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Adults with Behavioral Health Needs under Correctional Supervision
Conditions of Supervision—Court-ordered or releasing-authority (e.g., parole board) stipulations that persons diverted from or leaving jail or prison must comply with or face possible sanctions and revocation of their community supervision. General conditions, such as not engaging in criminal activity and reporting to a probation or parole officer, apply to all individuals under supervision. Special conditions, such as participation in drug or mental health treatment, are added on a case-by-case basis.126 Co-occurring Disorders—The term refers to co-occurring substance use (abuse or dependence) and mental disorders. Clients are said to have co-occurring disorders when at least one disorder of each type can be established independently of the other and is not simply a cluster of symptoms resulting from a single disorder.127 Correctional Control and Supervision—The monitoring and management practices exercised by corrections agencies over individuals for whom they are responsible both in an institution and the community in order to maintain order and safety, and to carry out the mandates of the criminal justice system. Correctional Rehabilitation—Intervention targeting an individual’s attitudes, thinking, behavior, or other factors related to their criminal conduct to reduce the likelihood of reoffending.128 Criminal Justice Involvement—Any formal contact with the criminal justice system, such as arrest, pretrial detention, incarceration in jail or prison, or supervision in the community by probation or parole. Criminogenic Needs—The characteristics or circumstances (such as antisocial attitudes, beliefs, thinking patterns, and friends) that research has shown are associated with criminal behavior, but which a person can change (i.e., they are dynamic). These needs are used to predict risk of criminal behavior. Because criminogenic needs are dynamic, risk of recidivism can be lowered when these needs are effectively addressed. Although a person may have many needs, not all of these needs are directly associated with the likelihood of committing a crime.129 Criminogenic Risk—The likelihood that individuals will commit a crime or violate the conditions of their supervision. In this context, risk does not refer to the seriousness of a crime. (People who have committed a violent or assaultive offense may still be considered at low risk of committing a future crime, for example. Standard assessment tools do not predict an individual’s likelihood of committing violent crimes; they only provide information on the likelihood that a person will reoffend in the future.)130 Criminogenic Risk Factors—Characteristics, experiences, and circumstances that are predictive of future criminal activity (such as criminal history, antisocial attitudes, thinking, patterns, and friends). Through criminogenic risk assessment, the presence of these characteristics can be used to predict the likelihood that the individual will reoffend.131