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their silencing. The loss of GFP fluorescence always preceded the loss of kanamycin resistance. Treatment with the demethylation drug 5-azacytidine indicated that silencing of the NPTII gene, but probably not of GFP, occurred directly at the transcriptional level. Successive silencing of the two reporter genes was also reproduced in lines with reactivated expression of previously silenced transgenes.Conclusions We suggest a hypothetical mechanism involving the successive silencing of the two reporter genes that involves the switch of GFP silencing from the post-transcriptional to transcriptional level and subsequent spreading of methylation to the NPTII gene. URL: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/106/4/565.abstract Author Address: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant Experimental Biology, Vinicna 5, CZ 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Nolan Elizabeth, Santos Paulo Year: 2010 Title: 造 Measuring the Contribution of Genetic Characteristics as an Indicator of Innovation: the Case of Corn in the USA, 1990-2009. Journal: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association>2010 Annual Meeting, July 25-27, 2010, Denver, Colorado USA Label: InRe HeTo Rendement Keywords: hybrid seed corn GM traits varietal change fixed effects random effects Abstract: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes for plant breeding are generally justified on the basis that they encourage innovation. Introduction of IPR regimes for plant varieties in the United States has led to increased concentration, but it is less clear whether IPRs have promoted useful innovation, as measured by productivity of available corn hybrids. There are difficulties in finding a satisfactory measure of innovation in plant breeding, and in this paper we propose a procedure. Results from the annual corn hybrid trials conducted by 11 US universities over the 20 years from 1990 to 2009, at 365 separate locations in the 11 states, have been collated. This set of unbalanced panel data for grain corn hybrid trials has been used in a fixed effects model to estimate a production function for corn and the contribution to yield of the genetic characteristics of the corn hybrids. The Hausman Taylor estimator is then used to separate out the contribution of GM traits. Because the data are experimental, the production function can be interpreted as representing the technological frontier. The cross section is made up of the corn hybrids that were submitted for trial over the period. The fixed or unobserved time invariant effects represent the part of production which can be attributed to the characteristics of a particular hybrid. This is taken to be the contribution of the "genetics" of each hybrid to yield, and the maximum fixed or unobserved effect in any one year can be considered to represent the "frontier" of genetic contribution to increased yield. URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61333 http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/61333/2/AAEA_Paper_11782.pdf Author Address: Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Norsworthy Jason K, McClelland Marilyn, Griffith Griff, Bangarwa Sanjeev K, Still Joshua, Year: 2010 Title: * Evaluation of Legume Cover Crops and Weed Control Programs in Conservation-Tillage, Enhanced Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton. Journal: Weed Technology 24, 3, 269-274. Date: 2010/09/15 Label: HeTo Efficacite Keywords: Nomenclature: Goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEIN; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. IPOLA; Austrian winter pea, Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense (L.) Poir.; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth. Abstract: Research was conducted at Marianna, AR, for 2 yr to determine whether hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea cover crops would aid weed management programs in conservation-tilled, enhanced glyphosateresistant cotton. Both cover crops were easily established and produced rapid growth in early spring, with