1
2
research studio portfolio
demas rusli 3330020 // arch7201 olivia hyde - peripheral vision
// semester 1 2014
abstract
There were 17.2 million motor vehicles registered in Australia in 2013 (75% of the Australian population). This figure was an increase of 12.3% since 2008 and indicates today’s society’s dependence on motor vehicles. This architectural proposal in Londonderry juxtaposes a car junk yard, a research and education centre for steel recycling, a drive-in cinema, and a hotel. This contrast of programmes is not only a critical commentary on society’s use of cars, but is also a celebration of the life cycle of a car from beginning to end, showcasing the potential life and afterlife of an auto mobile.
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// 35
stalking //
81 101
the
// //
suburbia
analogue
research concepts
stalking
suburbia
“...artificial nature, populated by surprises, its limits imprecise...�
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handout
1
//
04.04.2014
“Today we will each choose a map from the Sydney Street Directory. You must choose an area you have never visited, but one that appears to present, from the dry description offered by the book, some aspect of intrigue. Do not cross reference your map choice with a satellite image. Maps must be located in the borderlands of Sydney’s metropolitan territory. Broadly speaking this means that they are likely to have a lot of yellow in the frame. Over the course of the coming week you must visit the area you have chosen and map it. I suggest that you travel in pairs as some areas may not feel safe on your own. This is your site. In visiting your site, seek out unfamiliar conditions, or ‘qualities’. These may be about borders, for example where unexpected program types come together. They may just be unexpected or unusual program types in themselves. It may be a spatial condition. It may be one place, or the relationship between a series of places. It may be irreverant, melancholic, amusing or very serious. Whatever you find, it must intrigue and/or entertain you. Think of yourselves as curious tourists, anthropologists, scientists or explorers, investigating a foreign land for the first time...”
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the
street
directory
Maps 149 + 150 were chosen purely from the intrigue of the contents on the pages. The main observation was the giant X that formed in the middle. This gave an opportunity to have a number of clashing typologies around one intersection. Upon looking further on this map, it was confirmed that this X had the potential of something very intriguing as it was surrounded by: 1 windsor downs nature reserve 2 john morony correctional complex 3 waste services depot / castleraegh landfill depot 4 university of western sydney 5 the clash of six suburbs (richmond, south windsor, bligh park, windsor downs, berkshire park, and londonderry) This collection of contrasting programs and the fact that this X is the boundary to six different suburbs was the reason for the exploration of this area. Thus, many possibilities and opportunities arised from such an intriguing first observation...
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m ap 1 49 + 1 5 0
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location
plan
62.9 km // 59 min drive
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UNSW
1
2 18
the
intrigues
1 bligh park strip 2 the northern auto wreckers
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intrigue
1:
bligh
park
strip
Upon visiting the area, there were two potential sites with intriguing prospects. The first was a narrow strip of pedestrian walk through the middle of Bligh Park, a suburb with a very chaotic street plan. After studying maps 149 + 150 before the site visit, it could be seen that the streets of Bligh Park were very curvilinear with many culdesacs and dead-ends. However upon arriving on site, this very linear strip of pedestrian walk, which joined many of the dead-ends together, was discovered. This was very intriguing. This walkway was the spine to the complex system that is the suburb’s streets. It was surprising to see how busy and utilised this walkway was. School kids coming home, joggers with prams, and groups of friends hanging out could all be seen along this walkway.
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bligh
park
figure
linearity amongst chaos 1:6000
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ground
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vision
analysis
854m // 1095 footsteps The following diagram highlights the linearity of the walkway as the vision is limited to a straight line. At certain points in the journey, there are glimpses of the surrounding suburb provided by the junction between the walkway and the streets and culdesacs. At both ends, the walkway terminates onto a park and loops around a small toilet block. If one was to walk along the footpath continuously, they are able to form an endless loop back and forth on this path. Thus the vision at the ends are expanded.
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intrigue 2: the northern
auto
wreckers
The second intrigue was this 300m long graffiti wall that was discovered on the drive home from Bligh Park. It was very interesting as it is located right next to a major road and it seemed as if there was an unknown world on the other side of the wall. What was on the other side? As it turns out, it was a scrap yard for old cars. Thousands of junk cars were sorted very neatly according to the type and size on this expansive flat empty field. The most intriguing aspect of this site was the obvious divide between the junk yard and the outside world, the threshold and the curiosity of what was on the other side.
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the
northern
auto
wreckers
figure
ground
ordered disorder 1:1500
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th e no rt he rn
ro
ad
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division
analysis
293m of wall // 1 door + 1 keyhole Along this 293m wall there are only two ways in which one can peak to see what is on the other side. The first is a standard 2040 x 820 door opening which is sited next to the office for the Northern Auto Wreckers (this is the only way to get into the site). The second is a tiny 60mm diameter keyhole which is used to lock up large gates for the cars to be transported in and out. The diagram to the left measures the division and the vision that links the inside and the outside. This lack of vision is a very intriguing aspect of this site which will be explored further in the following exercise.
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the
analogue
“An architect stands before a city, seeking to describe it. Lacking a plan, map or survey, she intends to develop one. Her purpose is neither design nor construction, instead understanding. Measurement will be her method.� - Uncommon Ground, Architecture, Technology and Topography. David Leatherbarrow. 2002.
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handout
2
//
11.04.2014
“Over the next 4 weeks you are required to construct a drawing machine - we will call them “Analogues”. The Analogues will enable you to measure and record a particular quality of your chosen site. The Analogue is not a model. It is not a representation. Analogues are to be full scale and complete objects. They should be constructed of materials appropriate to these aims. Analogues have the following properties: They They They They They They
have a functional brief are site specific have a material and constructional logic leave a trace or record inhabit a particular location have a strong conceptual reason for being what they are
In these regards they are very much like miniature works of architecture.”
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initial bligh
analyses park
_ tunnel vision _ linearity
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strip
the
northern
auto
wreckers
_ obstructed / limited vision _ physical barrier / division
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analogue
concepts
/
ideas
_ how to expand one’s vision? _ how to make people see what they cannot see?
idea
1:
see
through
wall
_ an object that clamps onto the existing graffiti wall of the car junk yard _ giving illusion that you are looking through a wall _ site specific to the Northern Auto Wreckers
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analogue
concepts
/
ideas
_ how to expand one’s vision? _ how to make people see what they cannot see?
idea
2:
multi-headed
periscope
_ expand vision as it will create a panoramic image of what is on the other side or around a corner _ works for both sites as you can see above objects as well as around corners _ could be a wearable head piece ideas for fabrication: _ car exhaust pipes _ pvc pipes _ timber _ concave / convex mirrors
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analogue
concepts
/
ideas
_ how to expand one’s vision? _ how to make people see what they cannot see?
idea _ _ _ _
3:
expandable
hole-looker
a thin small telescope that can expand automatically into a periscope once inserted into a small hole using an umbrella-like mechanism and a series of small mirrors expanding vision from a really small opening extremely site specific to the Northern Auto Wreckers
currently there are two small eye holes at the car junk yard door
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leaving
a
trace
/
record
_ a series of drawings could be done using an attachable easle _ the drawings could be continuous line drawings that have been drawn blindly _ the images seen on the other side could be simplified to simple objects (i.e. rectangles for cars or circles for wheels)
achieving
ordered
chaos
_ instead of using regular mirrors, broken glass / mirrors could be used to distort the image seen _ convex / concave mirrors could also be used _ creates an unexpected chaos
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the
prototype
double periscope (a combination of idea 1 + idea 2) _ the object will sit on top of the block graffiti wall on site _ the left eye will see an image at a lower elevation while the right image at a higher elevation _ the proposed materials used will be car exhaust pipes and mirrors inside the pipes. binoculars will be attached to magnify the vision as comfort for the eyes _ this prototype was made using box board, make up mirrors, and a
eye will see an that are cut to fit well as adding toy binocular
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_ looking into the prototype, the left eye saw a tiny image of the target (almost unable to see anything) while the right eye saw a very small rotated image of the target object _ the vision can be adjusted by moving the two periscopes closer or further away from each other, creating either a seperated vision of each periscope or an overlaid image of one another _ the binoculars will aid in magnifying the output as currently the image seen from the periscopes are quite small _ the viability of using exhaust pipes and mirrors cut to size is still yet to be tested. theoretically, the results would look similar to this
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analogue
2.0:
expanding
periscope
After doing some material research on exhaust pipes, it was found that it was almost impossible to place mirrors within them. Cutting them and re-joining them would also be a difficulty as heavy machinery and welding would be needed. They were also extremely heavy and hard to handle. Thus, the following concept will be constructed using timber (either mdf or plywood). The idea is a continuation to the prototype. However, the prototype was unable to give the user a clear vision of the target as it was too narrow and too long. This periscope will have mirrors that are bigger than the previous mirror, thus expanding the vision. The left eye will see what is on the other side of the wall at eye level while the right eye will see at a higher elevation (at the top of the wall). It will be attached to the existing block graffiti wall on site and the method of recording will be done through blind continuous line drawings.
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a
plan
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1:8
section
a
1:8
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south
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elevation
1:8
north
elevation
1:8
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east
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elevation
1:8
west
elevation
1:8
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the
making
process
The first attempt at making this analogue involved an mdf frame which was joined using a staple gun. This was very problematic as mdf is not strong on all sides and when a staple was penetrated through the weak side, the wood would split and break. Another downfall to this first method was that after the frame was made it would still need to be cladded, thus causing more work than necessary. Therefore another approach was needed and after consulting a structural engineer (lecturer at UNSW), it was advised to use 9mm plywood planes and joining them using screws that are drilled through pre-drilled holes. This method was much more successful. The following pages highlight the making process of this analogue in the workshop...
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on-site
Once the analogue was completed it was took on-site for testing. What was not accounted for was that on the other side of the wall there were large amounts of barbed wire and thus the analogue couldn’t sit properly on top of the wall. Luckily there were four locations where the barbed wire had broken and therefore the anologue was able to be tested. The results came out successfully, with the left eye being able to see piles of junk cars and the right eye only seeing trees (as it views a higher elevation). The results were recorded through continous blind line drawings. Another interesting outcome was that the analogue made it seem like there was a whole penetrating through the wall.
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results
The following drawings are the outcomes of the analogue. The records were taken from four different spots along the wall of the site. At each spot, two drawings were done to compare consistency. These drawings are the overlays of both drawings at each spot. They could potentially aid in the next step of the design process.
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research
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new
south
wales
car
statistics
In the 2013 motor vehicle census (MVC) New South Wales had the largest share of the state totals with almost 5 million vehicles (29% of all registered vehicles in Australia). This figure has grown 10.3% since 2008 and the annual growth is projected to increase by 2% every year. In 2008, there were 650 motor vehicles for every 1000 residents in NSW, but this number has increased to 680 in 2013 with the average age of registered vehicles being 10.0 years which is a decrease from 11.0 in 1997. This means that the life cycle of a car is shortening, causing the total number of cars to increase. Another noticable trend is the low rate of public transport use throughout Australia (13.5% in 2006) reflecting the desire of individuals to use private vehicles more, due to factors such as the lack of public transport services available and the convenience, comfort and privacy of using a private vehicle. This rise in car ownership could be due to the decreasing costs of auto mobiles. The ratio of cost of motor vehicle retail price index to the consumer price index has dropped from 1.0 in 1995 to 0.5 in 2011. Specifically in Regional NSW in 2011, out of 997,658 households, 36% owned 1 motor vehicle (+5756 since 2006), 34.4% owned 2 motor vehicles (+27,576 since 2006) and 15.5% owned 3 or more (+24858 since 2006). Also the total number of households with no motor vehicles has decreased by 9410. These statistics prove that people in NSW’s dependence on motor vehicles is growing and this results in more material wastage, pollution exerted, and fuel consumption.
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londonderry village
londonderry
the
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northern
auto
wreckers
londonderry
(2753)
Londonderry is located 60km west of the Sydney CBD and it currently has a population of 3818 (2011). It is part of the City of Penrith Council and the greater western Sydney region. It is mostly rural, with much of it still being crown land with a population density of 1.08 people per hectare. The population of Londonderry is projected to decrease by 1.76% by 2031. The median age group living in Londonderry is in between 36-41 years of age and 75% of households in the area owns at least 2 or more cars. This is a clear indication that the usage and ownership of cars is very imporant in the greater western Sydney region. Londonderry village in the centre of the suburb is a vital connection point for local residents (amenities include shops, service stations, a post office, a community hall, londonderry public school, and the londonderry rural fire brigade station). Current recreational activities near the area include Londonderry Pony Club, the Triple ‘S’ Equestrian Centre, Londonderry Tennis Court, Richmond Raceway, Richmond Greyhound Racing Club and the Springwood Nepean Model Aero Club. However none of these are actually located within the actual boundaries of the suburb. The nearest cinemas are located in Richmond (9km) and Penrith (9.3km), and the nearest drive-in cinema is located in Blacktown (30km away).
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the
northern
auto
wreckers
557 the northern road, londonderry nsw 2753 The Northern Auto Wreckers is a company that sources and reconditions salvagable car parts. Their services include vehicle removals, auto salvages, expert reconditioning and spare parts and used car sales. They recycle cars and car parts and they are scrap metal and reconditioning specialists. Currently, the Northern Auto Wreckers are very closed to the public and is only known to a very specific niche market. Thus, there is a great opportunity to incorporate more public functions to the Northen Auto Wreckers so that they can pass on their knowledge and expertise to future generations. A research and education centre for steel recycling is therefore a very suitable programme to have for the Northern Auto Wreckers not only for them to teach the public about recycling steel for cars and other purposes (e.g. art and electronics), but also giving them a place to research more efficient ways to re-use these scrap metals and car parts.
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drive-in
cinemas
Drive-in cinemas were invented in 1932 by Richard M. Hollingshead Jr. in New Jersey, who nailed a screen to trees in his front yard and used a kodak projector to project a movie onto it. Since then, drive-in cinemas have seen a rise and fall in popularity peaking in the late 1980s in rural areas. During the late 1990s, the popularity of drive-in cinemas declined due to the labelling of them being ‘passion pits’, land becoming more expensive, and also because they are very dependent on the weather. The experience of going to a drive-in cinema is completely different to a conventional theatre. The people hanging out at the snack bar, waiting in line for the bathrooms, making out in the car, talking through movies, and the bad sound all make going to a drive-in cinema a worthwhile experience. A total of 330 drive-ins have opened all around Australia and currently only 20 remain open. The trend is slowly coming back and the popularity is slowly increasing. Drive-in cinemas truly celebrate the invention of the automobile and is also an exciting recreational activity to experience. Side note: the Dromana Twin Drive-In in NSW used a projector that shoots onto a series of mirrors (a periscope theater)!
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site area: 50,739m 2 capacity: 700 cars road length before entry: 1.4km
research
visit:
skyline
drive-in,
blacktown
17 MAY 2014 7:45PM (movie watched: X-Men) During the visit on a Saturday night, the Skyline Drive-In in Blacktown was incredibly packed. We wanted to be inside by 7:45pm but ended up queuing outside until 8:30pm (which is when the movie started) because of the huge traffic jam. This was extremely surprising and unexpected. There was also a very modern Atura Hotel right next to the cinema (again really unexpected to see a modern building / hotel in such a remote area). Once you enter past the ticket booth, we were seperated onto 2 fields for the different movies that were playing. Field 1 used FM92.4 and field 2 used FM91.0 for the audio outputs. There were fake vintage speakers that were used to mark the parking spaces (which were 5m x 2.75m each) and the ground was not sloped for optimising the viewing angle. It would have been nice to have the vintage speakers working and to have been on a slope to see the screen better. The snack bar was very packed with a long line. When asked about the crowdedness of the cinema and if it was always like this, the girl working at the counter said “yes it’s always this packed, especially on weekends and if there’s a big movie like X-Men.” Both screens were projected from the second storey of the snack bar building. Overall it was a very fun and unexpected experience and this confirmed that Sydney needs another drive-in cinema.
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telephone
dialogues
The Northern Auto Wreckers (28.05.14 2:23pm) Northern Auto Wreckers (N): Hello. Demas (D): Hello, how are you going? My name is Demas Rusli, and I’m a university student from UNSW. I’m an architecture student and I’m doing some research about auto wreckers and car junk yards. N: Ye. D: I guess I just want to know how it all works and where do you get your parts from, or cars from, and how does the whole thing work? N: Ye. So what do you want to know? D: Ok so for example, how do you guys sort your cars because you have so many? N: We buy them privately and from auctions. D: Oh you buy them privately and from auctions. N: Ye. D: If you guys could have more functions or more programs available, would you guys incorporate anything else into your junk yard? N: No I’d leave it as it is. D: Oh you’d leave it as it is? N: Ye. D: So everything is working fine, everything’s good? N: Ye. D: Ok. So I’ve been to the Northern Auto Wreckers a couple of times just to walk around and have a look and behind you guys is that a forest? N: Ye it’s a bush ye. D: And there’s nothing going on in there? N: No. D: Ok. I’m just really curious I guess because we are doing some research about something that intrigues us and I thought that the Northern Auto Wreckers just intrigues me I guess. N: Ye. D: Ye I went on your website and I saw what services you guys offer and your website is quite updated and nice, like it’s a pretty good website, is there a team that runs that as well? N: Ye it’s us. D: Ok I don’t want to take more of your time, thanks for answering my questions. N: No worries. D: Thank you. N: Bye. 94
Atura Hotel (28.05.14 2:33pm) Atura (A): Good afternoon thank you for calling Atura Blacktown, Heather speaking. Demas (D): Hi there, my name is Demas and I’m a university student and I’m currently doing some research on drive-in cinemas and I know you guys are right next to the Blacktown Drive-In. I was wondering if you guys get a lot of guests from the drive-in? Or specifically people going to the drive-in? A: Yes we do, we have a package that we sell that includes the drive-in tickets, and through that package we do get a bit busy. D: Ok. So especially on the weekends, you guys would get pretty busy then right? A: Ye definitely, on the weekends Friday and Saturday. D: And on the weekdays? Does it get busy as well or not so much? A: Not usually no, not for the hotel itself, but for the drive-in I would say not really... Not as busy as it is on the weekends. ... D: So I’m just calling people to get more information and just learn about drive-in cinemas. A: Ye it does get busy, especially during the weekends, and if it’s during the week it gets busy during school holidays, like during the Easter break it was really really busy. D: I guess because I’m also trying to find reasons to design a drive-in cinema. A: Ye definitely, I think just because it’s different isn’t it? Different from your normal cinema, and you don’t have to get all dressed up for it, and you can just go wearing whatever. Those would be my reasons. D: Ye. Do you guys get a lot of guests that don’t go to the cinema? A: Ye so we do get a lot of business guests. D: But a lot of the business comes from the link between you and the drive-in? A: Ye to a certain extent. ... D: Even before the refurbishment has it always been packed? A: I think so but I’m not too sure I don’t want to give you the wrong information. D: Ok. Thank you so much for answering my questions. A: No that’s ok, all the best for your final assignment. If you do need to come in to have a look at the place, feel free to. D: Ye I think I definitely will. Because I think it’s a really good idea to have some sort of accommodation or a hotel right next to a drive-in because they sort of relate to each other in a way. A: Ye exactly and we also have rooms that face the drive-in. D: So you can watch the movies from the rooms? ,,, 95
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precedent studies: research for steel recycling
+
education
centre
junk yard in sun valley, california (2008-2009 ACSA/AISC steel design student competition winner)
_ “by 2050, there will be one billion cars plying America’s roads, many of which will land up in the dump, making the car industry one of the most wasteful in the world.� _ this design gives students and the public an opportunity to learn more about recycling methods and technology _ it is perched 4x higher than the pile of junk parts expected to grow on this site _ the building features air handling, ventilation pipes, an operable skin and natural air intake in order to make a potentially uncomfotable study zone less so, it is also bent around an existing vehicle crusher / compactor giving students and the public a closeup and personal experience of the recycling process
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precedent studies: vertical junk yard bogota, colombia
_ a skyscraper in bogota, colombia which utilizes garbage building materials for construction and facade _ a symbol + statement against irresponsible consumerism in colombia _ bogota dumps 2,500,000 tons of waste a year and only 10% is recycled _ presenting / showcasing waste + wreckage _ the aim is to raise awareness and create a culture which depends on waste for energy
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concepts
area
calculations
(minimum requirements)
DAY the northern auto wreckers (existing): office + general admin 50m 2 workshop 350m 2 indoor storage area 275m 2 owner’s residence 125m 2 junkyard (1247 cars) 30000m 2 parking 1500m 2 toilets 10m 2
research + education centre for steel recycling (proposed): reception 30m 2 research labs 300m 2 workshop 300m 2 classrooms x 5 50m 2 lecture theatres x 2 100m 2 office + general admin 50m 2 cafe 50m 2 storage 70m 2 toilets 20m 2 loading dock 20m 2
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NIGHT londonderry drive-in cinema (proposed): ticket booth 60m 2 restaurant / snack bar 300m 3 kitchen 100m 2 projection room 90m 2 office + general admin 50m 2 storage 70m 2 outdoor open space x 2 12000m 2 toilets 50m 2 loading dock 20m 2 road length before entry 1400m
hotel (proposed): lobby 100m 2 reception 50m 2 office + general admin 50m 2 rooms x 70 50m 2 bar / restaurant 200m 2 kitchen 100m 2 swimming pool 750m 2 gym 250m 2 conference / meetings / wedding spaces 150m 2 each storage 70m 2 parking 1500m 2 loading dock 20m 2
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option
1:
towers
Looking at the layout of the Skyline Drive-In Cinema in Blacktown, it is quite easy to superimpose the same layout onto the plan for the Northern Auto Wreckers. Thus if the space for the existing junk cars were to be used for the visitors of the proposed drive in cinema, the only way to maintain the floor area of the existing auto wreckers and also add the new programmes in (the research + education centre and the hotel) is to place them into two towers at each end of the site and using the towers to double as possible movie screens. There also needs to be at least 1.4km of road to filter the cars in before they enter the cinema (due to the extremely long queues). For this option, a way to achieve this is to utilise the forest behind the site. The main issue with this option is that the entire site will be unused and cleared during the day as the drive-in cinema only operates at night and thus pose questions on what can be done with the site during the day.
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tower 2: hotel (24m high)
drive-in
cinema
amenities / ticket booth
tower 1: the northern auto wreckers + research and education centre (63m high) 106
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option
2:
above
+
below
The second option is to leave the Northern Auto Wreckers as they are (as per requested in the telephone dialogue) and only adding the the research + education centre on the ground level to compliment and work together with the existing program. The drive-in cinema and the hotel can therefore be perched above the existing site. The 1.4km road filter before entering the cinema could therefore be incorporated within this above structure and cars could drive along and park at allocated spots at the end of the journey. The arrangement and layout of the structure is the main issue for this option. How will the circulation work? Where will each specific programme be placed? How big will the structure need to be to incorporate one or more drive-in theatres and also a hotel? These questions need to be answered in the following stages of the design process.
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drive-in
above structure: cinema + hotel
below: northern auto wreckers + research and education centre
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variation
112
-
a
simpler
‘above’
structure
possible
form
for
research
derived
from
+ the
education
centre
‘below’
analogue
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what
next?
The next step in the design process is to figure out which option is the most suitable for the site. It seems like option 2 is more suitable as it leaves the existing Northern Auto Wreckers. Also to keep experimenting with the circulation of the drive-in cinema as well as what is the relationship between the hotel and the cinema. Begin to plan in detail and work out the forms for the research and education centre as well as the structure above, how big does it need to be? Keep working with models and make sure to have a graphical consistency. There is still quite a long way to go...
To be continued...
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bibliography
Atlas.id, Penrith City Council, http://atlas.id.com.au/penrith/ Atura Hotel Blacktown, http://www.aturablacktown.com.au/ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 4602.0 - Environmental Issues: People’s Views and Practices, Mar 2006, http://www.abs. gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbytitle/DD0E6A0CFF90D1BECA25722C007E358D?OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics, 9309.0 - Motor Vehicle Cencus, Australia, 31 Jan 2013, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/ abs@.nsf/mf/9309.0 Charting Transport, Trends in car ownership, http://chartingtransport.com/2011/08/07/trends-in-car-ownership/ Drive-ins Downunder, Projection booths, http://www.drive-insdownunder.com.au/projectionbooths/dromanabox.htm Event Cinemas, Skyline Drive In Blacktown, http://www.eventcinemas.com.au/cinema/drive-in-blacktown/about eVolo, Skyscraper in Bogota Utilizes Garbage as Building Material, http://www.evolo.us/architecture/skyscraper-in-bogotautilizes-garbage-as-cladding/ Google Maps Inhabitat, Swooping Research Facility Perches Right Over Steel Recycling Plant It Studies, http://inhabitat.com/swoopingresearch-facility-perches-right-over-steel-recycling-plant/ Northern Auto Wreckers, http://www.northernautowreckers.com.au/ Penrith City Council, Londonderry, http://www.penrithcity.nsw.gov.au/_templates/StandardTemplate.aspx?id=43996 Profile.id, Londonderry - About the profile areas, http://profile.id.com.au/penrith/about/?WebID=240 Profile.id, Londonderry - Castleraegh - Agnes Banks - About the forecast areas, http://forecast.id.com.au/penrith/aboutforecast-areas/?WebID=230 Profile.id, Regional NSW - Number of cars per household, http://profile.id.com.au/australia/car-ownership?WebID=180 Wikipedia, Drive-in theatre, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in_theater Wikipedia, Londonderry, New South Wales, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry,_New_South_Wales
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