Programmheft des 8. Internationalen Hamburger Symposium "Sport und Ökonomie" by Marcus Franke

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“ on the occasion of the ITU Triathlon World Cup

Mega Sport Events: Economic & Socio-economic Impact Hamburg Chamber of Commerce Adolphsplatz 1 | D-20457 Hamburg July 04 – July 05, 2008

PROGRAM & BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Organizing Committee Dr. Martin-Peter Büch Christian Hinzpeter Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Maennig Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Schulke

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

CONTENT

Former Hamburg Symposia “Sport and Economics”

Präambel/Preamble ............................................................................................................... 4 Mega Sport Events: Ökonomische und sozio-ökonomische Aussagen .............. 4 Mega Sport Events: Economic and sozio-economic Statements ......................... 5

2001

Regional- & sportökonomische Aspekte von Sportgroßveranstaltungen Regional Economic and Sport Economic Aspects of Large Sporting Events (ISBN 3-89001-378-3)

2002

Nachhaltigkeit von Sportstätten Sustainability of Sport Infrastructure (ISBN 3-89001-390-2)

2003

Sport im Fernsehen – zwischem gesellschaftlichen Anliegen und ökonomischen Interesse Sports on TV – Between Public and Economic Interests (ISBN 3-89001-398-8)

2004

Zur Ökonomik der Rechte bei Sportveranstaltungen Law and Economics at Sport Events (ISBN 3-939390-80-1)

2005

Der Sportzuschauer als Konsument: Gast, Mitspieler, Manipulierter? The Sport Spectator as a Consumer: Guest, Partner, Manipulated? (ISBN 3-939390-89-5)

2006

Finanzierung im Sport im Spannungsfeld zwischen Steuersystem und Markt Financing of Sports: The Tension Between Market and State (forthcoming)

2007

Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport On the Economics of Top Performance in International Sports (forthcoming)

Program ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Index of contributors ...........................................................................................................11 CV of contributors .................................................................................................................13 Abstracts..................................................................................................................................22 Assessing the Economic Impact of Mega Sport Events: Some Observations ....................................................................................................................22 Robert Baade The Impact of Major Sporting Events on Happiness .............................................22 Stefan Szymanski & Georgios Kavetsos Sport, mega-events and urban tourism: exploring the patterns, constraints and prospects of the 2010 FIFA World Cup .......................................23 Scarlett Cornelissen Mega Sport events and National Identity: FIFA World Cup in Germany 2006 and South Africa 2010 ......................................................................23 Norbert Kersting Resident and Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Durban, South Africa: Some Preliminary Findings .................24 Urmilla Bob & Kamilla Swart Scope and Limits of CVM to Measure the “Intangible” Benefits of Sports Events ...............................................................................................................25 John C. Whitehead & Bruce K. Johnson Are We Willing to Pay Enough to ‘Back the Bid’? Valuing the Intangible Impacts of London’s Bid to Host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games ...............26 Giles Atkinson, Susana Mourato, & Stefan Szymanski Mega-sporting Events as Experience Goods: Induced Civic Pride and Integration ........................................................................................................................26 Malte Heyne, Wolfgang Maennig, & Bernd Süßmuth The Consumption Impact of Major Sports Events: Findings from Visitor Surveys on Four (World) Cups in Germany, 2005-2007 ........................................27 Holger Preuß & Markus Kurscheidt Städtebenchmark Sportgroßveranstaltungen ........................................................27 Jürgen Schwark Economic and Socio-cultural Impact of the Roadrunner Akron Marathon .....28 Siri Terjesen

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Ex-post Analysis of FIFA World Cups: No Profit, Employment and Income Effects – but Feelgood and Image ............................................................... 29 Swantje Allmers & Wolfgang Maennig Universiade and Urban Development....................................................................... 29 Sinisa Jasnic Sport Facilities as a Catalyst for Urban Regeneration – The Sheffield Experience ........................................................................................................................ 30 Peter Price European Sports Geography – Spatial Demand and Supply for Sports ........... 31 Gabriel Ahlfeldt & Arne Feddersen The Impact of Mega-Sporting Events on Stock Markets ...................................... 32 Katrin Gottschalk, Jedrzej Bialkowski, & Xi Li Corruption and Co-Movements among European – Football Clubs: Did CalcioCaos really matter? ............................................................................................. 32 João Leitão & Manuel J. Rocha Armada

City map

Le Royal Méridien

Index of conference participants...................................................................................... 34 City Map .................................................................................................................................. 38 Former Hamburg Symposia “Sport and Economics” .................................................. 39

Conference

Conference Venue: Handelskammer Hamburg Adolphsplatz 1 20457 Hamburg Tel.: +49 (0)40 / 36 138 – 138 Hotel: Le Royal Méridien Hamburg An der Alster 52-56 20099 Hamburg Tel.: +49(0)40 / 2100 – 0

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Präambel/Preamble

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

UBBEN, Frank, GF Sport- und Event-Marketing Schleswig-Holstein GmbH VEIT, Sara, Universität Hamburg

Mega Sport Events: Ökonomische und sozio-ökonomische Aussagen

VOGT, Jürgen, Dr., Managing Director FahnenFleck GmbH & Co KG

Sport hat als Gut sui generis über alle Jahre der Entwicklung nichts von seiner Attraktivität verloren. Vielmehr hat Sport auf Grund seiner medialen Verfügbarkeit an ökonomischem Gehalt gewonnen, denn geringen Verbreitungskosten stehen enorme Einnahmemöglichkeiten gegenüber. Dieser Hebeleffekt kommt Veranstaltern und Athleten zugute. So ist die Sportbranche durchweg in allen Gesellschaften eine mehr oder weniger wachsende Branche. Das steht auch ursächlich dafür, dass sich Städte und Staaten verstärkt um die Ausrichtung sportlicher Großveranstaltungen – von Sport Mega Events – bemühen, gar in harten Wettbewerb um die Rechte der Organisation streiten.

VOSS, Kathrin, Dr., Institut für Politische Wissenschaft, Universität Hamburg

Es ist auch unbestritten, dass mit der Organisation von Sport Mega Events Chancen und Risiken für die jeweiligen Organisatoren verbunden sind, die einerseits als Legitimation für die Durchführung genutzt werden, die aber auch als Argumente gegen die Ausrichtung von Sportgroßveranstaltungen verwendet werden. Einkommens- und Beschäftigungseffekte, Aufbau städtischer und regionaler Infrastruktur, Stärkung des Tourismus, aber auch der Aufbau und die Stärkung der nationalen Identität werden als mögliche Effekte von Sportgroßveranstaltungen benannt. Mit unserem 8. Internationalen Hamburger Symposium zu „Sport und Wirtschaft“ greifen wir in einem Jahr der Mega Sport Events der besonderen Güteklasse, den Olympischen Spielen in Peking und der Fußball-Europameisterschaft in Österreich und der Schweiz, die mit solchen Veranstaltungen verbundene Problematik auf. Dabei wollen wir die einzelnen Fragen gezielt angehen und auch die Erfahrung aus anderen Regionen und Gesellschaften aufnehmen. Über 20 Referenten aus acht Ländern werden uns einen Einblick vermitteln, welche ökonomischen und sozio-ökonomischen Effekte sie mit Sportgroßveranstaltungen verbinden und belegen können. Gerade diese Erfahrung wird der Philosophie unserer Veranstaltungsreihe gerecht, bei der wir auf Erkenntnisgewinn für Politik und Wirtschaft setzen. Das 8. Internationale Hamburger Symposium zu „Sport und Wirtschaft“ findet in diesem Jahr in Verbindung mit dem Triathlon World Cup – auch einer Sportgroßveranstaltung – statt. Dank der Unterstützung der Sponsoren und Mitorganisatoren ist es auch in diesem Jahr möglich, das Programm reichhaltig zu gestalten. So haben wir der Handelskammer Hamburg als Mitorganisator zu danken, die den Rahmen für die Veranstaltung beisteuert, der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg und der Universität, die in bewährter Weise zum Gelingen beitragen. Besonders ist der Hamburg Wasser zu danken, mit deren Unterstützung die Einladung von international ausgewiesenen Referenten möglich wurde. Ohne diese

VORTMANN, Lena, Universität Hamburg

WADSACK, Ronald, Prof. Dr., FH Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel WAGNER, David, FH Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel WESTPHAL, Kirsten, Universität Hamburg WHITEHEAD, John, Prof., Ph.D., Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA WISTUBA, Andrea, Universität Paderborn / Premium Consult Concepts

Officals BECKEREIT, Michael, Dr., Geschäftsführer Hamburg Wasser, Hamburg BÜCH, Martin-Peter, Dr., DSHS Köln / Universität des Saarlandes / Direktor BISP a.D. FEDDERSEN, Arne, Dr., LS f. Wirtschaftspolitik, Universität Hamburg FINCK, Henning, Handelskammer Hamburg FISCHER, Holger, Prof. Dr., Vizepräsident Universität Hamburg FÖRSTER, Jörg, Universität Hamburg / WUBC FRANKE, Markus, Macromedia Hochschule der Medien HATJE, Philipp, Hochschulsport Hamburg HEYNE, Malte, Dr., Handelskammer Hamburg HINZPETER, Christian, Hinzpeter Wagner GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg HORCH, Frank, Präses Handelskammer Hamburg JAMBOR, Jan, Macromedia Hochschule der Medien MAENNIG, Wolfgang, Prof. Dr., LS f. Wirtschaftspolitik, Universität Hamburg SCHLIESTEDT, Bärbel, Special Olympics Hamburg SCHULKE, Hans-Jürgen, Prof. Dr., Universität Bremen / Macromedia FH Hamburg WASOWICZ, Katharina, Universität Hamburg YÜZBASI, Asiye, Handelskammer Hamburg

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

MOHAMMADI, Parisa, Universität Hamburg MOOCK, Christoph, Universität Greifswald

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

vielfältigen und großzügigen Hilfen, für die wir sehr danken, wäre das 8. Internationale Hamburger Symposium zu „Sport und Wirtschaft“ nicht möglich geworden.

MOURATO, Susana, Dr., Imperial College London, UK NAPP, Rosemarie, Vizepräsidentin Deutscher Turnerbund NEUHAUSS, Katharina, Universität Hamburg

Dr. Martin-Peter Büch • Christian Hinzpeter • Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Maennig • Prof. Dr. HansJürgen Schulke

OBERNDORFER, Monika, Univ. Regensburg / Bayern Intern. – PG Invest in Bavaria OLSCHOWKA, Sebastian, Universität Hamburg

Mega Sport Events: Economic and sozio-economic Statements

OLTMANNS, Jan, Universität Hamburg

Sport as a unique commodity lost nothing of its attractiveness over the development of the last years. On the contrary sport due to its medial availability increased its economic value – enormous income possibilities face small distribution costs. Organizers and athletes benefited from this effect. Therefore the sport industry is a more or less growing industry in all societies. The mentioned development of sport over the last years stands causally for the strengthened effort of cities and states for the hosting of sport mega events, accumulating in tough competitions over the hosting rights.

PETERSEN, Soester, Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien PLOß, Günter, Präsident Hamburger Sportbund PRANGE, Christian, Universität Hamburg PREUß, Holger, Dr., Universität Mainz PRICE, Peter, Cllr, MBE, Chair Sport England Yorkshire, UK QUAST, Günter, Hamburger Sportbund RAKOW, Thorben, Universität Hamburg RATZEBURG, Hannelore, DFB Vizepräsidentin Frauenfußball ROMMERSKIRCHEN, Sarah, Universität Hamburg SCHMIDT, Hendrik, Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien SCHOLTYSECK, Bernward, National Games Karlsruhe Special Olympics Deutschland SCHREINER, Benedikt, Universität Hamburg SCHULKE, Johann, Fachhochschule Lübeck SCHWARK, Jürgen, Prof. Dr., FH Gelsenkirchen SCIORILLI, Maurizio, Universität Hamburg SEIBEL, Vitali, Universität Hamburg STRAUBHAAR, Thomas, Prof. Dr., Universität Hamburg STRUNCK, Daniel, Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien SÜSSMUTH, Bernd, Dr., TU München SWART, Kamilla, Dr., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, RSA SZYMASNSKI, Stefan, Prof., Ph.D., Cass Business School London, UK TERJESEN, Siri, Dr., Max Planck Institute of Economics in Jena

It is undisputed that chances and risks for the respective organizers are connected with the organization of sport mega events. These chances and risks are on the one hand used for legitimating the realisation of the events but are also on the other hand arguments against the hosting of sport mega event. Income and employment effects, the construction of urban and regional infrastructure, the strengthening of tourism or the constitution and strengthening of national identity are designated possible effects of sport mega events. With our 8th International Hamburg Symposium on “Sports and Economics” we will address the major problems and chances connected with sport mega events in a year which is characterized through sport mega events of the special grade like the Olympic Games in Beijing and the UEFA EURO 2008 (European Championship in soccer) in Austria and Switzerland. In doing so we want aim at the specific questions about the effects of sport mega events and also take up the experience from other regions and societies. Over 20 lectures from eight countries will give us an insight, which economic and socio-economic effects can be connected with sport mega events. The outlining of these experiences will highlight the philosophy of the symposium, which aims on gaining new insights for politics and economics. The 8th International Hamburg Symposium on „Sport and Economics“ is linked with the Triathlon World Cup – another sport mega event – this year. Owing to the support of the sponsors and supporters it is again possible to develop a comprehensive program. Therefore we have to thank the Chamber of Commerce Hamburg as a main supporter of the symposium for contributing the organisational framework of the symposium. We have to thank the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and the University of Hamburg for contributing in the estab-

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

lished way to the success of our conference. Special thanks go to Hamburg Wasser whose support made the invitation of internationally expelled speakers possible. Without these various and generous assistance the 8th International Hamburg Symposium on “Sport and Economics” would not have become possible. Dr. Martin-Peter Büch • Christian Hinzpeter • Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Maennig • Prof. Dr. HansJürgen Schulke

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

HALLER, Rebekka, Universität Hamburg HENNINGSEN, Gunda, Universität Hamburg HENSSEN, Nils, Universität Hamburg HERMSDORF, Kim Esther, Universität Hamburg HICKEL, RUDOLF, Prof. Dr, Universität Bremen HINZ, Janna, Universität Hamburg HOFFMANN, Tessa, Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien HOPPE, Wolf-Dieter, GMC Glasow Management Consulting GmbH HUSAREK, Patrik , Universität Hamburg IVANIASHVILI, George, PhD., Chair Intern. Centre for Social Research & Policy Analysis JASNIC, Sinisa, FISU and Universiade Berlgrad 2009, SCG JOHNSON, Bruce, Prof., Ph.D., Centre College Danville, Kentucky, USA JUCKNAT, Jan, Universität Hamburg JÜTTING, Dieter, Prof. Dr., Institut für Sportwissenschaft, WWU Münster KAMMERMEIER, Mona, Universität Hamburg KAMP, Jonas, Universität Hamburg KAVETSOS, Georgios, Imperial College, London, UK KERSTING, Norbert, Prof., Dr., Dep. of Political Sc., University of Stellenbosch, RSA KLEINJOHANN, Michael, Prof. Dr., Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien KLINDT, Arne, Vizepräsident Sportinfrastruktur, Hamburger Sport Bund KRÖCK, Marcus, Universität Hamburg KURSCHEIDT, Markus, Dr., Ruhruniversität Bochum KWASNY, Annika, Macromedia Fachhochschule der Medien LAHHAM, Danny, Universität Hamburg LEHNERT, Ralf, Geschäftsführer Hamburger Sportbund LEITÃO, João, Ph.D., University of Beira Interior (UBI), POR LI, Xi, Auckland University of Technology Business School, NZL LILLIE, Annekatrin, Universität Hamburg LINDHORST, Hermann, Dr., Rechtanwalt CMS Hasche Sigle METELMANN, Thomas, Profi Concept; Deutsche Olympische Gesellschaft, LV HH

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Index of conference participants

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Program Friday / Freitag, 04.07.2008

Participants AHLFELDT, Gabriel, Universität Hamburg

11.00

Arrival / Ankunft

11.00

WELCOME AND OPENNING / BEGRÜßUNG UND EINFÜHRUNG Chair/Leitung: Christian Hinzpeter (Hinzpeter Wagner GmbH)

ALBRECHT, Sven, Sport Manager Special Olympics Deutschland e.V.

Frank Horch (Chairman, Hamburg Chamber of Commerce / Präses der Handelskammer Hamburg)

ALLMERS, Swantje, Universität Hamburg ARMADA, Manuel, Prof., Ph.D., Economics & Management, University of Minho, POR

Holger Fischer (Vice-President, University of Hamburg / Vize-Präsident der Universität Hamburg)

ATKINSON, Giles, Dr., London School of Economics, UK BAADE, Robert, Prof., Ph.D., Lake Forest Collge, USA BEHACKER, Rudolf, Leiter Sportamt München

11.15

BENCKENDORF, Felix, Universität Hamburg

Robert Baade (Lake Forest College, USA)

BERNHARDT, Yascha, Universität Hamburg

Assessing the Economic Impact of Mega Sport Events: Some Observations

BIALKOWSKI, Jedrzej, Ph.D., Auckland University of Technology, Business School, NZL

Stefan Szymanski (Cass Business School London, UK) & Georgios Kavetsos (Imperial College London, UK)

BISCHOF, Alexander, Universität Hamburg BOB, Urmilla, Prof., Ph.D., University of KwaZulu-Natal-Westville Campus, RSA

The Impact of Major Sporting Events on Happiness

BREHMER, Daniel, Universität Hamburg BURMEISTER, Erik, Universität Hamburg

KEYNOTE SESSION / GRUNDLAGENREFERATE Chair/Leitung: Wolfgang Maennig, University of Hamburg

12.30

CORNILESSEN, Scarlett, Prof., Ph.D., University of Stellenbosch, RSA DARGUS, Natalie, Universität Hamburg DE POL, Simone, Universität Hamburg

PANEL DISCUSSION / PODIUMSDISKUSSION Leitung/Chair: Hans-Jürgen Schulke (University of Bremen) & Christian Hinzpeter (Hinzpeter Wagner GmbH) Moderation: Herbert Fischer-Solms (Deutschlandfunk) Die Rolle des Sports für eine Stadt – Entwicklungsmotor oder Bremse? [The Role of Sports for a City – Impetus or Handicap?]

ECKHORST, Jan, Universität Hamburg

Speakers/Referenten: Thomas Straubhaar (University of Hamburg) Rudolf Hickel (University of Bremen) Hannelore Ratzeburg (Deutscher Fußball-Bund, DFB) Michael Beckereit (Hamburg Wasser)

EKINDJIAN, Fabrice, Universität Hamburg FISCHER-SOLMS, Herbert, Deutschlandfunk FRAHM, Thomas, Universität Hamburg FRITZ, Gerald, Leiter Marketing-Kommunikation Hamburg Messe und Congress GmbH 13.30

Short Break and Snack / kurze Pause und Imbiss

14.15

GROVE, Georg, Geschäftsführer MCG GmbH

MEGA SPORT EVENTS: THE SOUTH PERSPECTIVE Chair/Leitung: Hans-Jürgen Schulke (University of Bremen)

GÜLLUG, Jochen, Vizepräsident Deutscher Turnerbund

Dieter Hackfort (Academy of Sports Excellence, QAT / TU Munich)

HACKFORT, Dieter, Prof. Dr, TU München/Academy of Excellence, Quatar

Why Does Doha Invest so much in the Theory and Practice of Sports?

FÜHRER, Ira, Universität Hamburg GOTTSCHALK, Katrin, Ph.D., Auckland University of Technology, Business School, NZL

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Scarlett Cornelissen (Stellenbosch University, RSA) Sport, Mega-events and Urban Tourism: Exploring the Patterns, Constraints and Prospects of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Norbert Kersting (University of Marburg/ Stellenbosch University, RSA) Mega Sport Events and National Identity: FIFA World Cup in Germany 2006 and South Africa 2010 Urmilla Bob (University of KwaZulu-Natal, RSA) & Kamilla Swart (Cape Peninsula University of Technology, RSA) Resident and Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Durban, South Africa: Some Preliminary Findings 16.45

Short Break / kurze Pause

17.00

THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD (CVM) – APPROACH TO MEASURE THE IMPACTS OF SPORTS EVENTS Chair/Leitung: Wolfgang Maennig (University of Hamburg) John Whitehead (Appalachian State University, USA) & Bruce Johnson (Centre College Danville, USA) Scope and Limits of CVM to Measure the “Intangible” Benefits of Sports Events Giles Atkinson (London School of Economics and Political Science, UK), Susana Mourato (Imperial College London, UK), & Stefan Szymanski (Cass Business School London, UK) Are We Willing to Pay Enough to ‘Back the Bid’? Valuing the Intangible Impacts of London’s Bid to Host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games Malte Heyne (Hamburg Chamber of Commerce), Wolfgang Maennig (University of Hamburg), & Bernd Süßmuth (TU Munich) Mega-sporting Events as Experience Goods: Induced Civic Pride and Integration

18.45

Break / Pause

20.00

Event program / Abendprogramm

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

took place, being quickly transmitted over the most representative international stock markets (contagion effects). It is important to study the transmission of shocks among international stock markets for different reasons. Firstly, contagion may have deep implications for portfolio management, particularly in the processes of international diversification of risk. Secondly, there is a tendency for the integration of stock markets on a worldwide basis. This paper is particularly related to the study of the effects of a corruption episode, named CalcioCaos, on the performance of the stocks of European Football Clubs. It also contributes to the literature, about contagion, at two distinct levels. Firstly, it is a pioneer attempt to measure the effects of a corruption episode on the performance of the, so far, neglected stocks of European Football Clubs. Secondly, we attempt to explain the changes on stock prices of some clubs, which belong to the DJ STOXX Football Index, by performing a comparative analysis between two different time periods: before and after the CalcioCaos. A Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive (CVAR) approach is applied, in order to detect the cointegrating vectors and to forecast the behaviour of the endogenous variables. A dynamic analysis is also performed, by using the block exogeneity tests to check the existence of causality relations, under a Grangerian sense. Before the CalcioCaos, the results reveal the importance of two stocks, of leading European Football Clubs (those of the Juventus F.C. as well as of the Borussia Dortmund F.C.) for the explanation of the pricing of other stocks that integrate the above mentioned benchmark. After the CalcioCaos, the stock prices of the Juventus F. C. lost explanatory power, whereas other previously less influent stocks (such as: Roma AS and Porto F.C.), did now play an important role in explaining the pricing of European Football Clubs, under a cointegrated approach.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

The Impact of Mega-Sporting Events on Stock Markets Katrin Gottschalk, Jedrzej Bialkowski, & Xi Li This paper examines the impact of international mega-sporting events on the stock markets of their host countries. In particular, we investigate four major types of mega sports events: Summer Olympic Games, Winter Olympic Games, FIFA World Cups and European Football Championships, starting in 1980. An event study methodology is applied to assess the stock market reaction around announcement, beginning and end dates of these mega sports events. Somewhat surprisingly, the empirical results indicate that there is no announcement date effect on the stock market of the winning bidder. This finding is robust for both mature and emerging markets. Moreover, whereas stock markets do not react in a predictable way to the opening of the event, there seems to be a significantly negative market response after the end of the mega-sporting event. In addition, we analyse the overall annual performance of the host countries’ stock markets over the year of the mega-sporting event. The study of annual returns shows that the equity markets in four countries performed exceptionally well in the year a particular mega sports event was hosted: Greece regarding the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, South Korea regarding the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Portugal regarding the 2004 European Football Championships and the United States regarding the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. Finally, a sector-level analysis for several emerging markets indicates that sectors like Consumer Goods (especially beverages, brewers and soft drinks) and Industrials (especially heavy construction, industrial goods and construction material) do have potential to outperform the market after the future host of a mega-sports event is announced.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Saturday / Samstag, 05.07.2008 9.00

INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF SPORT EVENTS AND SPORT VENUES Chair/Leitung: Arne Feddersen (University of Hamburg) Holger Preuß (University of Mainz) & Markus Kurscheidt (University of Bochum) The Consumption Impact of Major Sports Events: Findings from Visitor Surveys on Four (World) Cups in Germany, 2005-2007 Jürgen Schwark (FH Gelsenkirchen) Städtebenchmark: Sportgroßveranstaltungen [City benchmark: Sport mega events] Siri Terjesen (Texas Christian University, USA / London School of Economics and Political Science, UK / Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena) Economic and Socio-cultural Impact of the Roadrunner Akron Marathon Swantje Allmers & Wolfgang Maennig (University of Hamburg) Ex-post Analysis of FIFA World Cups: No Profit, Employment and Income Effects – but Feelgood and Image

12.00

Short break / kurze Pause

12.15

SPORT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Chair/Leitung: Hans-Jürgen Schulke, University of Bremen Sinisa Jasnic (FISU/Universiade Belgrad 2009, SCG) Universiade and Urban Development

Corruption and Co-Movements among European – Football Clubs: Did CalcioCaos really matter?

Rudolf Behacker (Department of Sport, City of Munich)

João Leitão & Manuel J. Rocha Armada

Sport, Sport Events and the Chances for Urban Development

Until the beginning of the 80´s, financial crises were seen as events which happened in individual markets, without a systemic nature. For this reason, at that time, the possibility of transmission of shocks between countries or international stock markets deserved little attention. During the 90’s there have been changes, due to the occurrence of exogenous shocks, mainly originated from unpredictable terrorist attacks or corruption episodes. One of the most impressive characteristic of these crises was that related to the moment of their occurrence and of their intensity which did not seem to be related to the performance of stock markets. Furthermore, the negative effects associated with the instability caused by certain episodes, were not limited to the stocks where the exogenous shocks

Peter Price (Sport England Yorkshire, UK) Sport Facilities as a Catalyst for Urban Regeneration – The Sheffield Experince Gabriel Ahlfeldt & Arne Fedddersen (University of Hamburg) European Sports Geography – Spatial Demand and Supply for Sports 14.30

Short Break and Snack / kurze Pause und Imbiss

15.15

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

SPORT EVENTS AND RENTS Chair/Leitung: Wolfgang Maennig, University of Hamburg

together a unique cluster of sport research and business activities and has created an environment for the development of new ideas and business opportunities in the Sport & Leisure Industries

Katrin Gottschalk, Jedrzej Bialkowski, & Xi Li (Auckland University of Technology, NZL)

The key indicators of the economic importance of South Yorkshire's sport sector estimate that

The Impact of Mega-Sporting Events on Stock Markets João Leitão (University of Beira Interior, POR) & Manuel Rocha Armada (University of Minho, Gualtar, POR) Corruption and Co-Movements among European Football Clubs: Did CalcioCaos really matter? 16.15

Short break / kurze Pause

16.30

CONFERENCE CLOSING Closing Remarks: Wolfgang Maennig, University of Hamburg & Michael Beckereit, CEO Hamburg Wasser Conclusions & Awards

16.45

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

RECEPTION BY THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE FREE AND HANSEATIC CITY OF HAMBURG, MR. WOLFHARD PLOOG Guided tour through Hamburg Town Hall (English) Sunday: Visit of the Triathlon World Cup / Sonntag: Gelegenheit zum Besuch des Triathlon World Cups

consumer expenditure on sport is £317 million value added to the South Yorkshire economy by sport related economic activity is £307 million employment in sport is over 10,500 and accounts for 2.5 % of total employment

European Sports Geography – Spatial Demand and Supply for Sports Gabriel Ahlfeldt & Arne Feddersen We estimate the spatial demand curve for professional team sport events on the basis of survey data and effective road-based travel times of spectators. According to our estimates, spatial demand halves every 16.5 km. More than 99% of aggregated demand is limited to a range of 110 km. These results point to a somewhat stronger spatial discount compared to our results for a European spatial wage relationship, which can be interpreted as a broad measure of regional integration in Europe. We aggregate sports capacity on the basis of the estimated spatial demand curve in order to assess the effective regional access to football stadium capacity. While the largest endowment in absolute terms exists in south England, Benelux and Rhine-Ruhr, our results suggest that these European core regions do not exhibit above average stadium capacities considering the large potential demand. Since the relationship between spatially aggregated capacity and population is much stronger than between population and capacity, we conclude that nut3 boundaries represent no insuperable barriers for fan-affiliations. Our results also suggest that sports geography is largely shaped by population distribution and that regional purchasing power does not represent a significant determinant. There is hardly any grave relative under provision with spots infrastructure, indicating that football enjoys a relatively large acceptance across Europe. However, for some countries there are also significant unobserved effects. While Portugal and UK, particularly driven by middle-west England and Scotland, have aboveaverage relative stadium capacities, with regard to density of population Poland, Netherlands and Germany have surprisingly low stadium capacities in professional football.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

großveranstaltungen erfolgt differenziert nach verschiedenen Zielgruppen, ihren Beiträgen zur lokalen Wertschöpfung und der medialen Berichterstattung. Die Einteilung der Sportgroßveranstaltungen erfolgt in vier unterschiedliche Niveaus, um sowohl quantitative Daten zum Volumen als auch qualitative Daten zur Struktur zu bekommen. Im Einzelnen werden die Ergebnisse anhand der absoluten und gewichteten Anzahl der Sportgroßveranstaltungen sowie im Verhältnis zur Einwohnerzahl und zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt der jeweiligen Kommunen vorgestellt. Abschließend werden anhand der vorliegenden Ergebnisse Handlungsempfehlungen formuliert, die sich auf die weitere Entwicklung adäquater Organisationsstrukturen, der Entwicklung sporttouristischer Konzeptionen, der Evaluation von Sportgroßveranstaltungen und auf Empfehlungen zur Schwerpunktsetzung zukünftiger Sportgroßveranstaltungen beziehen. Die Empfehlungen werden vor dem sportpolitischen Hintergrund ausgesprochen, dass Sportgroßveranstaltungen die aus öffentlichen Mitteln (mit-) finanziert werden, sich nicht zwingend unter einem betriebs- und volkswirtschaftlichen Primat legitimieren müssen. Der öffentliche Anspruch an eine differenzierte und plurale Sportkultur sollte daher nicht zugunsten von ausschließlich „marktförmigen“ Veranstaltungen aufgegeben werden.

Economic and Socio-cultural Impact of the Roadrunner Akron Marathon Siri Terjesen This study investigates the economic and socio-cultural impact of the Roadrunner Akron race series. The following sections and sub-sections will be included: (1) Introduction with (a) overview of the race series, (b) participant demographics (age, gender, hometown/region) over time, (c) summary of research methods; (2) Economic impact with (a) overview of prior studies of economic impact, (b) economic impact during the Akron race series (out-of-town runners), (c) economic impact prior to akron race series (local runners expenditure on running-related products), (c) costs (paid hours, volunteer hours, policing); (3) Socio-cultural impact with (a) overview of prior studies of socio-cultural impact including physiological, psychological and social health, (b) socio-cultural impact during the Akron race series, (c) socio-cultural impact prior to Akron race series and (d) socio-cultural impact following Akron race series; (4) Conclusion with (a) implications for practice, (b) future research directions. The analysis is in progress.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

CV of contributors GABRIEL M. AHLFELDT is a research and teaching assistant at the Department of Economics at University of Hamburg. Previous affiliations were at London School of Economics and Political Science and at Free University Berlin. His research focuses on Economic Geography and Urban Economics. SWANTJE ALLMERS studierte von 2000 bis 2006 Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster mit den Schwerpunkten Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen und Produktionsmanagement und Logistik. Seit 2007 promoviert sie am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftspolitik der Universität Hamburg. Ihre bevorzugten Forschungsgebiete liegen im Bereich der Sportökonomie, in dem sie sich bisher insbesondere mit den wirtschaftlichen Effekten vergangener Fußballwelt- und Europameisterschaften befasst hat. MANUEL JOSÉ DA ROCHA ARMADA is Professor of Finance at the Department of Management, School of Economics and Management of the University of Minho – Portugal. He is the Scientific Coordinator and responsible for the Finance area there, both at the Dep.t level as well as at the MSc in Finance. He got a degree in Management from ISEG (Technical University of Lisbon), a Master degree in Management Science from the University of Kent, UK and the PhD degree in Business Administration from the Manchester Business School, UK. He published in several scientific international journals, among others: in the “European Journal of Finance”, “International Journal of Business”, “Finance India”, “European Financial Management Journal”, “Multinational Finance Journal”, “Global Finance Journal”, “The International Journal of Finance”, “The Portuguese Review of Management Studies”, “ Portuguese Review of Financial Markets”, “Revista de Administração Contemporânea”. Expertise: real options, international finance and behavioural finance. GILES ATKINSON is Reader in Environmental Policy in the Department of Geography and Environment at the London School of Economics. An environmental economist by training, his research interests cover a number of aspects of environmental policy and appraisal. In particular, Giles has published extensively on the subject of sustainable development. Another component of his research is the application of cost-benefit analysis particularly stated preference methods to appraise environmental (and related) policies. Some of his recent work has used these tools to examine the London 2012 Summer Olympics bid. Giles is currently a Deputy Director of LSE’s Centre for Environmental Policy and Governance (CEPG). He is also a member of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Environmental Economics Academic Panel and a member of the Advisory Boards for the Green Indian States Trust (GIST) and the EU’s current Review on the “The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity” (TEEB).

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

ROBERT BAADE is the Albert Blake Dick Professor of Economics at Lake Forest College in Lake Forest, Illinois, USA. Baade is the current President of the International Association of Sports Economists. He received his Ph.D. (economics) from the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Professor Baade has published more than forty scholarly articles, book chapters, and monographs about the economics of professional and amateur sports. In particular his work on the economic impact professional sports exert on their host communities has been recognized by other researchers. In addition to his work as a scholar, Professor Baade has been involved in numerous country, state, county, and city deliberations relating to large public projects to include stadiums, arenas, and convention centers. MICHAEL BECKEREIT ist Geschäftsführer des Gleichordnungskonzerns HAMBURG WASSER, unter dem die Hamburger Wasserwerke GmbH und die Hamburger Stadtentwässerung AöR zusammengefasst sind. Nach dem Studium des Bauingenieurwesens promovierte er an der Uni Hannover und war anschließend in verschiedenen Unternehmen des Umwelttechnik-Anlagenbaus sowie der Wasserwirtschaft als Geschäftsführer tätig. Herr Beckereit gehörte von 1976 bis 1980 der Olympischen Segelmannschaft an und war anschließend für vier Jahre gewählter Sprecher der Aktiven und der deutschen Olympiateilnehmer. Seit 2001 engagiert er sich im Kuratorium der Deutschen Sporthilfe und gehört heute als stellvertretender Vorsitzender deren Aufsichtsrat an. JEDRZEJ BIALKOWSKI is a Senior Lecturer in Finance at the Auckland University of Technology Business School. He obtained a Masters degree in Mathematical Finance at Warsaw University and a PhD in Financial Economics at European University Viadrina. His research focuses on international finance, risk management and emerging stock markets. He is the author of more than fifteen articles on these topics. URMILLA BOB is Associate Professor in the Discipline of Geography, School of Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban. E-mail: bobu@ukzn.ac.za. She completed her Masters and Ph.D. in Geography at West Virginia University, USA. She conducts research on the socioeconomic impacts of tourism (including sport events) and has published in the fields of sport tourism, ecotourism, and gender and rural development. She has co-authored (with Kamilla Swart) Towards a National Event Strategy for South Africa (SA Tourism, 2002). She has also published in the South African Geographical Journal, Politikon, Agenda and the GeoJournal. She is currently conducting collaborative research on 2010 in relation to the following: leveraging legacy benefits, 2010 and crime, and resident (including rural communities), business and ecotourism park perceptions of 2010.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

The Consumption Impact of Major Sports Events: Findings from Visitor Surveys on Four (World) Cups in Germany, 2005-2007 Holger Preuß & Markus Kurscheidt Given the considerable lack of solid evidence on the consumption of visitors to major sports events, the talk will present comprehensive survey findings from four (World) Cups recently hosted in Germany. A major aim of the underlying analysis is to reveal the differing individual features and composition of foreign versus domestic visitors in order to derive comparative insights on the driving factors of the consumption impact of major sports events in different institutional settings. Thereby a focus is set on the results of the Football World Cup 2006 which will then be compared to evidence from the other surveyed events. The data was collected among visitors by a random, double cluster sampling procedure (N=9,456 at FIFA World Cup). The questionnaire of 18 questions was available in five languages and also used for the smaller samples at the Confederations Cup 2005, the Field Hockey World Cup 2006, and the Team Handball World Cup 2007. Whereas ticket holders were surveyed in all cases, at the FIFA World Cup, the public viewing visitors without stadium tickets were interviewed as well. It was found that the key determinants of the significantly varying consumption effect of different visitor groups are, beyond socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors, in particular: (1) country of origin, (2) visiting public viewing sites (large organized fan celebrations with big TV screens) versus stadiums to watch the matches, (3) whether or not staying overnight, and (4) the intention of the visit (event visitor typology). Based on those findings, not only patterns of travel and consumption behaviour can be derived but also the aggregated economic impact induced by visitor spending (esp. income and employment effects as well as fiscal returns). The comparative results clearly confirm that the consumption impact depends strongly on the socioeconomic setting of the host nation or region and the event organization (qualification/draw of competitors, contest design, management efficiency etc.). This crucial insight is finally discussed in the light of existing critical evidence on major sports events, particularly regarding substitution and diversion effects which allegedly (fully) crowdout positive impacts.

Städtebenchmark Sportgroßveranstaltungen Jürgen Schwark Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse einer Projektstudie vor, in der eine Bewertung und ein Vergleich von 689 Sportgroßveranstaltungen in 17 deutschen Städten im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2007 vorgenommen wurden. Die Bewertung der Sport-

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Are We Willing to Pay Enough to ‘Back the Bid’? Valuing the Intangible Impacts of London’s Bid to Host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games Giles Atkinson, Susana Mourato, & Stefan Szymanski Using a contingent valuation survey, we provide an empirical test of the proposition that intangible impacts might justify hosting major sporting events, specifically the Summer Olympics, on cost-benefit grounds. Examples of such intangible impact might include the ‘feel-good’ factor and the sense of pride and shared memories of hosting a successful event. Moreover, these impacts might plausibly be enjoyed by households outside of the prospective host city. Respondents, drawn from London, Manchester and Glasgow, were asked for their willingness to pay (WTP) to host the 2012 Olympic Games in London on the basis of the intangible impacts that this event might provide. Annual mean WTP is £22, £12 and £11 per year (for 10 years) in these three UK cities respectively. Statistical analysis of WTP determinants reveals a range of plausible explanatory factors such as respondents’ degree of support for the bid. An illustrative total (UK) WTP for intangible impacts is in the region of £2 billion. Assessing the cost-benefits grounds for the bid, using these data, requires a prediction of the net public funding requirement, which is currently subject to (upward) revision. Nonetheless, given that economic impact studies typically produce negligible or even negative estimates of net benefits from hosting major sporting events or building sports facilities, we believe that constructing an argument in terms of willingness to pay represents a credible approach to this policy choice problem.

Mega-sporting Events as Experience Goods: Induced Civic Pride and Integration Malte Heyne, Wolfgang Maennig, & Bernd Süßmuth This paper investigates whether a nation’s contingent value of hosting a megaevent depends on past experience with implied public goods benefits for its residents. Applying data from an ex-ante and ex-post query based on contingent valuation methods, we use the FIFA World Cup 2006 as a natural experiment. The significant ex-post increase in valuation is shown to be due to adventitious citizens requiring an involving experience, rather than to an updating of a prior assessment. The World Cup finals were the first mega-event hosted by reunified Germany. We use this landmark event in German contemporary history to investigate how the integration of the two parts of Germany progressed after 17 years of reunification. We still find a profound difference in clear-sighted civic awareness of East and West German individuals. However, civic pride induced by collective experience can considerably accelerate the convergence of East Germans’ preferences towards those of West Germans, which Alesina and FuchsSchündeln (AER, 2007) recently calculated to take 20 to 40 years or one and a half generation.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

SCARLETT CORNELISSEN is Associate Professor: Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch. She researches international tourism development, the political economy of sport mega-events, and urban policy-making and development in South Africa. She is author of The Global Tourism System: Governance, Development and Lessons from South Africa (Ashgate, 2005) and coeditor of three other books on globalisation and African international relations. She has also published, inter alia in Review of International Political Economy, Journal of Modern African Studies, Third World Quarterly and Sport in Society. ARNE FEDDERSEN is postdoctoral research and teaching assistant in the Department of Economics at the University of Hamburg, Germany. His research interests are sports economics, applied regional and urban economics, and the economics of higher education. He published articles in the field of sports economics in several books, conference volumes and scholarly journals including Journal of Applied Social Science Studies and International Journal of Sport Finance. KATRIN GOTTSCHALK is a Senior Lecturer in Finance at the Auckland University of Technology Business School. She earned Master’s degrees in Business from Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen and the Strasbourg Graduate School of Management before embarking on a PhD in Finance at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder). Katrin’s main research areas include empirical finance, behavioural finance, stock market efficiency and anomalies, and political economy. She also has a keen (research) interest in sports – as a financial researcher especially in prediction markets. Her research has been published internationally in both academic and practitioner journals and disseminated at numerous international conferences. Katrin is also a Financial Risk Manager certified by the Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP). DIETER HACKFORT is a professor for sport and exercise psychology, and is currently serving as Dean of ASPIRE and Director of the Department for Quality Management, Education, and Social Affairs (QESA) in ASPIRE the Academy for Sports Excellence in Doha, Qatar. He received his doctoral degree in 1983 from the German Sports University. In 1986 he was a visiting professor at the Center for Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology at the University of South Florida in Tampa; and received tenure at the University of Heidelberg. From 1991 to 2004 he was the Head of the Institute for Sport Science at the University AF of Munich. Since 1986 he has served as a counselor for professional performers and athletes of various sports at the Olympic Centers in Germany. Dr. Hackfort is the editor of several national (Germany) and international book series in sport science and sport and exercise psychology. From 1996 to 2007 he served as the Editor of the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (IJSEP). His research has been published in 25 books and edited volumes, and in more than 150 contributions in national and international journals. His main research interests are in (1) stress, emotions, anxiety with respect to its functional meaning

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

for action regulation in sports with an emphasis on elite sports, (2) self presentation with a focus on emotion presentation, (3) career management in elite sports, and (4) the development of a mental test and training program. These special issues are connected with the development of an action theory approach in sport and exercise psychology and the development of psycho-diagnostic measurements based on this conceptual framework. In 1984 he received an award from the German Sports Federation: Carl-Diem Plakette (Carl-DiemPlaque), 2001 he received the Honor Award of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) in recogniton of significant contributions to national and international sport psychology through leadership, research, and personal service. 1999 he was appointed Honor Professor of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, China.

to the construction of the Moses Mabhida stadium, one of the semi-final competition venues. The results from 50 completed interviews are examined. The data is in the process of being collected and a further 50 residents will be interviewed to make up a sample of 100 residents. Only residents residing in a radius of 2km away from the stadium venue will be targeted utilizing a systematically sampling approach. The findings reveal that there is considerable support and positive perceptions relating to South Africa’s (and Durban’s more specifically) hosting of the 2010 World Cup. However, there were several concerns raised in relation to the distribution of anticipated benefits and the impacts of the stadia on their lives. Additionally, the residents have high expectations linked to the event.

MALTE HEYNE ist Referent im Geschäftsbereich Infrastruktur der Handelskammer Hamburg. Er studierte Volkswirtschaftslehre an der Universität Bamberg und der University of Karlstad, Schweden. Nach dem Diplomabschluss 2004 war er für eine Wirtschaftsförderungsgesellschaft im Land Bremen tätig und promovierte am Institut für Arbeit und Wirtschaft an der Universität Bremen über die ökonomischen Auswirkungen von Sportgroßveranstaltungen am Beispiel der Fußball-WM 2006. Im August schloss er die Promotion mit ‚magna cum laude’ ab. Seit April 2007 arbeitet er als Referent bei der Handelskammer Hamburg für Internationale Infrastrukturprojekte und Sport. Arbeits- und Forschungsschwerpunkte: Mega-Event-Analyse, Contingent-Valuation, Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen, Sportgroßveranstaltungen in Entwicklungsländern. Adresse: Handelskammer Hamburg; Geschäftsbereich Infrastruktur Internationale Infrastrukturprojekte/Sport; Adolphsplatz 1, 20457 Hamburg; E-Mail: Malte.Heyne@hk24.de

Scope and Limits of CVM to Measure the “Intangible” Benefits of Sports Events

RUDOLF HICKEL (geb. 1942) war nach der Tätigkeit als Wissenschaftlicher Assistent an den Universitäten Tübingen und Konstanz von 1974 bis 2007 als Professor für Finanzwissenschaft an der Universität Bremen tätig. Die Aufgabe als Direktor des Instituts Arbeit und Wirtschaft (IAW) der Universität Bremen nimmt er noch wahr. Seine Forschungs- und Veröffentlichungsschwerpunkte sind: Makroökonomische Theorie, Finanzwissenschaft und hier insbesondere die Rolle der Stadtstaaten im System des Finanzausgleichs. Er ist Mitbegründer der „Arbeitsgruppe Alternative Wirtschaftspolitik“ und nimmt als Sachverständiger an den Anhörungen im Finanzausschuss des Deutschen Bundestags regelmäßig teil. Einen engagiert wahrgenommenen Schwerpunkt der empirisch orientierten Forschung und Beratung bildet die Sportökonomik. Auf der Basis einer Vollerhebung hat er in einer 2004 vorgelegten Studie die regionalökonomische Relevanz der Sportvereine im Land Bremen (Bremen und Bremerhaven) im Auftrag des Landessportbundes Bremen untersucht. Am Lehrstuhl von Prof. Dr. Rudolf Hickel wurde in einer richtungsweise Dissertation von Malte Heyne eine KostenNutzen-Analyse und Contingent-Valuation-Studie zur Fußballweltmeisterschaft 2006 erarbeitet.

John C. Whitehead & Bruce K. Johnson The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a stated preference approach for measuring the benefits of public policy. A number of sports CVM studies have been conducted. Most of these suggest that public subsidies for stadiums, sports teams and even the 2012 Olympics do not pass a benefit-cost test. A CVM study of a major sporting event such as the Kentucky Derby, the Indianapolis 500, and the Masters golf tournament might yield much higher estimates of sports public goods than any studies thus far. As major events which help identify their host cities to the rest of the world, they may plausibly generate highly valuable civic pride benefits for local residents. The difficulty in designing a CVM study is in devising a plausible scenario in which the events might relocate. We first discuss a range of issues for which the contingent valuation method is an appropriate tool for benefits measurement within the context of sporting events. Compared to the revealed preference methods, the CVM and other stated preference methods clearly have advantages. Stated preference methods are most useful when an ex-ante benefit-cost analysis must consider policy proposals that are beyond the range of historical experience, stated preference methods are more flexible than the revealed preference methods, stated preference methods can be used to estimate non-use values and ex-ante willingness to pay under demand and supply uncertainty. Next, we discuss some challenging methodological issues in the context of benefit-cost analysis. These issues include the difference between hypothetical and actual behavior, validity and reliability, valuation of long-lived policy, valuation of multi-part policy, and the appropriate property rights. Aggregation issues, questions of standing and the geographic extent of the market are explored. Finally, we offer some conclusions, guidelines, and suggestions for future research that may lead to improvements in the application of contingent valuation of sports.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

help foster national cohesion. This article explores the way in which large-scale sport events such as the FIFA world tournament can influence processes related to national identity construction. Through an analysis of the social effects of the 2006 finals held in Germany some prospects are raised for the 2010 World Cup. Empirical data show that the 2006 tournament did not contribute strongly to sustainable patriotism but it did have small effects in reducing xenophobia. Hereby it enhances a longer-established trend. Although there are cases of violence against foreigners in East Germany, xenophobia has been diminishing since the 1980s. National pride, too, has been growing since then. In South African national pride is much stronger, although it is diminishing within the white population. However, national identity is cross-cut by stronger racial identities. In spite of the implementation of certain policies by the national government, xenophobia against African foreigners is becoming a latent phenomenon. Major sport events can be used to promote values such as team spirit and discipline, but also at a wider level, tolerance, multiculturalism and solidarity.

Resident and Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Durban, South Africa: Some Preliminary Findings Urmilla Bob & Kamilla Swart Mega sport events have increasingly become highly sought after commodities for both developed and some developing countries (including South Africa) as they move towards event-driven economies. The 2010 Federation Internationale de Football (FIFA) World Cup to be hosted in South Africa is expected to provide an opportunity to further the country’s objectives of using sporting events to signal international recognition and promote socio-economic development. Ritchie and Adair (2004) state that while the majority of research and scholarship in the field of sport tourism has been conducted on sport tourism events, especially economic impacts, little research has been conducted on the social impacts of these kinds of events. In particular, residents’ perceptions are overlooked although they are often directly impacted by sport events, especially when they reside in close proximity to the event location. Fredline (2004) asserts that successful events are underpinned by community support. Swart and Bob (2007) show that generally the actual voices of local residents are absent in relation to debates pertaining to this event and concomitant anticipated benefits. One of the tangible, long-term legacies associated with hosting the FIFA World Cup is the potential infrastructural benefits. In particular stadia development (both upgrading of existing stadia and new stadia) are key features of South Africa’s 2010 sport infrastructural improvement and expansion programme. There have been massive investments into stadia development. This study looks specifically at resident perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and stadia development in Durban, South Africa by critically examining resident concerns and issues related

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

SINISA JASNIC has devoted most of his life to the development of sports and its integration in students' curriculums. As the President of the Serbian University Sports Federation and professor on University of Novi Sad he carefully studied the impact of sports on personal and global development. From an active athlete to his current position as a Member of FISU Executive Committee, General Manager of Universiade Belgrade 2009 OC and President of Serbian University Sports Federation he has been a member of Serbian Olympic Committee, Head of National Committee for University Sports Development, Vice-President of European University Sports Federation and chairmen to numerous sports competition in Serbia and Europe. From 2005 he has been managing the organization of the 25th Summer Universiade which is to take place in Belgrade, Serbia, in 2009. BRUCE K. JOHNSON is the James Graham Brown Professor of Economics at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, where he regularly teaches sports economics. His articles and chapters on sports economics have been published by Journal of Sports Economics, Contemporary Economic Policy, Brookings Institution, and Syracuse University Press, among others. He has also written on the economics of sports for general audiences in newspapers including USA Today, Boston Globe, Minneapolis Star Tribune, Cincinnati Enquirer, and others. He earned his PhD in economics from the University of Virginia. NORBERT KERSTING holds the “Willy Brandt Chair on transformation and regional integration” at the Department of Political Science, University of Stellenbosch. He is a fellow at the Institute of Political Science at the University of Marburg. He was visiting Professor at the University of Koblenz-Landau and the University of Kassel. He is acting chair of International Political Science Association’s (IPSA) Research Committee 10 on „Electronic democracy”. His research focuses on comparative political science, political culture, modern instruments to promote political participation and discourse, local politics, parliamentarism, e-democracy, regional integration and sport. Since 1998 he taught seminars on “Sport, media and politics”. Currently he is doing empirical research analysing the role of mega sport events on nation building and state building, national identity, political culture and democratization. MARKUS KURSCHEIDT (MSc & PhD Econ.) used to be a Lecturer (2001-06) and now is a Senior Lecturer with the school of sport science at the Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB). He is a coordinator and teaches courses in the sport management program. Before, he first was a Junior Lecturer in economics and business at the University of Paderborn (1999-96) and, then, doctoral scholar of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) (2001-00). In January 2007, he earned a doctoral degree by the Paderborn school of economic sciences “with distinction.” He is an internationally considered expert on the economics of the FIFA World Cup and, moreover, does research on the team sports industry and public sports policy.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

JOÃO LEITÃO is assistant professor at the University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal. His academic background includes a Ph.D. in Economics, UBI, 2004. He also participates in several editorial boards: International Review on Public and Non Profit Marketing, South African Journal of Information Management, The New Economics Papers (NEP), Revista Portuguesa e Brasileira de Gestão, and Revista de Gestão e Economia. He is referee for Applied Economics, Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, Frontiers in Finance and Economics, Revista Economia & Sociedade, European Marketing Academy (EMAC), and Academy of Management (AOM) Conferences. XI LI graduated from Auckland University of Technology with a Master of Business (MBus) in March 2008. WOLFGANG MAENNIG is professor of economics at the Department of economics of Hamburg University. Beforehand he was professor at E.A.P. Paris-OxfordBerlin-Madrid. He was a visiting professor at the American University in Dubai as well as at the Universities Stellenbosch (South Africa) and Istanbul, and at the University of Economics Bratislava. He was also visiting scholar at International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C., at Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt and at Institute for Advanced Studies in Kiel. His research concentrates on economic policy, sport economics, transport economics and real estate economics and has been published in academic numerous journals, including Economic Letters, Regional Studies, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Labour Economics, Applied Economics, Journal of Sports Economics, and Contemporary Economic Policy. Wolfgang Maennig has worked as an expert for many bids of large sport events, eg. the Olympic bid of Berlin 2000, Leipzig 2012, Munich 2018 and the Athletics World Cup Berlin 2009. He was Olympic Champion (rowing, eight with coxwain) at the Olympics 1988 in Seoul and president of the German Rowing Federation, 1995-2001. In 2000 he received the Olympic Order. HOLGER PREUß (M.Ed. Econ., PhD Social Sc.) is an Assistant Professor for sports economics with the institute of sport sciences at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Visiting Professor at the State University of New York (SUNY, Cortland) and the Beijing Sport University. Since twelve years, he is teaching socio-economic courses at the universities of Mainz and Frankfurt/M (2006-07) as well as the German Sport University Cologne (2002-03). His major interests are, in event research, the economic impact of mega sports events, sports event tourism, applications/campaigns for major sports events, legacy of mega events, and, in sports marketing, the measurement of image transfers and ambush marketing.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Sport, mega-events and urban tourism: exploring the patterns, constraints and prospects of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Scarlett Cornelissen As part of the increased importance that has become attached to the hosting of the world’s major sport or hallmark events such as the Olympic Games or the World Cup of the Fédération Internationale de Football (FIFA), and amid the various claims regarding purported economic effects, tourism development is usually singled out as one of the more significant and longer lasting impacts to be yielded from a successful tournament. This is usually presented in three sets of arguments; first, that increased exposure afforded by media coverage before and during an event will raise the tourist visibility of a host location, an effect which could extend well beyond the duration of the event; second that the event itself will provoke a growth in the usual number of tourist visitors, with attendant increases in tourist spending; and third, that anticipatory planning toward the hosting of an event, be it of an infrastructural, economic or social nature, could have offsets by which the wider tourism sector could draw long term gain. As with all other aspects of pre-event estimation and given the broader context of controversy surrounding impact and costs projections of major sport events, however, the tourism dimensions and spin-offs of such events have often also tended to be subject to vague approximations. By way of assessing the likely tourism impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and set against the broader complexities surrounding research on major sport events and their tourism dimensions, this paper takes stock of the principal elements underpinning sport mega-events and tourism development; reviews the experiences of other recent hosts of the FIFA finals; and appraises the policies and strategies for the 2010 tournament. The focus is on the emerging plans toward tourism development arising in national and urban contexts in South Africa, and the prospects and implications of such developments for urban tourism legacies beyond the 2010 finals.

Mega Sport events and National Identity: FIFA World Cup in Germany 2006 and South Africa 2010 Norbert Kersting Big sport events may strengthen negative nationalism or alternatively fuel positive patriotism. The 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany enabled Germans to express certain types of identities. Given Germany’s history, there is the question whether this was accompanied with xenophobia. In South Africa, the 2010 FIFA World Cup is, in part held to transcend deeply entrenched social cleavages and to

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Abstracts Assessing the Economic Impact of Mega Sport Events: Some Observations Robert Baade Cities vigorously compete to host sports mega-events because they perceive that doing so will enhance their image and stimulate their economies. International sporting events require substantial expenditures on infrastructure, organization and security and critically depend, therefore, on public subsidization. The ability of event promoters to secure public funds often depends on convincing a sometimes skeptical public that hosting the event generates economic profit. A motive for exaggerating the impact of a mega-event clearly exists. My examination of the economic impact of mega-events, as well as the research of other independent scholars, suggest that the true economic benefits are typically far less than the numbers touted by promoters. Why? The purpose of this presentation will be to offer some observations about the factors responsible for overestimating the economic impact of mega-events, and the difficulties encountered in trying to provide a reliable measure of the economic impact.

The Impact of Major Sporting Events on Happiness Stefan Szymanski & Georgios Kavetsos Proclaimed benefits of hosting major sporting events have received substantial criticism by academic economists and have been shown to be negligible, at best. The aim of this paper is to formally examine the existence of another potential impact, the “feelgood” factor. We achieve this by combining the fields of the economics of happiness and sport. Using data on self-reported life satisfaction for twelve European countries we test the impact national success on, and hosting of the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup and the European Championship have on happiness. Although there is some selective evidence on the impact of athletic success, we find that hosting football events is associated with the “feelgood” factor.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

PETER PRICE (Cllr, MBE) is an elected member of Sheffield City Council and keen sportsman, having cycled across Ecuador, Mexico, Cuba and climbed Mt Kilimanjaro in aid of the Macmillan’s Cancer Appeal, also completed 6 London marathons. Chair of the City's Scrutiny Board covering Sport, Planning & Culture. He was Deputy Leader & Chair of Leisure Services of the City for 14 years and Lord Mayor in 1996/7. Peter Price also chaired the City's Regeneration Committee. He was instrumental in bringing the Universiade to Sheffield and the building of Sheffield's Major Sports Facilities. He chaired the 1991 Universiade and chaired the Organising Committee's of the European Swimming Championships and Special Olympic UK in 1993, the 1996 World Masters Swimming and the 1999 World Masters Squash, all held in Sheffield. Peter Price has made key note speeches at conferences throughout the world on Sport and its Economic and Social importance in regeneration. He awarded MBE in 2004 for services to Sheffield & Sport. HANNELORE RATZEBURG ist Diplom-Sozialpädagogin und seit 30 Jahren im Schuldienst. Zusätzlich war sie 18 Jahre Dozentin am Landesinstitut für Lehrerfortbildung. Neben der beruflichen Tätigkeit ist sie seit 1971 ehrenamtlich für den Frauen- und Mädchenfußball in verschiedenen Gremien tätig. Von 1971 bis 1983 hat sie selbst Fußball gespielt, war Schiedsrichterin, Trainerin und Abteilungsleiterin im Verein. Seit 1974 ist sie Vorsitzende des Ausschusses für Frauenund Mädchenfußball im Hamburger Fußball-Verband. Seit 1977 vertritt sie den Frauenfußball im Deutschen Fußball-Bund (DFB), seit Oktober 2007 ist sie DFBVizepräsidentin mit dem Schwerpunkt Frauen-und Mädchenfußball. Außerdem gehört sie den Kommissionen für Frauenfußball bei der UEFA (seit 1980) und der FIFA (seit 1990) an. Die nächsten großen Aufgaben sind die Ausrichtungen der FIFA- U20 Frauen-WM 2010 und die FIFA-Frauen-WM 2011 in Deutschland. JÜRGEN SCHWARK, Prof. Dr. phil. habil., is professor for business studies, esp. tourism management at the University of applied sciences of Gelsenkirchen, Campus Bocholt. He studied sociology and sport at the University of Duisburg and received a Dr. phil. from the University of Paderborn in 1994. His research focus is in the field of sport tourism and sport events. Recent publications are (both published by Waxmann): „Sporttourismus und Großveranstaltungen – Praxisbeispiele“ (2005); „Grundlagen zum Sporttourismus“ (2006). BERND SÜßMUTH ist Habilitand und Akademischer Rat am Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre: Finanzwissenschaft und Industrieökonomik der Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der TU München. Er studierte Volkswirtschaftslehre an der LMU München. Nach dem Diplomabschluss war er an der volkswirtschaftlichen Fakultät der LMU München beschäftigt, wo er 2002 promovierte (Promotionspreis des akademischen Jahres 2002). Von Oktober 2001 bis Mai 2002 ging er als Research Fellow an die Fakultät für politische Ökonomie der Universität Modena. Anschließend war er im volkswirtschaftlichen Fachbereich der Universi-

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

tät Bamberg beschäftigt, wo er zu habilitieren begann. Seit 2004 setzt er seine Habilitation an der TU München fort. Zudem ist er Dozent am Max-PlanckInstitut für Geistiges Eigentum, Wettbewerbs- und Steuerrecht. Im Jahr 2007 dozierte und forschte er als Visiting Professor an der University of California, Santa Barbara. Durch seine kontinuierliche Lehrtätigkeit unterrichtete er etwa 4.000 Studenten und wurde 2005 mit dem “Best Teaching Award” der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der TU München ausgezeichnet. Während seiner Schulzeit war er in süddeutschen und nationalen Wettbewerben aktiv in den Sportarten Eishockey und Kajak. Arbeits- und Forschungsschwerpunkte: Makroökonomie, Einkommens- und Vermögensverteilung, Quantitative Methoden, Bildungs- und Sportökonomik. STEFAN SZYMANSKI is a Professor of Economics at Cass Business School. He has published widely on a number of topics in sports economics, including the structure of contests, competitive balance and demand, sports governance, broadcasting regulations, the economic history of sports and racial discrimination. He is currently writing a series of papers about the economic impact of major sports events focusing on the London 2012 Games. His latest book “Fans of the World Unite!”, co-authored with Stephen Ross, will be published by Stanford University Press later this year. He has consulted for a wide range of sports organizations, including the recently created cricket competition, the Indian Premier League. SIRI TERJESEN’s research lies at the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategy, including entrepreneurial careers, new venture financing and internationalization and the impact of entrepreneurship on economic development. Dr. Terjesen’s research is published in leading international journals including Strategic Management Journal, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Small Business Economics, Journal of Business Ethics, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development and Venture Capital. She is co-author (with Anne Huff, Steve Floyd and Hugh Sherman) of the textbook, Strategic Management: Thought and Action (Wiley, 2008) and co-author (with Howard Frederick) of the book Sources of Funding for Australia’s Entrepreneurs. Her research has been profiled in U.S. News & World Report, Christian Science Monitor, Management Issues, Times (London), CNBC Europe and other outlets. Since 2005, she is a Visiting Research Fellow in the Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy group at the Max Planck Institute of Economics in Jena, Germany. Dr. Terjesen lectured at the London School of Economics & Political Science’s summer school from 2003-7. Since 2005, Dr. Terjesen is a member of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor study of entrepreneurial activity across 50 countries. Dr. Terjesen is on the board of the National Policy Research Center in Washington, D.C. Dr. Terjesen has taught undergraduate and MBA-level courses including Entrepreneurship, International Entrepreneurship, Strategic Management and Global Strategy.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

JOHN C. WHITEHEAD is a professor in the Department of Economics at Appalachian State University. He received his PhD from the University of Kentucky in 1990. John's research interests include nonmarket valuation of environmental and natural resource allocations for use in benefit-cost analyses. He is an Associate Editor at Marine Resource Economics and on the Editorial Council of Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. His research in the contingent valuation of sports has appeared in Contempory Economic Policy, Eastern Economic Journal, Journal of Sports Economics and Journal of Sports Management.

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Scope and Limits of CVM to Measure the “Intangible” Benefits of Sports Events

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Straubhaar, Thomas thomas.straubhaar@t-online.de

Szymasnski, Stefan Stefan.Szymanski.1@city.ac.uk

Ex-post Analysis of FIFA World Cups: No Profit, Employment and Income Effects – but Feelgood and Image

Süßmuth, Bernd bernd.suessmuth@vwl.wi.tu-muenchen.de

Terjesen, Siri siriterjesen@yahoo.com

Swantje Allmers & Wolfgang Maennig

Swart, Kamilla kamilla@kamilla-sa.co.za

Whitehead, John whiteheadjc@appstate.edu

This contribution provides an ex post analysis of the economic impacts of the two most recent single-country World Cups (WCs), Germany 2006 and France 1998. Based on macroeconomic indicators, the experiences of these WCs appear to be in line with existing empirical research on large sporting events and sports stadiums, which have rarely identified significant net economic benefits. Of more significance are the novelty effects of the stadiums, and “intangible effects” such as the image effect for the host nations and the feel-good effect for the population. The experiences of former WCs provide a context for analysing the scope and limits for South Africa 2010. Like previous host countries, South Africa might have to cope with difficulties such as the under-use of most WCstadiums in the aftermath of the tournament. On the other hand, this paper examines a handful of arguments why South Africa might realise larger economic benefits than former hosts of WCs, such as the absence of the northern-style ‘couch potato effect’ and the absence of negative crowding-out effects on regular tourism. Furthermore, the relative scarcity of sport arenas in South Africa might induce a larger positive effect than in countries with ample provision of sports facilities. In addition, against the backdrop of continuous declines in South African poverty since 2001, the novelty effect of new stadiums might be of special importance. Finally, the innovative South African ambitions to use stadiums with ‘signature architecture’ as a tool for urban development or to generate external effects for the regional economy are different from former WCs.

Universiade and Urban Development Sinisa Jasnic As sport rapidly takes over the global market we take a ‘time out’ to see why more and more countries bid to host international sports events. With worldwide corporations and brands setting aside increasing budgets for sponsoring competitions, countries are quickly recognizing the importance and potentials of such events for developing and strengthening their positions among neighboring markets. Serbia has a long tradition of organizing sports competitions. Universiade 2009 will be the largest event this country has ever organized and one for which the Serbian government has put the highest fee so far. This fact inevitably drives to conclusion that countries and their businesses benefit immensely from sport and sports competitions, a statement undoubtedly supported by the fact that the

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Organizing Committee of Universiade Belgrade 2009 has recently been awarded for its influence and contribution towards regional development. Being the General Director of UB2009 OC but also the Head of Marketing Department of FISU I have a unique opportunity to experience both perspectives- as an organizer from a small country as well as the international assessor for many other countries around the World and one thing can be shared for all: Sports manage to connect and improve where politics and economy alone cannot!

Sport Facilities as a Catalyst for Urban Regeneration – The Sheffield Experience Peter Price This presentation will attempt to demonstrate how Sheffield has successfully used the 1991 Universiade and its investment in new Sport and Cultural facilities as a catalyst for economic and social regeneration. The presentation will begin by describing the city pre 1972 as a successful thriving industrial city with an unemployment rate of below 3%. A city whose prosperity grew out of 3 basic industries; cutlery, steel and manufacturing and whilst it had major environmental problems had a fairly contented populous of over half a million people. The presentation will then go on to describe the devastation that hit the City in the late 1970's early 80's when over 50,000 jobs were lost and the unemployment rate rose to 15.2% as a result of the collapse of the steel industry as a large employer. The conflict between central and local government, the dereliction left and the loss of civic pride will be described in some detail. The second part of the presentation will cover the decision to use sport as a catalyst for regeneration and a brief look at the experience of some USA cities. It will continue with the decision to bid to host the Universiade and to build 7 world quality sports facilities and a cultural theatre at a capital cost of £150 million. The deficit of over £10million incurred on the Universiade and the conflicts that followed will also be covered. The final part of the presentation will cover the progress of the City. Since 1991 the city has hosted over 500 national and international events, having a major economic impact through secondary spend and having attracted other major private and public capital investment in the City including The English Institute for Sport, the National Ice Dance Centre, many new hotels, Several National Sporting Governing bodies have relocated to Sheffield along with many Elite training squads. The City was awarded the title of Britain's first National City of Sport in 1993 In 2005 a partnership was formed called SportsPulse, a unique public-private partnership tasked with developing the sports business sector of South Yorkshire its vision being to establish the region as one of the most, advanced and attractive environments for sport business in the UK It has brought

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Index of contributors Ahlfeldt, Gabriel ahlfeldt@econ.uni-hamburg.de

Hickel, Rudolf hickel@uni-bremen.de

Allmers, Swantje swantje.allmers@googlemail.com

Hinzpeter, Christian christian.hinzpeter@hinzpeterwagner.de

Armada, Manual Rocha mjrarmada@gmail.com

Jasnic, Sinisa jasnic@eunet.yu

Atkinson, Giles G.Atkinson@lse.ac.uk

Johnson, Bruce bruce.johnson@centre.edu

Baade, Robert baade@lakeforest.edu

Kavetsos, Georgios georgios.kavetsos@imperial.ac.uk

Beckereit, Michael mbeckereit@hww-hamburg.de

Kersting, Norbert kersting@staff.uni-marburg.de

Behacker, Rudolf rudolf.behacker@muenchen.de

Kurscheidt, Markus markus.kurscheidt@rub.de

Bob, Urmilla bobu@ukzn.ac.za

Leitão, João jleitao@ubi.pt

Büch, Martin-Peter empbuech@hotmail.com

Maennig, Wolfgang maennig@econ.uni-hamburg.de

Cornelissen, Scarlett sc3@sun.ac.za

Mourato, Susana s.mourato@imperial.ac.uk

Feddersen, Arne feddersen@econ.uni-hamburg.de

Preuß, Holger preuss@uni-mainz.de

Fischer-Solms, Herbert fischersolms@aol.com

Price, Peter cllrpeteprice@dsl.pipex.com

Gottschalk, Katrin katrin.gottschalk@aut.ac.nz

Ratzeburg, Hannelore hannelore.ratzeburg@web.de

Hackfort, Dieter dieter.hackfort@gmx.de

Schulke, Hans-Jürgen hjschulke@macromedia.de

Heyne, Malte Malte.Heyne@hk24.de

Schwark, Jürgen juergen.schwark@fh-gelsenkirchen.de

15.15

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

SPORT EVENTS AND RENTS Chair/Leitung: Wolfgang Maennig, University of Hamburg

together a unique cluster of sport research and business activities and has created an environment for the development of new ideas and business opportunities in the Sport & Leisure Industries

Katrin Gottschalk, Jedrzej Bialkowski, & Xi Li (Auckland University of Technology, NZL)

The key indicators of the economic importance of South Yorkshire's sport sector estimate that

Short break / kurze Pause

16.30

CONFERENCE CLOSING Closing Remarks: Wolfgang Maennig, University of Hamburg & Michael Beckereit, CEO Hamburg Wasser Conclusions & Awards

16.45

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Saturday / Samstag, 05.07.2008 9.00

12.00

Short break / kurze Pause

12.15

SPORT AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Chair/Leitung: Hans-Jürgen Schulke, University of Bremen Sinisa Jasnic (FISU/Universiade Belgrad 2009, SCG) Universiade and Urban Development

Corruption and Co-Movements among European – Football Clubs: Did CalcioCaos really matter?

Rudolf Behacker (Department of Sport, City of Munich)

João Leitão & Manuel J. Rocha Armada

Sport, Sport Events and the Chances for Urban Development

Short Break and Snack / kurze Pause und Imbiss

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

Short Break / kurze Pause

17.00

18.45

Break / Pause

20.00

Event program / Abendprogramm

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

City map

Le Royal Méridien

Conference

Conference Venue: Handelskammer Hamburg Adolphsplatz 1 20457 Hamburg Tel.: +49 (0)40 / 36 138 – 138 Hotel: Le Royal Méridien Hamburg An der Alster 52-56 20099 Hamburg Tel.: +49(0)40 / 2100 – 0

8th International Hamburg Symposium „Sport and Economics“

CONTENT

Former Hamburg Symposia “Sport and Economics”

2001

Regional- & sportökonomische Aspekte von Sportgroßveranstaltungen Regional Economic and Sport Economic Aspects of Large Sporting Events (ISBN 3-89001-378-3)

2002

Nachhaltigkeit von Sportstätten Sustainability of Sport Infrastructure (ISBN 3-89001-390-2)

2003

Sport im Fernsehen – zwischem gesellschaftlichen Anliegen und ökonomischen Interesse Sports on TV – Between Public and Economic Interests (ISBN 3-89001-398-8)

2004

Zur Ökonomik der Rechte bei Sportveranstaltungen Law and Economics at Sport Events (ISBN 3-939390-80-1)

2005

Der Sportzuschauer als Konsument: Gast, Mitspieler, Manipulierter? The Sport Spectator as a Consumer: Guest, Partner, Manipulated? (ISBN 3-939390-89-5)

2006

Finanzierung im Sport im Spannungsfeld zwischen Steuersystem und Markt Financing of Sports: The Tension Between Market and State (forthcoming)

2007

Zur Ökonomik von Spitzenleistungen im internationalen Sport On the Economics of Top Performance in International Sports (forthcoming)