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:8121<48%4<7+80= *>48-#-55 For the last few years many people played key roles in making sure Homestake was selected as the site for a national deep underground science and engineering laboratory. Some of them include, from left to right, Lead Mayor Tom Nelson, Rep. Stephanie HersethSandlin, Lt. Gov. Dennis Daugaard, Gov. Mike Rounds, Sioux Falls businessman and philanthropist T. Denny Sanford, Homestake Collaboration leader Kevin Lesko, Sen. John Thune, and S.D. Science and Technology Authority Executive Director Dave Snyder. Photo by Michelle Hall !"#D & 'he e*o, more,Q Mer*hen said of the e*onomi* 0ossibi6ities of the 6abD nomi* im0a*t of a N"?en Chen that mountain started to be*ome a rea6ity the federa66y funded 6ab, e*onomi* im0a*t >reC as it be*ame more rea6D FoC CeRre oratory at :omesta<e 6oo<in> ba*< some SK, TK is 0ri*e6ess, and the o00ortunities for te*hno6o>y de?e6o0, years a>o and noC Ce <noC ments in the state are on6y 6imited by our ima>inations, @6a*< Ce *an 0ut a 0ri*e to Chat Cas :i66s Aision *hairman Mar< Mer*hen said fo66oCin> an a 0ri*e6ess >oa6 that started announ*ement that the s*ientists Cou6d definite6y be *omin> that many de*ades a>oD O rea6, to toCnD 6y be6ie?e thatRs Chat :omes, #fter DrD Ee?in !es<o, 0rin*i0a6 in?esti>ator and *hief s*i, ta<e re0resentsDQ entist for the 0ro0osa6 to de?e6o0 a dee0 under>round s*ien*e 'hrou>hout its fundraisin> and en>ineerin> 6aboratory at :omesta<e, re*ei?ed a *a66 *am0ai>n, Chi*h has yie6ded from the FGF site se6e*tion *ommittee re0ortin> that :ome, UVDVS mi66ion from VVS differ, sta<e Cas the unanimous *hoi*e for the 6ab, Cord s0read 6i<e ent in?estors to mar<et the Ci6dfire throu>hout the Forthern :i66s and the state as 0eo06e @6a*< :i66s as a te*hno6o>y be>an to mar?e6 about hoC the 6ab Cou6d *reate an u0sCin> *orridor, @6a*< :i66s Aision for a *ommunity that had been stru>>6in> Cith its e*onomyD members ha?e *ited the Wa< Pid>e Fationa6 !aboratory as an Miners Cho had mo?ed aCay from the on6y toCn they <neC eMam06e of Chat *ou6d ha00en in !ead on*e s*ien*e at the 6ab Chen :omesta<e *6osed Cere on*e a>ain bein> in?ited to is in fu66 sCin>D De?e6o0ed in the midd6e of some farm6and in ta<e Iobs to reo0en the mineD 'he 0hones at 6o*a6 rea6 estate Wa< Pid>e, 'ennD, in the VXYKs, the 6ab a*ted as a *ata6yst to offi*es be>an rin>in> off the hoo< as he60 a non,eMis, 0eo06e *a66ed about in?estment 0ro0er, tent toCn de?e6o0 ties and e*onomi* de?e6o0ment offi*ia6s into a thri?in> “I would liken it to the decision to be>an to ma<e 0redi*tions on*e a>ain *ommunity of carve Mount Rushmore. Even when about the im0a*t su*h a fa*i6ity Cou6d Z[,J\[ 0eo06e, ha?e on the tiny toCn of more than J,KKK Cith fami6y that mountain started to become a 0eo06e, and on the entire stateD median in*omes reality the economic impact grew as it Lhi6e there Cere no definite e*onom, of about US[,K\[ i* im0a*t numbers to Cor< Cith, as the and a ?ariety of became more real.” a*tua6 effe*ts *ou6d be ?ast and di?erse, te*hno6o>i*a66y — Mark Merchen, e?eryone <neC that their 0rayers had based business, Black Hills Vision chairman been ansCeredD Lith eMistin> businesses in*6udin> a @oe, and entertainment on the u0sCin> in the in> manufa*tur, *ommunity, and the many different in> 06antD industries the 6ab Cou6d brin> to !ead, the toCn Cou6d on*e Wn*e s*ientists start *omin> to toCn, :omesta<e 0rin*i0a6 a>ain be*ome an e*onomi* hub in the Forthern :i66s, the in?esti>ator and *hief s*ientist DrD Ee?in !es<o said they Ci66 state, *ountry, and in the Cor6dD 6i<e6y rent homes for the duration of their stay in !ead, *om, NO Cou6d 6i<en it to the de*ision to *ar?e Mount Push, mutin> ba*< and forth from their other ob6i>ations at ?arious
By $endy (it+ic@6a*< :i66s aioneer
uni?ersities and s*ientifi* *ommitments around the Cor6dD @ut based on the *urrent *ost of 6i?in> & in*6udin> rent, >as, >ro*eries, administrati?e su00ort and e]ui0ment needs & DeadCood "*onomi* De?e6o0ment "Me*uti?e Dire*tor Chu*< 'urbi?i66e estimates that ea*h s*ientist Cho *omes to toCn Ci66 s0end a minimum of USK,KKK a yearD 'hose do6, 6ars, he said Ci66 turn o?er fi?e to se?en times Cithin the Forthern :i66s *ommu, nity and the state as ?arious 0ersonne6, businesses and ser?i*e 0ro?iders sho0 6o*a66yD N'his is >oin> to be tremendous,Q 'urbi?i66e saidD NWn to0 of that Ce Ci66 ha?e the neC te*hno6o>y industry Chi*h is on6y 6imited by our ima>inationsD OtRs one of the bi>>est thin>s that has ha00ened *ertain6y in Cestern Gouth Da<ota and O thin< for the stateDQ 'urbi?i66e 0ointed out that in addition to the s*ientists from a66 o?er the Cor6d Cho Ci66 be f6o*<in> to the dee0est under, >round 6ab in the *ountry, miners Ci66 be ab6e to return to the *ommunity Cith their fami6ies to he60 0re0are and maintain the mine for the 6abD 'hat in itse6f is 0romisin>, as the eModus of miners from !ead after :omesta<eRs *6osure de?astated the toCnRs e*onomyD Real estate On fa*t, the e*onomi* im0a*t on the area has a6ready be>un, as 6o*a6 rea6tors re0ort that immediate6y after the FGF made its announ*ement, rea6 estate in]uiries be>an to riseD #nd Cith a rise in 0otentia6 buyers *ame in*reased as<in> 0ri*es as homeoCners sou>ht to *a0ita6i_e on in?estorsR in]uiriesD NWur 0hone ran> off the hoo<,Q said Eristine Ai66afuerte of 'he Pea6 "state `rou0 of !ead,DeadCoodD
Lead, Black Hills already benefiting from lab location
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IMPACT Continued from Page 3 Just as she sat down for a quick chat about the real estate market in Lead the day after the announcement, her phone rang. It was yet another client calling to raise the price on his house as many had done before him. =It>s like everybody had @ust sort of been waiting to hear and then once that announcement came it was @ust full-on,B said Trish Fahey, Villafuerte>s business partner. However, despite investors> increased interest in Lead, Villafuerte and Fahey said the area is still very much a seller>s market. There is still a great deal of inventory out there, but with the increased interest that could change. Another phenomena the real estate brokers reported was the fact that investors looking for properties in Lead are mostly from the surrounding areas. Very few out-of-state buyers, they said, even know about the lab and therefore it is not a selling point for them. Those investors who did know about the lab, Fahey said, started buying Lead properties a couple of years ago. But the real estate values inside the city of Lead have their limits on increased value, Fahey said, due to the historic nature of most of the homes. =Realistically we are in an old town where the houses still need a lot of work as well,B Villafuerte said. However, Fahey said there are still plenty of houses and properties, particularly on the periphery of Lead such as those near Deer Mountain, which have great appreciation potential. =There are plenty of houses within Lead that have the ability to change and be something,B Fahey said. =Inside Lead you>re probably limited on what you can do unless you Lead's Main Street will soon see a slow increase in activity as scientists come to town to conduct experiments at the tear these buildings down and rebuild.B 4,850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Laboratory. Photo by Michelle Hall On the flip side of real estate values rising is the availability of affordable housing, and While Dave Snyder, eTecutive director of employment opportunities in the neTt several Merchen along with his board and 115 Turbiville said that>s something local officials the S.D. Science and Technology Authority, months with the reentry contract and the investors are getting ready to implement that must continue to work on to ensure the grow- said he doesn>t yet know how many new @obs dewatering contract,B Nelson said. =Beyond plan to market Lead and the Black Hills to ing workforce and scientists that come with will be created, the Authority is currently that, once they start moving on the surface corporations around the country and the the lab can find places to live at reasonable making plans to eTpand its staff to accommo- with the classroom and the campus setup, I world. While Merchen did not share specific prices. An affordable housing task force, date the lab. think that>s going to bring a lot more people details about his plan, he said it could be nothspearheaded by Neighborhood Housing SerDynatec Corporation, the Canadian-based to town. I think that is going to add a lot of ing but positive for western South Dakota and vices is already working on a plan for that. mining firm hired to prepare the mine for people to the critical mass which Lead really the state. Additionally, Turbiville said Deadwood Eco- reentry, has already hired approTimately 15 needs to help support the downtown businessAnd as time goes on, Turbiville said that nomic Development has financed property to people to help with reentry efforts, and there es.B marketing will become easier and easier as construct 18 town homes in Lead, which could be as many as 25 total new hires. And Overall, Turbiville said he eTpects the num- people from all over the world hear about the could be rentals for the scientists and workers according to Lesko, many scientists from all ber of higher-paying @obs available in Lead to scientific advancements being made in Lead. at the lab. over the world will offset the higher cost of living. =This is some=I think that with all of the high-tech new =In order to accommobe in and out of thing that everybody who is in economic developments that are going on you>re going date these people coming â&#x20AC;&#x153;This is Christmas for Lead annually for development looks for,B he said. =This is to see South Dakota talked about in universiin it is very important that Christmas for people like me. Through the ties and in boardrooms in China, Japan, Auspeople like me ... We are now eTperiments. Lead and Deadwood and =There are so help of a lot of people in the state and the gov- tralia, and throughout Europe. The lab is the surrounding commu- creating a whole new level many concurrent ernor and everybody who worked on this we nities and Lawrence of high-paying jobs with activities to do are now creating a whole new level of high- probably going to be included in some college curriculums as a showplace for eTperiCounty prepare for this,B now,B Snyder said. paying @obs with great benefits. That>s what ments and creating knowledge. So as time great benefits. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Turbiville said. =Are =We have the we>re looking for.B goes on South Dakota and the lab will defiprices going to go upS It Chuck Turbiville, Deadwood administration and Business nitely receive worldwide notoriety.B seems like always when the operations of In addition to the @obs created in the laboraEconomic Development It>s a repeat of what Mount Rushmore did something like this takes things, the reentry tory, Turbiville said the number of support when GutZon Borglum envisioned a shrine of place the prices do go up. work that Dynatec has and then we have to businesses that will result in this facility will There are people anticipating selling for more work with the development of this new also act as a boom to the economy. While democracy that would draw people from all and renting for more. I anticipate an immedi- design. Additionally we have to work with the Snyder said he does not believe the scientists over the world. While state economic develate spike but I believe that it will come back scientists who are coming in and work with will require any more businesses than the opment officials and officials at the Sanford down and level off in the neTt few months to the NSF. So it>s a big eTercise. general population needs X such as gas, gro- Underground Science and Engineering Labowhere it is still going to be available. It>s up to =This is a huge pro@ect that has eTtremely ceries, and lodging X Merchen, and others ratory still have a lot of work behind them, it us to make sure there are opportunities for long legs,B Snyder continued. who dream of a technology-based economy will be worth it in the end as what could rentals.B Lead Mayor Tom Nelson said he antici- said the sky is the limit for technological busi- potentially be South Dakota>s greatest indusJobs pates slow growth in the community, both in nesses throughout the Black Hills. It>s a mar- try grows. But it will be a long process. But @ust eTactly how many more people are visitor and resident population. keting goal that Black Hills Vision has been =Carving mountains is not easy,B Merchen eTpected to come back into Lead for housingS =I think we>ll see some pretty good been planning for the last four years, and said.
!uly &''(, Page .
Seaton Publishng Special Lab :dition
Homestake Lab is the First Great Opportunity of the Century !"#$%&'()%(#*+,'#-%.)/0 !"#$%"&'$()*'+,)'-.)/""0&'1'23+4)/'5)06 (738'$/%'9)0#4$:';.)7:),&:.'1'&".4"%'3-)/ $/')--)0+3/.+<'+)'#0"$+"'&)8"+=./('+=$+',)37% ">"/+3$77<'?"':/),/'+="',)07%6)>"0'$/%'#="06 .&="%'?<'@3+30"'("/"0$+.)/&A'B="<'?"($/'#$0>6 ./('"/+.0"'8)3/+$./&*'#0"$+./('+,)'(0"$+'8)/6 38"/+&*'C)3/+'D3&=8)0"'$/%'E0$4<'F)0&"A B)%$<*'+="&"'$,"6./&-.0./(',)0:&'$++0$#+'>.&.6 +)0&'@0)8'$0)3/%'+="',)07%'+)'+="'57$#:'F.77& )@'G)3+='!$:)+$A' G)3+='!$:)+$/&'=$>"'$'&.8.7$0')--)0+3/.+< ?"@)0"'3&'+)%$<H'$/')--)0+3/.+<'+)'#0"$+"'&)8"6 +=./('+=$+',.77'?"/"@.+'@3+30"'("/"0$+.)/&'@)0 8$/<'<"$0&'+)'#)8"A'I.+='+="'J$+.)/$7'G#.6 "/#"'K)3/%$+.)/L&'&"7"#+.)/')@'+="'F)8"&+$:" C./"'@)0'.+&'/$+.)/$7'7$?',"'=$>"'+="')--)0+36
This is a tremendous opportunity for the advancement of science and to create opportunities for our children for generations to come. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Gov. Mike Rounds
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Governor Mike Rounds
Congratulations to the community of Lead and everyone who worked so hard to make the Homestake/SUSEL project a success
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Senator Jerry Apa, Representative Tom Hills & Representative Chuck Turbiville Would like to thank everyone who worked so hard to make the Deep Underground Scientific Engineering Laboratory Designation by the National Science Foundation a reality. A special thanks to Governor M. Michael Rounds for his vision, dedication and commitment. To his staff for their total commitment and ceaseless efforts. To our Congressional Delegation; Senators John Thune and Tim Johnson and Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin for their unceasing efforts at the national level. To T. Denny Sanford for his magnanimous gift of seventy million dollars. Words cannot express our gratitude for such a generous gift. To mayor Tom Nelson for his eternal optimism and confidence. And last but surely not least to all the citizens of Lead and Lawrence County for their continual and constant support throughout these many years. Ad bought and paid for by Apa, Hills and Turbiville
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File photo
Homestake workers inspect the cables at the Ross Shaft for recommissioning. Photo courtesy of S.D. Science and Technology Authority
July 2007, Page 7
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NSF decision example of what South Dakotans can do when working together By $.S. Rep. Stephanie Herseth Sandlin
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin
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South Dakotans know how to make lemons into lemonade By $.S. Sen. Tim Johnson
Tim Johnson
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The Spearfish Area Chamber of Commerce and the Spearfish Economic Development Corporation welcome the National Science Foundation to the beautiful Black Hills of South Dakota! Contact Our Organizations at: 106 W. Kansas St. • Spearfish, SD 57783 or call 605-642-2626 www.spearfishchamber.org • www.spearfishdevelopment.com
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Raymond Davis along with Tokyo physicist Masotoshi Koshiba pioneered the way to find elusive neutrinos. Davisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experiments were conducted nearly a mile underground at Homestake. He received the Nobel Prize for his work. Photo courtesy of Brookhaven National Lab
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Meet the players T. >enny Sanford makes phenomenal donation
T. Denny Sanford, right, made a $70 million pledge to the Sanford Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at Homestake. This drastically improved the chances of Homestake being chosen. File photo
Before T. )enny Sanford made his phenomenal announcement of a very generous ;<0 million pledge to the Sanford >nderground Science and ?ngineering Laboratory at Homestake, the chances for South )akota to be selected as the site for the nationEs newest laboratory were just a little better than the competition. But after the announcement, state and local leaders knew they had it in the bag! But who is this man with the generous heart and commitment to scientific discovery and educationI As the C?O of >nited Mational Corporation, First Premier Bank, and Premier Bankcard, the Web site philanthropy.com lists him as the 14th Smost generous donor.S His donation to what was dubbed as the Sanford >nderground Science and ?ngineering Laboratory nearly equaled his total charitable contributions in 200V, when he gave ;<0.W million to various organiXations. Overall, SanfordEs passion is rooted in making money and donating to causes which he supports. Sanford began making his fortune in 19<9 and 19Z0 when then-[ov. Bill Janklow helped make it easier for credit card companies to do business in the state. First Premier Bank now has 13 locations in eastern South )akota, with assets close to a billion dollars and at least ;430 million in trust
Mining New Technology By U.S. Sen. )ohn Thune Congratulations to Lead! This is truly an exciting day for the community of Lead, the Black Hills region, and our entire country as the Sanford >nderground Science and ?ngineering Laboratory at Homestake takes on its new role as the site for our nation’s John Thune proposed deep underground science and engineering laboratory. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills attracted pioneers from all over who hoped to strike it rich in South )akota. Mow, once again, the Black Hills region has another opportunity to lead the nation in a new area of discovery that will enrich the lives of all Americans through cutting-edge science and research. The term cneutrinod did not even exist, let alone the in-depth study of them, when [eorge Hearst purchased the Homestake Mining Claim for ;<0,000 in 1Z<<. But the remnants from the pursuit of gold Z,000 feet into the earth will now provide the perfect environment to pursue further studies of neutrinos and other physical sciences in a cosmic-ray free environment. A project of this magnitude will again bring the spotlight of discovery to Lead and the Morthern Hills. Homestake’s new mission will bring some of the greatest scientific minds of our generation to the Hills. This will mean new
scientific discoveries and significant economic development potential for the Black Hills. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the vision and the generosity of philanthropist T. )enny Sanford and his generous ;<0 million pledge, which helped make this happen. I would also like to congratulate local leaders and scientists for the lion’s share of the work it took to make this project a reality, along with [overnor Rounds and the rest of the Congressional delegation. The MSF announcement means that Homestake is no longer competing against other sites for this important project, but that does not mean the fight is over. With the ;1V million award, Homestake will have the next three years to further refine the plans involved in developing this lab, but it must still compete with other MSF projects for additional funding. We will continue to make the case that the Sanford Lab at Homestake is a wise investment for federal research funding. I will continue to work diligently with my colleagues, the White House, and the Mational Science Foundation Board to secure funding to open the deep underground science and engineering laboratory ()>S?L). The economic impact and the ripple effect that this will send through the Black Hills region will not be entirely known for decades. The innovation and invention that can emerge from an endeavor of this magnitude is only limited by human imagination. The pioneers who traveled to South )akota’s new frontier were following the call to c[o West houng Man.d Starting today, it is our hope that Homestake will bring people from Morth, South, ?ast, and West in search of great scientific discovery.
assets. The company also has facilities in Spearfish, )akota )unes, and Watertown. Causes Sanford has supported in the past include the ChildrenEs Home Society in South )akota, the Mayo Foundation in Rochester, Minn., and the Health?ast Foundation in St. Paul, Minn. His primary interest, according to his biography published this year, is in helping sick, disadvantaged, abused and/or neglected children. SanfordEs wealth is a far cry from his upbringing in a working-class household. According to his biography, Thomas )enny Sanford was born on )ec. 23, 193V in St. Paul, Minn. His mother died of breast cancer when he was just 4 years old, and his father also died at an early age. ?arly in life his biography says that Sanford developed a strong work ethic, and extreme determination to succeed and attend college. He eventually realiXed that dream when he graduated from the >niversity of Minnesota in 19VZ with a degree in psychology. When he is not working, Sanford also enjoys playing on the Westward Ho Country Club golf course in Sioux Falls. He is also known for his love of adventure and recreation, with activities including snow skiing, sailing, and traveling around the world. While he is not married, Sanford has one brother, two sons and two grandsons.
Celebrating the announcement of the Sanford Underground Science & Engineering Lab at Homestake. Michael Guilbert, O.D. Dennis Mills, D.D.S Lennie Hopper, D.D.S
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578-3810 1-800-641-2035
88 Charles St., Deadwood
July 2007, Page 12
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
Deep Roots:
Nelson ‘cheerleader’ for lab
South Dakota has longstanding ties with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory B" Wend" (itlicBlack Hills Pioneer LEAD — South Dakota’s claim to fame with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory goes deeper than the Homestake Mine. Long before Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory physicist Dr. Kevin Lesko began working on a proposal that would bring the West Coast nuclear physics laboratory together with South Dakota officials, the lab was already familiar with our Midwestern state as it is the birthplace of its namesake, Ernest Lawrence. Lawrence was born on Aug. 8, 1901, in Canton, a small town near Sioux Falls in the southeastern corner of the state. A star student, he graduated from Canton High School, then attended St. Olaf College in Minnesota. In 1919 he went to the University of South Dakota before obtaining his doctorate from Yale University. According to the Web site Nobelprize.org, some of Lawrence’s most significant contributions to science included a vital role in the development of the atomic bomb and then an even more important role serving as a member of the U.S. delegation at the 1958 Geneva Conference to obtain an international agreement to suspend atomic bomb testing. Centering on nuclear physics, Lawrence’s work was vast, as he is known for developing the cyclotron, a device to accelerate nuclear particles to
very high velocities without using high voltages, discovering hundreds of radioactive isotopes, and serving as a consultant for the Institute for Cancer Research at Columbia. Lawrence then went on to develop more uses for the cyclotron, until he eventually used it to generate cosmic particles that later led to studies on antiparticles — one of the foundations for neutrino research. His work eventually won national recognition as he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1939. James Symons, director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Nuclear Science Division, expressed excitement about the lab’s continuing affiliation with South Dakota when he wrote, “At Berkeley Lab, we have been working on the Homestake proposal for over six years and are delighted that the NSF’s comprehensive review process has selected Homestake as the site of a deep underground lab in the United States. The scientific opportunities offered by the Homestake site are first rate. We’re excited at using the scientific, educational and technical resources of Berkeley Lab to assist in development of our new sister laboratory in South Dakota. These opportunities build on the historic connections between UC Berkeley, the Hearst family and the Homestake mine, and between Berkeley Lab and the state of South Dakota, which was the birthplace of our founder, Ernest O. Lawrence. We look forward to renewing the relationship with Homestake in the 21st century.”
Ernest Lawrence, the namesake of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, poses in front of the original “Rad Lab” on the campus of the University of California in Berkeley in 1932. Lawrence was born in Canton, S.D. which was the lab’s first connection to this Midwestern state. Photo courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
We’re all a little
“DIFFERENT” in these parts. You’ll fit right in! Welcome to the Black Hills!
B" Wend" (itlicBlack Hills Pioneer LEAD — He’s the self-proclaimed “cheerleader” for Homestake: Lead Mayor Tom Nelson. Nelson has served as the positive force for state officials — encouraging them to move forward even when the lab possibilities were bleak. “I looked at my task as making sure that everybody kept their eye on the prize,” Nelson said of his involvement. “I think all along as corners turned and people got discouraged I just tried to be a cheerleader and say ‘Hey, this has got to be a great deal and whatever it takes or how long it takes we need to find the resources to make sure it happens.’” And that’s exactly what he did. When an indemnification agreement from Barrick Gold Corp. looked like it might not happen, Nelson stood confident. When the NSF decided for the second time to open up to proposals nationwide last year, Nelson told Lead residents not to worry. Through the whole process he has been a man on a mission — to preserve and continue Lead’s legacy. “I was the one who kept the pot stirred when people forgot about it and tried to make sure everybody was as positive and as confident as I was,” Nelson said. “I guess I just feel relieved that there is going to be a continuity with that hole in the ground. The whole infrastructure — not only from an industrial standpoint, but from a life standpoint and a memory standpoint — is going to continue with that legacy and that heritage.” A lifelong resident of Lead, Nelson lives in the Sunny Hill area with his wife, Melodee. He works as the general manager of the Gold Dust Gambling Hall and Restaurant in Deadwood. When he has spare time, Nelson enjoys gardening, golfing and outdoor activities throughout the Black Hills. He has three grown children, one in Sioux Falls, one in Denver and one in Arizona.
Tom Nelson
July 2007, Page 13
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
S.D. scientists looking for immediate practical applications from DUSEL research Antibiotics, ethanol production at top of list for possible research By Wendy Pitlick Black Dills Pioneer LEA$ â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Antibiotics that can sustain very high temperatures and en9ymes that could help make ethanol production easier will be the focus of $rs. Sookie Bang, Bruce Bleakley, Bames Staley, Fathi Dalaweish, and Mike Lehman when they embark on a bioprospecting project in the deep underground science and engineering laboratory. Bang, a microbiology professor at the South $akota School of Mines and Technology, along with Bleakley and Dalaweish of South $akota State Iniversity, Staley of the Iniversity of Washington, and Lehman of the I.S. $epartment of Agriculture submitted a proposal to enter the deepest reaches of the Domestake Mine to search
for microorganisms that grow and thrive in the high temperatures underground. According to Bang, since scientists know that microorganisms existed deep underground before the Domestake mining operations started, the introduction of outside materials, people and animals would have interacted with the isolated microorganisms underground. This interaction, Bang said could have caused an evolutionary mutation which could have resulted in very different microorganisms, metabolites and byproducts that the world has never seen. Additionally, Bang said those microorganisms that live and thrive underground in high temperatures are called thermophiles, and their discovery could yield some immediate practical effects on the scientific
Dr. Sookie Bang
Dr. Ray Davis (left), who pioneered the neutrino experiment navigates his way through the 4,850-foot level of the Homestake Mine. File photo community. LThose thermophiles are growing and they are producing en9ymes as well as antibiotics
which can sustain high temperature,L Bang said. LMost antibiotics are very temperature sensitive and theyMre structure will be
destroyed when they are exposed to high temperatures. But those
See $ISEL on Page OP
Montana Dakota Utilities Co. Congratulates the City of Lead for being awarded the Underground Sciencce & Engineering Lab. (DUSEL)
On September 5, 1928, a gas lighting ceremony was held in Belle Fourche Celebrating Montana Dakota Utilities bringing natural gas to the Black Hills. 2007 marks our 79th year servicing the Northern Black Hills and Rapid City. We will continue to provide quality, dependable natural gas service as well as appliance and equipment sales and service to our customers in Lead/Deadwood and the Black Hills communities that we serve.
1.800.MDU.FAST www.montana-dakota.com
July 2007, Page 14
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
BHSU optimistic about growth with lab’s arrival !"#$%&'(%)#*+%,%-.%+Black Hills Pioneer SPEARFISH — Black Hills State University is taking education to a whole new level. With Lead being chosen as the National Science Foundation’s site for a deep underground science and engineering laboratory, and college administration and faculty are gearing up for positive changes. President Kay Schallenkamp said this announcement has put the school in the international spotlight. With a possible expansion of the science department on deck, several research opportunities already in place and an excited staff, BHSU is ready to take on the science world in a whole new light. “We are who we are,” Schallenkamp said. “Our light has been under a bushel basket for so long and now that bushel basket has just been taken off. By being in the national spotlight we will have the opportunity to share all of the wonderful things that are happening here. This will change us.” Over the years, BHSU has created a long and lasting partnership with the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority. Schallenkamp said former university president Tom Flickema saw the opportunities for the university and had a vision seven years ago of what this might mean for this school. Since then, she said, the campus has been diligent in preparing for this announcement. Ben Sayler, director of BHSU’s Center for the Advancement of Math and Science Edu-
cation (CAMSE), has been involved since the beginning. “It opens up a breadth of what we can do for sure,” Sayler said. BHSU and the Authority currently have a memorandum of understanding of which Sayler has been instrumental in creating. It outlines the collaborative activities that will happen between the university and the Authority to support the eventual creation of the Sanford Center for Science and Education. Having the Sanford Underground Science and Engineering Lab 17 miles away from campus is by far the best thing that could have happened to the science department. At this point, biologists are going to be the ones that participate the most during the early research at the lab, he explained. Those opportunities include looking for exotic life forms and examining the geo-chemistry and water quality. Schallenkamp said that an expansion of the department is possible, but it will take a lot of fundraising. “It is BHSU’s top priority right now, but the most recent cost estimates we have are at $24 million to do what really needs to be done,” she said. Starting small, she said, she hopes to increase the number of science programs on campus and reach out and recruit students that can take advantage of the research opportunities the lab creates for them. The university will re-focus a substantial marketing plan that will consistently utilize the verbiage regarding the Sanford Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory. Schallenkamp said this is an opportunity for
exposure that the institution has never had before. “There is a reason to look at South Dakota and when they do, BHSU is going to be there,” she said. “The fact that we are Black Hills State University in the Black Hills of South Dakota where the SUSEL is located is going to make a difference.” Enrollment is definitely affected. Not only will the presence of the lab bring in research scientists from all over the world, it will also attract their spouses and families. Schal-
lenkamp said that as the multi-purpose, comprehensive university that BHSU is, she is going to take advantage of attracting individuals interested in lifelong learning and cultural experiences. “That’s our special responsibility and we are ready for it,” she said. Outside of additional students, Schallenkamp is also looking forward to working with more universities. “This is truly a site that embraces everyone. It is not a closed or privatized facility so every good idea is welcome,” she said.
Dr. Ben Sayler, director of the Center for the Advancement of Math and Science Education at Black Hills State University, works with a group of science students. Sayler has been tapped as the coordinator for activities related to the Sanford Center for Science and Education. Courtesy photo
July 2007, Page 15
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
Sayler brings Homestake science to the classroom By Wendy Pitlick <)ac= Hi))s Pioneer Ehi)e scientists f)oc= to the Sanford @nderground Science and Kngineering Da-orator5 at Ho8esta=e to conduct cut4 ting edge research: educators fro8 throughout the state and countr5 2i)) -e )oo=ing to Ho8esta=e for educationa) o99ortunities6 7hatVs 2here Ir6 <en Sa5)er co8es in6 As the Science Kduca4 tion Outreach Coordinator for the )a-: Sa5)er has -een 2or=ing since SWWB on different 2a5s to ca9ita)iFe on the scientistsV research and teach it to students in =indergarten through BSth grade6 Sa5)er -eca8e invo)ved 2ith the effort to 9)ace a dee9 under4 ground science and engineering )a-orator5 at Ho8esta=e in SWWB 2hen he sat on a 9ane) to share eGisting science education efforts in the region6 Since then Sa5)er has -een -us5 2or=ing on o99ortunities to -ring science fro8 Ho8esta=e into the c)assroo8: and vice versa6 So8e of his ideas inc)ude -ringing a 8o-i)e neutrino science )a- to e)e8entar5 schoo)s around the area6 In addition to 2or=ing on education efforts at Ho8esta=e: Sa5)er is a)so the
director of the Center for Oath and Science Kducation and a 9rofessor at <)ac= Hi))s State @niversit56 He ho)ds a 8asterVs degree in geo)og5 and geo9h5sics fro8 Xa)e @niversit5 and a PhI in at8os9heric sciences fro8 the @niversit5 of Eashing4 ton6 He has -een eGtensive)5 invo)ved in R4 BS education outreach for 8ath and sciences state2ide: through his 2or= 2ith the Cen4 ter for the Advance8ent of Oath and Science Kducation at <HS@6 Ehen he is not 2or=ing though: Sa5)er said he enAo5s s9ending ti8e 2ith his fa8i)5 and ti8e outdoors6 His 2ife is a doctor in Iead2ood: and Sa5)er has t2o sons: ages Y and Z: 2ho8 he 9)a5s 2ith ever5 chance he gets6 In his s9are ti8e Sa5)er a)so enAo5s running: -ac=9ac=ing: and te)e8ar= s=iing6 Eor=ing c)ose)5 2ith the S6I6 Science and 7echno)og5 Authorit5 and 8e8-ers of the Ho8esta=e Co))a-oration: Sa5)er said the -est 9art a-out the 2ho)e effort is 2or=4 ing 2ith the 9eo9)e6 [7he 9eo9)e: the energ5: and the co88it4 8ent to i89roving science education Phas -een greatQ:[ he said6 [7he Ho8esta=e ini4 tiative re9resents a fa-u)ous o99ortunit5 for the Hi))s: for South Ia=ota: and for the nation6 ItVs an honor to -e 9)a5ing a ro)e6[
Dr. Ben Sayler
Lab brings unlimited possibilities By Dr. Kay Shallenkamp <HS@ President Congratu)ations on -eing chosen as the site for a ne2 nationa) under4 ground science )a-o4 rator56 7his designa4 tion -rings un)i8ited 9ossi-i)ities to the region: the state: as 2e)) as for the uni4 versit5 and our stu4 dents6 <)ac= Hi))s State @niversit5: )ocated Aust BC 8i)es fro8 the Da- site: 2i)) 9)a5 an integra) ro)e in the deve)o98ent of the Da-6 Ee recogniFe and a99reciate the transfor4 8ationa) effect the Da- 2i)) have on the )ives of our students and the future of the entire region6 Ee are an eager 9artner in this eGcit4 ing endeavor6 As the on)5 co89rehensive universit5 in 2estern South Ia=ota: <HS@ 2i)) not on)5 have a ro)e in the education and science 8ission of the Da- -ut 2i)) a)so 9ro4 vide )ife)ong )earning: cu)tura) and ath)etic eG9eriences for those 2ho 2i)) co8e to this area to )ive and 2or=6 7he @niversit5Js cen4 ters in Kntre9reneuris8: Conservation <io4 )ogica) Lesearch: and 7ouris8 2i)) a)so have a ro)e in 9roviding service to the region6 Our -usiness students and facu)t5 are a)read5 eager)5 antici9ating and discussing s9in4off endeavors and 2e envision nu8erous tech4 no)og5 and scientific -usinesses throughout
Dr. Kay Shallenkamp
the <)ac= Hi))s6 7hereJs no Nuestion that 8uch of 2hat 2e do at <HS@ 2i)) ta=e a ne2 focus6 7he )ist of 9ossi-i)ities is infinite6 <HS@ 2i)) ta=e a )eading ro)e in the deve)4 o98ent of educationa) outreach6 <HS@: 2hich has the )argest teacher4education 9ro4 gra8 in the state: is 9oised to deve)o9 innov4 ative education and outreach 9rogra8s 2ith the Da-6 7he Center for the Advance8ent of Oathe8atics and Science Kducation PCAOSKQ at <)ac= Hi))s State @niversit5 is a natura) conduit for he)9ing connect 2or)d4 reno2ned scientists that S@SKD 2i)) attract to the area 2ith R4BS students: teachers: and districts across the state6 Ir6 <en Sa5)er: director of CAOSK: is 2or=ing 2ith Daofficia)s to deter8ine ho2 <HS@ can faci)4 itate co))a-orations during the deve)o94 8ent6 7he a8aFing 9otentia) for 8aAor )arge4 sca)e research 9roAects is un-e)ieva-)e6 Our students 2i)) have the o99ortunit5 for uniNue research o99ortunities and a chance to 2or= 2ith 2or)d4reno2ned scientists6 It has -een a 9)easure to 2or= in 9artner4 shi9 2ith the South Ia=ota Science and 7echno)og5 Authorit5 PSIS7AQ and the Ho8esta=e Co))a-oration: and 2e )oo= for4 2ard to the Aourne5 ahead6 7he Da- has -een a )ong ti8e co8ing6 <HS@ has -een co88itted since the -egin4 ning6 EeJve -een )oo=ing for2ard and 9)an4 ning 2ith cautious o9ti8is8 for the deve)4 o98ent of a 2or)d4c)ass )a- faci)it5 right here in the <)ac= Hi))s6 Our drea8s have co8e true 2ith this designation and 2e are eGcited and a2ed -5 the infinite 9ossi-i)i4 ties6
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
July 2007, Page 16
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July 2007, Page 19
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
HOMESTAKE TIMELINE Information compiled from Black Hills Pioneer archives, the Homestake Visitor Center, and the S.D. Science and Technology Authority.
2001
1876
January — Members of the National Underground Lab-
April — Moses and Fred Manuel
1964
discover an outcrop of ore (a "lead") on the Homestake ledge. The discovery would eventually give the town of Lead its name.
University of Pennsylvania physicist Raymond Davis sets up a detector, one mile underground in the mine. His objective — to discover fusion from the sun, or neutrinos.
Fred Manuel
1877
June — George Hearst of California buys the Manuel brothers' claim for $70,000.
2000
November — Hearst incorporates his holdings as the Homestake Mining Company in California.
September George Hearst
1879
January The New York Stock Exchange accepted Homestake stock on the open market.
1850
After 124 years of operation, the Homestake Mining Company announced that it would close its gold mine in Lead. Scientists who had been involved with experiments conducted at the 4,850-foot level in the mine suggested that the site be used specifically as an underground science facility.
oratory Committee visit Lead for a tour of the Homestake Mine.
February — A group of
December — Barrick Gold Corporation bought the Homestake Mining Company. Homestake management expressed hope that a deal could be made to save plans to convert the company’s Lead gold mine into an underground science lab.
physicists tours the Homestake Mine.A banner, strewn across Main Street in Lead reads "Welcome Scientists." Feb. 23 would become known as "Neutrino Day" for years to come.
March — A blue ribbon committee of scientists picked the 125-year-old Homestake Gold Mine for the site of a world-leading underground science laboratory.
The last blast at the Homestake Mine occurred. The blast occurred at 1:30 p.m. on the 6,950-foot level, stoop designation 24A. Ore will continue to be taken out of the mine. The decommissioning of the mine extended through the first quarter of next year.
May — Physicists and politicians submit to the National Science Foundation a formal $281 million proposal to fund a lab at the Homestake Mine in Lead. June — Gov. Bill Janklow said in June plans for a special office to coordinate efforts to turn the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead into an underground research lab were under way. July — With the closure announcement of the Homestake Mine, the annual United Steel Workers Union of America Local 7044 picnic on Saturday, July 7 became the last picnic the miners would enjoy together as employees of the mine.
1900
1950
LESKO: A brilliant mind Continued from Page 10 and neutrino physics experiments developing the earliest Lesko plans to continue to lead the lab construction, which types of particle accelerators in the mid-80s. His experi- is likely to last through 2016. Following construction he ence then expanded when he helped develop the PMT looks forward to conducting research there himself. Lesko array for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Ontario, said he will not relocate full time to the Lead area. With Canada starting in 1989. Currently Lesko works as a group two teenagers at home, and a wife who has a nearly fullleader, leading the Sudbury National Observatory as a time career as a physical therapist at Oakland's Children's senior physicist at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Labo- Hospital, the Lesko family has already put down roots on ratory, and as a research physicist at the University of Cal- the west coast. But Lesko is no stranger to commuting to ifornia-Berkeley. Up until 2005 Lesko was also involved in work, having traveled to Los Alamos, Japan and Canada developing Japan's KamLAND, an experiment established for work for the past 23 years. to study the properties of neutrinos in detail. During this But just because he doesn't plan to relocate doesn't mean time Lesko served as the project manager for the contruc- he's not looking forward to commuting to South Dakota tion project, and on the executive council for KamLAND. every chance he gets, to mingle with the people in Lead. He's no stranger to shepherding major research projects "I've found all the citizens of South Dakota very welin the physics world, as he has seen many successful coming and intensely interested in Homestake," Lesko endeavors to fruition. But who is the man behind the said. “It has been a real pleasure to work in the Black Hills research? with Bill Roggenthen at S.D. A native of the San Francisco “The hospitality of the South School of Mines and TechnolBay area, Lesko lives in Oakland, ogy and all the folks at the Calif. with his wife of 18 years, Dakota citizens continues to make Authority. We've held several and his children, ages 15 and 18. a very positive impact on all the important meetings in Lead in He holds a bachelor's of science the past year, beginning with from Stanford University, and DUSEL participants...” our collaboration meeting and completed his doctorate degree at — Dr. Kevin Lesko presentation of the Letters of the University of Washington, Interest in February 2006 to where he worked at the nuclear physics lab. He did post- the recent NSF visiting committee site visit in March doctoral studies at the Argonne National Laboratory in 2007. The hospitality of the South Dakota citizens contin1983-85 and at Berkeley through 1985 to 1987. ues to make a very positive impact on all the DUSEL par"I still drive the same car I had when I was at Stanford," ticipants, including everything from international visitors he said of his 1969 MGB. "Although both of my children to intensely overworked committee members." have expressed interest in taking it with them to college.” While he remains a staunch supporter of Homestake,
2000
Dave Snyder Continued from Page 10 tural economics. He moved to Pierre in 1980 where he operated a successful farm, which he then sold in 2000 when he retired to Lead. Today, Snyder calls a 200-acre ranch just 10 miles south of Lead home. While he is not married, Snyder has two grown daughters and a 4-year old grandson. In his spare time, Snyder likes to spend time with these special people in his life, as well as play racquetball, hike and bike through the Black Hills. He also spends a considerable amount of time, money and effort in helping to restore the Historic Homestake Opera House. Overall, Snyder said in a previous interview the entire process has been an interesting one. He has particularly enjoyed working with the scientists who have been involved with the project. "They have brilliant minds. They see things differently, and they have inquisitiveness and tremendous drive," he said.
July 2007, Page 20
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
2004
2003
January — Gov. Mike Rounds signs an agreement
January — Barrick Gold Corp. remains ready to negoti-
2002
January — Underground mining at the 125year-old Homestake Mine concluded as the last ore was “skipped” to the top of the mine.
ate with South Dakota on the terms to transfer the mine over to the state for pursuit of an underground laboratory. Newly elected Gov. Mike Rounds took this on with enthusiasm and determination.
July — The Homestake Collaboration submit-
May — Homestake Principal Investigator and Universi-
August — The Homestake Lab Conversion Project opened its offices in Rapid City. Congressman Bill Janklow meets with the Bush Administration to confirm its support for the mine. November — Homestake Mining Company sealed the Yates and the Ross shafts to prevent possible damage to the infrastructure.
ty of Washington Physicist Dr. Wick Haxton proclaimed that if the Homestake Mine floods with water, it is likely that it will not be the site of the National Underground Science Laboratory.
June — The National Science Foundation voted
February — With the touch of two switches Homestake cut power to the last mill at the Homestake Mine. President George Bush announces that his plan for the 2003 budget includes funding for the National Science Foundation to further study neutrinos.
June — Barrick Gold Corp. officials outlined to Lead residents the decommissioning and demolition plans for the defunct Homestake Gold Mine. October — University of Pennsylvania scientist Raymond Davis split the $1 million Nobel Prize for physics with one other scientist for pioneering the construction of giant underground chambers to detect neutrinos.
unanimously Lead’s Homestake Mine as the best site for a possible underground physics laboratory. Homestake was chosen based on the geology and depth of the site. Fifteen of the world’s leading scientists pleaded with Barrick Gold Corp. to keep the pumps on in the mine, thus maintaining a dry facility. On June 10 Barrick Gold Corp. officials shut down the pumps in the Homestake Mine. State officials announced they were still committed to reaching an indemnification agreement so the company could donate the mine for use as a lab. As negotiations continued, water was flooding the mine at a rate of three-quarters of a million gallons a day. Governor Mike Rounds sends a letter to 15 Nobel laureates asking them to support Homestake. Gov. Rounds received approval from the Legislature to authorize the spending of $420,000 in state funds to take over ownership of the Homestake Mine.
2002
2003
ted a proposal to the National Science Foundation detailing plans to turn the decommissioned gold mine into a world-class laboratory.
December — Gov. Mike Rounds asked the Legislature for $10 million to convert the Homestake Mine into a national underground science laboratory.
between South Dakota and the Barrick Gold Corp. The agreement marked the end of years of negotiations between the two entities. Gov. Rounds asks the Legislature for a bond issue of $105 million to further develop the mine for the lab, and create the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority to oversee its conversion. Gov. Rounds distributed a memo to state legislators estimating the initial economic impact of lab construction at Homestake at about $50 million a year.
February — South Dakota Legislature committed $14.3 million to the project. The action set the stage for the National Science Foundation to consider the site. Although the National Science Foundation had earlier designated Homestake as the preferred site for an underground laboratory, the NSF asked that new proposals be submitted. Discussion began to center on the lab being built at the 8,000-foot level. June — If water pumping could begin in the former Homestake Mine in January 2005, it would take 20 months to empty the huge complex, engineer Dynatec Mining Co. reported.
November Dr. Richard Gowen resigned from his post as executive director of the S.D. Science and Technology Authority.
August — It was announced that Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory would take over the Homestake Lab Conversion Project. Dr. Kevin Lesko would take the reins and act as the principal investigator for the effort. Gov. Mike Rounds appointed Thomas Adam, Dave Bozied, Pat Lebrun, Casey Peterson, and Dave Snyder to the board of directors for the S.D. Science and Technology Authority.
2004
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July 2007, Page 21
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
2006
November
January — Gov. Mike Rounds announces that 65 different scientists around the world have submitted letters of interest to conduct scientific experiments in the Homestake Mine. Officials record that the water level in Homestake was at the 6,200-foot level. The level was a few months behind original projections.
2005
February — Scientists working as part of the Homestake Collaboration submitted their first proposal supporting the underground laboratory to the National Science Foundation. July — Homestake and Henderson Mines are selected as the two preferred sites for DUSEL. Both sites received $500,000 to further develop their proposals. The S.D. Science and Technology Authority and the Homestake Collaboration propose building an interim laboratory at the 4,850-foot level as part of its strategy to secure the national underground lab.
September — The state struck a property transfer agreement with Homestake and Barrick Gold to transfer the mine to public ownership. October — State legislators approved a $19.9 million expenditure to develop an interim laboratory at Homestake’s 4,850-foot level.
December — Gov. Rounds announced that an additional 9.3 full time equivalent jobs would be added to help with the Homestake Lab Conversion Project.
February — Scientists from all over the world gathered at the Golden Hills Inn to pitch research proposals for the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at the Homestake Mine.
May — On May 17 the state of South Dakota became the proud owner the Homestake Gold Mine as Gov. Mike Rounds, S.D. Science and Technology Chairman Dave Bozied, and Barrick Gold Corp. Executive Vice President and General Counsel Patrick Garver gathered in Lead to sign the final papers to transfer mine ownership. The S.D. Science and Technology Authority moves its offices from Rapid City to the former administrative offices at Homestake in Lead.
June — Former Homestake employees and staff from the S.D. Science and Technology Authority completed a live video inspection of the Yates Shaft. The Homestake Collaboration submits a more indepth Conceptual Design Report, to the National Science Foundation. Gov. Mike Rounds announces that Sioux Falls philanthropist T. Denny Sanford will pledge $70 million to the Homestake project. The site is officially named the Sanford Laboratory at Homestake.
2005
2007
Rapid rising water in the Homestake Mine reached the 5,600-foot level.
January — Contenders from the University of Washington, university of Minnesota and the Henderson Mine in Colorado submit proposals to the National Science Foundation.
December A successful video inspection of the Ross shaft discovers it in surprisingly good condition.
May Members of the S.D. Science and Technology Authority award a more than $3 million contract to Dynatec to begin inspecting the shafts in the Homestake Mine and prepare to install pumps that will empty the mine down to the 5,300foot level.
February — SEH Engineering unveils an agressive plan to re-enter the Ross Shaft and begin pumping water out. Officials from the S.D. Science and Technology Authority set a deadline of Sept. 11, 2007, to have the work completed, as that is the time when the water is estimated to reach the 5,000-foot level. The estimated timeline for a deep underground science and engineering laboratory site decision from the National Science Foundation was pushed back to May or June, NSF officials announced. March — Gov. Mike Rounds lauds the progress for reopening the Homestake Mine in a special press conference called just days before a panel of scientists was expected to inspect the mine. A panel of scientists and engineers visited the Homestake Mine as part of their regular site-selection process. April — Members of the S.D. Science and Technology Authority and the Homestake Collaboration travel to Washington D.C. to meet with the National Science Foundation’s DUSEL site-selection panel for the reverse site visit. July — At about 9 a.m. on July 10 the National Science Foundation site selection panel chairman calls Dr. Kevin Lesko with good news. Homestake would host the deep underground science and engineering laboratory.
2006
2007
More than one way Astrophysicist proposes xenon-filled detector to search for dark matter By Wendy Pitlick Black Hills Pioneer LEAD — There's more than one way to find dark matter in the universe and one astrophysics professor intends to prove that in Homestake Mine. Dr. Rick Gaitskell, of Rhode Island's Brown University is anxiously awaiting the opportunity to place a dark matter detector filled with one ton of liquid xenon at the 4,850 foot level of the mine. If dark matter particles interact with the detector, as theoretically expected, they will generate both a flash of light and also some electrical charges in the xenon. Key details in the combined signals will provide a signature that will help convince the scientists on the LUX (Large Underground Xenon) Experiment that they have indeed discovered dark matter. "We have a very good idea of how much matter there is in the universe. The luminous matter, the matter that we have seen in telescopes only appears to account for part of that," Gaitskell said. "More than four-fifths of matter appears to be dark and we're trying to work out what it's made of." According to Gaitskell, using his liquid xenon filled detector will force the dark matter particles, which are very weak in nature, to interact with the noble elements. This, he said will cause a flash of light in the middle of the detector. Additionally, unlike the liquid neon or argon experiments that have also been proposed by other astrophysicists, Gaitskell said his xenon-filled detector will pick up on a small charge generated by the particles which can be drifted
when an electrical field is applied to the detector. All of this, he said is being done simply to understand the missing matter of the universe in every way possible. "Having measured the scintillation of light and also the ionization gives you a double measurement of the particle interaction and gives you more information than you get from just looking at the light," he said. "What we really want to know is where did the particle interact within this target. The reason we want to know that is we are looking for very rare interactions of this hypothetical dark matter." According to Gaitskell, the hypothesis of astrophysicists around the world is that dark matter is the dominant matter of the universe, and it comprises more than 90 percent of the mass of the Milky Way. But, scientists believe that the very weak particles which rarely interact with neighboring particles do not possess the illumination that we need to see them with a telescope, move in random orbits around the Milky Way and thus are extremely difficult to detect. "If you take your coffee cup there are roughly one or two of these particles in that coffee cup," Gaitskell said. "That's the sort of local density they are at. They're moving relatively fast. They're actually moving at hundreds of kilometers a second so they don't stay in your coffee cup for long. They're going in all sorts of random directions." Since the dark matter particles rarely interact with any
Dr. Rick Gaitskell
other matter, Gaitskell said it could take weeks or even months before scientists are able to detect them and measure their charges inside the xenon detector. But the end result is worth it, he said, if scientists can provide direct evidence of dark matter. "At present we don't know what 95 percent of the universe is composed of," Gaitskell said. "Our goal is to identify the dominant source of mass in the universe by directly detecting. The nature and source of dark matter is one of the top scientific mysteries of the 20th and now the 21st century. We hope to have it solved well before the 22nd century." But before scientists are ready to start watching for dark matter particle interaction and charges Gaitskell said a major challenge comes with building such a sensitive detector. Since dark matter particles are so gun-shy, Gaitskell said scientists need to eliminate as much "background noise" or radioactive energy as possible from the detector. This arises from naturally radioactive elements, and from cosmic rays. Even something as simple as human presence around the detector could stop it from working completely, he said, as natural radioactive decay particles come from humans about 10,000 to 20,000 times per second. "Every time one of those radioactive decays happens inside us energy is emitted and it's enough energy such that if you were standing right next to our experiment you would completely stop it from working," he said. "So we have to select materials which are low in radioactivity so that we can
See MORE THAN ONE WAY on Page 30
!uly &''(, *a,e &&
Seaton *u2lishin, Special 8a2 9dition
Mining engineer part of original NSF site selection panel !" $end" Pit+icBlack Hills Pioneer LEAD — Mining engineer William Pariseau was the chairman of the original National Science Foundation site selection panel that said Homestake would be ideal for the deep underground science and engineering laboratory. That was many years ago, and his bias toward the Homestake Mine has not changed. In fact, he said, he can't wait to get back into the mine and create engineering designs for the massive neutrino detector caverns many physicists hope to build there. As a professor of mining engineering at the University of Utah, Pariseau said he had been measuring displacements of rock in the Homestake Mine around the excavations and comparing those displacements with numerical models. That project started in 1994, and abruptly ended in 2003 when the mine was officially closed. "In the overall scheme we want to do a better job of engineering excavations in rock," he said. "Especially in the design and construction of mines both underground and at the earth's surface. Rock in nature is an engineering material for us. It's a challenging material because it's not manufactured like steel or concrete to some specification. "What we want to do is to formulate some hypotheses for doing a better job and
Dr. William Pariseau conducts scientific experiments in the Homestake Mine. Photo courtesy of Bill Pariseau then to test them in the field of the mine where we can make measurements and see whether our concepts have any validity." His original research, Pariseau said, included a variety of experiments. One involved mining high-grade ore body near the Ross Shaft. The concern was whether mining close to the old shaft pillar would damage the shaft. "Our mining results and our mine mea-
Scientist sets out to prove neutrinos have mass, antiparticle !" $end" Pit+icBlack Hills Pioneer LEAD — Many experiments proposed for the deep underground science and engineering laboratory are designed for scientists to learn about the properties of neutrinos. Dr. Steve Elliott, of Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico wants to take those questions one step further as he speculates that neutrinos have mass and are their own antiparticles. Officially dubbed the Majorana experiment, named after the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana who studied the phenomena of particles that are their own antiparticles back in the 1930s, Elliott said his project is based on double beta decay. The experiment will use a large collection of germanium detectors, a chemical tin-like element that is an important semiconductor and has electrical properties that are between a metal and an insulator. Germanium crystals will be used in the experiment. According to Elliott, a
collaboration of scientists from 15 different universities and laboratories from four different countries — Russia, Japan, the United States and Canada — will use extremely purified germanium crystals to find an extremely rare nuclear decay in the element. That process, he said can only occur if neutrinos have mass, and if they are their own antiparticles — which is Elliott's hypothesis. But before Elliott said the experiment can start the detectors must be completely free of any interfering elements or particles. Uranium and thorium, which are very common types of radioactive elements found in everything, can create signals that would mask those which would come from double beta decay. Cosmic rays, extremely highenergy particles that constantly pass through the earth, can also interfere with the experiment. In order to remove these disturbances, Elliott said the experiment would best be
Dr. Steve Elliott
See SCIENTIST on Page 27
surements said that it was a 'go' and ultimately it turned out that way," he said. "We felt that we did provide useful guidance to the mine operators." According to Pariseau, his research will have very real applications as it will examine how the mine will withstand the enormous neutrino detectors physicists hope to build inside the mine. Caverns for these detectors, he said would be about 150 feet
in height — the size of a 10-story building. "Those caverns will have a very long life of 25-30-plus years," he said. "We want to know that the rock is not going to deteriorate in time. By updating our measurements in the mine we'll have a better understanding of that. I don't think it's a real problem, but there is no substitute for making a measurement. We want to be sure that we understand the rock mass behavior as Mother Nature presents it to us and that we can do a good engineering calculation and design for that sequence of operations." In addition to studying the deterioration of the rock in Homestake, Pariseau said he has also been able to study the long-term behavior of the rock. If he can get back into the mine and resume his existing research, he said he will have added four or five years to his existing data, "which would really be wonderful." According to Pariseau, Homestake is the ideal site for these types of engineering calculations because of the 300 miles of drifts, tunnels and cross-cuts that give engineers access to three dimensions of the huge rock mass. "We can study how this rock behaves in a variety of ways at the very tiny grain scale up to the scale of the mine with the thousands of feet," he said. "No other site has that advantage." While Pariseau said he intends to do his
See MIINING ENGINEER on Page 27
;here did all the anti=matter ,o? 3ne physicist seeks answers in Homestake
stand how to resolve that." According to Kamyshkov, in the 1930s physicists discovered that almost every particle in the world has an anti-particle, and each particle Yuri Kamyshkov, a is created has an physics professor at “All anti-matter seems to have disappeared in that opposite in equal the University of Tenthe universe. However, we believe that at the very parts. When matter nessee at Knoxville, and anti-matter partibeginning of the universe matter and anti-matter Tenn., has written a proposal to do anti- was produced in equal amounts. So the question is cles meet they "annihilate" — destroy matter research in the each other producing proposed deep under- where anti-matter disappeared (to).” neutral photons (parground science and — Yuri Kamyshkov, ticles of light) and engineering laboratoPhysics Professor University of Tennesee neutrinos. But scienry at Homestake. The tists have never been research is the first of able to find how anti-matter disappeared in the its kind to be conducted in the United States, and universe leaving us only with matter in the form of Kamyshkov will be working in colplanets, stars, galaxies, and galaxy laboration with several other physiclusters. cists from the University of TenIn the early days of the universe, nessee, Indiana University, North CarKamyshkov says, matter and antiolina State University, Maryland, the matter were converted into each other University of South Dakota, Califorat varying rates, which produced a nia State University, and the Oak non-equilibrium among the particles Ridge National Laboratory in Tenand anti-particles. This, Kamyshkov nessee. said, is called a CP-Violation, which is "All anti-matter seems to have disa violation of symmetry between parappeared in the universe," ticles and antiparticles. Kamyshkov said. "However, we "(But) since we observe no antibelieve that at the very beginning of matter in the universe anti-matter parthe universe matter and anti-matter ticles should disappear," Kamyshkov was produced in equal amounts. So the explained. "But since they annihilate question is where anti-matter disapwith matter particles then the matter peared (to). This is a big outstanding problem in physics and cosmology which (has particles should also disappear," stood) for many years and we are trying to under-
!" $end" Pit+icBlack Hills Pioneer
Yuri Kamyshkov
See NEUTRINOS on Page 30
July 2007, Page 23
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
Uranium, thorium neutrino research could determine energy production By Wendy Pitlick Black Hills Pioneer LEAD â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Neutrino detectors at the 4,850-foot level of the Homestake Mine could help scientists understand the total energy produced in the earth's interior as well as the history of the earth. Nikolai Tolich, of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, along with scientists Yuen-Dat Chan, Charles Currat, Patrick Decowski, Brian Fujikawa, Reyco Henning, Kevin Lesko, Alan Poon, Kazumi Tolich, and Joseph Wang have sent in proposals to construct a 1-kiloton (1,000 tons) neutrino detector that will study electron antineutrinos which come from the uranium and thorium decay within the Earth's core. "The energy coming from uranium and thorium decay is thought to be the most significant energy source inside the earth," Tolich said. "So this is the driving engine for things such as tectonic plate movements, volcanoes and earthquake. We are looking for neutrinos, particularly electron antineutrinos ... coming from uranium and thorium decay inside the earth. The uranium and thorium is distributed all through the earth in the mantle. One part in 10 million of the earth's mass is thought to be made of uranium and thorium. This should produce enough neutrinos that we should be able to see hundreds of events per year." According to Tolich's proposal, a significant fraction of the heat dissipation from the earth's interior is believed to originate from uranium and thorium minerals. However the only estimates of this heat comes from Earth models that are based on meteorites, which have a large margin of error. The detection of electron antineutrinos produced by uranium and thorium decay will allow a more direct measure of the total uranium and thorium content in the earth, thus allowing a more direct measure of the
Earth's heat production. One hundred years ago, Tolich said Lord Kelvin used earth temperature changes to estimate that the planet is approximately 100 million years old. However, Tolich said Kelvin's findings were inaccurate because they failed to consider the amount of uranium and thorium that makes up a significant mass of the earth. Taking the two minerals into consideration, Tolich said scientists now estimate that the earth is actually more than 10 times older than the original estimation. "So these questions we're asking is really to try and determine the history of the earth," Tolich explained. "(We also) want to understand the total energy in the earth and that will sort of explain why the earth is still causing earthquakes and whether it will cause earthquakes in a billion years." In addition to developing a further understanding of the earth's energy production and age, Tolich said this experiment will also test a hypothesis that there is a naturally occurring nuclear reactor in the center of the planet. In order to capture minute fractions of the billions of neutrinos that pass through the earth's core undetected, Tolich said he proposes to construct a detector that is mostly comprised of purified oil. The oil includes hydrogen atoms that will interact with the neutrino to create positrons and neutrons. These particles will then produce two flashes of light inside the detector that will be observed with light detecting objects around the detector. The detector's infrastructure, Tolich said, will be surrounded by water that will help reduce background particles that make neutrinos difficult to detect. While this experiment can be done anywhere that he can construct his detector deep in the underground, Tolich, who works
Nikolai Tolich
closely with Homestake Principal Investigator Dr. Kevin Lesko, said the Homestake site would be ideal for his project. "One of the advantages of Homestake is they already have space in the mine," he said. "Obviously it would be nice to do this experiment as soon as possible. (If another site is selected for the deep underground science and engineering laboratory) it would just be a matter of waiting for a site to become available to put the detector in." But while the prospect of building his detector at Homestake's interim 4,850-foot level is appealing to Tolich, funding is another reason he is holding out for the National Science Foundation's DUSEL site selection announcement. With an estimated price tag that is tens of millions of dollars for the detector, Tolich said he hopes the NSF will fund his project. That means setting up the experiment wherever the DUSEL site is located, as along as it is deep underground. But that doesn't mean that Tolich isn't supportive of the DUSEL at Homestake. In fact, the Homestake mine is his preferred choice. "The reason we have to go underground is because one of the largest backgrounds comes from the neutrons produced by particles coming from the atmosphere," Tolich said. "The flux is very large of these atmospheric particles so the further down you go the lower the flux is. Once you get to the levels of the Homestake proposed lab the flux becomes an insignificant background." While determining the total energy in the earth's core and the actual age of the planet will satisfy general curiosity that relates to geophysics, Tolich said the practical applications for his experiment will not be immediate. However, the technology that is used to construct his neutrino detector can be used in many other ways around the world. One practical application for the neutrino detector, he said, is as a monitor for nuclear power plants, which are the second biggest source of neutrinos.
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DUSEL
"The advantage in the DUSEL at Homestake is its depth," Bang said. "The deepest hole will introduce really high temperContinued from Page 13 atures. We went down to 8,000-feet before microorganisms living in the high temper- (the mine closed.) At that time there were ature (could) have the potential to produce really high temperatures and we saw a lot antibiotics ... which can be easily temper- of different biophil bacteria and (water) ature tolerant. That will be very valuable." seepage. As a result you can see some type But perhaps the most immediate practi- of fungal growth here and there ... If we cal application for Bang's bio-prospecting make Homestake Mine a DUSEL that will research will be its potential effects on the give us real opportunity to isolate and ethanol industry. Since the underground discover real novel microorganisms enzymes are thought to be able to sustain which may not be found easily in other higher temperatures than normal DUSEL areas because they are not as enzymes, Bang said they could be very deep as Homestake." valuable in the cellulose material degraAt 8,000-feet, Bang said the temperadation, a process that is necessary to cre- ture in the Homestake Mine is about 60 ate ethanol. Discovery of the new degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit). enzymes, Bang said, could make the While she said she is very anxious to ethanol production process more efficient. get into the mine to conduct her research, All of this is Bang said directly relatâ&#x20AC;&#x153;If we make Homestake Mine a soil waste ed to the material that recent creation DUSEL that will give us real opporwas scraped of the S.D. tunity to isolate and discover real last June 2010 Center when memfor Bio-pro- novel microorganisms which may bers of the cessing and not be found easily in other DUSEL Homestake Research areas because they are not as deep as collaboration Development, sent a camera housed at the Homestake.â&#x20AC;? in to videoS.D. School of â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Sookie Bang tape the Yates Mines and shaft has Te c h n o l o g y. yielded some One of the major research components very interesting results. Those samples that drives the center, Bang said, is utiliz- were taken from the 4,850 foot level, ing thermophiles from the deep under- where the temperature is significantly ground science and engineering laborato- cooler. Yet when the bacteria was isolated ry. The best place to get these ther- and heated, Bang said the enzymes grew mophiles, Bang said, is the Homestake and thrived. That lead Bang and her colMine. laborators to believe that perhaps
microorganisms obtained from the 4,850foot level could be isolated and used to sustain high temperatures similar to those which microorganisms at the 8,000-foot level are exposed to. But still, Bang said she wants to go as deep into the mine as possible. "We're trying to make a bigger sample," she said. "Basically microorganisms coming from extremophiles (extreme conditions) have the ability to produce really exotic enzymes, particularly if we can identify those from mine shafts or
wood debris. Those are the ones producing good quality thermophiles which can degrade cellulose material." While Bang said her research into using thermophiles for ethanol production is novel, the idea of bio-prospecting for enzymes that live deep within the earth is not. Currently NASA is funding a project for scientists from the LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory and Princeton University to study microorganisms in deep underground mines in South Africa.
The Ross Shaft looms out over some berry trees in Lead. Photo courtesy SDSU
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July 2007, Page 25
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
Dr. Bill Roggenthen Lesko’s right hand man !" $end" (itli,Black Hills Pioneer RAPID CITY — As Dr. Kevin Lesko's right hand man in the Homestake Collaboration, co-principal investigator Dr. Bill Roggenthen of the S.D. School of Mines and Technology says he always likes to support good ideas. The good idea — in this case — is a lab at Homestake. A geology professor at Tech since 1977 — most of his scientific career — Roggenthen's work with the Homestake Collaboration is not the first time he has helped bring a major government project into fruition. In the late '80s and early '90s he was heavily involved with creating the Waste Isolation Pilot Plan Project in southeastern New Mexico. The project involved disposing the nation's defense-generated radioactive waste 1,700 feet below ground in salt. While his most recent focus has centered around the deep underground science and engineering laboratory at Homestake, when Roggenthen leaves Tech at the end of the day he steps into a completely different role. Roggenthen and his wife of 36 years are two of almost 200 residents in Keystone. His 19-year old son is a student at Black Hills State University, where he is focusing on general studies. When it comes to his son and other South Dakota students, Roggenthen said he is also very excited about the educational opportunities thte DUSEL will afford youth in the state.
Dr. Bill Roggenthen
Project manager has varied resume evaluate dark energy. But when he’s not working, Digennaro said he enjoys competitive bicycle racing. He holds two California championship in his age division and recently he competed for yet another LEAD — The engineer responsible for the design and state championship and the chance to compete at the national implementation of the Sanford Underground Science and level. Engineering Laboratory at Homestake is a man of many talDigennaro said he also used to design and sell bicycle ents and abilities. frames for competitive racing. However, his work got in the Dick Digennaro, a mechanical engineer at Lawrence way of his hobby, and he had to put the frames on the back Berkeley National Laboratory, has been named project man- burner. He plans to pursue it after retirement. ager for the project to further develop plans for a deep underBut for right now, retirement is far from his mind. As the ground science and engineering laboratory at Homestake. He project manager for the Sanford Underground Science and comes to the table with a long and impressive list of diverse Engineering Laboratory Digennaro will be coordinating plans projects that include developing and constructing a light to develop the underground laboratory, including the surface source for X-rays used for science experiments, acting as pro- facilities that will be tied to the lab. This is a long process, since ject manager for the Joint Genome Institute, which con- it will involve developing several preliminary designs to be tributed to the human approved by the NSF genome project to before the final identify the DNA designs are reviewed sequence for the and accepted. human genome at In addition to his Lawrence Berkeley work and hobbies, National Laboratory Digennaro is also a and the Lawrence family man. He and Livermore Laboratohis wife, who works ry in California, as an administrative developing the assistant for a recreinstrumentation for ational equipment an accelerator at the company, live in Oak Ridge National Albany, Calif. He has Laboratory and acttwo daughters, one ing as a deputy prowho is a microbioloject manager for gy professor at a development of the community college in SNAT project, a California, and the space telescope com- Dick Degennaro, far left, will play integral role as the project other who is a clerk parable to the Hubble for a federal judge in telescope, used to manager for the final design of the Sanford Underground Photo by Michelle Hall Philadelphia. study supernova and Laboratory.
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Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
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Mining Engineer
Scientist:
Continued from Page 22
Continued from Page 22 research in whatever site is selected for the DUSEL, he prefers to continue his existing studies at Homestake. Access in Homestake is key, he said, as there are no other contenders with as much depth. The Henderson Mine, he said, has offered to excavate through 3,000 feet of solid rock, but Pariseau said, "there can be a lot of surprises in going through 3,000 feet of rock." When he served as the original chairman of the site selection panel, Pariseau said scientists and engineers alike all unanimously agreed that Homestake was the ideal site for such a large-scale laboratory. Then, when the water began to fill the mine Pariseau said he, as one of the biggest defenders of Homestake, said it would still be the best location. "We feel confident that Homestake is the place," he continued. "We all have our fingers crossed and hope that it works out
"On my part I thought logic has always pointed to Homestake. But I can see where the NSF is bending over backwards to be fair to all interested parties." — William Pariseau well. Dewatering mines is just routine." However, Pariseau said he does understand the NSF's approach to be cautious and be as fair as possible in their site selection process. Though Pariseau said he had "mixed feelings" when the organization opted to open proposals up to universities nationwide for the DUSEL a second time, he does support their decision. "I think I understand the NSF view that perhaps having a second go-around, more open and a much more detailed consideration of proposals was the right thing to do," he said. "On my part I thought logic has always pointed to Homestake. But I can see where the NSF is bending over backwards to be fair to all interested parties."
neutrinos have mass, antiparticle
located at least 5,000 feet underground, and must be conducted with the most purified germanium crystals as possible. "You have to grow crystals to make these detectors," he said. "That crystal growing process naturally purifies the detectors." In order to further shield the experiment from outside interferences, Elliott said his detector would also be lined with electroformed (highly purified) copper on the inside, and covered with lead bricks on the outside. In order to detect double beta decay of the germanium, Elliott said energy deposits would ionize atoms of the germanium crystals. The electrons in those ionizations will drift, producing an electronic pulse. That pulse might indicate double beta decay, and is exactly what Elliott will be looking for to determine if neutrinos have mass, and are their own antiparticles. "The decay can only occur if neutrinos are massive Majorana particles," he said. "If neutrino is its own antiparticle it is referred to as a Majorana particle. The decay rate itself, if you measure the rate at which these things decay, that is directly related to what the magnitude of the neutrino mass is." If he is right, Elliott said the discovery of massive Majorana neutrinos could be a missing link in the standard model of particle physics. "One of the key missing pieces of information is understanding the origin mass of neutrinos," he said. "So they would play a great role in trying to understand how mass is incorporated into the standard model of particle physics. Neutrinos also play an important role in cosmology. Whether they have mass can affect large-scale structures. They affect how supernovas explode. There are a lot of reasons why we want to understand all we can about neutrinos." So what does this potential discovery mean for the average person?
According to Elliott, unless people are particularly interested in cosmology and understanding how the universe evolves, more information about neutrinos will not affect life for the general public. However, technology that is used to gather this new information is extremely relevant. "I know that the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, which is also a collaborator in this experiment, does an immense amount of Homeland Security research that uses these same technologies," he said. "The low background sciences, the detector development, the material purification, all of these things have other applications (mostly in radiation detection.) So from that standpoint they impact the world as a whole and they're doing that now." Since Elliott and his collaborators have been working for the last four or five years trying to understand how their detector would be built, they are anxious to get underground to set up their experiment. Though they are still awaiting funding for the project that could come from the Department of Energy, Elliott said his most aggressive timeline has the detector in the established DUSEL by 2010. While he has no preferences about where that DUSEL might be, as long as it is at least 5,000-feet deep, he has been a staunch supporter for the DUSEL as a whole. "I think it's extremely important that this field of science has such a laboratory," he said. "I'm more concerned about that fact than where it is actually located. If Homestake goes forward there is a fair amount of money (from T. Denny Sanford's $70 million pledge to the project) already in the bank to make quick progress. That early access would be a great thing if Homestake could be up and providing space quickly."
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Denny Clement Owner/Broker
605-641-7729 (c) • 605-642-2525 (w) 140 W. Jackson Blvd • Spearfish, SD dclement@realestatecenters.com
SECLUSION NEAR THE ACTION
SPEARFISH CANYON VIEWS AT THEIR BEST
These 5+ Acre properties are off of Yellow Creek Rd. You’re near Lead, Deadwood, the Mickelson Trail and snowmobile trail #7. What more can you ask for? 2 lots with great views!
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Lead • $45,000 • MLS-20739 & 41
Spearfish Canyon • $95,000 • MLS-22747
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Buy one lot or two. This adjoins MLS #’s 22747 & 22746. Great location within walking distance of creek plus to-die-for views. Power nearby – easements in place. May be possible to contract for water or buy a well share.
may be possible.
Fantastic, dramatic views of Spearfish Canyon from this unique lot. Power nearby, easements in place. Water contract or well shares
Spearfish Canyon • $95,000 • MLS-22743
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Live in this secluded mountain property with break taking views and just minutes from Deadwood and Lead. These 14 parcels of land, with power nearby and improved gravel roads, provide multiple building sites. An intermittent stream borders most of the lots.
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Lead • $80,000 - $200,000
Lead • $70,000
July 2007, Page 28
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
. . . y l l a e r o S
What does a
1 st Place 2006 Jordon Barthel
2 nd Plac e 2006 Keeli Telleen
As part of the Neutrino Day festivities which started when scientists first began to investigate Homestake as the site for the deep underground science and engineering laboratory in 2002, members of the Historic Deadwood-Lead Arts Council challenged students to draw pictures of what a neutrino looks like. Here are the first and second place winners from 2006 and 2007.
July 2007, Page 29
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
Neutrino look like?
1 st Place 2007 Isaac Corbett
2 nd Plac e 2007 Sierra Austro
July 2007, Page 30
Seaton Publishing Special Lab Edition
Neutrinos Continued from Page 22 Kamyshkov also said there is striking evidence that in the universe every atom of matter had approximately two billion photons left in the form of microwave background radiation. "This microwave radiation is a witness of the annihilation which happened between matter and anti-matter," he said. "As a result of this annihilation we are left only with matter and we need to understand how it happened at that time." In order to discover how this happened, Kamyshkov plans to study neutrons, which on their own do not possess an electric charge and can be easily detected if they convert to an anti-particle. In order to do this, Kamyshkov said he plans to drop neutrons down one of Homestake's vertical shafts. The neutrons, he said will be allowed to fall down to at least 1 kilometer (3,000 feet). On this long way that will take neutrons only about one second, neutrons will move in a vacuum and have to be shielded against the Earth's magnetic field. Under these conditions with vast number's of neutrons there will be a chance that one neutron will be converted to anti-neutron. This will be immediately detected. "In the early universe there was a very high temperature," he said. "At this high temperature matter to anti-matter and antimatter to matter conversion processes could be accelerated and at present low tempera-
tures in the universe they are very rare and need special conditions for observation." Unlike most experiments, which will be conducted on a horizontal working surface at a specific level of the mine, Kamyshkov said his experiment is unique because he needs a straight vertical shaft that leads down 3,000 feet. That's why Homestake is ideal because its depth and its shafts are readily available for dropping particles into the mine. While his research will not have any immediate effects beyond satisfying scientific minds and the general public's curiosity about the early workings of the universe, just having that understanding alone could yield some significant effects in the future, Kamyshkov said. "As you know scientific experiments in physics are always very much promoting technology and development of new things," he said. "Let's take one example, X-rays at some point about 100 years ago were the frontier of high-energy physics. Now it is in every clinic, even in underdeveloped countries and we do not think to ask where it came from. There is a very important aspect that the connection between the present-day frontier technology and future benefits to the society is not immediate. You put money into the research and it will not return tomorrow. This situation is like the situation between parents and children. When you pay for your children, you send them to school; you pay a lot of money for them. You never expect that tomorrow they will pay you back and you will get some return. You like to do that.
I think the attitude of the general public to physics should be like the attitude of parents to children. We do it for the future." But before Kamyshkov starts planning his research for the DUSEL he said he must first conduct a feasibility study to determine the best, most cost-effective ways to get it done. Proposed to be done in cooperation with Dongming Mei from the University of South Dakota and other collaborators, Kamyshkov said he is still waiting for the National Science Foundation to approve the nearly $800,000 feasibility study. During the study, Kamyshkov said he will examine such things as whether the Homestake shafts are completely straight and solid, and whether they move when they are jarred. He will also examine the magnetic field that lies underground along the shaft. "If there is a little bit of iron somewhere in the ground in the shaft area or any other magnetic material that might create a local increase of the earth's magnetic field we need to understand that," he said. "In this experiment we will need to shield that magnetic field of the earth and any magnetic anomaly which might potentially be present." While Kamyshkov said his experiment can ultimately be conducted anywhere that contains a vertical shaft leading 3,000 feet underground, Homestake is ideal because the infrastructure is already in place. But, like scientists all over the country, he is anxiously awaiting the NSF's decision about the DUSEL site. "If we know for sure that it is Homestake it will help us focus our efforts considerably," he said.
More than one way Continued from Page 21 keep these background events to an absolute minimum." In addition to shielding the detector from the natural radioactivity of the earth, Gaitskell said the detector needs to be as far under rock, and as far away from the sun as possible to shield the experiment from cosmic rays. "If you hold your hand out on the surface (of earth) then about three or four cosmic rays are going through your hand every second," he said. "The amount of energy that they would deposit would completely mask any chance of us being able to see the energy deposit by a dark matter particle. If you go to the 4,850 foot level of Homestake, which is where we are proposing to do the experiments, then if you hold your hand out there it will take one month for a cosmic ray to hit your hand." While Gaitskell said he already has a similar dark matter particle detector deep beneath a mountain in Italy, he is very anxious to build a larger one closer to home in Lead, where he knows he and his collaboration will be welcomed with open arms. "Obviously we're extremely excited at the prospect of being able to do science in Homestake," he said. "The enthusiasm that we have received from everybody in not only the astrophysics but in the many areas of science that will benefit from the (deep underground science and engineering laboratory) DUSEL site is extremely pleasing. It's a tremendous opportunity. It's a big decision for the National Science Foundation but we hope that there will be a positive outcome. We're very ready to come do an experiment."
Seaton Publishng Special Lab Edition
July 2007, Page 31
Seaton Pu3#ishing S7ecia# 9a3 :dition
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