ░ сЦЩ сБЩр╕н сжера║ сФНр╕╛р╖Б ╔Эс▒й

├Хvтж╜ сФЧ &OTVSF )FBMUIZ -JWFT

C сжера║ тДОсЧн╓е снети╣ тк╣─Ю тАл тЗ╜╫ЩтАмсЦТспЩ ┼Бр▓ЪтКЦсо╣ р╝ЙреБ сййсВКс▒▓с│ж сКесоЙ Y с╖╛a D сФСр╝ЙсФНр╕╛ сКесоЙ р╕нр╗ж тАл ▌ЪтАмYр╗жсоЭр▓╜ qсЧн E сЕХтаЩс▒в сЦТсЕХ├Х сБ░ р╝Йсп▒сЕХ├Х┼Э ╟нр╕Н сЕХс░Ж F )*7 "*%4 ─СтзЦ р╕▒рпЭр╕Нсже сЧнслЩ сйХтАл ▌бтАмс╕йтк╣ с╡Эсл╡ сКес▒есйЭсЦТ с╕йтк╣ реТсо╣ с╕йсД▓соЭр▓╜ спЩтж╜ сЗбтАл▌ХтАмqсЧн B р╝ЙреБ спЩ╟Нсо╣ ╩СсжетЩХтК╣скб тИКсЗетж╣┼Б сжйс▒етж╣р╗С сЩ╣смКaтАлтж╣▄ЖтАм┼Б сйвсз▓a спй█╡ сЬ╛р░к╟н сЕХткЩ

сЬ╛р░ксжйсЕХ сБ░ сйвсз▓}сЦБ &OTVSF 'PPE 4FDVSJUZ BOE (PPE /VUSJUJPO

C р╝ЙреБ сЦЩ сБЩр╕н сжера║со╣ сЦТс░Жс▒бтзХсл╡сЧн TUVOUJOH Y сЭБс░Ж тАл▌бтАмсКе с▒бтДХс╡▓ XBTUJOH Z сКйтйй [ qсЧн D сЧнсп▓тАлсЩ╣ ╫отАмспЦр╖Бсо╣ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмс╖╛aскб тАл╫отАмс╕б┼б} JSSJHBUJPO спХсмКсое с╡▓сЭНсоЭ р▓╜ тж╜ тАл╫отАмсижсФ╛сФСсЦТ Y с╖╛a E с╕бсЧоaтАл╫о тж╜▄ЖтАмсиж тзХсз▓ тАлсЩ╣▌ХтАмсиХсиж ┼бтзксо╣ сЩ╣смК┼Э с╕бсЧоaтАлсЩ╣ тж╜▄ЖтАмс╡бсоЭр▓╜ со╣ с╕бс▒╢ сиХр╢╣сКетЗ╢ с░Н╟НтЗ╢ F сЩ╣тк╢ тме сЧ▒сЭЕ сБ░ сонсЬ╛р╛Э сеСр▒й╩С Y qсЧн

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ (PBMT

╟ОaсДе сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ 5BSHFUT

B aс▒╢ тж║╞▒ сЕХ├ХсЦЭтЦС ╙╜сБЭтМБтееси▒сХ╜со╣ сжйс▒етж╜ сЬ╛сЩ╣си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсЕХтаЩс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ с▒╜┼Ц

р╛Э сБ░ снесФ╛си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмC тАл╫ЩтАмсФвсВСсДб PQFO EFGFDBUJPO ╔Эс▒й┼Э тж║╞▒ сБ░ с╕вс░Жси▒сХ╜со╣ снесФ╛си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм сЕХтаЩс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ тАл▌НтАмсЦТ сЕХтаЩс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ сЕХс░Ж ╔Щр╕Н┼Б aс▒╢си▒сХ╜со╣ снесФ╛си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс▒▓╔ЭсЦТ Y "DIJFWF 6OJWFSTBM с╖╛a "DDFTT UP 8BUFS BOE 4BOJUBUJPO

D ┼Ц╔кси▒ р╕┐█╡ тАл сЩ╣тлнсЩ╣▌ХтАмс▒╜┼Ц┼Э тАл╫отАмсиж┼бр▓Й р╛Э тмЙсоЙсЦТ Y сФСсиж┼бр▓Й

р╛Э тмЙсоЙсЦТ Z раесЬ╜с╕бсйО р╛Э тмЙсоЙсЦТ [ с╖╛a E р╝ЙреБ с╕бсВК сБ░ сФСсиж та▒сЩ╣ с░Нтк╜смК рй▒█╡ сВКтЗ╜ с▒е сФНс▒етГ╣р╕Н B ╔бр▓╜сГн си▒╒йс╕б сБЪсЬЕси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс░НсФ╛aтАл ▄ЖтАмси▒╒йс╕б сКесоЙ рв▒ сВС с╖╛a с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмси▒╒йс╕б C тйетАл ▌бтАмси▒╒йс╕б сХ╜сКесЬЕсо╣ сЕХтаЩс▒в спХсмК сЕХс░Ж сЕХс░Ж 4FDVSF 4VTUBJOBCMF D ├Хр╛Э сФСсиж тАл╫отАмсиж ╞▒тШЦ си▒╒йс╕б тмЙсоЙсЦТ тиЖсФв ╔бр▓╜сГн сКесоЙ рв▒ сВС с╖╛a &OFSHZ

E ╘ОсКесЦТ сЧнсКер╖Э тЕкс╕есЬ╜тФЕ█╡ сКетмЙсоЙс▒в соБaсЕХс│С╔й ▌Й─ес▒в та▒с╕б B спЭсп▒р╕Н▌ЕсмХ спЭсп▒р╕Н сБ░ сФ╛─е сЩ╣ Y с╖╛a спЭсп▒р╕Н тВЮтЗ╜ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмсФ╛─е ┼Цтактж╜ сЦТс░Ж $SFBUF +PCT 4VTUBJOBCMF -JWFMJIPPET BOE &RVJUBCMF (SPXUI

C ╞▒соВ тЙЙсиж тмйр▓Й тАл▌бтАмсФвси▒сХ╜ с▒╜слЩрб╜ тДО╓есКесоЙ Y qсЧн D ╞▒тШЦ сБ░ *$5скб zсоб ╔йсоЦсХ╜сКесЬЕ сБ░ спЩтеерпЭси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсЕХтаЩс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ с▒╜┼Цси▒ со╣тж╜ сФ╛сФСс▒в сйОр░к vтк╡ E aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАм╩Ссижтк╣─Ю с│СсЦТ сБ░ ╩Ссижa тЕкс╕есое тШЦтж╜ сФйр▓╜смХ сФвтгйсоЭр▓╜сЗбтЦСсо╣ сЗбaaтК╣ :скб сФйр▓╜смХ сЬ╜сп▓ Y с╖╛a B р╝ЙреБ с▒╢сЗб сБ░ с╡Эсл╡ ╩Ссижсо╣ ─Юс▒╜т░ТсФНтлнт░Ттк╣─Юс▒в тлн─ес░ЖсЗб ┼Ц}

тГ╜сйСсп▒см▒ сп▒сФСсо╣ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАм┼бр╕Н .BOBHF /BUVSBM 3FTPVSDF "TTFUT 4VTUBJOBCMZ

C с▒╢сЗб с│СтАл▌НтАмсо╣ с╕бсЧоaтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТ ┼Бр▓Е Y с╖╛a D сФ╛тФ╜─е с│ж TQFDJFT соБс▒ес▒в ▌Есз▓сЦТси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсЕХткЩс░ЖтК╣ TBGFHVBSE р╕йр▓Й E сФЭр╕ЭтЭн╞Х Y qсЧнскб с░НсЬ╛р╕Э SFGPSFTUBUJPO Z с╖╛a F тШБсз▓тгйс╕й тиЖсФв YтШЕсо╣ тШБсз▓ тЛЙсЬ╛ vсЧн сФНр╕ктк╡ сВКс╕б

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ (PBMT

╟ОaсДе сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ 5BSHFUT

B тЗ╜сФ╛сЭБ┼Бскб zсоб сп▒соБр│О┼Б сЕХтаЩс▒вспЩ сГ╢с▒в сЭБсЗе с▒╜┼Ц

╟а├СсГе╒нсЬЕскб тмЙ┼Эс▒в с▒╜рае сЕХс░Ж &OTVSF (PPE (PWFSOBODF BOE &GGFDUJWF *OTUJUVUJPOT

C сиЩр│Б с╕▓тлн тактк╡р▓╜смХ сЬ╜снесо╣ сп▒соБскб ражр╕Юс▒в р╣ЕтДХ сБ░ с▒╢сЕХси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ сЕХс░Ж D р╝ЙреБ ▌Й─еси▒сХ╜со╣ с▒╢тК╣с▒в ┼Эс▒╢со╣ тАл▌бтАмс╡▓с▒в тВЩсйНскб сЬ╜сБЭтВЩсйН с╖╛a E с▒╢сЕХси▒ тАл▌б тж╜▌бтАмс╡▓╟нр╕Нскб с▒╢сЗб ▀СспХтЦС спХсмК сЕХс╖╛ HVBSBOUFF F тАл сЩ╣сЩ╣р╛Э╪нтАмсБ░ сЗбтЮЙ qсЧнскб ┼Цр╛Хсм▒со╣ тВжр╛Х сЕХс░Ж

сжйс▒╢с▒вспХ┼Б тактк╡р▓╜смХ сФНтлн сЕХс░Ж &OTVSF 4UBCMF BOE 1FBDFGVM 4PDJFUJFT

B слЩспЩсФН WJPFMOU EFBUI со╣ р╕нр╗ж тАл ▌ЪтАмYр╗жсоЭр▓╜ qсЧнскб р╝ЙреБ с│жр╢╣со╣ сжера║тж║тАл ▌бтАм╔Эс▒й C сГ╢с▒в╩С┼б KVTUJDF JOTUJUVUJPOT со╣ с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ ражр╕ЮсЦТ тзкс▒╢р▓Ж XFMM SFTPVSDFE сЕХс░Ж┼Э с▒╢тАл тж╜▌ЪтАмс▒йтВЙр╖Э снетж╜ ╟нр╕Н с│Хс╡▓ D с│Сс╕вс▒в сГ╡с┤е реТсое тбНтзЙтж╜ сЗес░всое сзЭ╩Стж╣█╡ слЩсЗб сЬЕтЬЩр▒йсЬЕ сл╡спЩ с▒╜├С E сжйсЕХр╖Э снетж╜ ╟СтАл ▌бтАм─ЮтВС сФНсГ╢сЗбсо╣ сйОр░к с▒ер╛ЩсЦТ тВжр╛ХсЦТ vтк╡ B тЪНр╗жтж╣┼Б ┼Цс▒╢тж╣р╗С }сБ╜си▒ смСткЩс▒вспЩ р╛ХсйО сЬ╜сЬЕтЦ╜ с╕бсм▒ C ╔бр▓╜сГн ╔йсоЦ сЬ╜сЬЕтЦ╜со╣ сжйс▒╢сЦТсое сЕХс░Жтж╣┼Б с░Ж╩Сс▒всоЭр▓╜ сжйс▒╢с▒вспЩ }спЩ слЩ╟ОспЩ тЪНсп▒р╖Э с░Жр▓Етж╣█╡ }тйв спХтзк

╔бр▓╜сГн тВЙсм▒со╣ aтАлтк╣ тж╜▄ЖтАм─Ю с│СсЦТ D ╟Ос▒╜с▒всоЭр▓╜ тзКсо╣рб╜ сБ╡си▒ ржСрпЭ ╔бр▓╜сГн так╔Б ╩СскЙ с╖╛aр╖Э сФСсижтк╡ спХс▒е сБ░ с░Ж╩Сс▒в с░Нсм▒ ▌Й─е спХсФвспЩ P$ спХтж╣р▓╜ соБс╕б тЕкс╕е $SFBUF B (MPCBM E ┼ЦсйН╟Осо╣ }рае╟Оси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм0%" с╕бсм▒ (/1 тАл▌бтАмсКе р╝Ктв╜тк╡ тЖ╜сКй}рае &OBCMJOH ╟Оси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм0%" с╕бсм▒ (/1 тАл▌бтАмсКе си▒сХ╜ р▓╜ р╝Ктв╜тк╡ ╔Щр╕Н┼Б &OWJSPONFOU BOE ╔Щ слЩ ╟ОaреЕсо╣ сЕХскес▒в с░Нс▒╢с╕бсм▒со╣ сп▒сБ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜тк╡ $BUBMZTF -POH 5FSN 'JOBODF

F сЗйсГ╢сп▒╔йто▒р╖е JMMJDJU GMPXT сБ░ тФйсЦЩ qсЧнскб собтАл▄ктАмсп▒сФС TUPMFO BTTFU

тлнсЕЦ Y тАл р▒Н▌НтАмс╖╛a G ┼Этж║ ╩СсЪБ тйвсЭБ }сБ╜ ▀СспХтЦСси▒ тАлтй▓ тж╜▌бтАмр▓Ж сБ░ с▒▓╔ЭсЦТ тЕкс╕е тЗ╜тГ╣ с▒бсп▒ с░Нсп▓сЦТ тВЩ┼Бр╛Щтин 6/ р╝Ктв╜р╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЖ╜с▒б╩Сс╡б с▒всмК $BOEJEBUFT GPS HMPCBM NJOJNVN TUBOEBSET JODMVEJOH [FSP HPBMT

тиЖтме ╟НсЗеспХ тжесл╡тж╜ с╕бтв╜ *OEJDBUPST UP CF EJTBHHSFHBUFE

с▒втзКтж╜ с╕бтв╜тк╡р╖Э снетзХ р╝Ктв╜тК╣си▒ тАлтЗ╡ тж╜▌бтАмaс▒вспЩ ╩СсЪБс▒в сЗесХ╛ сп▓сиж тжесл╡

5BSHFUT SFRVJSF GVSUIFS UFDIOJDBM XPSL UP GJOE BQQSPQSJBUF JOEJDBUPST

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

ржСрпЭсХ╜ )-1█╡ тв╜ ┼Э zспХ с▒╜тж╜рб╜ сЩ╣со╣ р╝Ктв╜р╖Э с▒╜сжйтж╣сйбсоЭр╗С р╝Ктв╜ тАл▌НтАмсЦТ ╩Стж╜ соб ╟Ос▒╜с▒╢сЦЩсо╣ сЛБр╖Щ сДбтк╡р╖Э qсжйтж╣сйН ╓есо╣ спХтзк╩СeспЩ ╓е╩нс╕бa с▒втзКтж╣ ▌Е┼Б тЭ▒▌Йтж╣сйб▌Е рй▒тж╜ тАл▌НтАмсЦТaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜a рб╣╩С снетж╣сйН } р╝Ктв╜█╡ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝К тв╜р▓╜ с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣рб╣ } сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜█╡ ╟ОaсДер▓╜ р╝Ктв╜тК╣р╖Э сФвтлКси▒ р╕┐├н ─Сс▒╢тзБ сЩ╣ спй раер▓╛ тж╣сйб▌Е сййр╖Э реЕсиХ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ Bси▒сХ╜ спЭ сЧнрд╛ тАлсБЩ р▒Н▌НтАмр╕н спЩ╟Н ╔Эс▒й┼Э ╓е ╩Сс╡б ╟ОaсКй┼ЕсЦБ сБЩр╕н сФ╛тк╜сп▒ сКесоЙсое rY s qсЧнтж╜▌Е┼Б с▒╜сЬ╜тзЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ ╔б р▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜спЩ сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣р╖Э снетзХ р╝ЙреБ ╟Оaa спЭ сЧнрд╛ тАлсБЩ р▒Н▌НтАмр╕н спЩ╟Н█╡ ╔Э с▒йтж╣рб╣ ╟ОaсКй┼ЕсЦБ сБЩр╕н сФ╛тк╜сп▒си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмqсЧнсКесоЙсоб ╟ОaсДе сФвтлКси▒ р╕┐раер▓╛ ─Сс▒╢ тж╣█╡ ├дспХ▌Е рй▒тж╜ р╝Ктв╜тК╣a тКВс▒╢ aтАлраетж╣▄ЖтАмр▓╛ тж╣╩С снетзХ b сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜си▒ со╣ bс╡Эр╖Э рв▒сиХ bb р╝Ктв╜р╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЖ╜с▒б╩Сс╡бсое с▒всмКтж╜ ─ЮсмС тиЖтме ╟НсЗеспХ тжесл╡тж╜ с╕бтв╜ ╔Щр╕Н┼Б с▒втзКтж╜ с╕бтв╜тк╡р╖Э снетзХ р╝Ктв╜тК╣си▒ тАлтЗ╡ тж╜▌бтАмaс▒вспЩ ╩С сЪБс▒в сЗесХ╛ сп▓сижспХ тжесл╡тж╜ ─ЮсмСр▓╜ ╟НсЗетж╣сйН с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйб▌Е ╘ХсмКс▒вспЩ р╗Хсое сФХтаХсЕХр╗Х } смСсЦБ сДбтк╡┼Эс▒╜р╖Э с╡▓сЭНсоЭр▓╜ р╝Ктв╜сжйсое сЩ╣р╕Ютж╣█╡ ра║ сЬ╜си▒ 1PTU со╣с▒╜a 3JP ─С┼Эскб сйС─ервБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ ┼Бр▓Етж╣сйб▌Е рй▒тж╜ с╕б сЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмvтж╜ тЭн╔ктмЙ┼Э TUSPOH JNQBDU a спй┼Б }спЩ ╩Ссиж с▒╢сЗбскб zсоб }сБ╜ с╡ЭтДХси▒ ткЩсЧнр▓Жспй█╡ р║╡сЬ╜с╕бр╖Э с▒етАл сЩ╣ тзБ▌НтАмспй█╡ ╔Щр╕Н┼Б с▒ер╛ЩсмКсиХр╖Э рвБ сЩ╣ спй█╡ тж╜ сВСс▒╜тж╣сйН р╝ЙреБ спХa спХтзХтж╣╩С сЫНсмХ ╘ХсмКспХ рб╣раер▓╛ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓Жтж╣сйб▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ ▌Есз▓тж╜ ╔Щр╡Ъсо╣ со╣─Нсое сЩ╣р▓Хтж╣сйб┼Б ╔Щ с╡▓ тНЙсЦЭсХ╜сЬЕр╖Э спХр╡Н ╘ХсмКреЕсое с╡▓сЭН соЭр▓╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜р╖Э }сБ╜тж╣сйб▌Е рй▒тж╜ со╣сл╢ BNCJUJPO ┼Э тйесЭЕ SFBMJTN eсо╣ ╔Бтй╢сое ┼Бр▓Етж╣█╡ ра║сЬ╜си▒ ╟Оa ╘Х aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАм╒┤соб сГ╡снесо╣ ─етКЦсое тбНтзЙтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ ┼Бр▓Етж╣ сйб▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ ╟ОaсДе р╝Ктв╜тК╣█╡ сзЭсЭНтВЙ├н сЦЕс▒╢тж╣рб╣ тйесЭЕсое сБ╣сйвтж╣раер▓╛ ╟нсоБтж╣┼Б спЭсЗб ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜█╡ тЖ╜с▒б╩Сс╡бсое с▒всмКтж╣раер▓╛ тж╣сйб▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ снескб zспХ с▒╢со╣тж╜ тЖ╜смСсЦБс▒в сДбтк╡█╡ ▐╡ ╙╣соб ╔Щр╕Н┼Б ▐╡ р╕псоб с░Ж╩Сс▒вспЩ с░Н с▒╢с╕бсм▒спХ сизспХ█╡ сЗйaтАл ▌Етж╣▄ЖтАмржСрпЭсХ╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйсое сЩ╣р╕Ютж╣█╡ ▀С спйсиХсХ╜ aс░Ж с╡▓сл╡тж╣├н сФ╛bтж╜ см▒тК║соб rтЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОsспХсий▌Е сКер▓╛ .%(Tсо╣ (PBM со╣ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ ╒йсЭОсо╣ спХтзк─С┼Эa ▌ЕсЧн сЭЕр╕╛с▒вспЩ ├дсоб сФНсЭЕспХ╙╣ сйНс▒етпй тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсоб ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝К тв╜ спХтзксо╣ с╡▓сЭНсйОтзБсое тж╣█╡ с╡▓сл╡тж╜ сл╡сЧнспХ▌Е спХр▒С со╣сБЩси▒сХ╜ )-1█╡ ╩Сс│Хсо╣ ╔б р▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсое rсФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОsсоЭр▓╜ с░Нс▒╢р╕ЮтзЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ р╝ЙреБ }сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж со╣ с╡ЭтДХa 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜р╖Э спХтзктж╣█╡▀С ра║тВЩтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ ╟н┼Бтж╣┼Б спй▌Е

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

спХскб ┼бр▓Йтж╣сйН )-1█╡ 1PTU со╣с▒╜со╣ сЦТ┼Цс▒вспЩ спХтзксое снетзХ ╓е р║╢сЬ╜ тО╡ р╝НтЦнр▒йспХси▒сХ╜ тзКсо╣рб╜ }сБ╜с░Нсм▒си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмrр╝НтЦнр▒йспХ тНЙсЦЭсХ╜сЬЕ .POUFSSFZ $POTFOTVT с▒╢сЭБсо╣ с╕бсЧос▒в соБс╕бр╖Э vс│Стж╜▌Е с╖к ╟Оa█╡ сЬЕсЬЕр▓╜со╣ ─Юс▒╜ сБ░ сФН тлнс▒в }сБ╜сое снетж╜ смСсЦБс▒в тВжспесое aс╕е▌Е█╡ см▒тК║┼Э ╟Оaс▒╢тВж сБ░ }сБ╜с▒ер░Цсо╣ сйОтзБ си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс╡▓сл╡сЦТсое 1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНси▒рае с▒всмКтж╣сйН спЭ┼бсЦТспй█╡ с░Нс▒╢ тДХ─ер╖Э сЦЕр╕ЮтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тзХсзЭтж╣█╡ ├дспХ▌Е ╙╣сжеa р╝Ктв╜ сЩ╣р╕Ю сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣┼Э тВжр╛ХсЦТси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм┼Бр▓Е сйОсЬ╜ 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜си▒ спйсиХсХ╜ р╣ЕсмС с╡▓сл╡тж╜ сЗбсЗеспХ▌Е сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ спХтзкси▒ спйсиХсХ╜ .%(Tскб сКе╞▒тж╣сйН aс░Ж ╔ксЦБр╛Хр▓╜ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓ЩсзЭ тзБ ┼Эс▒╜█╡ r▀СспХтЦС тйвр╗ж %BUB 3FWPMVUJPO спХ▌Е р╝Ктв╜тАл▌НтАмсЦТсое снетж╜ с╕бтв╜ спХтзк┼Эс▒╢со╣ тмЙ┼Эс▒в р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАмр╕всое сне тзХ тЗ╡с▒вaтАлтШЦ тж╜▄ЖтАм─ескб с▒╢сЕХa aтАлтж╣ сзЭтзХ▄ЖтАмр╗С сз▓с▒вспЩ сЗбсЗесое ╒╣сиХсХ╜ с╕йс▒всоЭр▓╜ сЭБр┤СaтАл▀С тж╜▄ЖтАмспХтЦСр╖Э снетж╜ }тйвспХ тжесл╡тж╣▌Е спХр▒Нтж╜ р╗Хси▒сХ╜ 1PTU }сБ╜ тее р▒йспесмнтУНси▒сХ╜█╡ тЬЪтпй ▌Есп▒тй▓р▓Ж сБ░ ╟Ос▒╜тй▓р▓ЖспХ ▐╡смТ vс│Срб╜▌Е ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАмр╕в сое снетж╜ ╟Оae ра║р┤н├бтШБ р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣┼Э тзЙ╠╣ ▌Есп▒╩С╟Нсо╣ р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАмр╕в сйОр░ксое тШБтАл▌бтАмр▓╜ ╟ОaтШЦ─есЬ╜сЬЕтЦ╜спХ сБЩсзЮтж╜ }рае╟Осо╣ тШЦ─есйОр░кспХ vтк╡рвБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖтзХсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ )-1█╡ s}сБ╜ ▀СспХтЦСси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭО (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ PO %FWFMPQNFOU %BUB спХтме (1%% р╖Э ╟НтЗ╢тж╣сйН с▒╢сЗб ╟Ос▒╜╩С╟Н сЬ╜ сБЭсФНтлн с░Н▌Й сБЭeсЗбр╛Щсо╣ тШЦ─е╩С┼бспХ тй▓р▓ЖтзБ ├дсое тЕк╟Нтж╣сйб▌Е )-1█╡ тЬЪтпй ╓е см╡сЗбтЦС (1%%р╖Э aра║тж╣сйН 1PTU р╝Ктв╜тАл▌НтАмсЦТ спХтзксЦТ┼Э тКВс▒╢сое снетж╜ ▀СспХтЦС ╩СтЕйсЦБ CBTFMJOF сп▓сижсое сЬ╜сп▓тзБ сЩ╣ спйсиХсзЭ тж╜▌Е█╡ ├дсое vс│Стж╣сйб▌Е спХскб zспХ )-1█╡ тАл ▌бтАмсмСсЦБ сДбтк╡┼Эс▒╜р╖Э с╡▓сЭНсоЭр▓╜ тж╜ }со╣ р╝Ктв╜скб }со╣ сЦЩ сЗбр╝Ктв╜ сййсЬ╜сжйсое с▒╜сжйтж╣сйб▌Е )-1a с▒╜сЬ╜тж╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜█╡ р╛ХсиисЕХ▌Ерае bbсо╣ р╝Ктв╜a соБ╩Сс▒всоЭр▓╜ сйС─ерб╣сиХ спй▌Е█╡ ▀Сси▒ со╣сБЩa спй▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е тж╣╙╣со╣ р╝К тв╜р╕нсоЭр▓╜█╡ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜спХ сЗйaтАлтж╣▄ЖтАмр╗С р╝ЙреБ р╝Ктв╜a тж╣╙╣со╣ сЬ╜сЬЕтЦ╜соЭр▓╜ спХ р╡ЙсиХс▓Щ спХтзкрб╣сиХсзЭр╕нспХ ╟Ос▒╜сФНтлнсо╣ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜спХ aтАл▌Етж╣▄ЖтАм█╡ ├дспХ▌Е ╔Щ р▒Н╙╣ )-1со╣ спХр▒Нтж╜ сЗесХ╛┼Э тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣со╣ ─С┼Эa р╝Йрв▒ ╔ос▒╢с▒вспХрпЭ┼Бр╕нсоб тзБ сЩ╣ сиз▌Е сЕЩ тАлр╛Щ╫ЭтАмсоб ▌Есон с░Жсое тШЦтж╣сйН )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмтакaр╖Э сЗесХ╛тзХ сЕХраер▓╛ тж╣─Б▌Е 6/ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜си▒сХ╜ с▒╜сЬ╜тж╜ 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ сййсЬ╜сжйсоб сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣ сР▒ сже тАл▄йтАмрпЭ с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмр╗жтк╢тж╣┼Б тШЦтзКс▒вспЩ сКес▒есое с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйб▌Е█╡ с▒▒си▒сХ╜ ╔ос▒╢с▒всоЭр▓╜ такaтзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е #FOTPO .FMBNFE 5SBO

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

6/ ─МтАл┌жтАм┼ЫрдГ╚З ╥Г─М╘┤ рде├А )-1со╣ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜█╡ .%(Tсо╣ с╡Эсл╡ с╡Эс▒╜сйб▐╣ сЕХ├Х ╞▒соВ сКй┼Есое ╒╣сиХсХ╜ .%(T си▒сХ╜ ▌Ер╡Йс╕б сжлсж╣▐╣ тк╣─Ю сБ░ с▓Б▐╡ ╔Щр╕Н┼Б ├СсГе╒нсЬЕскб zсоб с╡Эс▒╜си▒ тАлраж тзХ▌бтАмр╕Юс▒в р╝Ктв╜р╖Э с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйб▌Е█╡ с▒▒си▒сХ╜ сЕХ▌Е тбН┼ес▒вспЩ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜р▓╜со╣ р╝ЙсЬЦсое wтЗ╡сий▌Е ┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е ,FOOZ B -BXTPO 3FNFS )-1 сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜█╡ }сБ╜с░Нсм▒со╣ сз▓с▒вспЩ тКВр╗Хсое ╒╣сиХсХ╜ с╕йс▒вспЩ тКВр╗Х╩нс╕брае тиЖсФв сЬ╜тФЕ┼Бсп▒ тж╣сйбсоЭр╗С с▒╢сЗбр╖Э тбНтзЙтж╣сйН сЬ╜сБЭсФНтлнскб сБЭeсЗбр╛Щ┼Э zсоб ▌Есз▓тж╜ с╡ЭтДХ со╣ со╣─Нсое сЩ╣р▓Хтж╜ р╝Ктв╜рпЭ█╡ ▀Сси▒ тУС со╣сБЩa спй▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е (SFFO BOE )BMF ╙╣сжеa )-1a с▒╜сЬ╜тж╜ сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйсоб ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜скб ╟ОaсДе р╝К тв╜со╣ спХс╡▓╟Нс│Сс▒в с▒▓╔ЭсГ╢ 5XP 5SBDL "QQSPBDI сое тШЦтзХ р╝ЙреБ ╟Оaскб с╕бсйОсо╣ р╣ЖрпЮ си▒ р╕┐█╡ р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ с▒всмКтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ }сБ╜рб╣сий▌Е█╡ р╗Хси▒сХ╜ ╩Сс│Хсо╣ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜сЕХ▌Е с╕есЕХрб╣сий▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е #FOTPO тЬЪтпй )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜█╡ ▀СспХтЦС тйвр╗жсое vс│Стж╣сйб█╡▀С спХр╖Э тШЦтзХ с▒╢сЕХси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс▒▓╔Э сЦТ сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ тЪНр╗жсЦТ┼Э тВжр╛ХсЦТспХ vтк╡рвБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е█╡ с▒▒си▒сХ╜ р╣ЕсмС ╔ос▒╢с▒вспХрпЭ тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е 0/& $BNQBJHO 1BMNFS ╙╣сжеa ▀СспХтЦС тйвр╗жсоб ├СсГе╒н сЬЕр╖Э vтк╡тж╣сйН ├СсГе╒нсЬЕ ┼бр▓Й сййсЬ╜р╝Ктв╜спЩ (PBM со╣ тАл▌НтАмсЦТсое снетж╜ с│мсоб спХтзксЩ╣ ▌ЙспХ рвБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е█╡ такaспХ▌Е 5SBOTQBSFODZ *OUFSOBUJPOBM ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ спХр▒Нтж╜ ╔ос▒╢с▒в такaскб█╡ ▌Ер╖Х├н )-1 сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмспЭсЗб сЗбс▒╢ с▒вспЩ сЬ╜bрае с│Хс░Нтж╜▌Е сКер▓╛ )-1a ▌Есз▓тж╜ ╔бр▓╜сГн со╣с▒╜р╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ р╝Ктв╜ с▒╜сЬ╜си▒ █╡ сЦТ┼Цтж╣сйбсоЭ╙╣ тйесЭЕс▒всоЭр▓╜ ╔Щ р╝Ктв╜реЕсое rсиХриЬ├нs спХтзктзХсзЭ тзБс╕бси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм┼Бр▓Е a тзЙ╠╣ спХр╡ЙсиХс╕бс╕б р╝Ьтж╣сйб▌Е█╡ с▒▒спХ сжесЫНсмбсоЭр▓╜ ╘Й█╡▌Е #FOTPO ,FOOZ B .PSEFO с╖к спХтзкaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜р▓╜ }сБ╜рб╣сийсое ржн с╕ес▒╢ ╔Щ со╣сБЩa спй▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй█╡ ├дспХ▌Е ╔Щр╕Н┼Б } р╝Ктв╜ с╡▓ rтакреТs┼Э rспЩ╟нsсое ражр╕Ю рб╜ р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣с╕б сжлсж╣▌Е█╡ сКетЭ▒рае с▒вс╕б сжл▌Е такреТсо╣ ─ЮсмС сКер▓╛ )-1со╣ } сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜си▒ такреТсо╣ }╓▒спХ сБ╣сйврб╣╩С█╡ тж╣сйбсоЭ╙╣ ╔Щра║сжй ╟Ос▒╜сФНтлнсо╣ ╩Х тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣р╖Э рансжесЕХсж╣сое ржн такреТсое ражр╕Юс▒вспЩ р╝Ктв╜р▓╜ vс│Стж╜ с▒▒┼Э█╡ сФвсБ╣рб╣█╡ ─С┼ЭрпЭ тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е█╡ ├дспХ▌Е "$03% #FOTPO (SFFO BOE )BMF .FMBNFE 0YGBN *OUFSOBUJPOB 5SBO

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

╙╣сжеa rсКй┼ЕsспХрпЭ█╡ }╓▒ сп▒тДХa сЩ╣спж сЕХ├Х ╞▒соВ┼Э zспХ ╟НсЬ╜тАл▌бтАмс▒в тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣си▒ ╔ЩтК╣ █╡ сБ╜сФвспХр╗С сБЩрп╣ сФНтлн█╡ rсЕЦс╕б XFMMCFJOH sси▒ тАл тзХ▌бтАмтЕйс▒▒сое рв▒сиХсзЭ тж╜▌Е спХр▒Нтж╜ ┼бс▒▒си▒сХ╜ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜█╡ сКй┼ЕтЩХтК╣р╖Э (PBM р▓╜ с▒╜сЬ╜тзЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ сФЧсо╣ с╕йсое тиЖсФвсЬ╜ тФЕ█╡ сБЩрп╣с╕бтиЖс▒в ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ сЦЕс▒╢си▒ спйсиХсХ╜█╡ сЭЕтЮЙтж╣сйб▌Е тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е (SFFO BOE )BMF ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ спХр▒Нтж╜ сКетЭ▒соб )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜a с╕бсЧоaтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜сое vс│С тж╜ р╗Хсое e┼Этж╜ ─ЮтиЖспХ спй▌Е р╝Ктв╜ HPBMT скб ┼бр▓Йрб╜ снескб zсоб сКетЭ▒┼Э тзЙ╠╣ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ UBSHFUT си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсКетЭ▒спХ спХсиХс▓н█╡▀С тЬЪтпй rс▒втзКтж╜ с╕бтв╜тк╡р╖Э снетзХ р╝Ктв╜тК╣си▒ тАлтЗ╡ тж╜▌бтАмaс▒вспЩ ╩СсЪБс▒в сЗесХ╛ сп▓сиж тжесл╡sрпЭ█╡ bс╡Э сое с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣сйб▌Е█╡ с▒▒си▒сХ╜ тКВс▒╢aтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜сЩ╣р╕ЮспХрпЭ█╡ со╣сБЩ си▒сХ╜█╡ сЭЕтЮЙтж╣сйб▌Е┼Б такaрб╣┼Б спй▌Е тЬЪтпй (PBM со╣ р╝ЙреБ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ сБ░ ╔Щ слЩ ▌ЕсЩ╣со╣ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜a bс╡Э ┼Э тзЙ╠╣ с▒╜сЬ╜рвЙсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ тиЖтме спХ р╝Ктв╜ сп▒тДХa спХтмесо╣ с▒╢ сЗбe тй▓со╣┼Эс▒╢си▒сХ╜ тКВс▒╢ сЗйaтАл▌Етж╣▄ЖтАм█╡ спХсоБр▓╜ с▒╜слЩрвБ aтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТспХ спй▌Е ╙╣сжеa (PBM со╣ р╝ЙреБ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜скб (PBM со╣ сЦЩсЗбр╝Ктв╜ B C Gр╖Э тбНтзЙтж╜ ▌ЕсЩ╣со╣ сЦЩ сЗбр╝Ктв╜си▒сХ╜ сЩ╣р░ктк╡ рб╜ р╝Ктв╜тК╣a с▒╜сЬ╜рб╣с╕б сжлсонсоЭр▓╜сЯЙ сиХ█▒ с▒╢раесо╣ сЦТ┼Эр╖Э р╝Ктв╜ тАл▌НтАмсЦТсоЭр▓╜ такaтзБ сЩ╣ спй█╡с╕бa сЗйсЗер╗жтж╣сйН спХ сйОсЬ╜ с▒╢сЗбe тй▓со╣┼Эс▒╢си▒сХ╜ с▒╜слЩрвБ aтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТсое сВСс▒╜тзБ сЩ╣ сиз▌Е ,FOOZ C р╕йс╕бр╕ксоЭр▓╜ спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣си▒сХ╜ vс│Стж╣┼Б спй█╡ сФйр▓╜смХ ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОспХ .%(T (PBM со╣ сЭЕтЮЙр╖Э сБ╣сЕЦтж╣с╕б сжлраер▓╛ с╕ес▒╢тж╜ rсФйр▓╜смХs тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОспХ рвБ сЩ╣ спй█▒╘▒си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсмСр▓Есо╣ р╝КсЧнр╕Нрае с▒вс╕б сжл▌Е ,FOOZ C сййр╖Э реЕсиХ }сБ╜с╡ЭтДХр▓╜сХ╜со╣ сБЭeсЗбр╛Щсое тбНтзЙтж╣█╡ ▀Сси▒ спйсиХсХ╜ спХспЦсое тЗ╡╟Нтж╣█╡ сБЭeсЗбр╛ЩспХ с▒╢со╣скб тй╢таксЦТ сое ┼Бр▓Етж╜ сЦТс░Жси▒ сиХриЬ├н ╩СсйНтзБс╕бси▒ тАлтИК тж╜▌бтАмсЗетж╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣a тжесл╡тж╣▌Е█╡ с╕бс▒вспХ▌Е ра║сЬ╜си▒ )-1 сЕХ┼БсХ╜a сп▒соБсЬ╜с░Ж┼Э сБЭeсЗбр╛Щсо╣ }сБ╜си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмс░Нсм▒сое ╒йр╛Х vс│Стж╜ ╙╣р║Щс╕б с▒етШЦс▒вспЩ см▒с│Сскбсо╣ ╔Бтй╢сое с│Стк╡р│О├н с▒╜сЬ╜тж╣с╕б р╝Ьтж╣сйб▌Е█╡ тж╜─еa спй▌Е █╡ сКетЭ▒рае спй▌Е 4PDJBM 8BUDI сЕЩ с░Жси▒сХ╜ сФХтаХсЕЩ сБ╡скб zспХ )-1со╣ 1PTU сййсЬ╜с▒в р╝Ктв╜сжйсоб тАл▌бтАмтДХс▒всоЭр▓╜ ╔ос▒╢с▒вспЩ такaр╖Э сБ╝┼Б спй█╡ сБ╣р╗Х сЦЩсЗбс▒вспЩ р╗Хси▒сХ╜ тЗ╡aс▒всоЭр▓╜ сЭНраеспй█╡ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣a спХр╡ЙсиХс▓ЩсзЭ тзБ ├дсоЭр▓╜ сЕХспЩ▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ тиЖтме с╕етзкрвБ с▒╢сЗбe тй▓со╣ сБ░ 1PTU спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣си▒сХ╜ b р╝Ктв╜со╣ спХтзкaтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТ тКВс▒╢aтАл▄ЖтАмсЦТ с▒╢тК╣т░Т─Юс▒╜с▒в сФвтлК реТсое ┼Бр▓Етж╜ тйесЭЕс▒в тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣a спХр╡ЙсиХс╕й сЩ╣ спйсоес╕бси▒ ┼бсЭНспХ р╝Йсжес╕б┼Б спй▌Е

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}сБ╜тй▓р▓Ж с▒╢тВж┼Э спХсЫй ткЩ

1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУНскб 6/ ┼Бсне╔ктЮЙ╒▒ сЕХ┼БсХ╜

ре│рж│ 1PTU ├Т╤МтАл █Ж▄Г█ЖтАм╤МтАл █╗тАм╤Уре│ сЕЩ сйС╟Н█╡ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜р╖Э снетж╜ )-1 тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣┼Эс▒╢┼Э сЕХ┼БсХ╜ ╘ХсмК ╔Щр╕Н┼Б ╔Щси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмтакa╘ХсмКсое сЗесХ╛тж╣сйб▌Е спХр╖Э тШЦтзХ смСр╕Н█╡ 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜сЩ╣р╕Ю сР▒ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ спХтзк┼Э р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАмр╕в сйОсЬ╜ с╡▓сл╡тж╜ ┼Эс▒╜рпЭ█╡ ├дсое сжн сЩ╣ спйсий▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ р╛Х сиисЕХ▌Ерае спХр▒Нтж╜ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖспХ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣си▒ ╔ЩтК╣█╡ ├дспХ сжетАл▄йтАмрпЭ сЭЕс╕йс▒всоЭр▓╜ тмЙ┼Эс▒всоЭр▓╜ спХ тзкрб╣╩С снетзХсХ╜█╡ b ╟Оaсо╣ }сБ╜─етло сБ░ с▒ер░Ц /BUJPOBM %FWFMPQNFOU 1MBO BOE 4USBUFHZ спХ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜скб тШЦтзКрвБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ с▒╢тВжс▒вспЩ тАл╫ЩтАмр▓ЖспХ тзЙ╠╣ спХр╡ЙсиХс▓ЩсзЭ тзБ ├дспХ▌Е ▌ЕсЬ╜ р╕▒тзХ 1PTU }сБ╜ р╝Ктв╜со╣ спХтзксое ╟ОaтВЙсм▒си▒сХ╜ с╕бс╕бтж╣╩С снетж╜ с▒╢тК╣с▒в тНЙсЦЭсХ╜сЬЕ ╟НтЗ╢спХ тжесл╡тж╣▌Е█╡ ├дспХ▌Е спХ█╡ ╟Ос▒╜с▒вспЩ тВжр╛ХсЦТ с▒╜┼Бр╖Э снетзХсХ╜рае с╡▓сл╡тж╣▌Е┼Б тзБ сЩ╣ спй▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ 6/соб ╓е см╡ спЭр▓╜ ─етлорб╜ r6/ тЕ╛тлн .%(T тЬЪсДесЦЩсЦ╣sси▒сХ╜ ╟Ос▒╜ сФНтлнсо╣ спЭсм▒спЩ b ╟ОaреЕспХ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜си▒ тАлтЖ╜ тж╜▌бтАмс│ж тзКсо╣си▒ тАлтк╢ тзХ▌бтАмсЭЕ тж╣├н ра║тВЩтзБ сЩ╣ спйраер▓╛ тзБ сййс▒╢спХ▌Е спХскб ра║сЬ╜си▒ ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜ сЩ╣р╕Ю┼Э ┼бр▓Йтж╣сйН 3JP тлнсо╣р╖Э тШЦтзХ сЦЕр╕Юрб╜ сйХр╕Ссп▓сижсБ╣ 0QFO 8PSLJOH (SPVQ спХ ╓е 6/ тЕ╛тлнси▒ с╕бсЧоaтАл тж╜▄ЖтАмр╝Ктв╜ 4%(Tскб ╟НсЗерб╣█╡ спЭсБ╣с▒вспЩ TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU HPBMTр╖Э со╣сБЩ си▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАм╟н┼Бр╛Щсое рй▒ ▌Ер╖Щ 6/ сп▓сижсБ╣ 6/ XPSLJOH HSPVQ соб с╕бсЧо aтАл} тж╜▄ЖтАмсБ╜сое снетж╜ }сБ╜с░Нсм▒ ┼бр▓Й сЕХ┼БсХ╜р╖Э сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Жси▒├н с▒╜тЗ╜тж╣┼Б сФНр╛ХтЕ╛с░Ж соб спХр╖Э ╓е 6/ тЕ╛тлнсо╣ r.%(T сБ░ 1PTU }сБ╜со╣с▒╜ сЦЩсЦ╣sси▒ с▒╜тЗ╜тзБ сйй с▒╢спХ▌Е спХр▒Нтж╜ ┼Эс▒╢ спХтме ╓е .%(Tси▒ тАлтЖ╜ тж╜▌бтАмс│жтакaскб тзЙ╠╣ сФйр▓╜смХ 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜си▒ тАлтЖ╜ тж╜▌бтАмс│жтзКсо╣a спХр╡ЙсиХс╕й ├дспХ▌Е ╔Щр▒Н╙╣ ┼ЭсйС 1PTU ╔бр▓╜сГн р╝Ктв╜со╣ спХтзк сЬ╜сп▓сое ╓е см╡р▓╜ тзБ ├дспЩс╕б сжетАл▄йтАмр╗Х 6/ тЕ╛ тлнa спй█╡ см╡ спХтмер▓╜ тзБ ├дспЩс╕бси▒ тАлтзХ▌бтАмсХ╜█╡ сжес╕в рл╜р▓Штж╜ ─етлоспХ с▒╜сЬ╜рб╣с╕б сжл сж╣▌Е тж╜таЩ 6/%1р╖Э с╡▓сЭНсоЭр▓╜ 1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУН спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣ сБ░ р╝ЙтАлтЦС▄йтАм р╕вси▒ тАл тж╜▌бтАмсДераесо╣ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣с▒йтВЙa сЬ╜сп▓рвБ сййс▒╢спЩ▀С спХ█╡ сЗбсФС ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсое ╩СсБ╣соЭр▓╜ спХр╡ЙсиХс╕й сййс▒╢спХ▌Е ржСрпЭсХ╜ )-1 тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣┼Эс▒╢си▒сХ╜ с╕бсЧос▒всоЭр▓╜ тАл╫ЭтАмсо╣рб╜ сЗб сФС ╔бр▓╜сГн тЭнтЬЩ╒йсЭОсо╣ р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣сое 1PTU }сБ╜ теер▒йспесмнтУН спХтзк сое снетж╜ ра║ р▓ЖсоЭр▓╜ сФНсмКтж╣р▓Е█╡ ├дспХ▌Е спХр╖Э снетзХ 6/%1 сЕЩсЗбскб слЩ╞▒сЗб ┼Цра║с╡ЭтЖ╜со╣ тНЙтЯЭр▒С сЬЕ тй╢тФ╜р▓╜ ╓е см╡ спЭ спХтзк р║╡тНЕтАл▄йтАмс╖╣ с▒йтВЙсо╣ сЬ╜сп▓тзксФН LJDL PGG a тж╜╟Оси▒

18

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༊‍ٽ‏Л༜ UN (2013). A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development. The Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. New York, United Nations. UN HLP (2013a). CommuniquĂŠ: Meeting of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda in Monrovia, Liberia. Draft. 1 February 2013. _________ (2013b). CommuniquĂŠ: Meeting of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda in Bali, Indonesia. Draft. 27 March 2013. UNDP (2012). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012. New York, United Nations.

ŇƒĘŞŰ™Î’ "$03% 1SFTT 3FMFBTF "$03% 3FTQPOET UP )-1 3FQPSU PO 1PTU "HFOEB . Published on 3 June 2013. Available at: http://www.acordinternational.org/our-work/ post--2015-process/press-release-acordresponds-to-hlp-report-on-post2015-agenda/ [Accessed: 10 June 2013]

Benson, E. (2013). "New International Development Goals: Score or Miss?" International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Published on 5 June 2013. Available at: http://www.iied.org/new-internationaldevelopment-goals-score-or-miss [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Green, D. and S. Hale (2013). "How Can Global Goals Lead to Lasting Change at a National Level?" The Guardian. Published on 31 May 2013. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/ poverty-matters/2013/may/31/global-goalslasting-change-national-level [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Kenny, C. (2013a). "The High Level Panel Report: First Reactions". Center for Global Development (CGD). Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.cgdev.org/blog/high-level-panelreport-first-reactions [Accessed: 10 June 2013] _________ (2013b). "The (Old) Panel and the MDGs: Post-2015 Development". Center for Global Development (CGD). Published on 3 June 2013. Available at: http://international.cgdev.org/blog/old-paneland-mdgs-post-2015-development [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Lawson-Remer, T. (2013). "Thoughts on the Un High-Level Panel's Post-2015 Report". Devex.

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1PTU }á ˝ ⼼๊᯼Ꮽâ“?᪥ 6/ Š᭼ɪ➉չ á…•Ĺ á•˝

Published on 7 June 2013. Available at: https://www.devex.com/en/news/thoughts-onthe-un-high-level-panel-s-post-2015/81140 [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Melamed, C. (2013). "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly in the Long-Awaited UN Development Report". The Guardian. Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/ poverty-matters/2013/may/30/un-developmentreport [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Morden, J. (2013). "UN Panel's Post-2015 Goals: 'Promising Start' or 'Lacking a Roadmap'?" Devex. Published on 31 May 2013. Available at: https://www.devex.com/en/news/un-panel-spost-2015-goals/81099 [Accessed: 10 June 2013] ONE Campaign (2013). ONE Welcomes UN Vision for Post-2015 Development Goals. Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.one.org/us/press/one-welcomes-unvision-for-post-2015-development-goals/ [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Oxfam International (2013). Global Leaders Shirk Responsibility to Tackle Global Inequality Crisis. Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/ pressrelease/2013-05-30/global-leaders-shirkresponsibility-tackle-global-inequality-crisis

[Accessed: 10 June 2013] Palmer, A. (2013). "Leading Transparency Campaigners Welcome UN Development Report". Development Initiatives. Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.devinit.org/transparencycampaigners-welcome-un-report [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Social Watch (2013). "Bangladesh Right Groups Criticized UN HLP Report on Post-2015 Development Agenda". Published on 4 June 2013. Available at: http://www.socialwatch.org/ node/16013 [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Tran, M. (2013). "New UN Goals Call for End to Extreme Poverty by 2030". The Guardian. Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/globaldevelopment/2013/may/30/un-end-extremepoverty-2030-goals [Accessed: 10 June 2013] Transparency International (2013). "Transparency International Welcomes Good Governance Goal Proposed by New United Nations Report". Published on 30 May 2013. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/ transparency_international_welcomes_good_ governance_goal_proposed_by_new_un [Accessed: 10 June 2013]

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