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Index Active transport (ATP), 52–54, 58 by endocytosis, 34, 42–43, 45 by exocytosis, 34, 42–43, 45 by phagocytosis, 42, 44 by solute pumps, 34, 40–42, 45 by vesicular transport, 40, 42 Antioxidant, 52 Anucleate cells mature red blood cells, 60 Apoptosis, 71 Bacteria, 10, 53 Bernard, Claude and homeostasis, 93 Calcium as trace element, 18, 22, 49 Cancer, 7–8, 22 benign tumors, 70, 75, 117 carcinogens, 72 malignant tumors, 70–73, 75, 125 metastasis of, 72–73 mutagens, 72 and oncogenes, 72 of the skin, 99–100, 120–21, 125 and tumor suppressor gene, 72 Cannon, Walter and homeostasis, 93 Cardiovascular system, 6, 112 the heart in, 6–8, 36 makeup of, 7 repair of, 7 Carbon as cell component, 15, 18, 22 Carbon dioxide, 34 as inorganic substances, 19 Cells, 6, 8, 42 activities of, 20 aging of, 64–65 basis of life, 10–23 components of, 15, 18, 21–22
cytoplasm of. See Cytoplasm discovery of, 11 division of, 63–64, 73–74 functions of, 10, 15, 20–23, 47 growth and development of, 13 life of, 13 membranes of. See Cell Membranes nucleus of. See Nucleus origin of, 12 reproduction of, 13 sizes of, 10–12, 21– shapes of, 10–11, 21–22, 28, 29, 34, 54, 58 staining of, 14–15 structures of, 14, 18–19, 21–23 types of, 7, 10–11, 21, 66 Cell adhesion molecules, 72 Cell Cycle cytokinesis, 67–69 cytoplasmic division, 65 differentiation, 65, 74 interphase, 65–66, 68, 74 meiosis, 67, 75 mitosis, 65–66, 74 anaphase, 66–67, 69 metaphase, 66, 69 prometaphase, 66, 68–69 prophase, 66–69 telophase, 66–69 Cell Membranes, 12, 19–20, 22, 24–33, 46–47, 58 as a barrier, 24, 34 channel pores in, 35–37 components of, 25–26 cytoplasm in. See Cytoplasm flexibility of, 25–27 fragility of, 24–25 framework of, 25 function of, 24–25, 27, 32 glycolipids in, 27 movement through, 34–45
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