Table 4.4 continued
Creative services as defined by UNCTAD
UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics 2009
Towards an evidence-based assessment of the creative economy
4
Labels
BPM6
EBOPS
BPM5
EBOPS
11.
Personal, cultural, and recreational services
10.
Personal, cultural, and recreational services
11.1
Audiovisual and related services
10.1
Audiovisual and related services
11.2
Other personal, cultural, and recreational services
10.2
Other personal, cultural, and recreational services
11.1.1
Audio-visual services
11.1.2
Artistic related services4
11.2.3
Heritage and recreational services5
Labels
2. Equipments and supporting materials
2. Related industry and services
8.
8.3
Licenses to reproduce and/or distribute computer software
7.
9.2
9.2.1
Computer services
9.2
9.2.2
Other computer services
7.1
Computer services (not included in CER08)
Source: UNCTAD, UNESCO (2009:39) Notes: 1. This category also includes other artistic and literary licenses, such as performing artists, authors, composers, sculptors, set designers, costume designers, lighting designers and others. 2. News agency services include the provision of news, photographs and feature articles to the media. 3. Includes library and archives services. 4. Includes other cultural services. 5. Recreational services are included in Code 11.2.3 (heritage and recreational services). 6. This category should include all cultural expenses made abroad for any type of travel (study, business or health). 7. This category was introduced in CER08 but did not aggregate in ‘All creative services’.
4.8.3 Lessons learned from the comparison study
In short, the result of this study as presented in table 4.1 provides an evidence-based comparative analysis for creative industries trade statistics. This analysis will be helpful for experts and policymakers updating current classification schemes or establishing new frameworks for trade statistics for creative goods and services. This exercise also shows that the classification of trade statistics for creative goods proposed by UNCTAD is aligned with other classifications gathered from key international organizations or individual countries. As a result of this work, UNCTAD refined its current classification by revisiting and reconstructing its list of creative goods. This refinement starts by identifying the intersection of ‘core’ and ‘optional’ sets of creative goods in other classifications and maintains all of the codes that are universally recognized. It adds some codes that do not exist in our list but have been included in other classifications. Lastly, it deletes some codes which lack specific description and not been defined by other classifications.
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Another finding from the comparison is that a migration of trade statistics to the new classification is necessary. The reasons for migrating from the 1996 version of HS to the 2002 version are twofold: First, the earlier version cannot reflect the recent development in creative industries, and the newer version provides a better disaggregation of codes. However, the trade data for HS 2007 is only available after the year 2007, making it impossible to conduct a comparative analysis for the evolution of world trade in creative industries. The second reason for suggesting this migration concerns data. UNCTAD needs to adopt a classification capable of capturing the largest amount of data. As shown in table 4.5, the data availability of HS 2007 is the weakest in the entire time series; data for 2008 is only available for 102 countries. On the contrary, although HS 1996 collected more data, the number of reporting countries decreased nearly 12 per cent, from 166 in 2005 to 147 in 2008. In this context, the 2002 version of HS codes seems to best fit our needs and has therefore been selected as the methodology for this report.