...resilience through landscape and architecture... iroha ito
m.arch. fall 2014. thesis. cornell university aap
...resilience through landscape and architecture... toyohashi, japan iroha ito m.arch. january 2015
thesis advisors :
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jeremy foster nahyun hwang
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statement :
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JAPAN’s urban and cultural history encountered a turning point in 2011, when a major earthquake & tsunami killed 15,889 people in Tohoku. Given the high risk of similar future catastrophes occurring along the country’s coast, my thesis focuses on the shoreline in Toyohashi City to explore how LANDSCAPE AND ARCHITECTURE might became a storyteller of past and future. Architectural design is not only a medium that articulates territory and human activity; it can also mediate ways of living with the actual forces of nature landscapes and architectural interventions nurturing the cultural and productive value of this territory before and after anticipated tsunami catalyze a SUBLIME AWARENESS.
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architecture? infrastructure? landscape...? 3.11.2011 magnitude 9.0 tohoku earthquake and tsunami destroyed cities, communities, architecture, and lives.
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http://www.hungrycactus.com/2013/02/13/japan-ishinomaki-part-2/
http://agnesngoy.blogspot.com/2014/10/case-study-2011-tohoku-earthquake.html
http://imgkid.com/earthquake-images-before-and-after.shtml
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2011 - 2014
3.15.2011.
8.30.2012.
2.14.2014.
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/japanese-tsunami-years-gallery-1.1714106?pmSlide=1.1714091
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Now, three years after the Tohoku earthquakes and subsequent tsunami on 3.11.2011., we must ask what ‘possibilities’ can architects offer the region. After the 3.11, not only the meaning of ‘home’ but also urbanism in Japan has come to realize the necessity of reconfiguring the relationship between independent architectural objects and its surrounding context. Neither home without a community nor a community without home exist. In the 2012 Venice biennale, Toyo Ito, a curator of the Japanese Pavilion, with a collaboration of three other emerging Japanese architects, projected their answers to the fundamental questions onto “Architecture. Possible here? Homefor-all”, a project for the tsunami survivors of Rikuzentakada who lost their homes in 2011. A series of process models that filled the exhibition room provoked architectural struggles for the irresistible power of nature and refusal to surrender. Each model challenged to respond to endless humanitarian questions. While architects seek a potential to heal the survivors’ emotions and to collect their memories by implementing a work, the government has brought a controversial plan of creating a ‘theme park’ in Tohoku to exhibit post-catastrophe artifacts. What might it mean to craft an effective history of a transitory place? Japan needs to transform its architecture and urban formation to enhance a fluid infrastructural system physically and immaterially that could stimulate communities to be proactive and reactive in response to catastrophic events in the near or distant future.
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“In climate change discourse the concept of anticipatory adaptation has emerged to refer to proactive strategies for preparing communities for future change. This paper makes a proposal for what might be called ANTICIPATORY HISTORY. At designated heritage sites prevailing QDUUDWLYHV WHQG WR SURMHFW ORQJ WHUP FRQVHUYDWLRQ LQGH¿QLWHO\ IRUZDUG into the future. These narrative formulations fall short when confronted with the impending transformation, or even disappearance, of landscapes and artefacts of cultural heritage – a process that is likely to become increasingly common with the acceleration of environmental change in coastal and other contexts. Might it be possible to experiment with other ways of storying landscape, framing histories around movement rather than stasis, and drawing connections between past dynamism and future process? At the core of this paper is an experimental narration of the history of a Cornish harbour. The narrative presents a reverse chronology of moments gleaned from diverse sources ranging over three centuries, ORRNLQJ WR D IUDFWXUHG ODQGVFDSH SDVW WR ¿QG UHVRXUFHV IRU HQFRXQWHULQJ a future unmaking.” - Making sense of transience: an anticipatory history, Caitlin DeSilvey
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How can a city and a region find a balanced relationship for the new social form of proactive and reactive architecture in Japan today, to prepare for future catastrophic events? Japan has encountered a significant TURNING POINT IN ITS URBAN AND CULTURAL HISTORY more than ever before. Recent catastrophes had lead Japanese today to become conscious for primitive living elements of life: clothing, eating and sheltering, things that are real: visible and tangible. This phenomenon has strengthened appreciation for once forgotten regional identities in its economical consumptions and cultural characteristics. Lives in Japan are inseparable from nature. Both soft and hard urban infrastructures, psychological and physical, desire to re-adapt to the human activities within the nature-sensitive nation today.
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manifesto, 1972 + 2012:
kakuei tanaka, politician, former prime minister of japan (1970s) kakuei oversaw the most dynamic period in Japan’s postwar economic development in the late 60s through 70s. the book, Building a New Japan - Remodeling the Japan’s Archipelagos, discusses the future of Japan’s infrastructural expansions and participations of communities through the physical networks.
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ryuji fujimura, ‘social architect’, professor infrastructure that developed in the 70s during the Japan’s highest economic growth in history is proven to be no longer responsive and beneficial for the contemporary society after the 3/11/2011 Tohoku Earthquakes and Tsunami. Ryuji seeks resilient social systems and structures that closely tie local communities and central government together. as a ‘social architect’, his architectural works and activities are organized in a interdisciplinary manner.
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social-historical chart:
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site of the past, present and future: 1: ishinomaki city, miyagi prefecture 2: tokyo 3: toyohashi city, aichi prefecture
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1: ishinomaki city, learning from the past (3/11/2011)
epicenter
x
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kitakami area
areas affected by tsunami
90 % of the city center was damaged by tsunami, that was 13% of the city of ishinomaki.
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ishinomaki city had the biggest damage from the tohoku 3.11 earthquakes + tsunami in 2011. for 3 years, the city has been reconstructing/recovering the land and communities.
08/06/2014 hiyori mt. park
Ishinomaki coast has finally been cleaned after 3 years of moving tsunami wastes.
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08/07/2014 kamiwari misaki
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the shelters were first placed for about 500 hundred people evacuated from the communities down the nikkori hill. there are still 433 people residing in 178 shelter units on site (August 2014).
08/07/2014 nikkori sun park emergency shelters
emergency shelters built on the kitakami junior high school’s field
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08/07/2014 nikkori sun park emergency shelters, alley space
generic shelter units utilized uniquely by each user/family
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besides residential shelters, the site provides two communal shelters: one accommodates volunteers from outside, the other hold residing elderies’ daily gatherings.
08/07/2014 communal shelter, guest room
one unit : AC, sink and closet. max occupancy is four people.
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08/08/2014 communal shelter for events
08/10/2014 communal space for story-telling for volunteers/visitors
recreational summer events for children in the nikkori emergency shelters with volunteers from tokyo
story-telling event in a communal shelter with a-day volunteering students from aichi
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kitakami regionin the ishinomaki city contains thirteen shores/communities. most of them were washed away and have not recovered from the damage for the past three years. the aikawa shore, relatively larger community of all started hosting communal historical events to bring thirteen communities together.
08/09/2014 aikawa shore
tsunami damaged the community of aikawa terribly. neighbor communities support its recovery
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08/09/2014 tsuri-ishi shrine
10 meters
the tsuri-ishi shrine, well respected in the neighbors, survived after a ten-meter high tsunami devastation.
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2: tokyo, locating issues in the present the city contains a full of historical marks of revolutionary movements in the society and in its architecture. for the past 70 years, tokyo has orchestrated the rest of regions in japan with its centralized infrastructure, energy resources, and communication systems. when the 2011 tohoku catastrophe occurred, the ‘life line’ became chaotic.
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06/25/2014 odd juxtapositions of built environment create an urban respite.
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the city of tokyo is where thinkers and innovators gather. my short stay in tokyo provided me resources for active masterplanning of tohoku areas as well as creative ideas for the next resilient cities.
06/19/2014 alley in tokyo
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06/23/2014 roppongi hills, new center of tokyo
06/26/2014 program insertion to the infrastructure
06/--/2014 physical coexistence of past, present and future
the capsule tower suggests the cruel present of how different ‘the future’ that metabolists envisioned decades ago... one of the tohoku revitalization master plans suggests distributed supply network system as well as restricted zoning strategies...pecha kucha roppongi event is held every monday early morning to inspire employees in other buildings; different professions interact and exchange ideas through the innovative topics being presented on a stage.
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3: toyohashi city, preparing for the future
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07/18/2014 old local business within central station area of toyohashi city.
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toyohashi city master plan in 1946 over 60% of the city was damaged by the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake (magnitude 8.1) and the 1945 Toyohashi Air Raid. the city center and communities especially around the main rail had to be reconstructed immediately. development of CANAL SYSTEM and FISH FARMING fields followed after the reconstructions of infrastructure.
area of interest
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source: cornell library map room
land classification map of aichi prefecture in 1972
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toyohashi city
area of interest
landfill
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zoning plan of toyohashi city in 2010 (the latest as of 2014)
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source: toyohashi city government
area of interest
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documenting the shore area of the city of toyohashi by bicycle. the concrete walls, mostly six meters high, shut out the views and human activities. the heritage communities almost disappear, but the mid-aged embankment left un-used.
08/22/2014 kiyosu cho embankment
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08/22/2014 kiyosu cho embankment and park
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08/22/2014 yoshizaki cho canal and embankment
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08/22/2014 jinno nishimachi canal and industrial port
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08/22/2014 the tokai do ( main interstate) and the toyokawa river
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08/22/2014 the yoshida castle and the toyokawa river
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site analysis + findings:
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possible earthquakes (greater than Magnitude 8) in the next 30 years:
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history of the Nankai Earthquakes:
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aichi prefecture : toyohashi city + its proximity Nagoya : the 3rd biggest city of Japan. central hub to connect Tokyo and Osaka. Toyota : automobile company, Toyota’s home land. car industry oriented city. Toyohashi : entrance for car trades. car industry takes place in the shore. energy resources from solar radiation and wind power.
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the mikawa bay
mikawa bay
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Gamagori : Population = 82,000 (1,440 / km2)
Toyokawa : Population = 180,000 (1,130 / km2)
3 km
1 km
1 km
1 km
Tahara : Population = 64,000 (338 / km2)
TOYOHASHI : Population = 380,000 (1,470 / km2)
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land transformation:
19th century
early 20th century
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mid-late 20th century
2014
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history of tsunami damages:
1498
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1707
1854
1855 - 1946
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ritual marks as storytellers of catastrophe: temples, shrines and memorial marks
shrine/temple damaged by tsunami (location undefined) tsunami memorial landmarks
tsunami memorial landmarks/ temples after 16th century
shrine/temple damaged by tsunami
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tsunami hazard map (2014):
anticipated tsunami damage zones
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infrastructure:
tram (1925~) toyohashi station (1888~)
planned road
light railway (1924~)
inland transportation system toyokawa city
gamagori city
toyohashi city
tahara city
local centers
existing embankment
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landfills:
landfills after 1960s
man made
natural
edges
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industrial ports + city centers: the mikawa port first opened in 1959. it is the biggest car trading port in Japan (profit + numbers of car).
ports + industrial lands
domestic international - China - S. Korea - Russia
trading
export : car 97%
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toyota. suzuki. mitsubishi.
import : car 44%
volkswagen. audi. volvo. porsche. bentley. ford. lamborghini. fiat. chrysler. alfa romeo. peugeot. citroen.
ports and juxtaposed program:
shipping container terminal
trade tariff ship yard toyota factories (1979~)
ports + industry recreation deck amusement park waterfront park
parks
ports + parks
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fishing:
fishing ports + city/local centers
clam+seaweed farming
bottom trawling
eel farming
seaweed farming
fishing territories
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land use:
farm
residence
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sectional analysis
mikawa bay
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transect A : tahara city
A 76
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transect B : toyohashi city
B
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transect C : gamagori city
C
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fish farming history in toyohashi city:
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eel
carassios
flathead gray mullet
goldfish
koi fish
pond loach 83
toyohashi as fish farming testing ground (1922): 06.27.1922 article on the national newspaper about opening fish farming facilities in toyohashi to experiment multiple farming techniques. fish for experiment : koi fush eel flathead gray mullet pond loach carassios goldfish
http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=10084112&TYPE=IMAGE_FILE&POS=1
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seaweed farming started in 1853:
http://www.tcp-ip.or.jp/~ishida96/ih-aichi/isan_wo_aruku/1996/1996-06_nori_seisanyougu.html
seaweed farming in 1961
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development of the landfills:
car industories + energy resources in gamagori, toyohashi + tahara regions
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1 2
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1 : toyohashi - gamagori shore
2005
2012
2013
2014
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https://www.google.com/earth/
mikawa rinkai park, ‘japan archipelagos’ the park has replicated collective features from each regions in Japan. the wholeness of the collection in the park aims to create a complete sense of cultural experiences throughout Japan’s archipelagos. the park is not recognized often by the locals. the great potential for public opportunities is left untouched here.
kaiyo junior high school (private male-only school) funded by : toyota automobiles, tokai transportation authority + chubu electric
kaiyo yacht harbor (1993~) funded by : toyota automobiles
amusement park, ‘laguna gamagori’ funded by : toyota automobiles (2001~2011) h.i.s. (2013~)
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2 : tahara - toyohashi shore
2003
2010
2012
2013
2014
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https://www.google.com/earth/
toyota automobile tahara plant the factory is built in 1979 for the company’s expanding marketing in the world. vehicle parts are assembled here. also, engines are manufactured on the site.
toyohashi shipyard since its emergence in 1974, the ship yard supports toyota company’s trading domestically and internationally.
solor project in 2014 (completed) funded by mitsubishi corporation + toshiba
japan’s largest mega solar project funded by mitsubishi corporation + c-tech corporation the construction launches in 2014 (under construction)
japan’s largest mega solar project funded by mitsubishi corporation + c-tech corporation the construction will launch in 2015
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toyohashi city:
current conditions for catastrophes
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Toyohashi city
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shelters 1 70 places for temporal use
shelters 2 91 places for temporal use when S-1 exceeds the capacity
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0
1km
shelters 1 approximate distance of 10 - 20 minutes walking
shelters 1+2 accessibility for evacuators in S-1 to S-2
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shelter 3 7 parks reserved + equipped for major fire
shelter 4 temporal use for people affected by declining public transportations/limited traffic
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shelter 3 approximate distance of 10 - 20 minutes walking
5km Toyohashi Station
reconstruction activity centers reserved and equipped parks for cleaning +reconstructing post disaster site
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tsunami evacuation buildings buildings with a floor higher than 10 meters above sea level
tsunami hazard map approximate zone for tsunami ( 2 meters high) to damage in 1 hour or longer after earthquake(s)
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tsunami evacuation buildings approximate distance of 10 - 20 minutes walking
farm flat fields + topography of the city
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liquefaction 1 approximate damage from Tokai+Tonankai earthquakes
backflow of rivers rivers/canals with a possibility of tsunami damage
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liquefaction 2 approximate damage from Tokai earthquakes
2.1m 1.8m 3m
4m
3m
5m
history of tsunami+flood recorded tsunami heights and flooded zones
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4m
3m
1498 tsunami+flood tsunami heights and flooded zones
1.8m 3m
1854 tsunami+flood tsunami heights and flooded zones
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5m
1707 tsunami+flood tsunami heights and flooded zones
1960 tsunami
2.1m
landfills done in the 20th century
5m
tsunami+flood / past+future tsunami heights, flood(ed) zones, evacuation towers overlaid
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design proposals:
game plans in scales of : 1. mikawa coast line 2. coast of toyohashi city 3. transect in a region 4. region 5. architecture, pier
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programmatic development over time with catastrophic events
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1. mikawa coast line includes cities of : toyohashi tahara gamagori
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mikawa bay
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2014-2025:
existing communities by the mikawa shore are in risk of tsunami damage when anticipated magnitude 8 or larger earthquakes occur in next thirty years. the 1st phase of intervention is to relocate communities in risk to other existing residential areas. the dinsified residential area gains efficient communication network to the city center of toyohashi. new elevated service road is planned by the city government along the mikawa bay shore and is constructed to improve a flow of industrial resources carried to the mikawa port. this 10 meters high structure goes over the existing 6 meters tall embankment to function as a breakwater.
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2025-2035:
after relocation of the heritage communities, emptied land begins to transform to become productive and active landscape as well as to be resilient field for the future catastrophic events. aqua-cultural activities come back to the land again after its absence for almost a half century. elevated existing infrastructure is reinforced with a programmatic variation for an active transition between the new land and new communities.
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2035-2045:
as the last phase of design interventions, towers with a height of twenty meters or higher are constructed around the high risk tsunami areas. they serve as observation towers for visitors for the most time and become evacuation facilities for the neighbors when catastrophic event occurs.
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20xx (earthquakes + tsunami):
anticipated earthquake comes and tsunami follows. the past landscape and architectural interventions become active as a resistant force for the cruel force to spread the city of toyohashi. people evacuate to the towers which designed to fit in a distance of 20 minutes of walking from the high risk areas. the towers contains minimum supplies for evacuees, and provide signals for rescue and up-to-date information. anticipated tsunami zone takes the tsunami force as a design seed to develop the land. the land is sacrificial and productive simultaneously.
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one month after earthquakes + tsunami:
after the catastrophic event, evacuated communities come back, and partially flattened sacrificed lands begin hosting rescue facilities and volunteers from outside of the region. by becoming a ‘rescue hub’, the damaged areas constantly bring people into the land and give them an impression of ‘awareness’ of the event which becomes another new story to tell to younger generations.
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5-10 years after earthquakes + tsunami:
people, land and infrastructure return. rehabilitated land start to be ‘productive’ again. landform is altered to reinforce other vulnerable edges to respect and remain heritage communities to be prepared for another catastrophe in the next 100 years.
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2. toyohashi city coast
landscape design plan for shore line of toyohashi city
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growing sublime awareness through landscape over time:
2014
2025
2035
The existing site is mainly farmland without lively activities. Public interaction is absent not only from local communities but also from the city center. Residences exist as fragments in the farmland. Spacial transitions / logical sequences are poorly established.
Fragmented residences move toward city center to densify the central activities. Landscape of the shoreline becomes suggestive for the residential transformation by introducing useful public and productive fields: agriculture and aquaculture.
Suggestive transformation of the landscape continues. Mounds of soil creates new public opportunities as well as reduces damages from anticipated catastrophes. Subtraction of soil creates thresholds of aqua-activities for civilians.
tower
civic (recreation, parks)
heritage community/land
wetland/mudflat
tsunami history
agriculture
anticipated tsunami (2014)
aquaculture industry residence
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2045
20xx
Reclaimed public begins to be settled. North of the Toyohashi shore brings back the onceforgotten productive land with recreational activities. Observatory tower emerges for the communities and visitors to see the nurtured land. Industrial ground for car production and trades expands in the south part of Toyohashi shore.
In 20xx, the Nankai/Tonankai earthquakes occurs, and tsunami comes 40-60 minutes after the event. The power of tsunami, as it twines through the land of sublime awareness, is absorbed and disappears without reaching to the dense residential center. Observatory towers act as evacuation point for locals to wait for rescues if needed.
20xx + 5-10 years
The land begins to reclaim its program by adjusting its form with what the catastrophes touched. This formal collaboration leads new programmatic use of the land. It is not a recovery from the catastrophe but an evolution through it.
earthquakes + tsunami
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3. transects
two examples of design interventions : maeshiba area (north) + jinnoshinden area (west)
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1
maeshiba area
2
jinnoshinden area
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design elements, off-shore: re-constructing off shore. inserting natural habitation and breakwaters.
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design elements, inland: transformation of land over time
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designning process:
during the catastrophe:
build features in the land perpendicular to anticipated tsunami impact
tsunami power is fragmented by the features. soil moves and runs through the breakwater features.
after the catastrophe: design element and land alternation intertwine to create better public opportunities for the civilians.
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design elements:
mounds: not only for risk reduction, but for additional public platform to enhance various activities happening around it.
islands: function as breakwaters as well as public furniture. green surfaces integrated in the concrete structure suggests approachable settings between human interaction to the water.
trees: function as risk reduction for tsunami and wind damages. also their orientation suggests the evacuation route to inland.
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1946:
cornell library map room
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2014 ( google earth):
https://www.google.com/earth/
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1946: the city lost over 60 % of its land by catastrophes. this plan is to create a new/rehabilitated surface of toyohashi for human activities after the tragic events.
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1 2
1 2
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2014: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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2025: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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2035: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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2045: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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20xx: earthquakes + tsunami swipe the land of toyohashi. this event becomes catalysis for further evolutionary plan for a resilient landscape and culture.
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20xx
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20xx + 1 month: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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20xx + 5 years: civic ( recreation, parks)
wetland/mudflat
agriculture
aquaculture
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1 2
1 2
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4. region master plan for west Toyohashi (jinnoshinden area) in 2045
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master plan 2045:
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planning for 2045, resilient land:
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1946 : canal system developed. agriculture expanded.
freshwater + canals : wetland enhances public to water activities.
sea furniture : prevents big waves to damage inland.
bike path + elevated roads : circulation for bikers to interact with multiple program.
trees : trees for risk reduction + public opportunities
visual connection : ritual marks of old + new to maintain a sense of community
sea furniture : prevents big waves to damage inland.
bike path + elevated roads : circulation for bikers to interact with multiple program. 149
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5. pier, 2045.
architectural intervention toward 2045, before anticipated earthquakes, takes place at the boundary of the toyohashi shore and the water.
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SHRINE : the existing isato shrine is relocated onto a man-made hill and becomes a visual mark for distant communities and the city center. the introduced hill and the shrine suggest entrance gate to a heritage community. BRIDGE : the light structure of the bridge adds programmatic flexibility and visual expansion from the farm land to the shore. ELEVATED ROAD + BIKE PATH : 6-meter tall existing embankment is utilized as a bike path to engage lively activities on the pier. the service road that goes over the bike path brings better industrial flow to the automobile and the related industries developed in the south of the pier. Also it could reduce damages to the landscape from anticipated tsunami by breaking water and spreading enormous tsunami force.
THE PIER : clam catching deck, fishing pier, bicycle parking, green carpet and theater space... the pier orchestrates various program for both visitors and residents to reactivate the heritage community as well as to give opportunities for new public use.
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section:
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before sunrise:
shrine: ... remained to be a gate for the new community and a memorial for the already-migrated community.
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day time:
bridge: ... extends the entry path to culturally activated fields. light structure gradually elevates the animated atmosphere to the next gate.
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before sunset:
pier: ... after ascending the narrow light structure through a concrete tunnel, under a highway, of an embankment, pier welcomes visitors to the spacial boundary of man-made land and nature.
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site model: site plan for 2045 model scale : 1:2000
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pier model: pier design for 2045 model scale : 1:300 credit for making: mitsuto mori + roong vorasucha
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process
thoughts, sketches, books, articles, inspirations...
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photo by Yuriy Charnets
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Selected Bibliography :
Agrest, Diana. “Design versus Non-Design [1976],” in K. Michael Hays, ed., Architecture Theory Since 1968. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. 200-213. Print. Desilvey, Caitlin. “Making sense of transience: an anticipatory history.” Cultural Geographies 19 (1): 31-54. Print. Frampton, Kenneth. “Critical Regionalism: Modern Architecture and Cultural Identity.” Modern Architecture: A Critical History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. 314-27. Print. Fujimoto, Sou. Primitive Future. Tokyo: INAX, 2008. Print. Fujimura, Ryu. Akitekuto 2.0: 2011 Igo No Kenchikukazo : Fujimura Ryuji, Team Roundabout Intabyu-shu = Architect 2.0 : The Role and Image of Architect after 2011. Dai 1-han. ed. Tokyo: Shokokusha, 2011. Print. Ito, Toyo, Kumiko Inui, Sosuke Fujimoto, Akihisa Hirata, and Naoya Hatakeyama. Koko Ni, Kenchiku Wa, Kano Ka / Architecture: Possible Here? “home-for-all” / Toyo Ito, Kumiko Inui, Sou Fujimoto, Akihisa Hirata, Naoya Hatakeyama. Tokyo: TOTO, 2013. Print. Koolhaas, Rem, Hans-Ulrich Obrist, Kayoko Ota, and James Westcott. Project Japan: Metabolism Talks. Köln: TASCHEN GmbH, 2011. Print. Lefaivre, Liane, and Alexander Tzonis. “Critical Regionalism:A Facet of Modern Architecture since 1945.” Critical Regionalism: Architecture and Identity in a Globalized World. Munich: Prestel, 2003. 22-55. Print. Manaugh, Geoff. Landscape Futures: Instruments, Devices and Architectural Inventions. , 2013. Print. Miura, Atsushi, and Ryuji Fujimura. 3.11 Go No Kenchiku to Shakai Dezain. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 2011. Print. [English Title: “Architecture and Social Design after 3.11”]. Parry, Richard L. “Ghost of the Tsunami.” London Review of Books 36.3 (2014): 13-17. Print. Rossi, Aldo, Diane Yvonne. Ghirardo, Joan Ockman, and Peter Eisenman. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1982. Print. Stern, Robert A.M. “Urbanism Is about Human Life.” The State of Architecture at the Beginning of the 21st Century. By Bernard Tanaka, Kakuei. Building a New Japan; a Plan for Remodeling the Japanese Archipelago,. Tokyo: Simul, 1973. Print.
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acknowledgment :
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thesis advisors:
jeremy foster nahyun hwang thesis helpers :
mitsuto mori (m.arch. ’16) roong vorasucha (b.arch. ’20) tohoku volunteer coordinators :
yoko nishimura (parcic: n.g.o.) risa hikata (parcic) asahi kasei corporation :
mitsuhiko mori takahira ekino friends:
masatoshi tobe (kengo kuma and assosiates) ko kaon (univ. of tokyo) yutaka sho (syracuse univ.) ryosuke takahashi (m.la. ’16) and...
ian pica limbaseanu (b.arch. ’20) maddy eggers (b.arch. ’20) daniela mourad (b.arch. ’20)
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12.09.2014