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aluminum activated malate transporter family in Arabidopsis, represents a guard cell R-type anion channel. AtALMT12 is highly expressed in guard cells and is targeted to the plasma membrane. Plants lacking AtALMT12 are impaired in dark- and CO2-induced stomatal closure, as well as in response to the droughtstress hormone abscisic acid. Patch-clamp studies on guard cell protoplasts isolated from atalmt12 mutants revealed reduced R-type currents compared with wild-type plants when malate is present in the bath media. Following expression of AtALMT12 in Xenopus oocytes, voltage-dependent anion currents reminiscent to Rtype channels could be activated. In line with the features of the R-type channel, the activity of heterologously expressed AtALMT12 depends on extracellular malate. Thereby this key metabolite and osmolite of guard cells shifts the threshold for voltage activation of AtALMT12 towards more hyperpolarized potentials. R-Type channels, like voltage-dependent cation channels in nerve cells, are capable of transiently depolarizing guard cells, and thus could trigger membrane potential oscillations, action potentials and initiate long-term anion and K+ efflux via SLAC1 and GORK, respectively. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04302.x Author Address: 1Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland 2University of Wuerzburg, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-Von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany 3Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Meyers Benjamin, Zaltsman Adi, Lacroix Benoît, Kozlovsky Stanislav V, Krichevsky Alexander, Year: 2010 Title: * Nuclear and plastid genetic engineering of plants: Comparison of opportunities and challenges. Journal: Biotechnology Advances 28, 6, 747-756. Label: Bioengineering Review Keywords: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Nuclear transformation Chloroplast genetic engineering Transgenic plants Abstract: Plant genetic engineering is one of the key technologies for crop improvement as well as an emerging approach for producing recombinant proteins in plants. Both plant nuclear and plastid genomes can be genetically modified, yet fundamental functional differences between the eukaryotic genome of the plant cell nucleus and the prokaryotic-like genome of the plastid will have an impact on key characteristics of the resulting transgenic organism. So, which genome, nuclear or plastid, to transform for the desired transgenic phenotype? In this review we compare the advantages and drawbacks of engineering plant nuclear and plastid genomes to generate transgenic plants with the traits of interest, and evaluate the pros and cons of their use for different biotechnology and basic research applications, ranging from generation of commercial crops with valuable new phenotypes to ‗bioreactor‘ plants for large-scale production of recombinant proteins to research model plants expressing various reporter proteins. Notes: TY - JOUR Y2 - 2010/12// URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4X-507BHNJ1/2/001861ab03e42743afa925651d058d56 Author Address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Author: Mgonja Mary, Okello Julius Juma, Mwangi Stephen G, Manyasa Eric, Ouma James, Godiah Lawrence, Alumira Jane, Kibuka J, Year: 2009 Title: ¤ Prevalence and drivers of seed and pollen-mediated geneflow in sorghum: implications for biosafety regulations and policy in Kenya. Journal: International Association of Agricultural Economists>2009 Conference, August 16-22, 2009, Beijing, China Label: Dispersion Nutrition