Laura Zalzala A number of twelve agreements or treaties are used here as they appear in the CIA World Factbook, Arms Control Association and UNODA (CIA; UNODA). Main international treaties, applying committees and regional treaties for all parts of the world were selected for this purpose. Interactions between states were recorded as an adjacency matrix with undirected links, which only indicate membership of a specific treaty or agreement. Relations were dichotomized, having no weight (1 was used for the existence of a link and 0 for its absence). The treaties and agreements examined are found in table 1. Table 1: Treaties and international agreements on nuclear proliferation Name Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Antarctic Treaty
Type Regional organization
Scope To encourage peaceful use of atomic energy and nuclear weapons in South America
Members 33
Regional regime
48
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Group of 6
Multilateral treaty
To encourage peaceful uses of atomic energy and nuclear weapons in Antarctica To ban nuclear tests To ensure nuclear disarmament
6
To promote peaceful uses of atomic energy
150
To establish standards for the export of nuclear materials processing equipment, for uranium enrichment and to provide technical information to various countries or regions To encourage peaceful use of atomic energy and nuclear weapons in Southeast Asia To encourage peaceful use of atomic energy and nuclear weapons in Africa To encourage peaceful use of atomic energy and nuclear weapons in South Pacific To encourage peaceful use of atomic energy and nuclear weapons globally To establish standards for export control under the NPT
46
To prohibit the trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery system and related materials
95
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Nuclear Suppliers Group
International organization International organization Non-proliferation export control regime
Treaty of Bangkok
Regional treaty
Treaty of Pelindaba
Regional treaty
Treaty of Rarotonga
Regional treaty
Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT) Zangger Committee
Multilateral treaty
Proliferation Security Initiative
Non-proliferation export control regime International agreement
182
10 50 13 190 37
Since treaties are so difficult to negotiate, states rarely withdraw. Therefore, this is a network that has come to be cumulative, where actors do not leave, but new players appear every year. Firstly, the adjacency matrix was represented as a state-treaty matrix and then transformed into a state-state matrix (states participating to the same treaty are linked together).
350